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This paper examines the potential role of Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) as a transport demand management (TDM) tool to influence commuting mode choice. A stated choice experiment was conducted among employees in the Netherlands to capture the effect of integrating TDM measures with MaaS on mode choice behavior. We found that the train and car-sharing attributes’ variations are influential factors on employees’ mode choice behavior. Moreover, the mobility package price played a significant role in mode choice even though most employees in the Netherlands receive a full or partial travel allowance from their employers. Similarly, the increase in parking tariffs was an influential measure for car users who used street/garage parking spaces. However, the effects were not equal for all respondents. Young, low-income and multi-modal commuters are more susceptible to travel behavior changes than old, high-income, and car-dependent employees. In conclusion, MaaS could be seen as a promising element in TDM strategies combining carrots (enablers) and sticks (deterrents), albeit for specific groups users.

The definition of homelessness and the policies responding to it differ from society to society, as does understanding a state of being "homeless", all of which are socially constructed. Because in Japan today homelessness is perceived only as a situation of sleeping on the street, the prevalence is perceived as low. However, this definition is narrow compared to what, for example, FEANTSA has proposed in Europe. Therefore, Japanese policy and policy makers need to shift to be congruent with international standards. To begin this shift we need to understand how the "narrow" perception of homelessness in Japan has been constructed. Therefore, in this paper a historical review is provided starting on the premise of the "loss of home" of Japanese society after World War II, the rapid increase of "visible homelessness" since the 1990s, the enactment of formal homelessness law, and rising "visible homelessness". More recently there is also expanded interest in "invisible homelessness" due to current homelessness research. The issue of lack of a public housing allowance and limited public housing is explored connected to an absence of housing policy. Finally, the Covid-19 pandemic has increased anxiety about the loss of homes and there is a need to shift homelessness measures into housing policy.

Restructuring policies in government agencies continue to be carried out in accordance with directives issued by the Ministry of Administrative and Bureaucratic Reform, including restructuring Echelon positions at the Ministry of Religion, given the absence of related literature in the Ministry of Religion. It is necessary to do research on comparisons in the situation before simplification and further estimates, in this study the focus of the discussion is on the number of allowances for Echelon Unit I in the central office. The method used in this research is a literature study, with reliable data sources and analysis in the form of a comparative study which can later be used as the basis for implementing restructuring in general, especially in national budget planning at the Ministry of Religion. The results showed that there were several changes in income due to downsizing, including a decrease in the performance allowance received by Echelon III officials who were transferred to Associate Experts (Ahli Madya), while the difference in allowances between positions was not significant for Echelon IV officials who are transferred to the functional positions of Associate Expert (Ahli Madya) and Junior Expert. (Ahli Muda) increase in take home pay in terms of position allowance income. The subject of further discussion with this change is how it affects the performance of officials and their effectiveness in the bureaucracy.

Aim.The strengthening of globalization processes goes hand in hand with the intensification of international trade in goods and services, the structure of which depends on the decisive influence of new technologies that change the nature of cross-border cooperation. This determines the goals for studying the development of transnational banking with allowance for digitalization, which serves the purpose of maintaining economic relations at this level.Tasks.The authors consider digital technologies in banking as a resource that ensures the successful implementation of banking strategies aimed at reaching the transnational level of operation.Methods.This study uses theoretical and general scientific methods of systems, logical, structural, and comparative analysis.Results.It is established that changes taking place in the transnational banking business are primarily associated with the decreasing growth of the banking sector in developed countries and the increasing financial influence of countries with transitional and developing economies, including Russia.Conclusions.Based on a review of the international and Russian experience of digitalization in the banking sector, it is concluded that an efficient strategy for the development of transnational banking involves the integration of digital and non-digital resources. The goal of this process is to develop a brand-new service for providing access to innovative banking products and services, allowing the bank to remain competitive.

