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The human action observation network (AON) encompasses brain areas consistently engaged when we observe other's actions. Although the core nodes of the AON are present from childhood, it is not known to what extent they are sensitive to different action features during development. Because social cognitive abilities continue to mature during adolescence, the AON response to socially-oriented actions, but not to object-related actions, may differ in adolescents and adults. To test this hypothesis, we scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) male and female typically-developing teenagers (n= 28; 13 females) and adults (n= 25; 14 females) while they passively watched videos of manual actions varying along two dimensions: sociality (i.e., directed toward another person or not) and transitivity (i.e., involving an object or not). We found that action observation recruited the same fronto-parietal and occipito-temporal regions in adults and adolescents. The modulation of voxel-wise activity according to the social or transitive nature of the action was similar in both groups of participants. Multivariate pattern analysis, however, revealed that decoding accuracies in intraparietal sulcus (IPS)/superior parietal lobe (SPL) for both sociality and transitivity were lower for adolescents compared with adults. In addition, in the lateral occipital temporal cortex (LOTC), generalization of decoding across the orthogonal dimension was lower for sociality only in adolescents. These findings indicate that the representation of the content of others' actions, and in particular their social dimension, in the adolescent AON is still not as robust as in adults.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe activity of the action observation network (AON) in the human brain is modulated according to the purpose of the observed action, in particular the extent to which it involves interaction with an object or with another person. How this conceptual representation of actions is implemented during development is largely unknown. Here, using multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, we discovered that, while the action observation network is in place in adolescence, the fine-grain organization of its posterior regions is less robust than in adults to decode the abstract social dimensions of an action. This finding highlights the late maturation of social processing in the human brain.

In discussing the strategies of politeness, Brown and lrvinson (1978) claim that treating "the respect for face as norms or values subscribed to by members of a society" (p. 67) is a basic human desire. It seems that all languages have strategies to satisfy this basic human desire. According to Brown & Irvinson, one of the politeness strategies is the use of impersonal constructions, that is, agentless constructions such as passives as in (1). Such impersonal constructions could lead to the assumption that the speaker linguistically indicates his politeness by avoiding expressions which could be interpreted as imposition. Other impersonal constructions involve: dative-agent deletion, as in (2); use of modals with deletion of pronouns to remove traces of person in verbal agreement, as in (3); use of "stativephrasing", i.e. intransitive verbs instead of transitive verbs, as in (a) @rown & Irvinson 1978: 197-L98); and conditionals, as in (5).

Language is undoubtedly the most powerful semiotic resource in every society. Identities, idiosyncrasies, ideologies, and feelings can be evidenced through, and at the same time constructed by, language. Discourse Analysis aims to discover the intentions and meanings in and behind language and how these can (re)construct social structure, relationships, and change. The purpose of this article is to present a Positive Discourse Analysis of the article Que Privaticen toda la Educación by Antonio Morales Riveira. The analysis is based on Systemic Functional Linguistics categories within the appraisal (Martin & White, 2005) and transitivity systems (Martin & Rose, 2007; Goatly, 2000). Conclusions are drawn in terms of the representation of students in the public education system as well as implications for educational and research purposes.

Political ideologies and power are shaped by politicians’ manipulation of linguistic features that appeared in their public discourses. Employing transitivity system, this study investigated President Donald Trump’s speech during the 2020 “March for Life†to identify the transitivity processes and to determine how these processes are assimilated in the said discourse. Findings revealed that 126 transitivity processes are dominantly material, relational, and mental. Being the first US president who graced this event, material processes constructed a self-statement of initiatives and efforts in preserving human life and his attack on his political nemesis as threats to the preservation of the value and dignity of life. Relational processes have constructed life-protection ideas by valuing the significance of the children and the unborn. Trump’s feelings toward the dignity of life are shaped by mental processes by his direct association to the public as among the advocates of human life.  Ironically, transitivity processes have shown minimal involvement of women in his speech, contrary to the theme. Data prove that language employed in a public discourse builds power and ideologies that serve as the human framework to understand the mind of the speaker.

The development of crowdsourcing marketplaces has leveraged the power of human intelligence into tackling computationally challenging problems. Pareto-optimal queries become more and more popular in subtle and comprehensive decision support due to the increasingly complex comparison criteria, e.g., partial orders. However, none of previous work focused on efficient crowdsourced Pareto-optimal queries over partial orders with minimum monetary cost and quality guarantee with a confidence level. In this paper, we propose a cost-efficient framework to find Pareto-optimal objects with minimum monetary cost and quality guarantee with a confidence level. We first propose a dynamic-status judgment model based on Student's t-distribution, which gives a confidence interval of the judgment to ensure the quality of pairwise comparisons while minimizing the number of crowdsourcers required for each pairwise comparison. We then propose a filtering-verification scheme that takes full advantage of transitivity to avoid unnecessary crowdsourcing comparisons, which significantly reduces the number of crowdsourcing pairwise comparisons. The results of our extensive experiments demonstrate that the dynamic-status judgment model requires a small number of crowdsourcers for a pairwise comparison while maintaining the accuracy, and the filtering-verification scheme can reduce the number of pairwise comparisons by 40% in average.

Previous studies on adolescent friendship network formation emphasize the roles played by individual characteristics, structural opportunities, and endogenous tie formation processes. This study extends previous studies in three major aspects: 1) developing and testing theories of status differential (i.e., friendship ties are more likely to run from low status subjects to high status subjects than vice versa) and differential homophily (i.e., homophily is stronger between high status subjects than between low status subjects) through modeling tie-mixing effects of individual characteristics, 2) including qualitative analyses to elaborate selected mechanisms, and 3) comparing selected friendship patterns between China and the U.S. The extended framework is applied to analyzing survey data obtained from 4,094 students in six middle schools in China. The results show that friendship ties are unevenly distributed by individual characteristics (status differential is confirmed for five of the seven characteristics examined), there is significant tie homophily (stronger homophily among high status subjects than among low status subjects is observed for five of the seven characteristics examined with three of them being statistically significant), and endogenous tie formation processes such as reciprocity, transitivity, and preferential attachment are strongly present. Although some of these patterns are common to both China and the U.S., there are also notable differences between the two. Lastly, I discuss the implications and limitations of this study.

