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The phenomenon of rural marginalisation has intensified across the European Union after the 2008 global economic crisis, since the traditional state forms have been proved unable to promote an all-inclusive governing. Beyond-the-state governance systems are socially innovative, horizontal, networked, and collaborative institutional arrangements that are committed to breaking through this rural marginalisation. Marginalised rural areas provide a favourable context for socially innovative governance, since they contain small cohesive communities, while at the same time poor governing penetrates them. Nevertheless, social innovation in rural governance remains largely unexplored. The novel contribution of this article consists in underlying this research gap and exploring the question of how socially innovative governance is fostered or impeded within marginalised rural regions. Comparative research was conducted in between the marginalised rural regions of Muhlviertel in Austria, Baixo Alentejo in Portugal, and Phthiotis in Greece. The comparative results revealed some of the parameters that foster socially innovative governance; a decentralized government structure, advanced interregional networking, a discourse dissemination among the stakeholders and the civil society, as well as an organizational stability of the involved institutions for social innovation to become embedded. This article points to socially innovative governance that has a more codified and systematized hypostasis by recommendation of unique governance qualities.

As the European Union declares its ambition to become the first climate-neutral continent by 2050, it is more than important to monitor and analyse developments in greenhouse gas emissions in individual sectors, including transport. The paper aims to assess the relationship between transport-related greenhouse gas emissions and the economic growth of the EU countries using the decoupling method. The results indicate that the countries achieved different stages of decoupling within the individual monitored periods, with relative decoupling (55%) and absolute decoupling (34%) being the most common. However, in the long run (20 year study period 1997-2017), only 8 countries achieved absolute (strong) decoupling, which does not seem to be sufficient in the pursuit of the EU´s ambitious climate mitigation targets.

In a series of ad-hoc surveys at different academic institutions in the Baltic Sea region, students and young scholars were asked about their views about the environmental issues of the Baltic Sea, and who would be responsible for the management of the Baltic Sea. Overfishing, climate change and waste were considered the most significant issues, while tourism and constructions (of bridges, etc.) were less often recognized as severe. The responsibility for the management of the Baltic Sea was mostly attributed to the European Union or to the respective national governments. Since climate is one of these issues, one question has dealt with the main task of climate science. It turns out that the most frequent assertion was not the genuine scientific task of generating knowledge about the dynamics of the system. Instead, the task of solving the problem and, equally often, supporting climate activism was favored. The results are not representative – neither for the separate surveys, nor for the selection of the sites of surveying. However, when taken all surveys together, the emergence of consistent perceptions may be considered evidence for a general attitude among students and young scholars in the Baltic regions. However, differences between groups – in terms of nationality, seniority and discipline - may be related to sampling randomness.

During the emergence of Data Science as a distinct discipline, discussions of what exactly constitutes Data Science have been a source of contention, with no clear resolution. These disagreements have been exacerbated by the lack of a clear single disciplinary 'parent.' Many early efforts at defining curricula and courses exist, with the EDISON Project's Data Science Framework (EDISON-DSF) from the European Union being the most complete. The EDISON-DSF includes both a Data Science Body of Knowledge (DS-BoK) and Competency Framework (CF-DS). This paper takes a critical look at how EDISON's CF-DS compares to recent work and other published curricular or course materials. We identify areas of strong agreement and disagreement with the framework. Results from the literature analysis provide strong insights into what topics the broader community see as belonging in (or not in) Data Science, both at curricular and course levels. This analysis can provide important guidance for groups working to formalize the discipline and any college or university looking to build their own undergraduate Data Science degree or programs.

We assess if capital ratios reduced the occurrence of banking crises in the European Union from 1998 to 2017. We use a Probit model and estimate the effect of two measures: the bank capital to total assets ratio and the bank regulatory capital to Risk Weighted Assets (RWA). We found that both measures affect negatively the probability of crisis. This result is robust to the exclusion of outliers, to the inclusion of various control variables for banking, financial and macroeconomic risks. Finally, we show that while the bank regulatory capital to RWA has always a negative effect on the probability of crisis, the bank capital to total assets ratio is only significant above a threshold, estimated between 10 ​% and 12 ​%.

Europeanization indicates not only the construction of the institutions of the European Union (EU), but also the changes in the politics and policies of the member states. Studies of Europeanization look at the impact of the European Union on the national systems of the member states, addressing processes of resistance, transformation, and adaptation to EU policies and norms in member states, shifting attention from the supranational level to multi-level governance. Linked to this is the notion that public policies are produced in a complex system where several norms and implementing agencies interact. Keywords: democracy; globalization; movements; Europe

The key question that this chapter aims to address is how, and on what ground, conflicts around the public domain are adjudicated in different contexts. In order to answer this question, the first step consists in examining the rationales behind the current European IP regimes, and more specifically behind the European regimes of copyright and database right (II.). In theory if the goals pursued by a particular legal norm are clear, then the contours of that norm should be easily ascertainable. In other words, the study of the justifications behind the regimes should shed light on the reasons given for the assessment of a conflict between opposing norms. The focus of this chapter is on European Union IP law, specifically copyright and database right, because of its high degree of harmonization. While the various principles underlying the national copyright regimes may serve as guide for the European lawmaker (II.A), an in-depth analysis of such national influences would take us beyond the scope of the BIP-project. The brief analysis of the underpinnings of EU copyright law (II.B) leads to a discussion of the place of the public domain in harmonized European copyright law (II.C). The next section discusses how the rules of European IP law are applied in specific factual situations depicted in the BIP-Cases that touch on the boundaries of a particular IP regime, in the light of the stated objectives of that IP regime (III.).

This paper studies the role of the European Union (EU) in supporting lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) communities in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) by focusing on the case of Lebanon. It seeks to fill the existing gap in the literature regarding the transversal conceptualization of EU practices in support of LGBTI communities in the MENA by focusing on what is happening on the ground. The paper builds on semi-structured interviews and engages with primary and secondary literature on practices in international relations and the EU’s transversal democracy promotion to answer three main questions: To what extent do the EU agents engage with local actors to improve transversal minority rights? Who are the agents involved? And what influences the EU approach/practice in this area? The main findings reveal the EU as a subtle actor when it comes to LGBTI rights in the MENA; it tends to treat the matter within a broader human rights aspect and to support initiatives taken by locals. This is due to the sensitivity of the domestic context as well as awareness that it might have a negative effect on the LGBTI groups if the EU became more vocal.

International audience; Using an online randomized experiment in the context of the 2019 European elections campaign in France, we study how fact-checking affects sharing of false news on social media. We exposed a random sample of French voting-age Facebook users to statements on the role of the European Union made by the far-right populist party Rassemblement National.A randomly selected subgroup of participants was also presented with fact-checking of these statements; another subgroup was offered achoice whether to view the fact-checking information. Then, all participants could choose whether to share the false statements on their Facebookpages. We show that (i) both imposed and voluntary fact-checking reduce sharing of false statements by about 45\%; (ii) the size of the effectis similar between imposed and voluntary fact-checking; and (iii) each additional click required to share false statements substantiallyreduces sharing. These results inform the debate about policy proposals aimed at limiting propagation of false news on social media.

