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The purpose of this article: analysis of the activities of the personnel of the fire department of Leningrad, authorities to protect the population and the city from fires.Tasks: to adequately evaluate, on the basis of archival and other sources, the courage and heroism of the fighters and fire brigade commanders, the population of the city, the organizational activities of the governing bodies during the blockade.Conclusions: the courage and heroism of the defenders of the besieged city are a unique phenomenon in the history of mankind. There is still much to be done to recreate the full picture of the unparalleled struggle of Leningrad residents in the battle for the city on the Neva

Aim: The contemporary nature of terrorist attacks forces the rescue services to develop and enhance their operational potential to support the system which guarantees the safety of the civilians. The tasks of the State Fire Service (PSP) in Poland in the country’s anti-terrorist protection system indicate that these units play a key role in neutralizing the effects of terrorist attacks. The tasks of the formation include conducting rescue operations in the field of saving the lives and health of people and protection of property and environment in the situation of a sudden threat, as well as undertaking activities to identify threats, including contamination with chemical and radioactive substances, and conducting initial biological recognition activities. New tools and forms in terrorist threats require much broader skills and competences of PSP officers. Introducing full preparation of PSP officers to act during terrorist events may directly and indirectly strengthen the national anti-terrorist system. Methodology: A non-probabilistic research method with targeted selection using the PAPI (Paper And Pencil Interview) tool was applied. The study was conducted among the management of PSP. The survey involved thirty seven officers, thirty-two of whom were provincial commanders and/or their deputies, as well as officers performing management tasks. The remaining five respondents were officers holding managerial positions in the PSP Headquarters. Literature and legal regulations were reviewed and analysed. Results: In the study officers representing the commanding staff of the State Fire Service were included. A vast majority of the participants of this study claimed that terrorist threats in Poland are real. Which, in turn, resulted in the need to develop far reaching educational programs that adequately prepare fire-fighters to deal with terrorist threats and activities. Conclusions: State Fire Service officers are prepared to respond to many aspects of rescue operations, however, this continues to be an area of great research potential, where the focal point of discussion should focus on the improvement of all aspects of proper and effective response of the State Fire Service terrorist events. An innovative programme that addresses these concerns is the 3P model based on three domains: prevention, practice and psychotraumatology.

A magyar hivatásos tűzoltóság idén ünnepli 150 éves jubileumát. Az évfordulót 1870. február 1-jétől számítjuk, amikor megkezdte működését a fővárosban az ország első hivatásos tűzoltósága. A szerző a fővárosi hivatásos tűzoltóság másfél évszázadát mutatja be, kitérve a megalakítás körülményeire, korszakonként ismertetve a szervezeti és a műszaki fejlődés fontos állomásait. A történeti áttekintés tartalmazza a kiemelkedő személyiségeket és az emlékezetes tűzeseteket is. A közlemény a 2020. február 3-án a Belügyminisztériumban megrendezett ünnepi konferencián bemutatott előadáshoz kapcsolódik, melynek gazdag képanyaga teszi teljessé a 150 év bemutatását, azonban a jelen közleményben terjedelmi okokból nincs lehetőség a megjelenítésére.

Purpose This paper presents a large sample study of fire service volunteer motivations in Finland. The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to explore the differences between initial motivations to begin volunteering vs motivations to continue volunteering; and second, to examine the differences in motivations as a function of demographic variables and geographic region of the fire brigade (rural vs urban). Design/methodology/approach An online survey was completed by 747 fire service volunteers throughout Finland. Findings The initial motivations for joining the brigade differed from those that motivated volunteers to continue in their roles. Significant differences between male and female volunteers’ initial motivations, as well as differences in motivations to continue volunteering as a function of age and region, were found. Research limitations/implications The findings support integrating a psychological, functional perspective with contextual and situational factors when considering volunteer motivations. Originality/value This study suggests a comprehensive understanding of fire service volunteer motivations and informs improved recruitment and retention practices.

