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The paper focuses on diachronic framing analysis of Russias images in British media discourse. The importance of the research is determined by a need to work out adequate linguistic foundations to counteract information war, generated by some foreign media and aimed at distorting Russias history and eroding its spiritual values. Few scholars have drawn on any systematic research into analysis of Russias images in foreign media discourses of different historical spans. The major objective is to compare Russias images and their emotional charge in the British media in chronologically divided periods of war and peace under the influence of changing historical and ideological factors. The authors account for the mechanisms by which Russias images are framed and transformed in the contexts of the largest war of the XX century and the information war of the XXI century. The material comprises 500 samples per period. The data covering two historical spans are investigated through a framing approach. The criteria for diachronic analysis are dominant diagnostic and prognostic frames, constituting the macroframe WAR. The significant difference in Russias images in war- and peacetime consists in their emotive load: Russias contemporary negative images are contrasted to positive images activated in the retrospective period. The findings support the idea that British media discourse focusing on Russia is subject-centered: Russias image is determined by the geopolitical situation, Great Britains political priorities and objectives, and the bilateral relationship between the countries. The results can be used to further develop the linguistic basics of war theory.

The study identifi es the semantics of the words islām and muslim in the Qur’an on the basis of contextual and diachronic analysis. During the research there were defi ned 8 thematic groups of uses, only 5 of which can in one way or another be attributed to the period of Muhammad prophecy. At the same time, considering the only exception in 72 cases of usage, all the lexemes are used as a technical religious term in all the abovementioned thematic groups. The periodization of surahs studies demonstrated the absence of semantic evolution, the assumption of which was made by some European authors. Profound analysis of lexical antitheses of this term has revealed the fact that it is opposed not only to unbelief and deviation from God’s way, but also to faith as an internal belief, thus representing an external act of accepting religion and observing its institutions. In conclusion, the author proposes a new version of the lexemes translation within the Qur’an, where he refl ects their religious, general monotheistic and performative meanings.

Iran has undergone a metamorphosis in its ideological and national identity due to its historical upheavals in the past century, e.g. the Persian Constitutional Revolution (1906–11), Islamic Revolution (1979), Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988). This paper aims to present the diachronic changes in the Iranian official national anthems’ lyrics. Through a critical discourse lens, I demonstrate how the socio-political changes have influenced these anthems and how such transformations have shaped the ideological identities of Iranians’ pre- and post-Islamic revolution to outsiders via lyrics. More specifically, I show how these identities are constructed through texts and via intertextual means. The findings display that the changes in Iranian anthems not only index a socio-historical transformation, but also a kind of acceleration in terms of political developments in contemporary Iran, and the ways in which the leaders may have employed their own ideological views to project Iranian identities.

This paper aims to cast light on contemporary migration rhetoric by integrating historical discourse analysis. I focus on continuity and change in conventionalised metaphorical framings of emigration and immigration in the UK-based Times newspaper from 1800 to 2018. The findings show that some metaphors persist throughout the 200-year time period (liquid, object), some are more recent in conventionalised form (animals, invader, weight) while others dropped out of conventionalised use before returning (commodity, guest). Furthermore, we see that the spread of metaphor use goes beyond correlation with migrant naming choices with both emigrants and immigrants occupying similar metaphorical frames historically. However, the analysis also shows that continuity in metaphor use cannot be assumed to correspond to stasis in framing and evaluation as the liquid metaphor is shown to have been more favourable in the past. A dominant frame throughout the period is migrants as an economic resource and the evaluation is determined by the speaker’s perception of control of this resource.

espanolEl presente articulo consiste en un analisis diacronico de la literatura infantil espanola de las ultimas cuatro decadas. Busca el objetivo de estudiar la repercusion de los avances en el ambito de la igualdad logrados en los ultimos anos. Para ello, a partir de una seleccion de lecturas infantiles publicadas entre 1980 y 2020, analizamos las ilustraciones que contienen atendiendo a elementos que pueden suponer la representacion de estereotipos tradicionales sobre los roles sociales y caracterizaciones de hombre y mujer. El analisis demuestra la evolucion que se ha experimentado en relacion con la superacion de determinados estereotipos que son recurrentes en obras de los primeros anos de la decada de los 80, en especial en las obras publicadas en la ultima decada estudiada. EnglishThis article consists of a diachronic analysis of Spanish children's literature of the last four decades. It seeks the objective of studying the impact of the advances in the field of equality achieved in recent years. To this end, based on a selection of children’s readings published between 1980 and 2020, we analyze the illustrations they contain, paying attention to elements that may imply the representation of traditional stereotypes about the social roles and characterizations of men and women. The analysis shows the evolution that has been experienced in relation to overcoming certain stereotypes that are recurrent in works from the early years of the 1980s, especially in works published in the last decade studied.

Con casi tres décadas de realización consecutiva, la Muestra Estatal de Teatro (MET) en Chihuahua es fundamental para comprender el quehacer escénico regional en su articulación con el teatro nacional. Nuestro objetivo principal consiste en una valoración crítica de su última edición, la número 28, a partir de un análisis sincrónico y diacrónico que se ocupe del origen y trayectoria tanto de la MET como de las compañías que se dieron cita en la región Delicias del 17 al 22 de agosto del año pasado. La crítica teatral de los montajes programados será el punto de inflexión para apreciar el estado del arte del teatro chihuahuense contemporáneo.

Humans find birds important as food, symbols, competitors, and objects for amusement or study, and give names to different groups or species of bird. However, a single bird may have many names, lik...

Phonosymbolic elements such as ideophones and interjections test the translator’s ability in various ways. These forms would, in theory, require a complete change of form and substance of the source text but this has not always been possible because of graphical, cultural and linguistic reasons, and this led, in certain cases, to a foreignized target-text environment. Recent research has started to consider the relationship between verbal and visual modes as beneficial and not just as a mere constraint for the translator. This research aims to align itself with this approach in order to analyze how verbal and visual modes in Disney comic books have come together to welcome sound symbolic forms and how translators have dealt with them in Italian Disney comics, in particular. In order to clarify the behavior, function, translation and use of expressive sound symbolic devices in Italian Disney comics, this article will offer a diachronic analysis of these strategies as found in a diachronic bidirectional corpus compiled through extensive archival research.

The chapter introduces a diachronic approach distinguishing six periods, from traditional diplomacy to public diplomacy as the concept is conceived nowadays from a European point of view. Diplomacy is approached from a communication perspective, studying how a diachronic analysis enlightens the emergence of public diplomacy as a bridge between diplomacy and the diversity of publics. The chapter aims at developing a rationale legitimating the presence of communication researchers in public diplomacy and emphasises the link between public diplomacy, public relations and international public relations.