Transport costs are a crucial element of applied spatial models such as spatial macro-economic models or interaction models for e.g. trade, migration or commuting. However, good estimates of these costs are not available at lower levels of spatial aggregation. In applied work, the distance between two regions is often approximated by the distance between the largest city in each region. For costs within regions, researchers often resort to crude ad-hoc approximations relating internal distance to the area of the region assuming a uniform internal distribution. This paper improves on this by considering averages of transport costs calculated between extremely large random samples of centroids which are drawn from a population grid. This allows calculating distances, travel times and transport costs both between and within regions, while taking into account the unequal distribution of population within the regions. The use of a detailed road network and many auxiliary datasets allows performing policy analysis. We assess the impact on transport cost of an increase in fuel prices, and find that it has a relatively high effect on transport costs in Eastern Europe. We evaluate transport infrastructure investment of the European Cohesion Policy program 2014–2020. The largest decreases in transport costs are found in targeted regions in Eastern Europe while the effect is much smaller in targeted regions in Southern Europe, suggesting decreasing returns to further transport infrastructure in these regions. We find significant inter-regional spillovers to regions directly bordering the regions targeted by the policy in Eastern Europe, such as in Germany and Austria, but also Finland and Northern Italy. The positive spillovers to EU regions in Western Europe are quite small.

Background: Efforts to regulate tobacco products and reduce consumption in the European Union (EU) include the European Tobacco Products Directive (TPD), which went into force in May 2016. Despite the initial discussion to include a ban on sale of slim cigarettes, it was excluded in the final TPD. The main goal of this study was to examine support for a ban on slim cigarettes among smokers in six European Countries. Methods: Data from the 2018 (Wave 2) International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project 6 European Country (ITC 6E) EUREST-PLUS project survey, a cross sectional study of adult smokers (n=5592) from Germany, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Spain, was analysed. Descriptive statistics were used to estimate support for a ban on slim cigarettes by sociodemographic characteristics and smoking behaviors. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine factors associated with support for a ban on slim cigarettes and perceptions of harm. Results: Support for a ban on slims varied across countries, with highest support in Romania (33.8%), and lowest in Greece (18.0%). Female smokers (OR=0.77; 95%CI=0.66-0.90, daily smokers (OR=0.59; 95%CI=0.42-0.83), menthol smokers (OR=0.56; 95%CI=0.36-0.87), and smokers who did not have plans to quit within next six months (OR=0.45; 95%CI=0.36-0.57) had significantly lower odds of supporting a ban on slim cigarettes. Overall, 20% of smokers perceived slim cigarettes as less harmful than regular cigarettes. Conclusions: Support for a ban of slim cigarettes was relatively low among smokers, while misperceptions that slim cigarettes are less harmful is high, particularly among countries where slim cigarette use is more prevalent. Findings support a ban on slim cigarettes to reduce misperceptions around slim cigarettes being less harmful.

European fiscal integration is highly controversial and is assumed to lead to a Eurosceptic backlash among the public. Yet, in a historical decision in July 2020, European governments agreed on the ambitious recovery package ‘Next Generation EU’, establishing an unprecedented fiscal stabilisation capacity to address the economic and healthcare challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. We study the mass politics of European fiscal integration in a survey experiment on public support for a European Pandemic Recovery Fund (PRF) in five European countries in 2020. We find remarkably high support for a joint European fiscal instrument, which, however, is sensitive to policy design. While cross-country differences reflect collective self-interest, citizens’ left-right orientations, their EU positions, and perceived economic risk from COVID-19 structure differences within countries. Introduction Multidimensional preferences for the PRF Drivers of public support for the PRF Data and methods Average effects of variations in policy features on support Heterogeneous treatment effects across countries and individuals Overall support for the PRF Robustness tests Conclusion Supplemental material Acknowledgements Disclosure statement Additional information Footnotes Reference

Background: Limited data on electronic cigarette prevalence, patterns and settings of use are available from several European countries. Methods: Within the TackSHS project, a face-to-face survey was conducted in 2017-2018 in 12 European countries (Bulgaria, England, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Poland, Portugal, Romania and Spain). Overall, 11,876 participants, representative of the population aged ≥15 years in each country, provided information on electronic cigarette. Findings: 2·4% (95% C.I. 2·2-2·7) of the subjects (2·5% men and 2·4% women; 0·4% never, 4·4% current- and 6·5% ex-smokers) reported current use of electronic cigarette, ranging from 0.6% in Spain to 7·2% in England. Of the 272 electronic cigarette users, 52·6% were dual users (i.e., users of both electronic and conventional cigarettes) and 58·8% used liquids with nicotine. In all, 65·1% reported using electronic cigarette in at least one indoor setting where smoking is forbidden, in particular in workplaces (34·9%) as well as bars and restaurants (41·5%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that electronic cigarette use was lower among older individuals (p for trend

This paper investigates the relationship between advertising and consumption with panel data at the industry level for some European countries. At the macroeconomic level, consumption can increase only if saving decreases. However, the competition effect of advertising is better captured at the industry level, which allows for interaction between firms. We explore possible relationships with a unique dataset of consumption and advertising spending in 27 sectors across 9 years for 5 European Union countries. Our results show that consumption has a significant in uence on advertising, but the reverse does not apply. Our findings also suggest that business stealing is the dominant effect of advertising relative to consumption increasing.

Immigration has proven to be a major force driving entrepreneurial dynamics. In this paper I investigate how the geographical distribution of immigrants within a given country, and in particular the presence of “enclaves,” affects the relationship between immigration and entrepreneurship. I examine the impact of Polish immigration to Great Britain following the unprecedented migration wave caused by the European Union enlargement in 2004. I address omitted variable concerns by using information on the location of historical Polish military settlements and the occupational composition and growth of Polish immigration in Ireland to construct instruments for enclaves and location choices of immigrants. The econometric results indicate, on the one hand, that immigration does increase immigrant entrepreneurship, but not in existing immigrant enclaves. On the other hand, immigrant entrepreneurs outside enclaves tend to achieve worse growth outcomes than those in enclaves. Further analyses provide an explanation to these findings due to blocked labor markets and to the higher prevalence of “necessity entrepreneurship” outside of enclaves. These results offer new insights to understand the influence of geography on entrepreneurship in the presence of immigration. This paper was accepted by Toby Stuart, entrepreneurship and innovation. Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4776 .