Systems pre-hospital care (APH) in the State are constituted both in private and public. In public, we find the services rendered by the Mobile Emergency Care, SAMU and the Fire Brigade of the State of Rio de Janeiro-CBMERJ. Both have nurses in the composition of their teams. A good chunk of nurses working in this area calls for a bit more autonomy in relation not only to perform procedures but also with respect to prescription drugs properly filed, since the administration of these drugs specifically in emergency pre-hospital often must occur in a matter of seconds. Thus, the object of this study is the role of the nurse in pre-hospital care. Review aimed to: describe the role of a nurse in APH, describe the process of training of professionals working in APH, analyze the autonomy of the nurse during APH. Its guiding questions: What is the role of nurses in practice in APH? What training / training received by nurses who work in APH? What is the "degree" of autonomy of nurses in APH? Methodology: research is a descriptive qualitative approach on the role of nurses in prehospital emergency. The study took place at the Organization of Military Combat Team Fire and Emergency Relief (GSE). The research subjects were nurses of the Board of Health Officers of the Fire Department of the State of Rio de Janeiro (CBMERJ) who work on ambulances in between. Was used as a technique for data collection, a questionnaire containing open and closed questions. Results: The subjects reported that the training received to serve on APH has great influence on the practice range and was considered good, but runs into some issues such as subordination to medical regulation. Conclusion: we conclude that nurses' actions within the APH can be extended since there is a better qualification of these professionals still an undergraduate, and even this issue is not being addressed the way it should, the professionals who work in this area are always looking for knowledge and proving in practice, even with all the difficulties, the nurse can make informed decisions without necessarily depend on the medical regulation.

ObjectivesIncreased demands are placed on emergency services and their role and ability to act in incidents in challenging environments, for example, road tunnels. Collaboration between officers from emergency services (fire brigade, police and ambulance services) is important for an effective rescue effort. In Gothenburg, Sweden, a position as a senior ambulance officer (SAO) within the emergency medical services (EMS) has been introduced to support the regular force during major incidents. The aim of this paper was to explore the perceptions and experiences of the SAO’s new management role in challenging incidents, such as those occurring in road tunnels.DesignA qualitative interview study.SettingThe study was carried out from February to June 2019 in Gothenburg, Sweden, which is a municipality with several road tunnels and a population of approximately 580 000 people. SAOs collaborate with the corresponding function within the police and fire brigade, both having senior officers at major incident sites.ParticipantsTwelve SAOs.MethodsThe study used semistructured interviews. The collected data were analysed using qualitative content analysis.ResultsAccording to SAOs’ experience, prehospital medical management included not only leadership, but also planning, training and indepth knowledge of, for example, tunnel environments. Furthermore, SAOs adopted an encouraging and teaching role for their colleagues. SAOs’ responsibilities also included proactive planning together with the fire brigade and police, which was regarded as enhancing interorganisational collaboration. An overall theme emerged which the SAOs described as ‘A new holistic approach to EMS leadership and management’.ConclusionsThe participants considered that the new SAO role not only seems to improve the prehospital medical management, but also makes the EMS command structure during challenging incidents symmetrical with the fire brigade and police command structure. The implementation of national guidelines is desirable and is requested by the SAOs.

The issue of live exports has long been controversial but has assumed new potency in light of the Covid-19 crisis. Across Europe, where movement of people and goods has been ‘free and frictionless’ for decades because of the EU, movement restrictions suddenly sprang up last month in a bid to slow the spread of Covid-19. This led to long queues of traffic, according to the Federation of Veterinarians of Europe (FVE). From the border between Lithuania and Poland came reports of jams stretching for 40 km. On the German side of the border with Poland there were queues of 65 km – and 18-hour wait times. The local fire brigade reportedly had to be called in to provide water to livestock. While the increased journey times for livestock have thankfully …

INTRODUCTION: The speed of intervention of Fire Brigade units has a direct impact on the chance of saving people’s lives and the effectiveness of rescue and fire-fighting operations. The aim of the research is to in­dicate the concentration of interventions and characteristics of events divided into the following: fire; local hazards; false alarms; time of arrival of the first fire brigade determined by distance; a comparison of the number of fire-fighters divided into groups of the Volunteer Fire Department (VFD) and State Fire Service (SFS); time of intervention; number of victims; and the need to support cooperating services i.e. police, medical rescue teams (MRT) and AMR Air Ambulance. METHODS: The study was carried out on the basis of reports of events registered by the SFS on duty. Data concerned the period January–March 2017. The study included Siemiatycze county in Podlaskie Province, Łosice county in Mazovia Province and Łukow county in Lublin Province. RESULTS: The frequency of events is higher in the countryside than in cities. The number of VFB in individual counties is similar with 119 in Łosice county and 129 in Łukow county with only 79 in Siemiatycze county, while the number of SFS hosts slightly differs in Łukow county (n = 131) from Łosice county (n = 76) and Siemiatycze county (n = 79), where this number is similar. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicates that: (1) SFS and VFB reaction time for interventions in our region does not differ from other data available in the literature; (2) this paper is of interest to workforce planners. We hope it provides important information to fire-fighters that should facilitate the maintenance of a successful and effective service.