This paper analyses diachronic changes which result from metaphorical extension. Its aim is to assess whether such semantic shifts may lead to further semantic and syntactic differentiation between the verb senses and whether they can be described as shifts away or towards prototypical transitivity (cf. Hopper & Thompson 1980). It focusses on changes the verb derail underwent in the 19th and 20th centuries. In a corpus-based analysis, it utilises CART trees and a random forest to determine which syntactic and semantic properties differentiate literal and metaphorical uses of derail. Results reveal a syntactic shift from transitive to intransitive in the older literal construction which hardly affects the younger metaphorical one. This indicates that differentiation can be an epiphenomenon of semantic shifts.

We provide an additive utility representation for any complete and transitive preference over menus of alternatives. The representation makes it seem as if a sophisticated individual takes into account the state dependent payoffs of two individuals that have to consume the same alternative from the menu but may have inconsistent preferences in some of the subjective states. We also consider special cases including when only one state is needed. Furthermore, we find upper bounds on the minimal number of subjective states needed for the representation.

The transitivity of the modern world triggers new forms of interpersonal interaction. Virtual image is an important part of on-line social cognition. The present research featured factors that determine the construction of virtual personality, its psychological characteristics, functions, and patterns. The authors identified and described three groups of conditions that shape virtual personality, i.e. environmental, functional, and psychological. The latter play the most important role in the image formation process. They define relations in small groups, self-attitude, self-esteem, focus, and motivation. The authors developed a questionnaire of Substantive and Compositional Features of Virtual Personality. The study also involved the Personality in Virtual Space questionnaire and the methods of diagnostics of interpersonal relations and self-attitude. The statistical analysis of the experimental data was based on Varimax rotation. The psychological determinants appeared to be closely related to each other and were grouped into seven factors.

This is a qualitative descriptive study analyzes the social process in translation model of foreign exchange service texts at Bank Negara Indonesia Surakarta. The analysis is based on Functional Systemic Linguistics, translation principles and banking policies. The objectives are to: (1) examine the translation quality models (2) explore the benefits of translation models, (3) verify the foreign exchange service text in English and Indonesia (4) know the employees ’ ability toward foreign exchange services (5) reveal the customer’s ability in understanding the transfer transactions. Data are lexicogrammatically system, cohesion and text structure. Samples were taken at Bank Negara Indonesia Surakarta, as it provides overseas services using transaction tools in English and Indonesian texts. The quality of translation is analyzed based on group, lexis, clause, mood structure, theme/rheme and transitivity system; while the benefits of translation is based on tenor enlighten ing the affect, contact and status; whereas mode focused on channels and media. The findings show that quality of translation model of foreign exchange text is stated very good and useful. It is easily understood by customers who applied foreign exchange transactions at Bank Negara Indonesia Surakarta

The aim of the study is to clarify what factors and how exactly to act in market research in the transition economy of Ukraine. The hypothesis raised is the conduct of market research in a transition economy is affected by factors related to global economic trends, the state of development of marketing theory and market research in the world and in Ukraine. Their study was carried out through the use of general scientific methods of abstraction, a systematic approach to the study of socioeconomic processes and the participation of relevant theoretical concepts. Among the most relevant results is that the analysis confirms our hypothesis that the conduct of market research in the underdeveloped oligarchic transitive economy of Ukraine is influenced by three groups of factors related to the trends of the world economy, the state of development of marketing theory and market research, as well as characteristics of the transitive economy. The market research market size calculation is based on certain expert assumptions and may not fully reflect the actual situation. On the other hand, the practice of market research is influenced not only by theoretical developments but also by the state of its market. The result of the investigation makes it possible to take into account the particularities of the type of economy in transition in Ukraine.

This paper is a comparative study of the covert attitudinal meaning implicated in the transitivity system of Hanban’s and British Council’s 2017 annual reports. The dominant domain of inquiry is restricted to a comparison of entities that function as Agent and verbs that serve as Process in the clause. The analysis reveals that in organizational discourse material process is the primary subcategory of the transitivity system that invokes positive evaluation from putative readers and enacts self-identity and relations to the material world. Hanban constructs itself as an initiative and active participant in the global cultural events by adopting more processes that stress the ‘physical’ change it brings to the ecosocial world; however, the British Council portrays itself as an indispensable and significant contributor to the transformative shift of the world by deploying more processes that stress the ‘chemical’ change it makes to the ecosocial world. This study corroborates that material process verbs are scaled on a cline of invocation. Even the most seemingly ‘factual’ descriptive verb can invoke positive or negative evaluation of the appraised target in specific contexts. Moreover, the study cautions us against cultural stereotypes and biases towards discourse which is more conservative and constrained in terms of evaluative explicitness.