Spatial data on a cellular network load can be used to develop commercial and public services. However, such data is calculated based on individual users' behavior and can contravene their privacy rights. Moreover, direct tracking of individual devices violates the European Union's regulations. To solve this issue, we propose to use data aggregated in individual cells of the public land mobile network without tracking an individual mobile device in the entire process. To prove that the proposed data collection method is useful, we compared the obtained results with a closed-circuit television system in an estimation of the number of people. The proposed system is sensitive enough to detect untypical global events in an urban area and distinguish transport demand zones of various types as we showed on real data from the City of Warsaw.

Refereed/Peer-reviewed Foreign institutional actors (INAs) can act as a liaison between firms and authorities and other power players to navigate bureaucratic structures, both as resource and legitimacy providers in the host market. Building on institutional theory, this study draws from broader organizational sociological literature, to explore the structural position of INAs in a host country context, and engages with fundamental questions of legitimacy, status, and power. It responds to repeated calls that more studies in international business research are needed on the impact of institutional differences, how to obtain legitimacy, and enhance the home country support networks. To understand INAs' position, specifically within the social structure of a bureaucratic host environment, our study uses in-depth interviews with elite actors from the support networks. Japan is chosen for this study as a host market, because it is the European Union's second largest trading partner in Asia, has a strong central bureaucracy, and historically and currently remains a challenging market for Westerners due to complex market entry barriers. The findings provide a new theoretically derived empirical model demonstrating the positional leverage of these INAs, to “open-doors” into a complex environment and offer a nuanced understanding of their formal and informal structural positions of power. The findings also demonstrate a significant overlap between organizational legitimacy and the exemplary status of these INAs in the bureaucratic environment, which enhances and empowers their leverage to reach authorities, press, and other important actors in the market.

This paper presents two new energy saving control methodologies for Induction Motor (IM) based Electric Vehicles (EV) that exploits advantages from both Direct Torque Control (DTC) and Maximum Torque per Ampere (MTPA) control. While the first variant implements IM control through hysteresis controllers, the second variant employs a modulator to achieve constant switching frequency. For both the variants, a flux observer is carefully designed to minimize the effects of with IM parameter variations. Detailed torque ripple and power loss characteristics of IM drive controlled with the envisaged MTPA-DTC variants are also presented. The proposed techniques clearly show reduction in current drawn by the EV system in comparison with the existing techniques. IM drive is tested for fast acceleration and also the European Union (EU) urban drive cycle to assess the advantages offered by the proposed control techniques. Advantages obtained such as simple and fast implementation, high dynamic performance, reduced stator current, power loss leading to improved IM efficiency, reduced steady-state torque ripple followed by energy savings obtained in the EV are presented in the paper which can greatly benefit EV applications.

BACKGROUND: Palliative care involves the care for patients with severe and advanced diseases with a focus on quality of life and symptom management. Integration of palliative care with curative and/or chronic care is expected to lead to better results in terms of quality of life and reduced costs. Although initiatives in different countries in Europe choose different structures to integrate care, they face similar challenges when it comes to creating trust and aligning visions, cultures and professional values. This paper sets out to answer the following research question: what roles and attitudes do palliative care professionals need to adopt to further integrate palliative care in Europe? METHODS: As part of the European Union (EU)-funded research project InSup-C (Integrated Supportive and Palliative Care). (2012-2016), 19 semi-structured group interviews with 136 (palliative) care professionals in 5 European countries (Germany, the United Kingdom, Belgium, the Netherlands, Hungary) were conducted. A thematic analysis was conducted. RESULTS: Integration of palliative care calls for diplomatic professionals that can bring a cultural shift: to get palliative care, with its particular focus on the four dimensions (physical, psychological, social, spiritual), integrated into historically established medical procedures and guidelines. This requires (a) to find an entrance (for telling a normative story), and (b) to maintain and deepen relationships (in order to build trust). It means using the appropriate words and sending a univocal team message to patients and being grateful, modest, and aiming for a quiet revolution with curation oriented healthcare professionals. CONCLUSION: Diplomacy appears to be essential to palliative care providers for realizing trust and what can be defined as normative integration between palliative and curative and/or chronic medicine. It requires a practical wisdom about the culture and goals of regular care, as well as keeping a middle road between assimilating with values in regular medicine and standing up for the basic values central to palliative care. ispartof: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH POLICY AND MANAGEMENT vol:11 issue:6 pages:786-794 ispartof: location:Iran status: published

La integración monetaria corresponde al proceso mediante el cual un conjunto de países previamente integrados adoptan una moneda común. Desde 1987, antes de la creación del Mercado Común del Sur (Mercosur), se plantea la necesidad de avanzar en los acuerdos que permitan lograr la unificación monetaria de esta región y se han sugerido distintos enfo-ques teóricos acerca de cómo lograrlo. En este sentido, el presente artí-culo tiene como propósito ampliar las contribuciones teóricas realizadas acerca del tema y contribuir al debate sobre las alternativas a seguir para la construcción de la moneda única en el mercado común suramericano. Para ello se realiza una revisión de la literatura sobre el origen y los en-foques teóricos planteados a la integración monetaria del Mercosur y se analizan las lecciones que ha dejado la integración europea al acuerdo re-gional suramericano.

I examine a manipulation scheme that public authorities can use to exercise more discretion in public procurement. I propose that regression discontinuity manipulation tests can be implemented to identify manipulative authorities. I investigate the European Union public procurement data set. I find that 10-13% of examined authorities have high probabilities of bunching estimated costs just below thresholds. Manipulative authorities have significantly lower probabilities of employing competitive procurement procedure. The bunching manipulation scheme significantly diminishes cost-effectiveness of public procurement. On average, prices of below threshold contracts are 18-28% higher when the authority has an elevated probability of bunching.

The elements of alphabet tables reflect the phonetics of different languages. The earliest alphabet was invented by Phoenician in 200 millennium BCE, and was spread by businessmen from there; it was modified to form Greek alphabet, and Greek alphabet was introduced to Roman Empire and a new script, Latin alphabet was formed and spread in western part of Europe. Cyrillic alphabet adapted from Greek alphabet spread with Eastern Orthodox in eastern and southern Europe, and replaced Arabic scripts in North and Central Asian when inhabitants there were converted to Russian Orthodox. The modification of alphabets take place in accordance with the phonetics of the languages which they write, and also in keeping up with the development of information technology.

The European Union (EU) aspires to be an important global agenda-setter on how to treat and regulate the growing plastics problem. We present an analysis of the plastic policy narratives shaping European plastics governance, in particular through the European Commission’s Plastics Strategy. Our aim is to first uncover the policy narratives at play, and then examine how actors make use of those narratives through strategic construction. Based on interviews with key stakeholders and document analysis, we identify four narratives: fossil feedstock dependency, resource inefficiency, pollution, and toxicity. We find that the resource inefficiency and pollution narratives figure most prominently in European plastics governance, and that the circular economy is being advanced as a policy solution that cuts across the different narratives. However, surface agreement on the need for ‘circularity’ hides deeper-lying ideological divisions over what exactly the circular economy means and the different directions this implies for plastics governance.