The economic mood in Europe in early 2010 was very nervous, fragile and turbulent. Greece was in a free fall due to her past fiscal irresponsibility and statistical fraud that had begun to surface to the public awareness. Financial stability of the whole Eurozone was soon in danger, as the Greek bush fire threatened to turn into a European forest fire, with damaging ramifications to the nascent recovery—and there was no existing fire brigade, nor fire extinguishers. Even worse, we had just experienced the most severe global financial crisis since the 1930s, which had badly damaged growth and jobs and led to an increase in fiscal deficits and public debt. Almost all European economies were vulnerable.

With a commitment to protect and guarantee the safety of the residents of Joinville, 127 years ago a group of people created an institution focused on serving the population in a fast and efficient way. This was how the Volunteer Fire Brigade of Joinville was born, the first such institution in Brazil and the second national fire company. Having seen that it is an association composed of several institutions, as well as several volunteers, a way of managing them is necessary. This paper presents the steps of developing an application to assist the ABVESC firefighters with regard to their institutional organization, bringing greater accessibility and agility to their tasks and planning.

This article focuses on the relationship between the members of a local fire brigade in Sweden and their tools, as well as the organisational dynamics that forge this relation. Drawing on the work of Karen Barad [2007. Meeting the universe halfway. Quantum physics and the entanglement of matter and meaning. Durham: Duke University Press], and particularly her notion of intra-action, the intention is to unpick the strong material and symbolic relationship between men, masculinity and tools seen in this profession. While Barad’s work has been useful within feminist theories, few attempts have been made to investigate how her work can benefit critical studies of men and masculinities, one exception being Ulf Mellstrom [2016. From a hegemonic politics of masculinity to an ontological politics of intimacy and vulnerability? Ways of imagining through Karen Barad's work. Rhizomes, 30. Retrieved from http://www.rhizomes.net/issue30/mellstrom.html] who explores how intimacy may be productive in developing ...

The community empowerment program is a program that is carried out with assistance and has a plan of up to five years. The empowerment program will be evaluated after one year of program implementation to see the impact of the program for the community. One of the programs is Berdikari Peat Village, which is an empowerment program for the Volunteer Fire Brigade called Masyarakat Peduli Api (MPA). One way to evaluate an empowerment program is to compile a Community Satisfaction Index (IKM). The concept of IKM will evaluate the program from the beginning of program planning, program implementation, to program exit so that the overall implementation of the program to the public is seen. This research was conducted with quantitative methods in the Berdikari Peat Village Kampung program which was carried out in Bukit Batu District, Bengkalis Regency, Riau Province. The conversion of SMI values varies from 25 to 100 with the symbol value A (Very Good) to D (Very Bad). The results showed a high Community Satisfaction Index in the empowerment program carried out by PT Pertamina RU II Sungai Pakning, with a score of 84.6 with a symbol of A.

In recent years, incidents in mountains frequently occur in outdoor sports, and the number is on the rise. Among mountain accidents, fire brigade has been playing a key role. Basic level officers are in need of professional and systematic mountain rescue theoretic knowledge to support rescue work in case of emergency. The paper analyzes the necessity to set mountain rescue course, and takes the Pubic Security Fire Control Forces College as an example in exploring teaching methods for “mountain rescue” course, to better bring into play the main role of students, further improve teaching quality, and satisfy the need for talent nurturance by fire brigade.