Presidents are considered as caring and sensitive fathers of their nations whose words of condolences are usually needed in times of grief. One medium through which they express their condolences is through the delivery of tributes to eulogize the dead and sympathize with bereaved families. There is therefore the need to examine how presidents employ the faculties of language to eulogize the dead in their tributes. Premised on the transitivity framework postulated by Halliday and Matthiessen, the present study investigates the use of transitivity patterns in Ghanaian presidential tributes to unearth various experiences and also unveil the implicit relationships that exist between politicians and traditional rulers. The sample for the study is composed of four tributes delivered by Akuffo Addo, Mahama, Kufour and Rawlings to the late Queen Mother of the Ashanti Kingdom, Nana Afia Kobi Serwaa Apem II. The data were manually coded using the consensual coding strategy. The results indicate a preponderant use of relational processes to identify the unique qualities possessed by the late Queen Mother which further unveil the varied relationships between her and the presidents. Other process types such as material, mental, verbal and behavioural processes are used to construe the positive actions carried out by the late Queen Mother during her lifetime, activate the minds and emotions of mourners and sympathizers regarding the loss, posthumously project the late Queen Mother as a legend who needs to be modelled after and present a collective purgation of emotions of pain and agony. The study concludes that, despite the apolitical status of traditional rulers, they still have a latent but cordial relationship with politicians. Citation:Mwinwelle, P., Duah, I. and Ernest Mensah, S. (2021). Eulogising the Dead: A Systemic Functional Exploration of Tributes Delivered by Ghanaian Presidents. International Journal of Technology and Management Research (IJTMR), Vol. 6 (2): Pp.38-58. Received: April 15, 2020Accepted: September 1, 2021

Enabling constraints are bottom up causes which create the possibility of the existence of a system. Disabling constraints reduce the degrees of freedom and narrow the choices of the system which are structural, functional, meaningful relations that assign executive roles to the component parts. In this paper, we discuss causality as enabling and disabling constraints in order to critique the absurdity of transitivity in causal relations. If downward causation is viewed as causation by constraints, we argue that it will not face the absurdity of self-causation which is incurred because of the transitivity principle. In the process of self-organization, organizationally new structures are created from the lower level subcomponents of the system. Such self-organizing systems can be broadly considered as sui-generis and transcend the transitivity principle by causally influencing its subcomponents. These higher level systemic constraints that causally influence the components in a self-organizing system without violating any physical laws via causal constraints are termed as Downward Causation.

Does life-long literacy experience modulate syntactic priming in spoken language processing? Such a postulated influence is compatible with usage-based theories of language processing that propose that all linguistic skills are a function of accumulated experience with language across life. Here we investigated the effect of literacy experience on syntactic priming in Mandarin in sixty Chinese older adults from Hebei province. Thirty participants were completely illiterate and thirty were literate Mandarin speakers of similar age and socioeconomic background. We first observed usage differences: literates produced robustly more prepositional object (PO) constructions than illiterates. This replicates, with a different sample, language, and cultural background, previous findings that literacy experience affects (baseline) usage of PO and DO transitive alternates. We also observed robust syntactic priming for double-object (DO), but not prepositional-object (PO) dative alternations for both groups. The magnitude of this DO priming however was higher in literates than in illiterates. We also observed that cumulative adaptation in syntactic priming differed as a function of literacy. Cumulative syntactic priming in literates appears to be related mostly to comprehending others, whereas in illiterates it is also associated with repeating self-productions. Further research is needed to confirm this interpretation.

The aim of this research is to identify and analyze the problems that determine the transference to the social work platform 2.0 due to such a global challenge as the COVID-19 coronavirus infection pandemic. The model transformation of the social work in the context of the global life cycle makes adjustments to the large-scale social functioning of a person, changing the value strategies of mass pathogenic behavior. The retrospective approach was carried out in order to characterize the changes paradigms of assistance in their unity and dynamics, contradictions and dynamic possibilities, to substantiate the relevance of the new development of social work. The reasons and clinical features of the transition to the social work platform 2.0 are outlined in the context of transitive processes (uncertainty, variability, multiple diversity), that are exacerbated by the COVID-19

Considered an inter-discipline that is associated with the study of the linguistic relationship of power and ideology, critical discourse analysis (CDA) attracts more and more attention to be easily applied to analyze linguistic features through some certain social and cultural background. CDA is built upon Halliday’s systemic functional grammar (SFG) that is considered to be a practical method to analyze discourse. As a kind of typical discourse combining the speaker’s ideology and intention, political discourse can be analyzed by CDA. Accordingly, this research analyzes Donald Trump’s, the ex-American president, speech about Al-Baghdady mainly from the perspectives of transitivity and modality with the aim of revealing the speaker’s political intention. The research concludes that Trump uses different linguistic alternations to transmit, change, and retain audiences’ ideologies. Further, it attains a positive impact upon the CDA's development.Everyone takes a lot of precautions in choosing the most appropriate sentence structures in addition to certain lexemes so as to win some favorite responses. Despite their distinctive positions, politicians make no exceptions. Speech-makers have a well-built command of linguistic manipulation skills so as to have some persuasive choices for moving the public to accept and advocate such related policies. In contrast, dictators are those persons who take mostly advantage of this in order to encode skill effectively to path a legal track for their government.

Transitive proxy voting (or "liquid democracy") is a novel form of collective decision making, often framed as an attractive hybrid of direct and representative democracy. Although the ideas behind liquid democracy have garnered widespread support, there have been relatively few attempts to model it formally. This paper makes three main contributions. First, it proposes a new social choice-theoretic model of liquid democracy, which is distinguished by taking a richer formal perspective on the process by which a voter chooses a proxy. Second, it examines the model from an axiomatic perspective, proving (a) a proxy vote analogue of May's Theorem and (b) an impossibility result concerning monotonicity properties in a proxy vote setting. Third, it explores the topic of manipulation in transitive proxy votes. Two forms of manipulation specific to the proxy vote setting are defined, and it is shown that manipulation occurs in strictly more cases in proxy votes than in classical votes.