This investigation approaches the annual Shinkenchiku Residential Design Competition (1965-2020) as a productive cross-cultural medium of exchange that generates new architectural knowledge. It situates this international competition of ideas in a long history of transnational encounters, to identify the contours of the ideological shift from the consolidation of modernist ideals to their critique. The paper highlights the iteration of the lack of “comfort” of modernist architecture, tracing the origins of this critique by referencing the 1977 and 1988 competitions, during which the respective judges Peter Cook and Toyō Itō challenged architects to devise innovative housing proposals to attain “comfort in the metropolis.” It initially employs a synchronic approach to investigate the origins of Cook’s competition theme, the multiple winning entries, the judges’ final remarks, and the after-effects of the competitions to apprehend how discrete geographies negotiated the notion of comfort. Next, the paper juxtaposes the outcomes of both years of the competition to offer a diachronic analysis of how architects have conceived the house and the city differently through time. This investigation reveals that the mechanism of this longstanding, idea-based competition confronts two judges’ positions to understand their cultural and architectural differences. Diese Untersuchung befasst sich mit der (von 1965 bis 2020) jährlich ausgerichteten Shinkenchiku Residential Design Competition als einem ergiebigen interkulturellen Austauschmedium, das neues Architekturwissen generiert. Der internationale Ideenwettbewerb wird hier im Kontext einer langen Geschichte transnationaler Begegnungen betrachtet, um den ideologischen Wandel von einer Verfestigung modernistischer Ideale hin zur Kritik derselben nachzuvollziehen. Der Artikel hebt die immer wieder vorgebrachte Formel des mangelnden „Komforts“ modernistischer Architektur hervor und kommt auf den Ursprung dieser Kritik zurück: Bei den Wettbewerben der Jahre 1977 und 1988 forderten Peter Cook und Toyo Ito als jeweilige Preisrichter die Architekten heraus, innovative Wohnbauten zum „Komfort in der Metropole“ zu entwerfen. Indem er zunächst die Ursprünge von Cooks Wettbewerbsthema, die vielen ausgezeichneten Vorschläge, die Abschlussbemerkungen der Preisrichter und die Nachwirkungen der Wettbewerbe gleichzeitig in den Blick fasst, arbeitet der Beitrag heraus, wie unterschiedlich der Komfortbegriff in einzelnen Regionen verhandelt wurde. Anschließend stellt der Artikel die Ergebnisse der beiden Wettbewerbsausgaben einander in historischer Folge gegenüber und veranschaulicht dabei, wie unterschiedlich Architekten Haus und Stadt zu verschiedenen Zeiten aufgefasst haben. Questo articolo esamina il ruolo del concorso annuale Shinkenchiku Residential Design Competition (1965-2020) in quanto proficuo strumento di scambio interculturale in grado di generare nuove conoscenze architettoniche. Inserisce questo concorso internazionale di idee in una lunga serie di incontri transnazionali per tracciare i contorni della svolta ideologica che ha portato dal consolidamento degli ideali modernisti alla loro critica. L’articolo illustra le ripetute accuse di carenza di “comfort” mosse all’architettura modernista, risalendo alle origini di questa critica attraverso l’analisi dei concorsi del 1977 e del 1988, durante i quali i giurati, rispettivamente Peter Cook eToyō Itō, chiesero agli architetti di ideare proposte residenziali innovative per raggiungere il “comfort nella metropoli”. Attraverso un approccio sincronico, l’articolo indaga la genesi del tema proposto da Cook, i vari progetti vincitori, le osservazioni finali dei giurati e le ricadute dei due concorsi al fine di comprendere come le varie geografie abbiano interpretato il concetto di comfort. In seguito confronta i risultati delle due edizioni del concorso per offrire un’analisi diacronica dei vari modi in cui gli architetti hanno concepito l’abitazione e la città nel corso del tempo. Cette étude envisage le concours d’architecture résidentielle de Shinkenchiku (1965-2020) comme une plateforme d’échanges interculturels favorisant le renouvellement du savoir architectural. Inscrivant le concours dans une longue histoire de rencontres transnationales, l’étude met en évidence le basculement idéologique qui s’est opéré entre l’affirmation des idéaux modernistes et leur critique. Nous reviendrons sur l’apparition de la critique sur le manque de « confort » dans l’architecture moderniste en prenant pour exemple les concours de 1977 et 1988, durant lesquels les juges Peter Cook puis Toyo Ito mirent les architectes au défi de concevoir de nouvelles solutions architecturales pour atteindre « le confort dans la métropole ». En adoptant d’abord une approche synchronique, l’article examine les origines du thème proposé par Cook, les projets récompensés, les appréciations des juges et le retentissement des concours pour comprendre l’incidence de la géographie sur l’appréhension du confort. Les résultats des deux concours sont ensuite analysés de manière diachronique pour mieux saisir les variations temporelles dans la conception de l’habitat et de la ville par les architectes. Au-delà des mécanismes d’un concours durablement marqué par le débat d’idées, cette enquête révèle, confronte et permet de comprendre l’antagonisme entre les différents points de vue culturels et architecturaux des deux juges. Este estudio considera el concurso de arquitectura residencial de Shinkenchiku (1965-2020) como una plataforma de intercambios interculturales apoyando la renovación del saber arquitectural. Inscribiendo el concurso en una larga lista de encuentros transnacionales, el estudio pone en evidencia el cambio ideológico que opera entre la afirmación de ideales modernistas y su crítica. Volveremos sobre la aparición de la crítica sobre la falta de “confort” en la arquitectura modernista tomando como ejemplo el concurso de 1977 y 1988, durante los cuales los jueces Peter Cook y después Toyo Ito pusieron a los arquitectos el desafío de concebir nuevas soluciones arquitecturales, para conseguir “el confort de la metrópolis”. Adoptando primeramente un enfoque sincrónico, el artículo examina los orígenes del tema propuesto por Cook, los proyectos recompensados, las apreciaciones de los jueces y el impacto de los concursos para comprender la incidencia de la geografía sobre la aprehensión del confort. Los resultados de los dos concursos son enseguida analizados de manera diacrónica para entender mejor las variaciones temporales en la concepción del hábitat y de la ciudad por los arquitectos. Más allá de los mecanismos de una competición durablemente marcada por el debate de ideas, esta encuesta revela, confronta y permite de comprender el antagonismo entre las diferentes opiniones culturales y arquitecturales de los dos jueces.

Nowadays, learning foreign languages is envisaged as a priority within any Western curriculum, but most research has been conducted in dominant languages such as English or Spanish. Hence, our goal here is to focus on the teaching of Arabic as a foreign language and highlight the importance culture plays in its learning. Thus, using a comparative method, we have analysed several suwar in the Quran in order to elicit cultural information which can be used when teaching Arabic. Issues such as marriage, divorce, right of inheritance and freedom have been addressed. We also revised the cultural implications and policies in teaching Arabic in relation to diachronic analysis of Medieval Andalusian literature.Therefore, we conclude that teaching Arabic language and literature has to be contextualised and related to economical, socio-political, and especially cultural aspects where the religious rigidness would be overpassed and would help in extoling freedom of literary expression.