The Konopnica Commune, adjacent to the voivodeship capital Lublin, is of agricultural character. Due to transformations in the agricultural economy and inflow of population from the nearby city, the social sphere of life is gaining importance. One of the elements of its proper functioning is the developed network of non-governmental organisations and various forms of cooperation with the NGO environment. Many initiatives activating residents are implemented in the commune. The most interesting one is the international project “Promotion of land culture and preservation of historical heritage” conducted together with the Trembowla municipality in the Tarnopol oblast in Ukraine. The following associations are active in the area of the commune: Association Local Action Group for the Development of the Lublin Poviat “Kraina wokół Lublina”, 12 units of the Volunteer Fire Brigade, Association “Pracownia Twórczych Działań”, and Association “Skaut” with its seat in Lublin, implementing cultural-social workshops in the Konopnica Commune. Residents of the commune implement and develop passions in groups and artistic teams, including: singing group “Rola”, theatre group “Stacja Teatr”, ballet group “Arabeski”, group “Malarki z Konopnicy”, and a music band. Owing to the work of enthusiasts, cultural-social meetings are organised in the form of cyclical events and one-off actions. The cultural development is stimulated by cultural entities (“Dom Kultury” in Motycz, Commune Library and its branches, Ośrodek Działań Twórczych). The aforementioned advantages of the Konopnica Commune offer a chance for its development both in the socio-economic sphere and in terms of cultural-environmental heritage. Artykuł dotyczy aktywizacji i integracji mieszkańców podmiejskiej gminy Konopnica położonej we wschodniej Polsce. Jednym z elementów funkcjonowania sfery społecznej jest sieć organizacji pozarządowych i różnorodnych form współpracy ze środowiskiem NGO, których rozwój przyczynia się do aktywizacji mieszkańców gminy. Działania skupione są na zachęcaniu miejscowej ludności do angażowania się w prace zespołów sportowych, grup artystycznych, kulinarnych oraz kulturalno-edukacyjnych. Środki na działania aktywizujące pozyskiwane są z Programu Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich (PROW na lata 2014–2020).

INTRODUCTION: As a part of the emergency medical services, the Swedish fire brigade can increase the survival rate in out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. AIM: To compare the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) performed by firefighters at a routine CPR practice versus when involved in a simulated life-saving event. METHODS: In this study, 80 firefighters divided into two groups performed CPR according to guidelines: one group indoors during a routine training session; the other group outdoors during a smoke diving exercise wearing personal protective clothing and self-contained breathing apparatus. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The results showed a tendency for the outdoor group to perform CPR with better ventilation and compression quality, as compared to the indoor group. The ventilation of the manikin was not hampered by the firefighters wearing personal protective clothes and self-contained breathing apparatus, as the Swedish firefighters remove their facial mask and ventilate the patient with their mouth using a pocket mask. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the results in both groups showed a high quality of CPR which can be related to the fire brigade training and education traditions. CPR training is regularly performed, which in turn helps to maintain CPR skills.

Reliability, the part of successful convocations of a voluntary fire brigade, is one of the decisive factors of successfulness and quality of a voluntary fire brigade. The unplanned selection and education of firemen show that the unit is not reliable enough. The presented mathematical model serves as a numerical evaluation of reliability. It helps to analyze the causes of eventual weak points and to make effective steps toward their improvement. This method is the first step to a large analysis of quality and reliability of a voluntary fire brigade. The calculations represent a mathematical model that is not fully equivalent to the real situation, but it depicts well enough and is much cheaper to find and test optimal solutions. It is also relatively easy to test the reliability of each voluntary fire brigade (VFB).

A volunteer fire brigade has played a role of a governmental fire fighting system before the governmental system was developed in Japan. Although the governmental fire fighting system well functions now, a volunteer fire brigade has well maintained to prepare for natural disasters including an earthquake. However, a volunteer fire brigade in Japan has some problems such as decreased members of fire brigades, changing the members into employee(salaried man), and increased average age. Japan`s Fire and Disaster Management Agency(FDMA) has developed and executed various policies to solve these problems and a volunteer fire brigade office symbol system is a core policy to solve these problems. This study analyzes the background, manual, and situation of the volunteer fire brigade office symbol system.