[ES]: En el presente artículo se realiza un estudio perceptual de diferentes estilos de cerámica prehistórica de Galicia (con cronología entre el 6000 y el 2000 BP) mediante la técnica de seguimiento de movimientos oculares. Este análisis permite comprobar la relación de la mente con la materialidad y sugiere la existencia de una estrecha imbricación entre el diseñar, el ver y el hacer a lo largo de la historia. El trabajo examina cómo las materializaciones de las prácticas humanas se correlacionan con la cognición y con el contexto socio-cultural. Las interrelaciones de la cultura material y el comportamiento perceptual, apuntan a una clara conexión entre la mente, los objetos y el mundo. El trabajo aplica técnicas medibles y numéricas, que permiten hacer una aproximación arqueométrica a temas cognitivos mediante la combinación de las neurociencias con investigación interpretativa y reflexiva. Esta investigación ofrece nuevas perspectivas sobre la cultura material y contribuye a comprender la interrelación entre la mente y el mundo material, así como la existencia de un vínculo transitivo entre formas de pensar, de mirar y de hacer cosas. De este modo, el texto hace algunos aportes para entender las fuerzas materiales que guían la percepción y el pensamiento., [EN]: This article presents a perceptual study of different styles of prehistoric Galician ceramics (from 6000 to 2000 BP) using the technique of eye-tracking. This analysis demonstrates the material engagement of mind by showing that the visual world fosters the entanglement of doing, seeing, and designing over the course of history. We examine how materializations of human practices relate to cognition and to socio-cultural contexts. The interrelations between material culture and perceptual reactions indicate a clear connection between the mind, objects and the world. We apply measurable and numeric techniques, providing an archaeometric approach to cognitive topics by combining neurosciences with interpretive and reflective research. This research provides new insights into the material culture, contributes to the understanding of the relationship between mind and the material world, and accounts for the transitive engagement between ways of thinking, seeing and making things. Thus the text contributes to understand the material forces driving perception and thought., Programa de Investigación en Tecnologías para la conservación y revalorización del Patrimonio Cultural CSD2007-00058, Consolider-Ingenio 2010, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (trabajo experimental); proyecto BFU2014-58776-r, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad cofinanciado por el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional-ERDF, y Programa Severo Ochoa para Centros de Excelencia en I+D (SEV-2013-0317) del Instituto de Neurociencias del CSIC (trabajo en laboratorio de LMM); RFM contrato predoctoral FPU1506682 del Ministerio de Educación.

Why do speakers choose the Mandarin Chinese unmarked passive construction (UP) in conversation when they have other grammatical alternatives with roughly the same semantics? From the perspective of subjectivity, this study identifies the Factuality lens, a lens through which a situation is presented as a “fact” or a “truth” regardless of reality. My analysis of a video corpus of spontaneous talk show conversations using the discourse adjacent alternation method reveals that speakers tend to choose UP over other constructions to present a transitive event through the Factuality lens by emphasizing the factuality of a fact or making a non-fact appear as a fact – either deceivingly or openly in a fictitious narrative or a joke. The findings reveal that grammatical constructions can linguistically recreate a situation different from reality. The conclusion that Factuality lens is a factor that could influence speakers’ grammatical choice casts light on pragmatic consequence of grammatical choice and subjectivity in language use.

People vary in their self-awareness of their own emotions, and this may predict psychological well-being. Evidence suggests that emotional self-awareness is diminished in autism, but these findings may be biased by self-report or confounded by verbal intelligence. To address this issue, we developed the emotional consistency (EC) task, measuring emotional self-awareness through consistency in emotional decision-making. In the EC-Task, we showed participants pairs of emotional images, asking them to judge which evoked the more intense emotional experience. The logical consistency of decision making, based on transitive relationships between stimuli, reflects precision of judgment of experience of emotional intensity, which in turn reflects emotional self-awareness. Emotional consistency significantly correlated with lower self-reported alexithymia but not autistic traits. Instead, autistic traits predicted greater discrepancy between EC-Task performance and self-reported difficulties identifying feelings. Participants with higher autistic traits were more likely to underestimate their emotional self-awareness, possibly because of greater metacognitive difficulties and negative self-beliefs. Our study suggests emotional self-awareness is not diminished in autism and provides a novel method to investigate this issue. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

The realization of the text of the 1945 Constitution became the history of the birth of the first constitution in the State of Indonesia. The 1945 Constitution text was then amended four times. The first amendment was in 1999. The second amendment was in 2000. The third amendment was in 2001. The fourth amendment was in 2002. Every amendment occurred in the contents section, but not in the opening section. The 1945 Constitution text is a tool for sharing or describing experiences with others. The meaning of the experience is realized in the text of the 1945 Constitution. There is also the purpose of this research, which is to describe the meaning of experience that is in the text of the 1945 Constitution. This research data is in the form of the 1945 Constitution text which has not been amended because it is fundamental and first. The theory used in this study is the Functional Systemic Linguistics (LSF) theory pioneered by Halliday (2014). Furthermore, to analyze the data using the analysis technique of the model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldana (2014). Based on the results of the study found, namely (1) there are six processes in the text of the 1945 Constitution which are dominated by material processes (2) there are three types of participant, namely participants based on the process, participants based on their numbers, and participants based on their form (3) there are the ten types of circumstant are dominated by circumumstan manner and there is no circumstant extent. It is intended that the text of the 1945 Constitution is generally constructed by a material verb along with a circumstance manner and summary angle, the participants of which are human beings.