The European Union is a key player in determining policies and politics in Europe, and yet understanding how it works remains a challenge. The Politics of the European Union introduces students to its functioning by showing the similarities and differences between the EU and national political systems. Fully revised and updated in its third edition, this introductory textbook uses the tools of comparative politics to explore the history, theories, institutions, key actors, politics and policy-making of the EU. This comparative approach enables students to apply their knowledge of domestic politics and broader debates in political science to better understand the EU. Numerous real-world examples guide students through the textbook, and chapter briefings, fact files and controversy boxes highlight the important and controversial issues in EU politics. A companion website features free 'Navigating the EU' exercises to guide students in their analysis of EU policy-making.

Repellent usage against rodents is almost not provided anymore. Permission to use many rodent repellent substances under European Union (EU) plant protection regulations has not been renewed in recent years. Some approval for chemical substances have not been renewed due to their toxicological properties, and for some biorational approvals have also not been renewed due to lack of financial support together with other concerns. Some other rodent repellent substances possessing accurate properties in a secondary way have also been withdrawn. Thus, the use of almost ten active substances is now illegal. The lack of support and the resultant orphan use may be explained by the relatively small market and possible business together with the expectations of modern substance application requirements. As a result, the opportunity to consider new biorational substances as candidates is therefore open. Plant based food substances are preferred candidates for plant protection considering their favourable toxicological characteristics. Capsicum oleoresin, a mixture obtained from two spice species (Capsicum annuum and C. frutescens), is one of them with appropriate repellent properties. An application under EU Plant Protection Product regulation has recently been submitted and may become a new repellent for biological control agent against seed predators.

This paper looks at UK’s preparations for the possibility of leaving the European Union without a negotiated deal with respect to civil justice in non-family cases. Although Parliamentary forces now appear aligned against a “no deal Brexit”, it remains the default option under both treaty and legislation. Moreover, in the absence of any reference to provision for civil justice matters in the Political Declaration, the signalling of the UK’s intentions with regard to these matters forms an important part of the background against which negotiations on a future UK-EU relationship will be conducted. If, on the other hand, the final outcome of the process is destined to be “no Brexit”, the following account will serve as a snapshot – hopefully interesting in itself - of a system of private international law that never existed.

In response to the rise of authoritarianism in Poland and Hungary, several prominent scholars have called upon the EU to intervene in order to protect its constitutional values. One of the strongest albeit controversial arguments in favour of an intervention is that the EU is a form of transnational ‘militant democracy’. This chapter partly agrees with this assessment. The post-WWII European ‘constitutional imagination’ is shaped by the interwar collapse of the European legal and political order. This led to the development of a new form of post-fascist constitutionalism founded upon a ‘fear of the people’. Within post-fascist constitutionalism, ‘Europe’ promises to save the European peoples from themselves. Nevertheless, this type of constitutionalism is not dominant in all the Member States. At least two other varieties of constitutionalism influence the EU Member States – ‘evolutionary constitutionalism’ and ‘post-communist constitutionalism’ – both of which have an ambiguous, yet intimate, relationship to the project of European integration.

It is widely recognised that the formal institutional context affects firm ownership concentration. However, the impact of the informal institutional context has received less research attention. Drawing from institutional theory, we tested our hypothesis that both the formal and informal (cultural) institutional contexts simultaneously influence firm ownership concentration. Based on a firm-level database of the largest 600 listed companies in 19 European countries for the period 2009–2015, we found that both formal and informal institutional contexts, considered independently from each other, affect the level of firm ownership concentration. However, when these institutional contexts are considered together, the significance of the formal institutional context's effect on ownership concentration disappears while the informal (cultural) institutional context remains significant. Specifically, our findings indicate that high power distance, collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, restraint, and short-term orientation favour firm ownership concentration. Overall, our findings demonstrate that the diversity in European cultures explains firms' different levels of ownership concentration across European firms, signalling that the European Union's efforts towards a common regulatory frame may not necessarily lead to a convergence of European firms' ownership structures and, consequently, of corporate governance practices. SI Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades

Renewable energy has become an important choice to solve the energy crisis and environmental problems. A sustainable development needs policies and strategies policies, which can improve energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. By collecting the research results released by relevant statistical departments and authoritative institutions, this paper summarizes the international energy development situation, systematically combs the energy development situation of the European Union, United States, Australia, India, Brazil. The development trend of wind, solar, biomass, geothermal, ocean, and hydrogen energy have been analyzed. In addition, this paper proposes that China should draw up its own development path of renewable energy from international development experience, and actively explore renewable energy policies and strategies adapted to different stages of development.

Epigenetic dysregulation leads to aberrant DNA hypermethylation and is common in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). A large number of clinical trials in AML, MDS, and other hematologic malignancies have assessed hypomethylating agents (HMAs), used alone or in combination with other drugs, in the frontline, maintenance, relapsed/refractory, and peritransplant settings. Effective maintenance therapy has long been a goal for patients with AML in remission. Previous large, randomized clinical trials of maintenance with HMAs or other agents had not shown meaningful improvement in overall survival. Oral azacitidine (Oral-AZA [CC-486]) is approved in the United States, Canada, and European Union for treatment of adult patients with AML in first complete remission (CR) or CR with incomplete blood count recovery (CRi) following intensive induction chemotherapy who are ineligible for hematopoietic cell transplant. Regulatory approvals of Oral-AZA were based on outcomes from the randomized, phase III QUAZAR AML-001 trial, which showed a median overall survival advantage of 9.9 months with Oral-AZA versus placebo. Oral-AZA allows convenient extended AZA dosing for 14 days per 28-day treatment cycle, which is not feasible with injectable AZA. Focusing on AML and MDS, this report reviews the rationale for the use of orally bioavailable AZA and its potential use in all-oral combination therapy regimens; the unique pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of Oral-AZA compared with injectable AZA; the clinical safety and efficacy of Oral-AZA maintenance therapy in patients with AML in first remission and for treatment of patients with active MDS; and ongoing Oral-AZA clinical trials.

When transporting goods, truck drivers may have to perform load transfers between two vehicles at cross-dock or transfer locations. These transfers create interdependencies between the routes of different truck drivers and require careful temporal synchronization. The situation becomes even more complicated when driver schedules must comply with customer time windows, working periods and regulatory resting requirements. Although the scheduling of hours of service for truck drivers is a well-known problem, existing algorithms cannot cope with interdependent routes. We introduce the Truck Driver Scheduling Problem with Interdependent Routes to successfully accommodate this real-world characteristic. This paper proposes a mathematical model and a label propagation algorithm to solve this new problem under the regulations of the European Union. Experiments indicate that the algorithm can quickly schedule a large number of interdependent routes and outperforms a mathematical programming approach. The algorithm produces valid schedules for multiple drivers and thus becomes a foundation for future vehicle routing algorithms that address interdependent routes and hours of service regulations. ispartof: European Journal Of Operational Research vol:298 issue:1 pages:76-88 status: published

By tackling shared problems through concerted policies, the European Union (EU) is thought to have a superior output legitimacy. However, EU policies change as they are being ���customised��� during the implementation process. How do such patterns of ���differentiated implementation��� affect EU governance in practice? While some studies highlight the danger of ���watering down��� the objectives of EU law, others emphasise the role of decentralised problem-solving. We analyse how customisation affects states��� practical compliance with EU anti-discrimination, environmental, and justice and home affairs directives in 27 member states (excluding Croatia) between 2007 and 2013. The findings show that customised density (higher number of rules than prescribed by the EU directives) reduces practical compliance. Conversely, customised restrictiveness (stricter requirements than the EU directives) improves practical compliance. In contrast to earlier implementation research, we conclude that literal implementation is not the best form to ensure practical implementation.