This study focuses on metaphors used in South African HIV/AIDS education to explain the struggle of the immune system when it becomes infected with HIV. Three versions of an educational text on HIV/AIDS were presented to a total of 543 learners from secondary schools in the Western Cape. Each learner was given either a text version including a deliberate metaphor that had been selected with the purpose of changing the reader’s perspective on the immune system (the immune system being presented metaphorically either as an army or as a fire brigade), or a text version without such a deliberate metaphor. The effects of these three text versions on understanding as perceived by the learners themselves, on attractiveness and on persuasiveness were investigated. Distinctions were made between respondents who apparently had recognised a metaphor in the text version with which they were presented and those who had not. No effects of text version on perceived understanding, attractiveness and persuasiveness were found. There were clear effects, however, of metaphor recognition. Readers who appeared to have recognised a metaphor found the text version they had read more understandable, attractive and persuasive than other readers. No interaction effects of text version and metaphor recognition were found. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 2010, 28(2): 133–139

The paper presents how actions can be assessed for a performance-based structural fire safety design from the first formulations in the building program to the final derivations of the fire load to be applied for each structural member. In order to indicate what is of importance for the assessment of the requirements, a couple of simple analyses of structural response are made. The examples are chosen deliberately to show the difference between a traditional design based on standard fire resistance and a performance-based approach. A methodology is developed for a decision on the safety level and for a detailed assessment of the requirements. The design requirements to be used for a factory producing elements for industrial housing for unknown costumers are discussed, and a fully developed fire is recommended as a common requirement for domestic houses, hotels, offices, schools and hospitals. In addition it is shown how a fire brigade can be expected to perform in a building designed by means of the methodology. It has been the aim to give a simple and clear presentation and several simplifying concepts are introduced, because it has been experienced that this subject has led to many misunderstandings, and simplicity is needed if the methods presented should be operational.

In Sweden, the operators at emergency dispatch centres are responsible for allocating resources (e.g. ambulances, fire brigade, police) in response to calls. We analysed situations that the emergency operators experienced as difficult and their reflections on how they managed them. Interviews were conducted with all 16 emergency operators at a centre that serves a population of 275,000 and receives about 700,000 emergency calls annually. A phenomenological–hermeneutic approach was used for the analysis. Situations that operators experienced as difficult were characterized by uncertainty, communication difficulties and insufficient resources. Skills, knowledge and experience were regarded as important in the management of these situations, as were personal qualities such as sensitivity, insight, empathy and intuition. The emergency operators stated that they needed more guidance, feedback and education in their work. This would lead to an increased sense of certainty, which would lead to decreased stress and a better outcome for those in need.

In July 1866, Lima conducted its independence celebrations with great fanfare. The festivities began at the main portal of the walled city, where the members of various patriotic associations gathered to celebrate Independence Day. The participants included theSociedad de Fundadores de la Independencia, the veteran corps from both the Independence Wars and from the recent war with Spain, the national fire brigades, and the members of an artisan society named theSociedad de Artesanos de Auxilios Mutuos. Together they sang the national anthem while standing at the foot of a Tree of Liberty, a republican symbol dating back to the French Revolution. They subsequently marched into the city, thus initiating two days of celebrations that included fireworks displays and an intricate reenactment, in Lima's central plaza, of the recent naval combat with Spain. In the course of the ceremonies, two artisans were presented with prizes, one for the most outstanding piece of craftsmanship (in the 1866 celebration the prize was won by Vicente Pedraza for making an organ) and the other for the artisan who had shown the most bravery during the recent military encounter with Spain. The prizes were in the amount of 200 soles. At another point in the celebrations the Chief of the Artisan Fire Brigade gave a patriotic speech and following the speech a young girl offered the President Mariano Ignacio Prado a laurel wreath in the name of the artisans.

The Fire Brigade of the State of Rio de Janeiro (CBMERJ) is Brazil's most ancient and is one of the military forces of the state. It has the primary function of activities related to civil defense of the state. This study aims to contribute to the improvement of the current situation by proposing a solution of eliminating totally or at least mitigating risks of ergonomic injury, since all operating activities are based on the performance of man, applying techniques and equipment with intensive use of hands, teamwork, extended shifts and living with stressful situations, which enhance the occurrence of awkward postures among other ergonomic risk factors. This is a quantitative study. The fields of study were five operational units with the highest statistical service of the Corporation. The following items were analyzed: profile of the firemen, work environment, activity performed, adequacy of training received and epidemiological assessment of pain. In total, 208 questionnaires were answered. Data analysis was performed by frequency and presented in tables, charts and graphs. It is important to implement procedures aimed at occupational health and safety of firefighters in the light of ergonomic concepts, so that crews activities are carried out with increased safety and quality.