Введение. Актуальность исследования расовой идентичности обусловлена условиями транзитивности современного социального пространства, взаимопроникновением разных культур, значимостью расовой идентичности в расово неоднородных обществах, примером которых является российское общество, в котором исторически представлены две расы: европеоидная и монголоидная. Новизна исследования заключается в рассмотрении проблемы имплицитной расовой идентичности у российских детей. Вводится понятие этапа коммитмента как проявления интереса к другим группам, независимо от осознанности или имплицитности собственной идентичности. Концептуальным основанием исследования являются: теория социальной идентичности и социальной категоризации Г. Тэджфела, Дж. Тернера, коммитмент-подход в моделях формирования расовой идентичности Ю. В. Ставропольского, Дж. Марсиа. Методы. Исследование основано на эксперименте с предпочтениями. Испытуемым предлагались фотоизображения лиц европеоидной, монголоидной, экваториальной рас разного пола. Они должны были выбрать партнера для взаимодействия в личной или социальной сфере. Фиксировались количество выборов и количество категорий, использованных испытуемыми в ходе эксперимента. Применялись статистические критерии, однофакторный дисперсионный анализ. Результаты. Раздел содержит данные экспериментального исследования, проведенного на выборке из 290 человек (четыре возрастные подгруппы) от 7 до 11 лет. Значимых различий между возрастными подгруппами (1, 2, 3 и 4 классы) по расовым предпочтениям не получено. На расовые предпочтения влияет фактор пола. Ведущим фактором, влияющим на предпочтения при выборе партнера для взаимодействия по фотоизображению, является пол партнера, свой или противоположный. Обсуждение результатов. Авторы интерпретируют результаты выбора партнера для взаимодействия как отражение имплицитной идентичности. Отмечается незначительное влияние критерия «расовая идентичность» в процессе социальной категоризации российскими младшими школьниками. Российские школьники проявляют интерес к взаимодействию с детьми всех рас, т. е. их имплицитная расовая идентичность находится на этапе коммитмента.

Research indicates that network structure affects the diffusion of a single behavior. However, in many social settings, two or more behaviors may compete for adoption, as in the case of religious competition, social movements and counter-movements, or conflicting rumors. Lessons from one-behavior diffusion cannot be easily applied because the outcome can take the form of one-behavior domination, two behaviors splitting the network, both behaviors occupying a small fraction of the network, or no diffusion. This article tests how three well-known factors of single-behavior diffusion—network transitivity, adoption threshold, and connectedness of early adopters—apply to scenarios of competitive diffusion. Results show that minor differences in initial adopter size tend to magnify, creating a significant “head-start advantage.” Nevertheless, the degree of this advantage depends on the interaction between network transitivity, adoption threshold, and connectedness of initial adopters. The article describes the conditions under which countervailing ties may (or may not) create inequality in behavioral diffusion.

Khi mọi người nói hoặc viết, họ tạo ra văn bản. Đối với một nhà ngữ pháp, văn bản là một hiện tượng phong phú, nhiều mặt, có nghĩa theo nhiều cách khác nhau. Ngữ pháp chức năng hệ thống (SFG) là một loại ngữ pháp có thể mô tả việc sử dụng ngôn ngữ để hiểu ý nghĩa của văn bản. Việc áp dụng khung phân tích của SFG để phân tích một văn bản có thể tránh được việc đánh giá một cách chủ quan. Bài báo phân tích văn bản “A grandmother with muscles” dựa trên quan điểm ngữ pháp chức năng hệ thống của Mark Haliday về chuyển tác (transitivity), thức (mood) và cấu trúc đề - thuyết (theme-rheme). Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy văn bản có những đặc trưng của thể loại trần thuật, mang các đặc điểm sau: tồn tại chủ yếu quá trình vật chất (material process) và quan hệ (relational process), sử dụng quá khứ đơn và hiện tại đơn, đa phần là chủ thể cá nhân và thức chỉ định (declarative), ít động từ tình thái và hầu hết chủ đề thuộc thành tố tư tưởng (ideational component), chủ đề không được đánh dấu (unmarked theme).

Case is a morphological realization on a noun phrase (NP) to represent the NP's grammatical relationship with the main verb of the clause. With respect to case, languages, in many cases, can be broadly divided into two alignment systems, i.e., ergative-absolutive and nominative-accusative. In the former type of languages, e.g., Punjabi, the subjects usually receive an ergative post position in transitive clauses (with perfective aspect) while in the latter type of languages, e.g., English, the subject, i.e., in nominative case receives, no post position. There has been a widespread controversy on whether ergative is a structural case or a lexical/inherent case and how the arguments are, i.e., subject and objects valued case in case of ergative clauses. With this ongoing debate in the background, this study aims to compare the marking of case on the arguments, i.e., subjects and objects in the transitive clauses of English and Punjabi. The study is conducted under the minimalist framework of Chomsky (2008), who emphasized on Strong Minimalist Thesis (SMT): language provides the best possible solution to the interface conditions imposed by other systems of the human mind, i.e., related to meaning and sound, which interact with language through their interfaces Conceptual Intentional (C-I) and Sensori-Motor (SM) respectively. In this framework, a feature valuation mechanism is induced by the probes, i.e., C and v*. The study finds that in split ergative languages (the languages which take both case patterns, i.e., nominative and ergative) like Punjabi, the EA, i.e., subjects of perfective transitive clauses are assigned the ergative case by the functional heads v* at [Spec-v*] while the IA, i.e., objects are valued accusative case by the same functional head v* under Agree operation. A consequence of this finding concludes that T has default agreement in such languages, which is possible because Punjabi (like its other South Asian counterparts, e.g., Urdu-Hindi, Bengali, and Kashmiri) is a pro-drop language. So, it is easy to assume that EPP and Agree features of T are an option. Keywords: Case valuation, Strong Minimalist Thesis (SMT), Punjabi, English, ergative, nominative

Based on predictions derived from migration systems theory, this study argues that chain-like international migratory exchanges tend to be organized as transitive structures patterned along an inte...

Distributed preference relation (DPR) is a way to simultaneously characterize the preferred, nonpreferred, indifferent, and global ignorance degrees of one alternative over another. To make DPRs ap...