What are the effects on public support for the European Union (EU) when a member state exits? We examine this question in the context of Britain's momentous decision to leave the EU. Combining analyses of the European Election Study 2019 and a unique survey-embedded experiment conducted in all member states, we analyse the effect of Brexit on support for membership among citizens in the EU-27. The experimental evidence shows that while information about the negative economic consequences of Brexit had no significant effect, positive information about Britain's sovereignty significantly increased optimism about leaving the EU. Our findings suggest that Brexit acts as a benchmark for citizens’ evaluations of EU membership across EU-27, and that it may not continue to act as a deterrent in the future.

This paper explores a problem faced by many coastal states worldwide: Should the rights to fish in their exclusive economic zones be attributed to national firms or sold to foreign countries/firms? The European Union for instance, with the so-called Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Agreements gives financial and technical support to developing countries in exchange for fishing rights in their jurisdiction. In order to understand and quantify the basis upon which those agreements are drawn up, we propose a framework based on a multistage game that can be used as a tool to evaluate the fairness of natural resource agreements in general, including fishery ones. By capturing how much it is worth for coastal states to give access to their fishery resources to foreign fleets, this framework can help authorities to decide on a fair sharing of resource rents during negotiations. The problem is addressed through a two-country game, in which “home” represents the resource owner, and “foreign” the one that seeks access to the resource. In each country, there are two decision makers: authorities and harvesting firms. Two markets for selling the resource are considered, one at home and one abroad, where prices are determined endogenously. We begin with the case of exogenous quotas. In a symmetric equilibrium, both firms are active when the foreign authority maximises welfare, but only the home firm is active when it maximises profit. Under cost asymmetry, the home authority has a pool of mutually exclusive price strategies that depend on market conditions and induce a plethora of outcomes. When quotas are endogenous, the shape of optimal price regions changes and the distinct number of pricing options increases.

Studies on delegation to international organizations have extensively examined the determinants of supranational delegation. Yet, systematic empirical accounts on the effects of different types and degrees of delegation on policy developments remain limited. This paper addresses this gap by using a novel dataset that combines delegation data from the Treaty of Rome with data on legislation and case law developed by the European authorities (1958–2000). The analysis produces three findings. First, a higher level of delegation of legislative and executive functions has a positive effect on the volume of secondary legislation, but no effect on the volume of case law. Second, a higher level of judicial delegation has a positive effect on the volume of case law, while limiting legislative activity. Third, the precision of the Treaty provisions constrains the volume of secondary legislation. The findings show how the type and intensity of supranational delegation shape supranational policy development.

The currently globalising society is characterised by a tension between increasingly intensive transnational mobility of people and continuous territorial regulation of these flows. This situation has led to the increasingly selective opening and closing of borders, providing territorial access to some while keeping out others. In this paper, I reflect on how such management of people’s (in)ability to cross borders has become a geopolitical instrument. I particularly focus on how mobility inequalities are confirmed within the European Union (EU) to protect the geopolitical and political-economic status quo of the EU itself, but also how this EU-level process regarding people’s (im)mobility fuelled internal discussions regarding the relation between nation-state sovereignty and EU-level decision-making. I first reflect on the citizenship of people and the Cultural Political Economy framework for explaining this (re-)constructed selectivity of borders and border-crossings. Subsequently, I apply these perspectives to the geopolitical construction of two types of border-crossings in the EU, namely irregular(ised) migration and tourism, to reflect on how EU-level and national actors selectively utilise structural-institutional arrangements and semiotic strategies to position themselves within the European framework. By doing so, the paper illustrates the contradictions engrained in the neoliberal system along two lines: (1) generally, the continued territorial logic in the regulation of space in a world increasingly characterised by global economic and human flows, resulting in the blocking of the mobility of some while stimulating the mobility of others in what are supposedly ‘open’ economies; (2) specifically, the explicit (cf. irregular migration) and implicit (cf. tourism) competition between places as to what is the ‘right’, ‘legitimate’ or ‘sovereign’ spatial unit to regulate these flows, resulting in the mobilisation of competing political-economic imaginaries to institutionalise one over the other. ispartof: Transactions Of The Institute Of British Geographers vol:47 issue:1 pages:1-14 status: Published online

The Alt-Right, a loose coalition of far-right groups which are particularly active online, claims that European integration is a part of a master plan by cosmopolitan elites to encourage globalisation and ‘corporate capitalism’ in order to partly replace and ‘blend’ the predominantly white population with migrants from outside Europe. Many Alt-Right followers argue that this conspiracy for a ‘white genocide’ can be traced back to Coudenhove-Kalergi’s plan for a Paneuropean Union. Although this Alt-Right counternarrative to European integration is only believed in its entirety by a small group of people, who do not care that their historical claims are evidently false, bits and pieces of the narrative filter down to mainstream political actors. By employing narrative analysis and drawing on new research on online news websites and social media forums, this article will examine the Alt-Right’s narrative entrepreneurs and their narratives.

This special issue focuses on the consequences of the heightened conflict between member states and increased politicization of European affairs for electoral politics in the European Union. In this introduction we begin by outlining three important developments that fuelled the politicization: (a) the common currency; (b) the increased pushback on the EU’s open border policies; and (c) the inability of the EU to prevent democratic backsliding in some countries. We then discuss their consequences for EU elections, particularly campaigns, public opinion on Europe and voter behaviour, which are investigated against the backdrop of the 2019 European Parliament elections in the individual articles in this special issue. This introduction provides a contextual framework for these contributions and reflects upon some of its main findings.