This article presents a new theory on the origins of the common Finnic tetrameter as a poetic form (also called the Kalevala-meter, regilaul meter, etc.). It argues that this verse form emerged as a creolization of the North Germanic alliterative verse form during a period of intensive language contacts, and that the Finnic ethnopoetic ecology made it isosyllabic. Previous theories have focused on the trochaic, tetrametric structure and viewed other features of poetic form as secondary or incidental. This is the first theory to offer a metrically driven explanation for the distinctive features of the poetic form: the systematic placement of lexically stressed short syllables in metrically unstressed positions and systematic yet unmetricalized use of verse-internal alliteration. The emergence of the poetic form may be viewed simply in terms of hybridization, but its formation as a central mode for epic and ritual poetry demands consideration of social factors. Creolization is considered a social process of hybridization at the level of sign systems that is characterized by a salient asymmetrical relation of power, authority or other value in the cultural sign systems being reconfigured from the perspective of the society or groups involved. An argument is presented that North Germanic contacts also produced systematic verse-internal alliteration in Finnic languages. Discussion then turns to the distinction between the origin and spread of the poetic form. The poetic form’s uniformity across Finnic language areas in spite of its ‘foreign’ metrical features along with the range of genres with which it was used are considered indicators of the poetic form’s spread with language, forming an argument that the tetrameter emerged within an environment that also produced Late Proto-Finnic, and then spread with Late Proto-Finnic language and culture through areas where other Finnic language forms were spoken.

While the sonic logo for McDonald’s i’m lovin’ it campaign has been widely distributed and highly praised, little is known about the actual characteristics and meaning potentials of this particular musical discourse. From the perspective of multimodal discourse analysis, this paper seeks to unravel the discourse of the sonic logo as it appears in a collection of 475 commercials from the first fifteen years of the campaign. By adopting an otherwise rarely found diachronic perspective, the examination reveals how the sonic logo changes over time and thereby produces alternating meaning potentials. To account for these changes, the paper offers the concepts of alteration and adaptation. Based on these concepts, the paper reveals novel insights into how music can perform a determinative role in the multimodal discourse. In addition to the traditional functions of sonic logos, the music serves to engage viewers in appropriating the slogan of the campaign. This process is specified as the production of an emotive, which imply an instigation of an emotional engagement–related to current values and ideologies–beyond the more familiar capacities of music to express and induce emotions.

Resumen El rol del Estado como controlador del crecimiento y desarrollo de nuestras ciudades es fundamental para corregir los desequilibrios que se producen en el mercado de suelo. En este sentido, las políticas públicas cumplen un papel primordial al ser utilizadas ya sea para corregir estos desequilibrios que se producen en el devenir urbano o para exacerbarlos aún más. En este artículo se estudian dos relocalizaciones de asentamientos populares en el Área Metropolitana de Tucumán (AMET de Tucumán), realizados en el marco del Programa Federal de Urbanización de Villas y Asentamientos Precarios de la Nación, ejecutado por el Instituto Provincial de la Vivienda conjuntamente con la municipalidad de San Miguel de Tucumán. A través de un análisis diacrónico de los usos del suelo, se evalúa el desarrollo de ambas intervenciones urbanísticas para tratar de develar quiénes fueron los beneficiarios de dicha operación. Abstract The role of the state as our cities’ growth and development regulator is fundamental to correct imbalances produced by the real estate market. In that regard, public policies fulfill a crucial purpose as they are used either to solve urban problems or to worsen them further. Two relocations from the Programa Federal de Urbanización de Villas y Asentamientos Precarios (Slum Urbanization Federal Program) in the metropolitan area of Tucumán, carried out by the Instituto Provincial de la Vivienda (Provincial Housing Institute) and San Miguel de Tucumán’s municipality are analyzed in this article. Through a diachronic analysis of land uses, the development of both urban interventions is evaluated to determine who were the beneficiaries of that operation. Resumo O papel do Estado como controlador do crescimento e desenvolvimento de nossas cidades é fundamental para corrigir os desequilíbrios que ocorrem no mercado de terras. Nesse sentido, as políticas públicas desempenham um papel fundamental, pois são utilizadas tanto para corrigir esses desequilíbrios que ocorrem no desenvolvimento urbano quanto para agravá-los ainda mais. Este artigo estuda duas realocações de assentamentos populares na Área Metropolitana de Tucumán (AMET de Tucumán), realizadas no marco do Programa Federal de Urbanización de Villas y Asentamientos Precarios de la Nación (Programa Federal de Urbanização de Moradias e Assentamentos Precários da Nação), executado pelo Instituto Provincial de la Vivienda (Instituto Provincial de Habitação) junto com o município de San Miguel de Tucumán. Através de uma análise diacrônica dos usos do solo, avalia-se o desenvolvimento de ambas as intervenções urbanas para tentar revelar quem foram os beneficiários dessa operação.

International audience; The city of Herculaneum offers an exceptional analytical laboratory for the study of decorative elements in domestic environments and a reading of images in their architectural contexts. This paper is focused on the case of insula V at Herculaneum, which was a truly mixed habitat (class/families). The analysis of the paintings in context is approached on several scales (insula, house, room, wall) throughout the dwelling, in order to provide a diachronic analysis of the decoration. As I shall demonstrate, the houses were modified several times in response to the changing needs of the occupants, to accommodate different activities (economic activities, in particular) or to accommodate additional inhabitants (i. e., newly-married sons, freed slaves who were granted an apartment). These renovations to the ground floor could be combined with the addition of an upper level (where one could move, for example, the living quarters of the proprietor). What were the consequences of these architectural transformations on the decoration of the dwellings? What aesthetic choices were made to include old decoration in the new decor of the renovated houses?

This reflective essay presents the journal as a transnational networking instrument for TESOL teacher education at the in-service level and beyond. The introspective and retrospective dimensions associated with journaling can be beneficial on many different levels for in-service teachers. The diachronic analysis and re-examination of daily in-class professional experience serves as a basis for reassurance and evidence of progress. Not only is the journal a safe haven to express frustrations, but it also provides insights into the need for concrete strategies to avoid certain pitfalls in the teaching and learning process. It also discloses new methods, issues or factors which need to be considered for further research. Finally, in terms of TESOL teacher education research, the reflective journal serves as a knowledge base for the formation of a centralized corpus, providing an overview of the profession from a large picture perspective, if it is shared as a transnational networking instrument.