It is a well-known fact that the demand for kidneys far outpaces our society’s supply. The kidney allocation system (KAS) was created to ensure a fair distribution of a scarce societal resource. In 2014, the KAS was revised to help balance the equity and utility. Here we examine the many inequalities the KAS 2014 overcame, discuss the barriers that still exist, and evaluate the future implications of the new version of the KAS that is set to begin March 14, 2021. With the implementation of KAS 2014, longevity matching was much improved with decrease in number of recipient and donor age mismatch >15 years. There was an increase in highly sensitized transplants, especially those with calculated panel reactive antibody (cPRA) >98% due to a sliding scale of points and local/regional/national priority. Some groups even reported that it may have advantaged the very highly sensitized patients too much and suggested a more gradual sliding scale of points. The racial/ethnic disparities were much improved with allowance of wait time to start at time of dialysis initiation to capture those who did not have adequate and early access to a transplant center. Despite these improvements, there remains a geographic disparity which was not addressed with KAS 2014. KAS 2021 (set to begin March 14, 2021) was created to lessen the geographic barriers without compromising the utility of the organs. By eliminating donor service area (DSA) and instead using 250 nautical mile (nm) concentric circles around donor hospitals, this new system is intended to broaden the sharing. This change to the allocation is another step toward the goal of improving equality, but how this change will affect the utility remains to be seen.

The research focused on revealing the practice that causes complaints heard when expropriation projects are implemented in Rwanda. To understand the real problem of claims, the study investigated the valuation methods in use for compensation determination during expropriation projects. To get data for this study, the researcher used multiple case study strategies. Three valuers teaching valuations at the University of Rwanda were the first key informants to discuss the problem of expropriation. Then, ten directors of valuation companies and four expropriating agencies helped to get rich cases upon which results were generalized. Afterwards 36 registered and non-registered valuers were given questionnaires to complete and 449 residents that were expropriated also participated in the study. Findings show that the expropriation projects are not the ones causing complaints. It was revealed that people quarrel due to that they are not given chance to negotiate the mode of taking their properties and choose option of compensation payment. It was discovered that complaints are caused by compensation determination. The payment of compensation is delayed and losses are roughly calculated using 5% of taken property value. Researcher revealed that the complaints are also provoked by non-adherence of professional ethics, applicable valuation methods not suitable to come up with the fair compensation and non-inclusion of affected people in expropriation matters. The challenges during expropriation can be tackled well by making sure that people are well informed on compensation determination and let them choose which option of compensation payment they are comfortable with. Finally, the researcher recommended that instead of adding a 5% of disruption allowance roughly for losses incurred, they may calculate each type of losses separate and show to people what they include as disturbance payment and how they are calculated

PURPOSE: This paper aims to indicate the critical role as an important actor of public policy and the undervalued entity with an essential impact on public finance., DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The article employs document analysis, desk research, statistical analysis of the caregiver's households' budgets from a nationwide questionnaire survey in 2015 and 2020., FINDINGS: The empirical results show that in countries with underdeveloped care infrastructure, the lack of caregivers' input can induce considerable increases in public burdens within the next 50 years. As the group of caregivers is not (economically) homogeneous, public actions should aim to prevent the impact of pandemic risk and provide caregivers with adequate income for the activities performed, treated, or as an employee or as an allowance., PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The ongoing (although very late) process of reforms on long-term care within UE should be more evidence-based to avoid further income stratification between caregivers households and a rapid increase in public finance expenditure., ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The article presents the original concept of the classification of caregivers' income, changes taking place over the last five years in the forms of careers' income in the EU, and the selected results of the author's research on the budgets of caregivers' households in Poland in 2015 and 2020., The project is financed within the framework of the Minister of Science and Higher Education program under the name „Regional Excellence Initiative” in the years 2019 - 2022; project number 001/RID/2018/19; the amount of financing PLN 10,684,000.00. The usual disclaimer applies., peer-reviewed

This study aims to analyze the effect of performance allowance as a determinant of motivation, employees’ work achievement and organizational performance in the Ministry of Religion's Office Lumajang City . This determining variable is important for public organizations to improve services and fulfill bureaucratic reform. This quantitative research uses Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) data analysis tools with AMOS software. The research population was 153 Ministry of Religion employees. The modeling results show the GFI index value of 0.906; CFI 0.969; and RMSEA 0.040. Hypothesis testing shows the insignificant direct effect between performance allowance and motivation, employees’ work achievement and organizational performance. Factors that determine the improvement in performance of public organizations are directly and significantly affected by by work achievement. Work achievement contributes the most to organizational performance. High work achievement requires a number of supporting factors, namely performance allowance and motivation. This research provides a practical contribution in policy making for government organizations regarding efforts to improve organizational performance through work achievement . Performance allowance and motivation is an important element to directly improve employee work achievement as a medium to improve organizational performance . T he originality value of this research is very good because it was first carried out on the object of a public organization that has just applied compensation payments for the State Civil Apparatus in the form of performance allowances by testing and measuring the implications of the compensation factor as a determinant of organizational performance.