Farmland bird populations are in a deep crisis across Europe. Agri-environment schemes (AES) were implemented by the European Union to stop and reverse the general decline of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. In Germany, flower strips are one of the most common AES. Establishing high-quality perennial wildflower strips (WFS) with species-rich native forb mixtures from regional seed propagation is a recent approach, for which the effectiveness for birds has not yet been sufficiently studied. We surveyed breeding birds and vegetation on 40 arable fields with WFS (20 with single and 20 with aggregated WFS) and 20 arable fields lacking WFS as controls across Saxony-Anhalt (Germany). Additionally, vegetation composition, WFS quantity and landscape structure (e.g. distance to nearest woody element) were considered in our analyses. All WFS were established with species-rich native seed mixtures (30 forbs) in agricultural practice as AES. Arable fields with WFS had a higher species richness and territory density of birds than controls, confirming the effectiveness of this AES. A forb-rich vegetation was the main driver promoting birds. Flower strip quantity at the landscape level had positive effects only on bird densities, but also single WFS achieved benefits. A short distance from WFS to woody elements increased total bird species richness. However, the density of farmland birds, which are target species of these AES, were negatively affected by the proximity and proportion of woody elements in the vicinity. The effect of the proportion of non-intensively used open habitats and overall habitat richness was unexpectedly low in the otherwise intensively farmed landscape. Species-rich perennial WFS significantly promoted breeding birds. Successful establishment of WFS, resulting in high-quality habitats, a high flower strip quantity as well as implementation in open landscapes were shown to maximise the effectiveness for restoring declining and AES target farmland birds.

Introduction: The education of Therapeutic Radiographers (TRs) is regulated in some countries but is not standardised across the EU, leading to differences in competencies between and within member states. This study aimed to explore stakeholders’ perceptions regarding underdeveloped competencies of TRs practising on the linear accelerator, identified in a previous study by the same research team., Methods: Interviews with stakeholders from four countries (selected based on the characteristics of their degrees) were performed as part of this cross-case study. Stakeholders were asked to provide their perception regarding the least developed competencies identified in a previous study., Results: The 27 stakeholders confirmed that Pharmacology, Quality Assurance (QA), Management and Leadership, Research (from the previous study) were underdeveloped and identified Image Verification and Critical Thinking as additional underdeveloped competencies. Suggested causes included: lack of regulation of required competencies at the national level, lack of training dedicated to radiotherapy (RT) (taught within generic modules) and lack of time within the degree programme. The ideal academic level to develop these competencies and whether they are essential varied between country and stakeholder., Conclusion: It is essential to regulate learning outcomes at the national level to ensure a high level of care is provided to all RT patients and, ideally, standardise it across Europe. Education institutions should review their curricula to ensure that sufficient time is dedicated to RT and that the essential competencies are developed. Due to time constraints within some programmes, some competencies must be developed after graduation., Implications for practice: Lack of regulation of learning outcomes (at European level and national level in many countries) and lack of RT-specific training lead to underdeveloped competencies that may compromise patient care., peer-reviewed

The SEVE project (Surgical Expertise Validity Evaluation) is a collaborative effort of the AEC (Spanish Association of Surgeons) and the Section of Surgery of the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS) that aims to develop a model and an on line application that can be used to evaluate surgical complications. The aim is to identify the optimal results that can be obtained in each intervention, in order to present them as a reference for our usual practice (benchmarking).

Problem statement. Taxes as an economic concept have two meanings. First, they are the financial basis for the existence of the state, the basis for the development of all spheres, and the performance of various functions by the state. Second, the income of legal entities and individuals is redistributed through taxes. Therefore, the use of taxes and their administration affects not only each business entity or individual but also all social groups. Other countries have experience in the formation and implementation of tax policy, which can be implemented in domestic practice to improve relations between the state and business entities in taxation.Recent research and publications analysis. A number of scientists in their works study the foreign experience of the state in the taxation sphere, in particular, they pay attention to the problems of tax harmonization for certain types of taxes. A number of scientists have studied the contradictions and prospects of tax harmonization for certain EU member states. Many pieces of research of domestic scientists are also devoted to the problems of adaptation of tax legislation and tax policy to the requirements of the European Union. The entrepreneurial development contributes to the processes of formation and strengthening of the middle class in the country, which is an imperative of time for Ukraine. Western countries have made an evolutionary way of middle-class formation based on entrepreneurial development. Support of entrepreneurial development is not only an economic but also a social and political task to strengthen the state.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. It is important to consider the processes of the formation and implementation of tax policy in terms of stimulating economic activities of business entities. Such researches and implementation of their results in practice lead to additional impetus in connection with the signing of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union. Paper main body. Taking into account the general EU legislation during the formation and implementation of tax policy in Ukraine will help to prepare the country for European integration and increase the effectiveness of cooperation between the state and business entities. Provisions on the state support for entrepreneurial development are provided in particular by Articles 379, 383, and 404 of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union, according to which the parties shall cooperate to: promote the development of innovation policy through exchange of information and best practices.Stimulating economic activities of business entities in European countries is multifaceted; considerable attention is paid to the problems of small and medium business development. A key document on EU policy in the area of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is the Small Business Act for Europe, by which EU countries are guided. The implementation of this document is facilitated by the European Small and Medium Business Support Program “Competitiveness of Enterprises and Small and Medium-sized Enterprises” (COSME). Ukraine officially joined this program in 2016. European researchers have found out that SMEs face higher costs than large enterprises. The following recommendations prevail over those developed for the governments of certain EU member states to reduce the total costs for administering corporate taxes (Total Enterprise Tax Compliance Costs): reducing the frequency of changes in the tax legislation, disseminating clearer and more timely tax accounting guidelines, using online platforms for consulting and tax payments, etc.The European Small Business Portal is a positive foreign example of supporting SMEs through information on potential financial opportunities. It provides information on the types and conditions of obtaining financial support for different areas of business activities in the EU as a whole. Similar business activities support systems operate at the level of individual countries. Implementation of the state support policy for producers in the EU is aimed at achieving different goals, including promoting economic growth without distorting significantly the competition. Over the last few years, the EU member states have tended to increase the role of tax support for innovation activities and reduce the role of other types of government assistance for research, development, and innovation. Some EU states supplement the standard list of tax instruments to stimulate innovation activities with additional benefits that can be provided to low-income companies. Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. The analyzed European experience makes it possible to identify certain trends in the formation of tax policy instruments aimed at intensifying the activities of business entities. First, they focus on simplifying the conditions for entrepreneurship, especially SMEs. Second, tax legislation is being harmonized in the EU member states, although the new EU members observe some negative economic consequences of this process. Third, specific recommendations have been developed for a number of countries to improve tax policy, including reducing the variability of tax legislation, disseminating tax accounting guidance, etc. Fourth, preferential taxation is aimed at, first of all, stimulating the innovation activities of business entities.