Essa pesquisa retrata o contexto da Educação a Distância (EaD) no Corpo de Bombeiros Militar do Distrito Federal (CBMDF). Tal abordagem se faz necessária pelo pouco conhecimento dentro da Corporação sobre essa moderna modalidade de ensino. O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar a prática da EaD na Corporação e demonstrar sua importância para uma formação de qualidade de todos os seus integrantes. Busca-se alcançar esse propósito a partir da revisão bibliográfica e pesquisa documental. A pesquisa demonstrou que somente a partir do segundo semestre do ano de 2015 inicia-se a utilização de uma plataforma EaD. Outro dado obtido refere-se ao fato de que a EaD é pouco utilizada no CBMDF, perdendo grande oportunidade de capacitação a partir de sua acessibilidade e conectividade.

Here the author provides evidence from empirical case study research into the changing nature of workplace industrial relations and trade union organisation within the Merseyside Fire Brigade over the last 10–15 years. He documents the main processes of development within an historical context assessing workplace unionism during the 1980s, the recent challenge posed by managerial restructuring in the early 1990s, and the wider implications for debates about the ‘state’ of workplace unionism in Britain today.

Provides snapshots of several research and development actions aimed at addressing the question of what characterizes competent command of a fire ground incident. Looks at two aspects of this question: how to describe fire ground command (what is it that fire ground commanders do?) and what qualities should be looked for in prospective fire ground commanders (what are the underlying aptitudes or competences required for effective fire ground command?). Brings together data drawn from cognitive task analysis, teamwork analysis, a recent model of incident command developed for the London Fire Brigade (LFB), job analysis focusing on aptitude requirements for fire ground commanders, and assessment centres designed for selecting fire crew commanders and senior LFB officers.

This paper investigates micro-sociological events which affect the construction and negotiation of sense in the handling of emergency situations. Through participatory observation and action-cameras attached to fire brigade incident commanders, critical events are identified and condensed. The effects of these critical events upon the incident commanders are analysed in dialogical sessions. The dialogical sessions reveal vulnerability when critical events affect them cognitively, but especially when affected emotionally and physically. Acknowledging and understanding the effect of these striking moments is the baseline from which incident commanders and researchers can gain insight into the realities of practice. This paper argues that in order to gain insight into the actual practice conducted in the midst of everyday action we need to shift our view of incident commanders from privileged sense-makers to privileged sense-facilitators.

Mental quality is the core of human qualities; the mental quality of Chinese firefighters to complete their work is the decisive factor. Combined with the actual situation of fire brigade and the occupational characteristics of firefighters, the mental quality of Chinese firefighters are mainly formed by the general mental quality and professional mental quality, and on this basis put forward to improve the mental quality of Chinese firefighters in several ways.

This article addresses the opportunities and problems with cross-border collaboration between the Dutch and German fire brigades. The following are the main problems: 1) no uniformity in concluding and using the cross-border agreements for emergency assistance, 2) the language problem, 3) the material and equipment problem, 4) communication problems, and 5) differences in organizational autonomy. The following are the possible solutions for the aforementioned problems: 1) new routines by joint-training sessions, 2) bilingual information systems, 3) technical standardization of equipment, 4) standardization of communication, and 5) building trust on the basis of insights into each other's routines. © 2012 by Weston Medical Publishing, LLC.

This research contends that the rhetorical strategies employed in the Right's anti-gay battles have significant political implications. The Right defines queers as pathological behavior. Further, the Right's discursive attacks on queers simultaneously undermine the logic and legitimacy of civil rights. Analysis of discourse from the 1992 anti-gay campaign in Oregon shows that queer responses depend on liberal political theory, defend the status quo and do not de-pathologize queer sex; they ultimately re-enforce the Right's agenda.

The research is conducted on the seniors of a fire academy as well as soldiers and officials of a fire brigade, 200 in total by means of group spot check. The Symptom Checklist90 (SCL-90) is adopted in the test. The writer analyzes the results of a spot check on firemen through questionnaire so as to provide basis for the psychological consultation and persuasion of fire brigade and guideline for the psychological training of firemen.