In this article, we analyze the grammatical incorporation of demonstratives in a tactile language, emerging in communities of DeafBlind signers in the US who communicate via reciprocal, tactile channels—a practice known as “protactile.” In the first part of the paper, we report on a synchronic analysis of recent data, identifying four types of “taps,” which have taken on different functions in protacitle language and communication. In the second part of the paper, we report on a diachronic analysis of data collected over the past 8 years. This analysis reveals the emergence of a new kind of “propriotactic” tap, which has been co-opted by the emerging phonological system of protactile language. We link the emergence of this unit to both demonstrative taps, and backchanneling taps, both of which emerged earlier. We show how these forms are all undergirded by an attention-modulation function, more or less backgrounded, and operating across different semiotic systems. In doing so, we contribute not only to what is known about demonstratives in tactile languages, but also to what is known about the role of demonstratives in the emergence of new languages.

In this paper we offer a first systematic account of the noun class system of Ngwi, a West-Coastal Bantu language spoken in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. First, we describe the synchronic system of noun class prefixes and the agreement patterns they trigger on constituents of the noun phrase and the verb. Second, we provide a diachronic analysis of the innovations the synchronic Ngwi noun class system underwent with respect to the noun class system reconstructed for the most recent common ancestor of all Narrow Bantu languages. Finally, we compare the morphological innovations found in the Ngwi noun class system with those identified in the noun class systems of other West-Coastal Bantu varieties and assess whether some of these could be diagnostic for internal classification within this western Bantu branch.

Diachronic studies on metaphor use in public discourse have primarily focused on Inner Circle English and European languages. However, the usage patterns of specific metaphorical frames over time is universal or cultural-specific remains underexplored. This article investigates the diachronic changes of economic metaphors focusing on the concept of free economy in a corpus of Hong Kong political discourse spanning two decades (1997–2017). We analyzed fundamental changes (transformations of source domains) and incremental changes (transformations of source-target mapping principles) in free economy metaphors. We found that free economy metaphors have slightly decreased over time. No fundamental changes were found in the use of the four frequently occurring source domains: journey, living organism, sport, and building. The meanings of free economy metaphors either remained mostly constant (living organism and sport metaphors) or underwent incremental changes (journey and building metaphors). We argue that the constancy and the incremental change were two rhetorical strategies political leaders used to frame their political agenda for achieving full economic liberalization in Hong Kong. Given the complex socio-historical background of Hong Kong, this study provides a distinct East–West perspective on diachronic economic metaphor use in an Outer Circle English context.

Warnings and Prohibitions as Means of Exerting Influence on the Addressee in Seventeenth– Eighteenth-Century Ukrainian Sermons In religious communication, psychological influence – as a result of which a person should change their subjective features (value orientations, ways of conduct, etc.) – is aimed at fostering compliance with religious norms. The tasks of a priest include religious education and correcting people’s behaviour, warning them against acts which contradict Christian values, in other words: preventing people from committing sins. This task is best achieved by means of verbal persuasion used in sermons. This paper offers a diachronic analysis of speech acts of warning and prohibition (preventives and prohibitives) on the basis of written monuments of the Ukrainian language: Ukrainian sermons from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In the analysed sermons, they are used in order to achieve the aim of preventing sinful conduct. They refer both to everyday situations and to moral attitudes in general. In the texts under consideration, the semantics of warning and prohibition is conveyed using means of expression from different levels. At the lexical level, they are verbs with the general meaning ‘to warn’, ‘to be afraid’, and verbs of action creating a distance between the individual and sinful feelings, thoughts and actions: ‘to escape’, ‘to reject’. Words and phrases denoting cognitive processes play the role of discourse markers: ‘to know’, ‘to be aware of’, ‘to remind’. The speech acts of warning and prohibition are most frequently expressed with verbs in the form of negative imperative. One specific aspect of the use of preventives is that they are supplemented with recommendations which the addressee may accept of his/her own will. The preacher uses various rhetorical strategies to enhance the convincing function of warnings, such as references to widely known cases from the past (precedential phenomena), quotations from the Holy Scripture, and preventive exhortations. In order to better convince the congregation and urge them to follow the model of proper conduct, the preacher uses various means of expression: epithets conveying negative valuation, and stylistic figures: amplification, gradation, pairs of synonyms. The material under consideration makes it possible to conclude that the Ukrainian language of the seventeenth–eighteenth centuries had a considerable potential in terms of verbal persuasion, and opens prospects for the study of its dynamics. Ostrzezenia i zakazy jako środki wywierania wplywu na adresata w XVII–XVIII-wiecznych kazaniach ukrainskich W komunikacji religijnej psychologiczne oddzialywanie na osobe nastawione na zmiane subiektywnych cech (wyznawanych wartości, zachowania itp.) ma na celu propagowanie zycia w zgodzie z normami religijnymi. Do zadan kaplana nalezy wychowanie i poprawa ludzkich zachowan, ostrzeganie przed czynami i dzialaniami sprzecznymi z wartościami chrześcijanskimi, a wiec zapobieganie grzechowi. Najskuteczniejszym środkiem realizacji tego celu w dzialalności homiletycznej jest zastosowanie perswazji slownej. Niniejszy artykul przedstawia analize diachroniczną dwoch typow aktow mowy o charakterze dyrektywnym: ostrzezen i zakazow (prewentywow i prohibitywow), przeprowadzoną na materiale zabytkow piśmiennictwa ukrainskiego – XVII–XVIII-wiecznych kazaniach ukrainskich. W analizowanych kazaniach środki te odnoszą sie zarowno do sytuacji zycia codziennego, jak i ogolnych postaw moralnych, a ich zastosowanie ma na celu zapobieganie grzesznemu zachowaniu. W badanych tekstach semantyka zakazu i ostrzezenia jest wyrazana na roznych poziomach. Na poziomie slownictwa są to czasowniki o ogolnym znaczeniu ‘ostrzegac’, ‘bac sie’, a takze czasowniki oznaczające dzialania wprowadzające dystans pomiedzy adresatem a grzesznymi uczuciami, myślami i dzialaniami: ‘uciekac’, ‘odrzucac’. Role znacznikow dyskursu pelnią slowa i frazy oznaczające procesy kognitywne: ‘znac’, ‘wiedziec’, ‘przypominac’. Ostrzezenia i zakazy są najcześciej wyrazane czasownikami w formie przeczącej trybu rozkazującego. Jednym ze szczegolnych aspektow ich zastosowania jest to, ze są one uzupelniane zaleceniami, ktore adresat moze zaakceptowac z wlasnej woli. Kaznodzieja stosuje rozne strategie retoryczne, zeby wzmocnic perswazyjną funkcje ostrzezen. Nalezą do nich odwolania do znanych zjawisk (zjawisk precedensowych), cytaty z Pisma Świetego czy zapobiegawcze zaklinania. Aby lepiej przekonac wiernych i naklonic ich do przestrzegania modelu wlaściwego zachowania, stosuje rozne środki wyrazu: epitety wyrazające negatywną ocene, jak rowniez figury stylistyczne: amplifikacje, gradacje czy pary synonimow. Badany material sklania do wniosku, ze jezyk ukrainski XVII–XVIII wieku mial znaczny potencjal w zakresie perswazji slownej i otwiera perspektywy badan nad dynamiką jej rozwoju.