Problem setting. Ukraine’s implementation of the strategy of integration into the European Union necessitates taking into account the experience of countries that have already transformed security institutions in accordance with the European democratic tradition, as well as their adaptation to the nature of threats to EU member states. Ukraine’s security is based on strengthening the Nommon European security in all its dimensions. In the conditions of Russian armed aggression and “hybrid war”, Ukraine faces the task of creating a modern and effective system of state defense and integrating into international systems. Solving this problem, the successful implementation of defense reform require examining foreign experience in the organization of the EU defense system, peculiarities of development of the security and defense sector in the context of expanding democracy. Ukraine is not a member of NATO and, under the current conditions of counteracting Russia’s armed aggression is forced to develop national defense forces which are necessary to restore territorial integrity.Recent research and publications analysis. Due to Ukraine’s Euro-Atlantic aspirations, the study of experience of the leading EU and NATO member states in the field of defense has recently received more and more attention. Thus, a significant contribution into the study of the evolution of European security and defense policy was made by such foreign scholars as R. Gardner, K. Gill, M. Craig, S. Morsch, D. Navarette, M. Smith, B. Tonra, and others. The analysis of the processes of creation and formation of the common foreign security policy of the EU were covered in the works of such domestic scientists as S. Voloshchuk, O. Vonsovych, M. Hladysh, V. Govorukha, Y. Gonchar, A. Grubinko, V. Rud, O. Snigir, V. Streltsov, O. Turchenko, L. Falaleyev, N. Fesenko, V. Shatun, A. Sheludchenkova and others. O. Bodruk, M. Yezheev, V. Gorbulin, O. Litvinenko, V. Gorovenko, M. Lobko, O. Izhak, A. Lobanov, V. Grubov, F. Saganyuk, I. Romanov, V. Trotsko, I. Veshchytsky, M. Sungurovsky and other authors dedicated their works to the development of the defense sectors in the conditions of expansion and deepening of democracy.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. The variability of the political situation, new challenges and threats lead to a constant search for new approaches to addressing security issues. This is what actualizes the problematics of the article.Paper main body. The purpose and the task of the article is to study the system of public management of the EU defense sphere and identify opportunities and areas of cooperation between Ukraine and EU defense structures at the supranational level.The activity of security structures is analyzed, their organizational and legal status and the scope of tasks to ensure the defense capabilities of the union are determined, their powers in relation to national security and defense systems are characterized. The main directions of ensuring the institutional stability of defense structures in the context of changing the position of the United States as the basis of NATO’s military power are described and the possibilities of creating a European Defense Alliance are described. It is proved that the EU needs to radically reconsider its approaches to security, first of all, in the field of cooperation of the armed forces of the member states while conducting joint operations and their resource provision. It is established that for Ukraine the development of autonomous supranational European defense structures opens the possibility for further deepening of cooperation with the EU and parallel strengthening its defense capabilities.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. For Ukraine, the development of autonomous supranational European defense structures opens a possibility for further deepening of cooperation with the EU and parallel strengthening of defense capabilities. Such cooperation is a mutually beneficial process, during which Ukraine contributes to the security of the Euro-Atlantic region, and on the other hand, gains the necessary experience in the process of training and exercises.The partnership approach to the further development of Ukraine’s cooperation with the EU in the field of foreign policy and security demonstrates three directions:– cooperation between Ukraine and the EU in the international and regional dimensions for the sake of common security;– EU assistance in strengthening the stability and security of Ukraine;– Ukraine’s contribution to the security of Europe.It is obvious that in the future the international and regional dimensions of cooperation between Ukraine and the EU will be based on the full support of Ukraine by the European Union in matters relating to sovereignty, territorial integrity, protection of national interests, state and human security. In return, Ukraine must support EU policy, adhere to European values and become their proponent in the regional dimension. Ukraine’s main contribution to Europe’s security is to strengthen its own defense capabilities and deter Russian aggression on its eastern borders.EU-Ukraine cooperation can be developed both on a large scale and through individual initiatives. The EU Global Strategy provides an opportunity to develop proactive cooperation, for example between the Visegrad Group and Ukraine, or the countries of the Black Sea region in a wide range of issues related to security, crime prevention, terrorism, exchange of information on security issues.

Background The EXCEL trial reported similar five-year rates of the primary composite outcome of death, myocardial infarction (MI), or stroke after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) compared with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) for treatment of obstructive left main coronary artery disease (LMCAD). Aims We sought to determine whether these outcomes remained consistent regardless of geography of enrolment. Methods We performed a pre-specified subgroup analysis based on regional enrolment. Results Among 1,905 patients randomised to PCI (n=948) or CABG (n=957), 1,075 (56.4%) were recruited at 52 European Union (EU) centres, and 752 (39.5%) were recruited at 67 North American (NA) centres. EU versus NA patients varied according to numerous baseline demographics, anatomy, pharmacotherapy and procedural characteristics. Nonetheless, the relative rates of the primary endpoint after PCI versus CABG were consistent across EU versus NA centres at 30 days and 5 years. However, NA participants had substantially higher late rates of ischaemia-driven revascularisation (IDR) after PCI, driven predominantly by the need for greater target vessel and lesion revascularisation. This culminated in a significant difference in the relative risk of the secondary composite outcome of death, MI, stroke, or IDR at 5 years (pinteraction=0.02). Conclusions In the EXCEL trial, the relative risks for the 30-day and five-year primary composite outcome of death, MI or stroke after PCI versus CABG were consistent irrespective of geography. However, five-year rates of IDR after PCI were significantly higher in NA centres, a finding the Heart Team and patients should consider when making treatment decisions. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01205776.

Актуальність дослідження обумовлена постійними змінами в структурі гострих отруєнь хімічної етіології, що потребує від лікарів швидкого прийняття рішень стосовно призначення антидотів або засобів фармакологічної корекції, особливо на догоспітальному етапі. З метою прискорення процесу прийняття рішень щодо причин отруєння та виду токсиканту у токсикологічних центрах багатьох країн світу широко використовується синдромологічний підхід.Метою цього дослідження було вивчення та узагальнення сучасних підходів до практичного застосування основних токсичних синдромів (токсидромів) у практиці лікаря-токсиколога.Матеріал і методи дослідження. Досліджені класифікації токсичних синдромів, що використовуються в практичній роботі лікарів-токсикологів США, країн Євросоюзу, Російської Федерації протягом останніх 30 років.Результати та їх обговорення. З середини 1970-х років у процесі діагностики гострих отруєнь широко використовується поняття токсидрому, що відображає сутність та масштаб медіаторних змін в організмі під впливом однiєї або декiлькох токсичних речовин. Визначення основних токсидромів (адренергічного, антихолінергічного, холінергічного, опіоїдного, седативно-гіпнотичного та серотонінового) дозволяє лікарям своєчасно розпочати посиндромну терапію, що в багатьох випадках при отруєннях збігається з патогенетичною. Синдромологічний підхід прискорює процес прийняття лікарями рішень стосовно вибору антидоту або засобу фармакологічної корекції функціональних порушень, що особливо важливо на догоспітальному етапі.Висновки. Сьогодні є актуальним впровадження сучасних наукових підходів, що стосуються діагностики гострих отруєнь на догоспітальному етапі за допомогою основних токсидромів, у навчальнi програми до- та післядипломної підготовки лікарів екстреної медичної допомоги та лікарів-токсикологів в Україні.