James Braidwood’s funeral in June 1861 signalled the beginning of the Victorian public’s adulation for the fireman and his profession. The cortege, numbering many thousands, stretched over one-and-a-half miles and took 3 hours to make the journey from the central fire station on Watling Street to Abney Park Cemetery, where Braidwood was buried beside his stepson, a fellow fireman killed on duty 5 years earlier. Comprised of over 1000 policemen, 700 members of the London Rifle Brigade, the 100 conductors of the Royal Society for the Protection of Life from Fire (RSPLF), various private and voluntary fire brigades and all of his firemen, the cortege’s composition reflected the professional authority and heroic disposition that Braidwood had engendered for his fire service. Mourners lined the streets, their ‘hushed demeanour’ paying homage to a man who was publicly revered as the first fireman hero. Braidwood’s heroism was indelibly inscribed in his personal sacrifice at the ‘post of duty…, the holiest place on earth on which to live or die’.1

Many States in the Twentieth Century have sought to redistribute the national wealth according to some principle of distributive justice, usually an egalitarian one. They have failed. Wealth is not a material substance that can be completely controlled or manipulated, and the attempt to control its distribution requires great concentrations of power, which themselves generate inequalities far worse than the ones they were supposed to remedy.

The human setting of international conferences is made up of many factors varying from political to intensely personal reactions which may affect delegations’ positions at the start as well as during the conference. The specific influence of presiding officers is discussed in Chapter 5 and that of the secretariats and their executive heads in Chapter 6.

On Monday 25th 1991 at 15.00 hours passers-by heard cries for help coming from a locked, rented garage in East London. They called the police and the fire brigade, who forced entry at 15.15 hours. A young woman was found lying, still conscious, behind the garage door, and a black industrial bath, filled with fuming hydrochloric acid, was discovered at the rear of the fume-filled garage. The young woman was taken to the local hospital where she died at 18.10 hours with severe acid burns.

​FormerFormer general practitioner Penwortham, Preston (b 1921; q Middlesex Hospital, London, 1956), died from bronchopneumonia on 2 July 2005. Figure 1 After war service with the Royal West Africa Force in the Gold Coast, India, and Burma, and then qualifying, Tudor Griffiths Davies did his house jobs in Preston Royal Infirmary. He was general practitioner in Great Harwood before joining the family practice in Penwortham. He served on the hospital committee of Preston Royal Infirmary as a police surgeon and was medical officer to Lancashire Fire Brigade. He was a member of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) from 1955, and he enjoyed team membership of Middlesex Hospital rugby and cricket teams, with a season captaining the cricket. Retirement was marred by a broken hip, Dupuytren's contractures, and ultimate blindness from glaucoma diagnosed in 1971. He leaves a wife, Dilys; two children; and four grandchildren.

This article deals with the concept and the mode of existence of the Community (Gemeinde) in Switzerland. Following a brief discussion of the origin of the different communities and their present legal groundwork, the significance of individual communities is illustrated by an example – Altstätten in the Rhine Valley (the canton of St. Gall). In addition to the Politische Gemeinde, there exist the Ortsgemeinde which consists of nineteen subdivisions called Rhoden, ten denominational Schulgemeinden and two Roman Catholic and one Protestant Kirchgemeinde. The Politische Gemeinde (political Community) performs all the public tasks of the Community such as the police, the fire brigade, public Utilities, land registry, etc. The Ortsgemeinde (Organisation of the Citizens of Altstätten) has Charge of its own extensive lande property, and reserves the right to decide upon the matters concerned with naturalization and citizenship. The Schulgemeinde (school Community) is responsible for organizing the eight- to nine-year education for children with no Charge. The Kirchgemeinden (parishes) takes care of churchaffairs. Every resident of Altstätten is a member of the Politische Gemeinde and a Schulgemeinde, and, if h belongs to one of the two confessions, also of Kirchgemeinde. Only if he is the Citizen of Altstätten ten, he has a membership in the Ortsgemeinde as