Currently, tension and conflict characterize the relationship between the Xucuru-Kariri and Kiriri chiefs in the Caldas City, in brazilian state of Minas Gerais. Both lead families in their recreations of villages in this region. The process of territorial formation Xucuru-Kariri and Kiriri in Caldas City is explained, firstly, by the exchange of lands and alliance established by their generation above when they lived in brazilian state of Bahia and, second, by their particular cosmopolitics. Finally, the hypothesis on territorial domains of indigenous Xucuru-Kariri and Kiriri is supported by a diachronic analysis of interactions between leaders in the state of Bahia and description of their cosmopolitical principles, introducing a perspective beyond indigenous relations with the State in the understanding of territoriality processes.

Resumen Este artículo presenta un recorrido crítico a través de las construcciones de memoria sobre la historia reciente desarrolladas en el teatro argentino en las primeras décadas del siglo XXI. Para ello, se propone una periodización interna y un análisis diacrónico centrado en el estudio de casos paradigmáticos que parte de los años previos al comienzo del siglo para situar las relaciones entre prácticas escénicas, política y memoria, en cada momento. Como es posible sospechar, en estas décadas, las memorias escénicas han puesto en juego los más diversos lenguajes estéticos y han desplegado diferentes modos de incidir en el espacio socio-político, que particularizaremos y analizaremos de manera específica. A su vez, este panorama de las relaciones entre artes escénicas y construcciones de memoria en Argentina permitirá sin dudas establecer vínculos con otros países de la región, especialmente, del Cono Sur. Abstract This article presents a critical journey through the constructions of memory regarding recent history developed in Argentinian theater in the first decades of the 21st century. To this end, an internal periodization and a diachronic analysis were proposed, focused on the study of paradigmatic cases which starts during the years prior to the beginning of the century to situate the relationships among scenic practices, politics, and memory, in each moment. As it is possible to suspect, in these decades, that scenic memories have brought into play the most diverse aesthetic language and have employed different ways of influencing the socio-political space, which will be particularized and specifically analyzed. At the same time, this panorama of the relationship between the scenic arts and constructions of memory in Argentina will, doubtlessly, allow links to be established with other countries of the region, particularly, in the Southern Cone. Résumé Cet article se propose d’entamer un parcours critique par les constructions sur l’histoire récente développées au sein du théâtre argentin des premières décennies du XXI. siècle. Pour ce faire, on établit une périodisation interne et une analyse diachronique centrée sur les cas paradigmatiques depuis le début du siècle, et ce afin de saisir les rapports entre les pratiques scéniques, la politique et la mémoire tout au long du siècle. On peut supposer, à juste titre, qu’à cette époque les arts scéniques ont mis en jeu une diversité de langages esthétiques ainsi que des multiples manières d’agir dans l’espace socio-politique, des éléments que l’on tente d’analyser ici dans leur spécificité. De même, cet aperçu des rapports entre les arts scéniques et les constructions de la mémoire en Argentine permettra de mieux comprendre ce qui concerne d’autres pays de la région, notamment du Cône Sud.

Czechia, with its over half a million foreigners, representing about 5 per cent of the population, is a new destination country in Europe. It already has 20 years of experience in developing its immigration and integration policies. The chapter presents the diachronic analysis of the development, and the relations between the two policies since 1999 when the first policy document was issued. It focuses on economic migration. Despite years of experience, as well as the fact that the same ministry is in charge of both policies, immigration and integration policy documents speak different languages and do not use the potential nexus. This is confirmed by the newest developments of opening to circular migration.

Исследование выполнено в рамках диахронической лингвополитической метафорологии и лингвополитической персонологии. Лингвополитическая персонология предполагает изучение вербального облика политиков, первых лиц государства, исторических персоналий. Диахронический анализ позволяет выявить особенности динамики метафорического образа политического субъекта. При диахроническом анализе метафорического образа одного из президентов Грузии Э. Шеварднадзе были одновременно применены принципы равномерной и фокусной фрагментации. В рамках фокусной фрагментации было проанализировано два синхронных среза: первый — период правления Э. Шеварднадзе; второй — период после правления Э. Шеварднадзе. В статье рассмотрены выявленные в ходе анализа доминантные метафорические модели: «ПРЕЗИДЕНТ ГРУЗИИ — ЭТО ВОИН», «ПРЕЗИДЕНТ ГРУЗИИ — ЭТО ПУТЕШЕСТВЕННИК», а также некоторые средне- и низкочастотные метафорические модели, составляющие метафорический образ бывшего президента Грузии. Таким образом, исследование позволяет сделать вывод о том, что метафорический образ Э. Шеварднадзе эволюционирует на протяжении рассмотренных временных отрезков: 1) изменяется количество доминантных метафорических моделей; 2) наблюдается изменение смысловых акцентов; 3) разные метафорические модели могут передавать одинаковые смыслы. Результаты исследования могут представлять интерес для специалистов в области имиджелогии, политологии, истории, психологии, лингвистики и др., The study is carried out in the framework of diachronic linguopolitical metaphorology and linguopolitical personology. Linguopolitical personology deals with verbal images of politicians, Heads of State, and historical figures. The diachronic analysis allows revealing specific features of development of the metaphorical image of a politician. The diachronic analysis of the metaphorical image of the President of Georgia E. Shevardnadze simultaneously employs the principles of incremental and focus fragmentation. Two synchronous cross-sections have been analyzed within focus fragmentation: the first focus covers the time of Shevardnadze’s office; the second – the period after his resignation. The article considers the dominant metaphorical models found in the course of the study: THE PRESIDENT OF GEORGIA IS A WARRIOR; THE PRESIDENT OF GEORGIA IS A TRAVELER, as well as some less frequent and rarely used metaphorical models, which make up the metaphorical image of the former president of Georgia. Thus, the study allows making the conclusion that the metaphorical image of Shevardnadze is changing over the periods of time frames under consideration: 1) the number of dominant metaphorical models changes; 2) there is a shift of semantic emphasis; 3) different metaphorical models can express similar meanings. The results of the study could be of interest to specialists in the field of imageology, politology, history, psychology, linguistics, etc., Политическая лингвистика, Issue № 2 (80), Pages 83-94

El presente artículo analiza el origen geográfico de los miembos de la alta función pública del Estado español, a partir de un estudio del Cuerpo Superior de Administradores Civiles del Estado. Se presenta un análisis diacrónico del origen geográfico de sus miembos (incluyendo asimismo algunos datos del cuerpo diplomático). Los resultados obtenidos son puestos en relación con el trabajo empírico realizado, extrayéndose conclusiones de interés sobre las causas de la sobre e infra-representación de los integrantes de dicho cuerpo nacidos en unas CCAA respecto de otras. Finalmente, se incluye un catálogo de fórmulas para mejorar la representatividad autonómica de la AGE y se muestra la potencia de la movilidad interadministrativa desde una perspectiva intergubernamental, con vistas a obtener una función pública más inclusiva.