The State of the Union Address refers to the annual report of the sitting president to congress, which is a representative political discourse. It mainly deals with the major issues in the United States that year, both at home and abroad and the policy measures are to be taken by the government. Transitivity system is a semantic system of ideational function and plays a very important role in discourse analysis. It expresses people’s experience of the real world and the inner world in a number of processes and indicates the participants and environmental components involved in the process. This paper takes the transitivity system in Halliday’s ideational functions as the theoretical framework and US President Donald Trump’s 2018 State of the Union Address as the language material. It mainly analyzes the transitivity process, main participants, and environmental elements embodied in the speech and makes statistics on their distribution, and finally obtaining the reasons for the distribution is that Trump wants to get support by proving his ability.

Trust-aware recommendation approaches are widely used to mitigate the cold-start problem in recommender systems by utilizing trust networks. In this paper, we point out the problems of existing trust-aware recommendation approaches as follows: (P1) exploiting sparse explicit trust and distrust relationships; (P2) considering a misleading assumption that a user pair having a trust/distrust relationship certainly has a similar/dissimilar preference in practice; (P3) employing the transitivity of distrust relationships. Then, we propose TrustRec, a novel approach based on the matrix factorization that provides an effective solution to each of the aforementioned problems and incorporates all of them in a single matrix factorization model. Furthermore, TrustRec exploits only top-k most similar trustees and dissimilar distrustees of each user to improve both the computational cost and accuracy. The results of our extensive experiments demonstrate that TructRec outperforms existing approaches in terms of both effectiveness and efficiency.

Interactions among the environment, humans and language underlie many of the most pressing challenges we face today. This study investigates the use of different verbs to encode various weather events in Sinitic languages, a language family spoken over a wide range of climates and with 3000 years of continuous textual documentation. We propose to synergise the many concepts of kinesis that grew from Aristotle’s original ideas to account for the correlation between meteorological events and their linguistic encoding. It is observed that the two most salient key factors of weather events, i.e., mass of weather substances and speed of weather processes, are the two contributing components of kinetic energy. Leveraging the linguistic theory that kinesis underpins conceptualisation of verb classes, this paper successfully accounts for the selection of verbs for different meteorological events in all Sinitic languages in terms of both language variations and changes. Specifically, weather events with bigger weather substances and faster weather processes tend to select action verbs with high transitivity. The kinesis driven accounts also predict the typological variations between verbal and nominal constructions for weather expressions. The correlation between kinesis and the selection of verbs is further corroborated by an experiment on the perception of native Sinitic language speakers, as well as analyses of regional variations of verb selections that do not follow general typological patterns. It is found that such typological exceptions generally correspond to variations in meteorological patterns. By explicating the pivotal role of kinesis in bridging weather events and the linguistic encoding of weather, this study underlines the role of cognition as the conceptualisation of physical and sensory inputs to sharable knowledge encoded by language.

As a preceding result, it has been shown that the dominance relation is not transitive on the set of strict triangular norms. This result has been achieved thanks to new results on Mulholland inequality. Recently, Saminger-Platz, De Baets, and De Meyer have introduced the generalized Mulholland inequality which characterizes the dominance on all continuous Archimedean triangular norms in an analogous way as does Mulholland inequality on the strict triangular norms. Based on these new results, the present paper shows that the dominance relation is not transitive on the set of nilpotent triangular norms and, consequently, on the set of continuous Archimedean triangular norms. This result is achieved by introducing a new sufficient condition under which a given function solves the generalized Mulholland inequality and by showing that the set of the functions that solve the inequality is not closed with respect to compositions.

The purpose of this paper is to model ethical consumption behaviour based on price-dependent preferences. We motivate ethical consumption founded on the idea that ethical consumers compete for moral superiority relative to their peers by purchasing more expensive ethical conspicuous goods. An ethical consumer model in which consumers display moral consumption choices by purchasing ethical conspicuous goods is developed. This requires de_ning ethical conspicuous goods, social labels, and formalizing a set of assumptions on price-dependent ethical preferences. We show that an ethical utility function exists without relying on the usual transitivity assumption. We utilise Blashke's Rolling Theorem to show our main result.

This study used a systemic functional linguistic approach to interpret the theme of Lord of the Flies, an allegorical novel written by British writer William Golding. On the basis of the clause, this research analyzed the author’s ways of writing and interpreted the functional meanings he tried to convey through the wording and structure of the novel. Excerptions from Lord of the Flies were analyzed in terms of the three metafunctions of language, namely, ideational function, interpersonal function, and textual function. More specifically, the current study focused on the author’s lexico-grammatical choices in the transitivity system, mood system, and thematic structure of the clauses and revealed that different choices encode different meanings, all contributing to the manifestation of the theme: without proper constraints, human’s inner evil will be magnified indefinitely and their reversion to savagery will be inevitable.

The article was prepared on the basis of a field study conducted at Udmurt State University within the “Transitive University in the Context of Global, National and Regional Challenges” Project. The article presents the results of a survey of employers on assessment the quality of training of graduates. The study focused on identifying criteria and channels for staff selection, as well as existing forms of cooperation between organizations of Udmurtia and educational institutions. The aim of the study was to clarify the role and place of Udmurt State University in the personnel training in the region. The research method was online questioning, the sample was spontaneous, the number of organizations was 192. The results of the study revealed a rather mixed picture. On the one hand, it is obvious that in general in Udmurtia organizations, rather low assessments of the quality of specialist training at Udmurt State University prevail, since most of the average grades are below 4 points. On the other hand, methods of cooperation with universities are formal and confined to organizing diploma / undergraduate practice and hiring young specialists. The low interest of employers in financing the development of new technologies and training of personnel is also obvious. In the vast majority of cases, enterprises want to get ready-made employees for their current needs without an agreed resource-consuming and long-term cooperation. Channels of communication and coordinated interaction on a long-term basis between the university and employers are most common either absent or are assessed as formal and episodic. Here, several significant reasons can be singled out such as insufficient financial resources of small organizations for working with universities; lack of time or desire on the part of organizations; lack of resources at the university for the implementation of the order; focus on “traditional industries” in the Udmurt Republic while neglecting the needs of the innovative potential development in the region. This results in the persistence of the employers' practice of “self-education in the workplace.”