У публікації висвітлена проблема розповсюдження сумішей для паління спайс на території країн Євросоюзу та окремих країн Східної Європи за останнє десятиріччя. Акцент зроблено на недостатню ефективність заходів щодо контролю обороту сумішей для паління, що були реалізовані в державах — членах Європейського Союзу за останні 10 років. Розглянута історія розробки синтетичних канабіноїдів і токсикологічна характеристика речовин JWH, СР, HU, олеаміду як найбільш поширених синтетичних продуктів із канабіноїдною активністю. Проаналізовані біологічна активність і медичні наслідки вживання продуктів спайс за даними тематичних звітів дослідницьких центрів країн Євросоюзу та США. Розглянута роль сучасної маркетингової стратегії виведення на ринок продуктів спайс, зокрема особливості реалізації продуктів через систему Інтернет в Україні.Проаналізована токсикологічна ситуація, що склалася в Україні за останні роки через поширення «дизайнерських» наркотиків, яка характеризується масштабною рекламою трав’яних сумішей у мережі Інтернет; широким необмеженим доступом до зазначених продуктів у пунктах роздрібної торгівлі, де суміші спайс реалізуються найчастіше під виглядом лікарських засобів альтернативної медицини або харчових добавок і мають помірно невисоку ціну; поширенням практики вживання токсичних наркотичних речовин серед підлітків і молоді; прогресивним збільшенням кількості передозувань та смертельних отруєнь в окремих регіонах України за останні роки. В цьому контексті визначена ключова роль державного регулятора в розробці запобіжних заходів щодо фатальних наслідків застосування сумішей спайс серед молоді на прикладі досвіду окремих країн.Авторами надані пропозиції до негайного об’єднання зусиль уповноважених державних органів (Міністерства охорони здоров’я та відомчих науково-дослідних установ, Міністерства внутрішніх справ, Служби безпеки України та інших зацікавлених служб) з метою розробки державної стратегії та прий­няття управлінських рішень щодо заборони продуктів спайс (і подібних) або суттєвого обмеження їх продажу на території України.

The article deals with the problem of chronic constipation in children. Recommendations for the prevention of this condition are provided. It is stressed that drug administration is recommended to be used only when there is no effect of diet therapy, which is not reduced to a strict diet or compliance with certain medical diet, but to a physiological diet. There are currently available formulas meeting the guidelines of the European Union concerning the nutrition of special medical purposes which combines multiple functional components that enables to solve the problem of functional constipations in infants who are bottle-fed. An example of such innovative formula is Nutrilon Comfort., Статья посвящена проблеме хронического запора у детей. Даны рекомендации по профилактике этого состояния. Подчеркнуто, что к медикаментозной терапии рекомендуют прибегать только при отсутствии эффекта от диетотерапии, которая сводится не к строгой диете или соблюдению определенного лечебного стола, а к физиологическому рациону питания. В настоящее время доступны смеси, соответствующие рекомендациям Европейского союза относительно питания специального медицинского назначения, сочетающие в себе одновременно несколько функциональных компонентов, что позволяет решить проблему функциональных запоров у детей раннего возраста, находящихся на искусственном вскармливании. Примером такой инновационной смеси является Нутрилон Комфорт., Стаття присвячена проблемі хронічного запору в дітей. Подано рекомендації з профілактики цього стану. Підкреслено, що до медикаментозної терапії рекомендують вдаватися тільки за відсутності ефекту від дієтотерапії, яка зводиться не до суворої дієти або дотримання певного лікувального столу, а до фізіологічного раціону харчування. У цей час доступні суміші, якi відповідають рекомендаціям Європейського союзу щодо харчування спеціального медичного призначення та поєднують в собі одночасно декілька функціональних компонентів, що дозволяє вирішити проблему функціональних запорів у дітей раннього віку, які перебувають на штучному вигодовуванні. Прикладом такої інноваційної суміші є Нутрилон Комфорт.

The European Union's decision-making process has mostly been pictured as a technocratic and consensual process with little or no place for the logics of passion. The reform of the Dublin System in the wake of the refugee crisis (2015–16) has been analyzed from different angles but not from a political psychology perspective in which emotions are fully taken into account. Crises are often seen as a window of opportunity because key players engage in a strategic process of sense-making. This article explores the role of emotions in this process: to what extent do emotions–seen via crisis-framing processes–contribute to the understanding of the reform of the Dublin System? To this purpose, I show first how emotions are related to crisis-framing efforts. Second, I discuss how the study of emotions contributes to the understanding of decision-making processes. I carry out a critical-frame analysis illustrated by a systematic qualitative content analysis of primary documentation. Data include European Parliament debates on the topic of the refugee crisis (covering also the points of view of the Commission and the Council), and policy documents and speeches by the main actors in the decision-making process, including relevant member states and non-governmental organizations.

The file attached to this record is the author's final peer reviewed version. The Publisher's final version can be found by following the DOI link. This paper is a corpus-assisted discourse analysis of the use of the word respect by the main advocates in the High Court and Supreme Court hearings of R v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union (the ‘Brexit case’). Courtroom discourse has received substantial research attention in pragmatics, and previous work has largely focused on notions of face and im/politeness exhibited in power-asymmetric encounters between lawyers and witnesses in hostile cross-examination. In contrast, this paper focuses on lawyer-lawyer and lawyer-judge interaction in appellate hearings and explores the ways in which advocates negotiate the task of making face-threats that are inherent to the discourse situation, while maintaining the levels of professional courtesy demanded by the institution. The word respect has a particular role in managing this balance, and has attached to it well-established implicit, indexical and professional meanings within the judiciary. The corpus analysis here shows that, although the advocates in question use respect in seemingly formulaic and ritualised ways, it is used to achieve multiple facework and interactional goals. Throughout the analysis we see advocates use respect when (dis)agreeing with judges, challenging opposing counsel and making recommendations to the court.

Indian healthcare sector is a fast-growing industry which is expected to reach $280 billion by 2025. Medical devices market in India is one of the top 20 medical device markets in the world. It is currently valued at $5.2 billion and is expected to reach $50 billion by 2025. However, India does not manufacture many devices indigenously and still imports approximately 70% of its medical devices. Manufacturing and monitoring of medical devices are highly regulated activities. In India, there were no specific medical device regulations and devices were regulated under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940. To fulfill this gap, Central Drug Standard Control Organization released Indian Medical Device Rules, 2017, which are the new regulations for medical devices in India. Keeping pace with the requirements, these were amended as Medical Devices (Amendment) Rules, 2020, which has come into force in April 2020. These rules cover various aspects of device related regulations, including classification, registration, manufacturing and import, labeling, sales, and postmarket requirements, etc. The rules are a positive step and encompass most of the European Union (EU) approval process, which mandates that the devices are safe and performs its intended function. However, with rapid advancements in medical device technology, much is desired in clarity and revamping of the current regulatory system to harmonize standards to be in-line with advanced regulations like EU.