This chapter reports on a diachronic analysis of three lithic assemblages from Quadra Island, located in the Discovery Islands archipelago of the Northwest Coast of North America. Situating my analysis within a rubric of heart-centered practice, insights flow about the genealogies of technological practice and ancestral communities of skilled practitioners who inhabited the study area throughout its deep history. By using a combination of quantitative morphometric methods and reflexive introspection, I weave a narrative of technological change occurring alongside simultaneous gestural continuity for hundreds of generations of lived human lives. I argue this provides evidence for the dynamic, sophisticated, yet enduring knowledge and practice of the inhabitants of the Discovery Islands throughout their deep histories that persist in the present.

The literature provides diverging perspectives on the universality and stability of economic metaphors over time. This article contains a diachronic analysis of economic metaphors describing trade in a corpus of 225 years of US State of the Union addresses (1790–2014). We focused on two types of change: (i) replacement of a source domain by another domain and (ii) change in mapping within a source domain. In our corpus, five source domains of trade were predominant: (i) PhysicalObject, (ii) Building, (iii) Container, (iv) Journey, and (v) LivingBeing. Only the relative frequency of the Container source domain was related to time. Additionally, mappings between source and target domains were mostly stable. Nevertheless, our analyses suggest that the Trade metaphors in our corpus are related to concreteness in a more nuanced way as typically assumed in conceptual metaphor theory: metaphors high in the concreteness dimension of physicality and low in the concreteness dimension of specificity are likeliest to be used over longer time periods, by providing communicators with freedom to adjust the metaphor to changing societal circumstances.

In the article the content of the value “success” was revealed in the axiological consciousness of Russian people in the diachronic aspect. The analysis is performed on the basis of psychosemantic experiment held by Institute of Linguistic Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The experiment data represents polling of three different generations of culture-bearers: people who’s age are 20, 40 and 60. The experiment results are represented in Diagrams. The psychosemantic analysis did not reveal a significant diversity in evaluation of the value by the generation that were socialized in different periods, but the cluster analysis showed some diversity in the content of the value “success”.

The paper aims to provide a methodological hypothesis for a diachronic analysis about the presence of military sites in Veneto Region. The goal is to understand the current state of the Ministry of Defense’s properties in 1989, when began the progressive phenomenon of decommissioning, abandonment and under-utilization. Through the analysis of two case studies, various themes in the frame of the decommissioning process are retraced and caractherized by legislative and institutional inertia.

espanolIntroduccion. Se investigan las mujeres en el cine comercial espanol: directoras y personajes. Metodologia. Se estudian fuentes primarias y secundarias; se analizan, de forma cuantitativa y diacronica, las peliculas espanolas mas taquilleras, entre 2001 y 2016; se examinan, de manera cualitativa y descriptiva, protagonistas, tramas y estereotipos, de un corpus de 26 peliculas. Resultados. El genero dominante es la comedia. Hay 36 protagonistas masculinos y 23 femeninos. El grupo gira en torno a los deseos de varones. Discusion. Ellos mueven la accion y son antiheroes, con sentimentalidad infrarrepresentada. Las mujeres son acompanantes, con acciones de cuidados y mediacion familiar. Conclusiones. En Espana, ninguna mujer ha dirigido pelicula que haya recaudado mas de 10 millones de euros. La realidad no cambiara mientras no cambie la representacion. El cine comercial puede construir ciudadanos civicos, respetuosos, humanos; y no meros consumidores, que respondan a intereses mercantiles de la industria cinematografica. EnglishIntroduction. This article analyses the representation of women in Spanish commercial cinema: as film directors and as characters. Methods. The study is based on the analysis of primary and secondary sources; the quantitative and diachronic analysis of the highest-grossing Spanish films from 2001 to 2016; the qualitative and descriptive examination of the protagonists, plots and stereotypes of a sample of 26 films. Results. Comedy is the dominant genre. There are 36 male protagonists and 23 female protagonists. The selected films revolve around the wishes of men. Discussion. Men lead the action, are antiheroes, and their sentimentality is underrepresented. Women are companions of men and are in charge of family caretaking and mediation. Conclusions. In Spain, no woman has directed a film that has grossed more than 10 million euros. This situation will not change until representation changes. Commercial cinema can build civic, respectful and human citizens; and not mere consumers, who respond to the commercial interests of the film industry.

This work analyses the interactions between the population of a Chilean comuna and two local authorities of the Christian Democrat Party: a former mayor and current municipal councillor. Through a diachronic analysis including in-depth interviews and political ethnography we analyse how concepts and practices around the exercise of politics are understood by these politicians and analyse ow they interact with the local population. We analyse how notions about politics, loyalty and the proper behaviour of an elected official are understood. Through the issues analysed we provoke the reader to rethink ‘clientelism’ and its role in everyday life and in state building at the local level.

The study is aimed at a complex analysis of cognitive factors that influence the meaning and functional features of the eponym. To determine the specific characteristics of eponymic terms, the authors carry out a diachronic analysis of eponymic vocabulary and analyze the evolutionary changes in the components of the term. The authors establish the significance of the influence that ideosemantics of proper nouns has over the meaning and functioning of terminological units and the sources of proper nouns. In linguistics, eponym means a terminological word combination where a proper noun is a component. It can be concluded that terms stem also from geographical names, mythological and biblical characters.

Experiencing climate changes and increased human pressure, Mediterranean regions are considered representative hotspots of desertification. However, relatively few studies have been devoted to quantify the individual impact of different factors shaping land sensitivity to desertification in these contexts. Our study contributes to this deserving (positive and normative) issue with a diachronic analysis of the impact of multiple drivers of desertification risk on six indicators of land sensitivity based on the Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA) approach. Indicators (average and maximum ESA score, coefficient of variation and normalized range in the ESA scores, share of ‘fragile’ and ‘critical’ areas in total landscape) were calculated in 777 rural districts of Italy at three time points (early-1960s, early-1990s, and early-2010s). Multivariate models were used to determine the impact of 12 predictors (climate, soil, vegetation, and land management quality) on each indicator of land sensitivity. Results of the analysis identified two non-redundant dimensions respectively associated with the average level of land sensitivity and its intrinsic variability across space. Impacts of climate and vegetation qualities on the level of land sensitivity were high, decreasing over time, and more intense respectively in Northern and Southern Italy. Impacts of soil and land management qualities were moderate, increasing over time, and involving almost all the country's area. Our study emphasizes the role of context-based measures promoting sustainable land management. The ‘local’ dimension proved to be crucial in any strategy of risk mitigation undertaken at disaggregated spatial scales.