This work has as main objective to analyze the use of the quasi-logical argumentation present in an excerpt of the conversation between the speakers Jesus Christ and Nicodemus. For this, it takes rhetoric as an art and / or technique to convince and persuade the other through discourse. Based on this understanding, a qualitative approach is followed, in which data are analyzed in a procedural, descriptive and interpretative manner. The study is based on authors such as: Abreu (2009), Aristóteles (2011), Ferreira (2015), Meyer (2007), Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca ([1958] 2014), Rocha (2020), among others. The analysis focuses on the biblical religious discourse, since the corpus is constituted from a text taken from the third chapter of the biblical book gospel of John. Through the conversation between the speakers Jesus Christ and Nicodemus, it was possible to verify how both they acted persuasively. The results indicate that the aforementioned speakers resorted to quasi-logical arguments (transitivity, ridicule, definition, rule of justice, comparison, incompatibility and sacrifice) to try to convince and persuade. Este trabalho tem como principal objetivo analisar o uso da argumentação quase lógica presente em um trecho da conversa entre os oradores Jesus Cristo e Nicodemos. Para tanto, toma a retórica como uma arte e/ou técnica de convencer e persuadir o outro pelo discurso. A partir desse entendimento, segue-se uma abordagem de linha qualitativa em que os dados são analisados de maneira processual, descritiva e interpretativista. O estudo embasa-se em autores como: Abreu (2009), Aristóteles (2011), Ferreira (2015), Meyer (2007), Perelman e Olbrechts-Tyteca ([1958] 2014), Rocha (2020), entre outros. A análise centra-se no discurso religioso bíblico, uma vez que o corpus é constituído a partir de um texto retirado do terceiro capítulo do livro bíblico evangelho de João. Por meio da conversa entre os oradores Jesus Cristo e Nicodemos, foi possível verificar como ambos agiram persuasivamente. Os resultados indicam que os referidos oradores recorreram aos argumentos quase lógicos (transitividade, ridículo, definição, regra de justiça, comparação, incompatibilidade e sacrifício) para tentar convencer e persuadir.

This study analyses the relationship between clause structures and social construction of the meaning found in verbal speeches. Drawing on Halliday's transitivity system particularly the processes element rooted in Systemic Functional Linguistics, the present study attempts to investigate the distribution of transitivity processes found in viral speech of Greta Thunberg at 2019 United Nation Climate Summit held in New York City. Moreover, through descriptive qualitative analysis, the study aims to reveal the function expressed by the processes found in the speech. To this end, it is found that only five out of six process types namely material, mental, relational, verbal, and behavioral processes found in the speech. Moreover, Thunberg used relational processes, mental processes, and material processes more than verbal processes and behavioral processes. The five processes further serve different functions in the speech. Yet, all of the processes occurred in the speech are generally used to deliver Thunberg’s critics over the world leader’s slow response in handling the climate issue. Besides, the processes also used to convince the audience and people in general to start doing something for the climate. The implication of this research is expected to give the information on how language structure is used by the environmental activist in her agenda to persuade people.

The purpose of the study is to substantiate the state family policy as a strategic basis for minimizing demographic problems based on the analysis of the main vectors of the transformation of the social institution of the family and the experience in implementing family policy in the Russian Federation. The methodological basis of the study was composed of the principles of social determinism. In the light of the situational approach to management, the priorities of both the State population policy and the State family policy are considered. When analyzing the state of the modern family as an object of social management, the provisions of descriptive and normative approaches were applied. Consideration of the reproductive function of the family is carried out from the perspective of a sociocultural approach – as the needs and values of childbearing. The results of the study. The main problems and trends of the transformation of the family at the present stage and the vectors of the formation of the state family policy, adequate for the tasks of minimizing demographic problems on the basis of the transition of social management in this area from an instrumental to a value approach, are identified. The prospect of the study. Further sociological analysis of state family policy in the context of minimizing demographic problems taking into account the transitive state of the modern family.

The present study focuses on the use of transitivity as a tool to explore characterization. Transitivity works as a tool to analyze the depiction of people's actions at a broader level (Halliday, 1994). A significant number of studies have been done using the system of transitivity in understanding the narratives to highlight the ideological function of language (Rashid, 2016). The objective of the current study is to use the device of transitivity in highlighting the character of Nilopher in the novel "The Stone Woman". The corpus of the novel has been tagged using Stanford Log-linear Parts of Speech (POS) tagger and the list of verbs has been extracted. Each verb has been marked with its respective process 'material', 'mental', 'behavioral', 'verbal', 'relational' or 'existential'. After it, each verb has been analyzed in its particular clause using concordance. The clause structure analysis of each process shows that Nilopher has been portrayed as an assertive character. The grammatical choices of the writer help us to conclude the fickle and lustful nature of Nilopher. Moreover, it has been concluded that the character of Nilopher is developed as an emotional character with tender but corrupt nature, and covet behavior. The combination of material process verbs with specific goals and circumstances elements lead us to perceive her tender but corrupt nature. Furthermore, the transitivity analysis of mental and behavioral process verbs, explores her covet and yearning behavior. The current study is important pedagogically to understand literature with logic and evidence because transitivity analysis establishes a demonstrable fact. It will also help the writers to apply the system of transitivity with an intelligent use of language choices in portraying characters and discourse of social interaction.