Sumnmy.-A pilot smdy was carried out to determine whether malicious and non-malicious fire alarm calls could be distinguished on the basis of their psycholinguistic attributes. Eight malicious and eight non-malicious calls were compared in terms of the number of speech errors of various kinds in the call. Using multi-dimensional scalogram analysis (MSA-I), it was possible to differentiate the two rypes of call on the basis of the over-all configuration of speech behaviour within the call. This paper describes a pilot study carried out to determine whether malicious and non-malicious fire-alarm calls could be distinguished on the basis of their psycholinguistic attributes. Although experimental studies have found no attributes to distinguish deceptive from honest cues (Ekman & Friesen, 1969), a pilot study of malicious calls to the fire brigade (Crossley, 1978) has shown that malicious and non-malicious calls can be differentiated by untrained judges. This raises the question of what cues these judges use. Most studies of deception have been laboratory-based partly because it is difficult to find an objective method of verifying the incidence of deception in the field (Ekman & Friesen, 1969). Where deception is an experimental manipulation rather than genuine, cases may differ, however, not least in the motivation of the deceiver to be successful. A study of 999 calls was chosen because the deception occurs naturally and can be verified by the fire brigade. METHOD Malicious and non-malicious alarm calls were compared in terms of the number of speech errors of various types in the call. It was hypothesized that the errors would differ according to whether deception occurred or not. A sample of 16 tapes of alarm calls were made available by a Metropolitan fire brigade, eight of these were hoax calls. Malicious and non-malicious callers were matched on age (adult or child) and sex. The transcript of each call was scored on six variables: (1) number of questions asked by the caller, (2) number of times the operator and caller spoke simultaneously, (3) number of filled pauses (urn ah, etc.) in the operator's speech, (4) number of filled pauses in the caller's speech, (5) number of false starts in the operator's speech, and (6) number of false starts in the caller's speech. Each call's raw scores, expressed as a ratio of the number of words in the call, were dichotomized according to whether they were above or below the mean for the sample as a whole (scored 2 or 1, respectively). A t test from

Caught is composed of a variety of scenes, shifts in location, juxtapositions of present and past, and shifting points of view. Not all these transitions produce tonal effects and not all may be labelled montage as utilized by Eisenstein, a basic technique for the creation of tone in Caught. Rather, they are often what Eisenstein calls ‘parallel montage’ (a technique extensively used by the American film director Griffith), invoked primarily for the purpose of realistic representation. Green’s use of ‘parallel montage’ in Caught may be accounted for by citing Eisenstein’s comment on Griffith’s achievement: His close-ups create atmosphere, outline traits of the characters, alternate in dialogues of the leading characters…. But Griffith at all times remains on a level of representation and objectivity and nowhere does he try through juxtaposition of shots to shape import and image.1

In recent years a number of large explosions and serious near-misses have occurred which have alerted management to the importance of design to minimize hazard and loss. As a plant becomes larger and more complex the task of ensuring that all eventualities are foreseen becomes more difficult. The result has been the development of a formalized approach to hazard analysis and loss prevention which is fast becoming a new science in its own right with a new vocabulary and mathematics.

The present writer cannot recall a time in his childhood when he wanted to be an engine driver (fire brigade having been his line at the time). Perhaps this earlier indifference becomes an advantage when turning from enthusiastic concern with technological perfection towards a psychological interest in the role of the driver as the key man in the system. Although many ergonomists and applied psychologists are known to be railway fans, remarkably little has been published on which to draw for a skill analysis. Recently, some work towards such an aim has become available (Rohmert, 1973, Mashour, 1974), certain detailed aspects have been dealt with by Davis (1966) and by Buck (1963a). Apart from these, there seems to exist a large body of directly relevant information emanating from the Japanese Railway Labour Science Institute. The present writer believes that his Japanese railway ergonomist colleagues may have covered some of the ground to be explored in this paper. Unfortunately, only brief summaries are available to readers not conversant with the Japanese language.

This chapter continues the analysis of ‘delinquent’ incidents. Again the focus is on process and the development of subjective interpretations on both ‘sides’. Every delinquent act is unique and has to be analysed on its own terms: and an understanding of such acts can only be gained by analysing the interpretations that surround them and giving a detailed description of ‘what happened’. But such acts are of course interwoven into the continuing lives of the participants and the continuing lives of the groups of which they are a part.