Even if the non-unitary nature of parties has come back into the party politics agenda, many of its features are still largely understudied. Specifically, an encompassing explanation of individual faction membership and of the role of party fusions in fostering faction membership is still missing. By performing a diachronic analysis, this article proposes a new approach to study the determinants of faction membership, highlighting the fundamental role of ideological, policy- and career-related factors. Moreover, the article uses as an explanatory factor a key element that has hitherto never been taken into account in intra-party analyses: psychological social identity, a variable that strongly conditions party members’ behaviour in situations where parties are merging. The analysis also shows the crucial role of party fusion in shaping individual faction membership determinants, highlighting that the effect of these determinants varies considerably the more time has elapsed since the party’s merger.

Cultural dental wear provides useful information about the use of anterior teeth for non-masticatory purposes. Non-alimentary tasks are usually related to economic and cultural activities. The presence of cultural dental wear has been checked in four different Homo species from the Sierra de Atapuerca sites (Sima del Elefante, Gran Dolina-TD6, Sima de los Huesos and El Mirador cave). The chronology of these sites ranges from more than one million to 4000 years ago. Evidence of dental wear has been documented in the four Homo species analysed, confirming that hominins began using their teeth as tools as far back as one million years ago. Each species exhibits specific typologies and frequencies of dental wear features. Also, dental features are located on different dental surfaces and tooth types, indicating a diversity of activities carried out using the anterior teeth as a tool. The use of the teeth as a tool was a widespread habit in the genus Homo . However, the diversity of dental wear patterns can be related to cultural and economic activities, broadening our knowledge of the behaviour of ancient hominins.

This work is devoted to a diachronic analysis of American slang. These days the English language became a global language, and its American variant strongly influences the international norm. To use and understand a language properly, one should not forget about its slang units. Being a significant part of a language, reflecting the culture and history, slang changes with years. To bridge a generation gap diachronic analysis is a research of great importance.

In this paper we present a self-evaluation model of the research production of a scientific community. This model is based on a case study: an analysis of the publications of the academic staff at the Department of Communication and Social Research (La Sapienza, University of Rome) from 2011 to 2014. In the first part of the paper, we describe the publications production from a quantitative perspective; then, we introduce more qualitative aspects considering an index of editorial ranking of the publications. In both sections, the synchronic analysis is combined with a diachronic analysis, in order to identify trends. We believe that this model will be useful both for the research institutes to evaluate outputs and outcomes of their policies, and for the researchers to benchmark their publication style against the scientific production of their communities.

In the last few years, the increasing availability of large corpora spanning several time periods has opened new opportunities for the diachronic analysis of language. This type of analysis can bring to the light not only linguistic phenomena related to the shift of word meanings over time, but it can also be used to study the impact that societal and cultural trends have on this language change. This paper introduces a new resource for performing the diachronic analysis of named entities built upon Wikipedia page revisions. This resource enables the analysis over time of changes in the relations between entities (concepts), surface forms (words), and the contexts surrounding entities and surface forms, by analysing the whole history of Wikipedia internal links. We provide some useful use cases that prove the impact of this resource on diachronic studies and delineate some possible future usage. Source code and more details are available here: https://github.com/pippokill/dae

This chapter reviews some of the more important changes within the army in order to define more precisely the ‘modern’ character of the Reichswehr. It focuses on a more diachronic analysis of the problem of rearmament and politics, an analysis that will enable to interpret the frictions and antagonisms in the civil-military relations of the Weimar Republic. Limited and professionally justified military acts directly affected not only civil-military relations but the very political foundations of the Weimar Republic. For the Weimar Republic it is important to note that the preparations for an all-encompassing war led the military beyond the limits of the status quo of 1924 and infused a new expansion-oriented dynamic into military planning. One of the classic themes of German military history is the predominance of aristocratic traditions within the officer corps. The decision as to which of the two should have priority occupied the German military throughout the inter-war years.

Despite recurring elections and the transition to multiparty systems, authoritarianism has re-emerged in the Post-Soviet Space. Along with domestic factors, the external dimension should also be considered to fully understand this regional trend. Scholars depict Russia as a typical ‘black knight’ for democracy. While most of the literature deals with the Kremlin's policies in the ‘new’ Eastern Europe, this article pays attention to Russia's actions in the relatively understudied Southern Caucasus. Specifically, it investigates why and how Moscow tried to thwart democratization in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. The diachronic analysis addresses three periods, namely, Yeltsin's presidency, the first Putin presidency and the Putin–Medvedev diarchy. Findings suggest that the Kremlin implemented an increasingly nuanced and intentional black knight strategy in Southern Caucasus, aimed at gaining primacy in the Post-Soviet Space and recognition of its great power status.

The aim of this paper is twofold : firstly, it attempts to clarify the various chronological phases that occurred in the Erechteion area to better understand its architectural development ; secondly, it deals with religious survivals, proposing that the worship practiced within the Classical Erechteion period can be considered a legacy of a complex religious context. It is divided into five sections, each of which examines the different available sources on this area in a precise period of Athenian history. Thus, the paper delineates a potential scenario for each historical phase. Moreover, within this diachronic analysis, a possible religious continuity is underlined. Lastly, the paper proposes that the probable presence of a Mycenaean palace left a mark on this area and that the memory of a Bronze Age A-ta-na-po-ti-ni-ja and of a royal dynasty survived over time, being elements of religious continuity from the Mycenaean era until the Classical age., Le présent article a deux ambitions : la première est de tenter de clarifier les diverses phases chronologiques qui ont marqué la zone de l’Érechthéion en vue de mieux comprendre son développement architectural ; la seconde est de formuler l’hypothèse que l’on peut considérer le culte pratiqué durant la période de l’Érechthéion classique comme l’héritage d’un contexte religieux complexe. Chacune de nos cinq sections examine les différentes sources disponibles sur ce site pour une période donnée de l’histoire athénienne. Notre article définit donc un scénario possible pour chaque phase historique. En outre, notre analyse diachronique nous permet de mettre en relief une éventuelle continuité religieuse. Pour finir, notre article émet l’hypothèse que la présence probable d’un palais mycénien a laissé une trace dans cette zone et que le souvenir d’un A-ta-na-po-ti-ni-ja et d’une dynastie royale de l’âge du bronze a perduré à travers les âges, représentant des éléments de continuité religieuse de l’ère mycénienne à l’époque classique., Mauro Chiara Maria. Religious Survivals in the Erechteion Area: a Diachronic Approach. In: Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, vol. 45, n°1, 2019. pp. 65-88.