The research was developed in the line of research History, Society and Education on the teaching of Afro-Brazilian History and Culture, with the objective of fostering changes in historical consciousness, through the naive Freirean transitive route, and through the Rusenian previous route, starting from the historical knowledge of academics from higher education courses in Computer Engineering, Technology in Systems Development, Technology in Digital Game Development and Civil Engineering, in 2018 and 2019.The contents integrated the elaboration and narrative representation of temporal continuity - past, present and future - based on: - an action research and - a qualitative treatment of the data, - intermediated by cultural languages (Brazilian literary works, films and documentaries) from the 18th to the 21st century, chosen from among the most representative names in each area. The conclusion is that the process of forming historical consciousness has been reached, both in relation to the deconstruction of manichaean ideas and historical linearity, as well as to racist and self-centered discourses.

This paper presents a study of a split absolutive-nominative agreement pattern in Gitksan (Tsimshianic) which co-occurs with ergative agreement. The split is conditioned on the basis of nominal type: alongside ergative agreement, a second type of agreement targets absolutives (S, O) when the subject is a participant or third-singular pronoun, or nominatives (S, A) when the subject is a full DP or third-plural pronoun. This results in what appears to be construction-dependent variation in the applicability of the Activity Condition, as some transitive subjects receive both ergative and nominative agreement. It is proposed that DP arguments and third-plural pronouns are able to receive multiple instances of agreement by virtue of bearing D-features; in contrast to the situation with typical pronouns, these D-features remain active for agreement even if prior ergative agreement has already deactivated the argument’s ϕ-features. Both ergative and nominative agreement may target a single argument because different groups of features are targeted during the two operations. The D-feature property is ultimately linked to a structural DP/non-DP distinction amongst arguments, providing some insight into the role of D in pronominal systems. This analysis, which crucially relies on an approach to activity that explicitly allows incremental deactivation of an argument, accounts for the empirical facts in Gitksan more readily than a purely morphological approach or an approach that considers distinctions between ϕ-features alone.

The scientific article examines the problems of forming the image of transitive democracies in the modern system of international relations. Analyzes the characteristics of factors in the formation of positive image of Transitive Democracies. The article examines the relationship between the development of the level of democracy of political institutions of transitive democracies and the influence of this factor on the formation of their image in modern international relations. The aim of the scientific article is to study the political modernization of the institutions of transitive democracies in accordance with the criteria of integration into the European and Euro-Atlantic space. The modernization of political institutions should be based on the elimination of elements characteristic of political institutions in authoritarian, totalitarian countries. Such modernization will transform the system of political institutions of transitive democracies in the context of democratization. To form a system similar to that of developed countries in modern international relations. Compliance with the criteria for integration into the European and Euro-Atlantic space is defined as one of the external factors that forms the image of transitive democracies. This factor influences the formation of the image of transitive democracy both in the internal social environment and in the external social environment. Analyzed elements of the Copenhagen criteria, and the Action Plan for NATO membership (MAP) in the context of forming a positive image transitive democracy. The article examines the political, regulatory and legal features of the implementation of the criteria for integration into the European and Euro-Atlantic society by transitive democracies. Modernization of the political institutions of transitive democracies in accordance with the integration criteria into the European and Euro-Atlantic society will allow them to form a positive internal political and foreign policy democratic image.

The Queen Elizabeth II recently made her fifth public speech on coVID-19 since taking office. Through the use of systemic functional linguistics to analyze her speech text, this article mainly analyzes the text from the perspective of the concept of function and finds this speech text involves only four processes: material process, metal process, relational process and verbal process. This article discusses the political, economic and cultural characteristics of the UK’s response to coVID-19. In addition, this paper compares China and the UK, and discusses the different measures taken in the face of the epidemic and the underlying cultural background. This study found out that the Queen’s speech is mainly aimed at expressing gratitude to those working on the front lines of the fight against the epidemic and encouraging people to respond to the call of the British government and face the epidemic positively. The analysis of speech with the transitivity can enrich and update the study contents of transitivity.

We generalise the standard constructions of a Cayley graph in terms of a group presentation by allowing some vertices to obey different relators than others. The resulting notion of presentation allows us to represent every vertex-transitive graph.

A transitividade, sendo uma das características semânticas principais do verbo português e espanhol, tem sido objeto de interesse dos gramáticos a partir das primeiras descrições dessas línguas. A interpretação do fenômeno da transitividade depende da posição teórica do autor (tradição clássica, estruturalista, gerativista ou funcionalista) e dos objetivos da gramática que pode ser teórica, descritiva, normativo-prescritiva ou didática. A transitividade é analisada nas gramáticas em duas óticas diferentes: abordagem léxico-sintática e abordagem sintático-estrutural. A primeira é tida como uma caraterística semântica particular do verbo transitivo que pode expressar uma ideia completa ou permite evitar a ambiguidade só quando é acompanhado de complemento. A segunda abordagem analisa a transitividade como uma caraterística da estrutura sintática cujo núcleo é formado por um verbo transitivo ou intransitivo. Mostra-se a dependência entre o tipo de abordagem da transitividade (léxico-semântica x sintático-estrutural) e o caráter da gramática (a teórica x a normativo-prescritiva).

Experimental research has shown that English-learning children as young as 19 months, as well as children learning other languages (e.g., Mandarin), infer some aspects of verb meanings by mapping the nominal elements in the utterance onto participants in the event expressed by the verb. The present study assessed this structure or analogical mapping mechanism (SAMM) on naturalistic speech in the linguistic environment of 20 Spanish-learning infants from Argentina (average age 19 months). This study showed that the SAMM performs poorly – at chance level – especially when only noun phrases (NPs) included in experimental studies of the SAMM were parsed. If agreement morphology is considered, the performance is slightly above chance but still very poor. In addition, it was found that the SAMM performs better on intransitive and transitive verbs, compared to ditransitives. Agreement morphology has a beneficial effect only on transitive and ditransitive verbs. On the whole, concerns are raised about the role of the SAMM in infants’ interpretation of verb meaning in natural exchanges.