Resumo: O estudo exploratorio apresentado ao longo deste artigo foca a antroponimia crista, isto e, o conjunto de nomes proprios de pessoas que apresentam significado etimologico cristao e/ou estao relacionados a historia do cristianismo e as religioes cristas. Objetiva-se apresentar uma investigacao preliminar sobre a existencia, a constituicao, a caracterizacao etimologica de repertorio de nomes cristaos e o conhecimento onomastico acerca deles por parte de falantes do oeste do Parana, especificamente, de alunos e professores de um curso de graduacao ofertado por uma universidade publica da regiao. A analise do repertorio antroponimico dos prenomes dos respondentes mostrou que quase a metade desses nomes esta relacionada ao cristinanismo.Este resultado confirma a importância cultural e historica da analise diacronica dos prenomes.Outro resultado foi alcancado mediante analise das informacoes fornecidas por portadores desses nomes e de quem os atribuiu a seus filhos: eles sabem a motivacao que resultou na escolha de seus nomes, porem. Verificou-se, contudo, que ha pouca convergencia entre o significado e a motivacao para a escolha dos nomes religiosos, tendo em vista que apenas um em cada quatro prenomes religiosos foi escolhido por motivacao religiosa. Palavras-chave: onomastica; antroponomastica; significado etimologico; conhecimento onomastico. Abstract: The exploratory study presented throughout this article focuses on Christian anthroponomy, that is, the set of proper names of people who have Christian etymological significance and/or are related to the history of Christianity and Christian religions. The objective is to present a preliminary investigation into the existence, the constitution and etymological characterization of repertoire of Christian names and the onomastic knowledge about them by speakers from western Parana, specifically, of students and teachers from a undergraduate course offered by a public university in the region. The analysis of the anthroponomic repertoire of respondents first names showed that almost half of these names is names related to Christianism. This result confirms the cultural and historical importance of diachronic analysis of the first names. Other result was obtained by analysis of the information provided by bearers of these names and who attributed them to their children: they are aware of the religious meaning of the names of the repertoire and know the motivation that resulted in the choice of their names. About the relation between meaning and motivation for the choice of religious names, though, there is little convergence between meaning and motivation for the choice of religious names, considering that only one in four religious prenames was chosen by religious motivation. Keywords: onomastics; anthroponomastics; etymological significance; onomastic knowledge.

The aim of the publication is the discussion of the most burning issues of reforming of the sphere of science and education and, first of all, consequences of the law «About the Russian Academy of Sciences, Reorganization of the State Academies of Sciences and Modification of Separate Legal Acts of the Russian Federation» (No. 253-FZ) adopted September 27, 2013. Results and scientific novelty. Firstly, the specified law was decently declared to be a narrow direction of «reorganization of the state academies of Sciences» and «separate changes»; the law has deeply affected all levels of the Russian science, mostly in a negative way. The attention is drawn to discrepancy of estimates of the undertaken reform, a vagueness of its aims and pseudo-reformatory installations of the separate entered legal acts, and also the fact that the expected results of transformations aren’t even hypothetically formulated. All listed factors as a whole and deprivation of an academic community of activities autonomy pose a threat for full, real functioning and development of the scientific sphere that directly affects also a condition of all educational system in general. The origin suppositions of the state academies of sciences in Russia, history of their development and reforming, an origin of numerous public academies in education in the 90th years of the last century are considered on the basis of the retrospective, synchronous and diachronic analysis. Strategic miscalculations resulted the «nationalization» of science, replacement of the scientific self-government which isn’t controlled by the state with a reliable departmental collar are disclosed on the example of the Russian Academy of Education. Practical significance. Based on the current situation, the author models functions of the Academy of Education; the functions are real and acceptable in its new status. Those functions come down to providing a qualified expert evaluation of drafts of regulations, state programs, pedagogical technologies and innovations, and also to implementation of publishing and printing activities – to publication and wide circulation of results of scientific researches.

This paper presents major trends in pottery development in the final Ninevite 5 period, which corresponds to the final EJZ 2 period in the Syrian Jezirah. This discussion is based primarily on a pottery assemblage from Tell Arbid, a site in north-east Syria. The pottery was recovered from a dwelling quarter (Area D), where both final Ninevite 5 (final EJZ 2) and post-Ninevite 5 (EZJ 3) occupation were recognized. Excavations at Tell Arbid have provided new data regarding the late Ninevite 5 pottery repertoire and its internal development. Morphological types of vessels and their technology are discussed at length. Major traits of the final Ninevite 5 pottery are recognized and defined, including pottery “index fossils” as well as some less distinct pottery types. Chronological variability of pottery types has also been traced, special attention being given to continuity and changes in pottery production between final Ninevite 5 and post-Ninevite 5 (EJZ 3) periods. A trend toward standardization visible in the final Ninevite 5 pottery development is related to political and economic factors in the Syrian Jezirah at this time.

This article investigates how differentiated (e.g. private publishers) and undifferentiated patrons (e.g. the government) exercise ideological control over the selection and the translation of Taoi...

In the field of contemporary Brazilian geography, it is urgent to continue studies on the city and the urban. This article is an approach by the investigation of the material in question, since the beginning, a classic bibliography, facilitated by the existence of tools based on the information technology. In addition to the indication of the work, it deals with the volume of quotations relating to it. The use of studies based on the H index will allow the updating of the studies with the presentation of the persons responsible for the production of important works on the urban geography in Brazil, thus making it possible to spatialize the production in the country (volume of citations

Cuando el antropólogo se enfrenta al reto del discernimiento de la identidad en una comunidad compleja, muchas son las interrogantes que se le plantean. Cuestiones las cuales sólo pueden ser atendidas desde una asunción del método moriniano y a través de un análisis diacrónico de la sociedad, de ahí la importancia de abogar por la etnohistoria como forma de estudiar en el tiempo la identidad colectiva presente de los pueblos. En el presente artículo se analizan, a grandes rasgos, algunas de las pautas culturales de San Juan del Puerto por medio de un viaje antropológico en el tiempo, incidiendo en las ligazones existentes con el entorno marismeño próximo, el cual forma parte intrínseca de la peculiar idiosincrasia y la cosmogonía sanjuanera, When the anthropologist faces the challenge of discerning the identity of a complex community, there are many questions that are asked. Issues which can only be met from an assumption of moriniano method and through a diachronic analysis of society, hence the importance of advocating ethnohistory as a way of studying this time the collective identity of peoples. In this article we analyze broadly, some of the cultural patterns of San Juan del Puerto through an anthropological journey through time, focusing on existing bindings to the next marshy environment, which is an intrinsic part of the peculiar idiosyncrasy and cosmogony