This paper updates and extends the systematic review and meta-analysis of Wardman and Batley (Transportation 41:1041–1069, 2014), which hitherto was the most comprehensive study of the impacts of punctuality on passenger rail demand in the literature. Whereas the 2014 paper covered 51 elasticities from 6 studies in Great Britain published between 2003 and 2011, this updated paper adds 11 subsequent British studies yielding a further 201 observations. The meta-model recovers a range of significant effects, relating to whether the elasticity was short versus long run, flow type and distance, season versus nonseason tickets, the relevant measure of lateness, and whether the purpose of the study was specifically the estimation of late time elasticities. Allowance was also made for study quality-related issues. The data indicated that, despite dynamic models being commonplace, there is some uncertainty as to how long the long run is. Alongside the meta-model, the paper also reports new econometric evidence that addresses some gaps in existing evidence and knowledge, especially in relation to functional form and non-linearity of effects. Findings from both strands of analysis would seem to suggest that rail industry guidance has tended to overstate the demand impacts of punctuality.

This study examines disparity in call duty and hazard allowance and its implication on health worker's commitment and industrial dispute in tertiary hospital in South-South, Nigeria. A survey method that allows for the use of structured questionnaire was adopted. The study used a combination of purposive and random sampling techniques in determining a sample of 1191 participants from 4 tertiary hospitals in South-South Nigeria. Data gathered from the field was coded and analyzed using Linear Regression at 0.05 level of significance. Results revealed that call duty discrepancies and hazard allowances significantly affect health workers' commitment and industrial disputes in tertiary hospitals. The study recommended, among others, that National Salaries, Incomes and Wages Commission should carry out a comprehensive review of all health worker's wages and allowances in Nigeria with the view of harmonizing them. The commission should also evolve a periodic pay reform for health workers in Nigeria.

This study aims to analyze the influence of academic ability, and allowance on the behavior and behavior of college students managing personal finance, with literacy or financial knowledge as intervening. This type of research is causal comparative with quantitative approach. The point of thought used in the research that is being worked on is the Theory of Planed Behavior (TPB). The research method used is discovery or quantitative. The population used is college students who are in Surabaya universities in the 2017-2019 school year. Samples in this study as many as 100 respondents, by means of data collection using questionnaires, the way of determining samples to be applied in this study is stratified random sampling. Analysis helper tools to process the data that will be used this research is SamartPls 3 and hypothesis test.

The question of providing financial assistance to women of clerical rank in the Tobolsk diocese in the 1820—1830s is considered. The results of a comparative analysis of the stages and terms of office work on this issue before and after the opening of the Tobolsk guardianship of the poor are presented. Particular attention is paid to the examination of the petition documents that were compiled in the Tobolsk spiritual consistory from the words of women of clerical rank who applied for financial assistance to the Tobolsk archbishop during this period. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the issue under consideration is being studied for the first time on the basis of documents of the Tobolsk spiritual consistory. The documents stored in the State Archives in the city of Tobolsk testify to the existence of a certain algorithm for recording a request, two different established procedures for conducting cases on the charity of female clergymen before and after 1823. The criteria, by which the selection of requests was carried out among the many requests for assistance, were identified. Criteria have been established for choosing between two types of salary — a guardianship allowance and a ten-ruble poorhouse salary. The reasons for the complete denial of support are also named.

This paper studies the equilibrium dynamics arising in consumer durable goods markets in response to aggregate credit supply shocks. To this end, we develop a general-equilibrium model of durable consumption with heterogeneous households facing idiosyncratic income risk and borrowing constraints. Two novel features of our framework are that: 1) used durable goods trade on secondary markets at market-clearing prices; and 2) households endogenously choose when to scrap them. The model successfully matches several empirical patterns of U.S. car markets around the Great Recession that we document using a rich dataset on the prices of new and used vehicles as well as CEX data on households' vehicle replacement activity. After a negative credit shock (i.e., a tightening of the borrowing limit), debt-constrained households postpone the decision to scrap and upgrade their cars. The economy experiences a period of low resale prices for used cars, which reduces wealthy households' incentives to replace their cars, thereby decreasing new-car sales. We also use our framework to study the effects of aggregate income shocks, the role of cars as collateral, and to evaluate targeted fiscal stimulus policies such as the Car Allowance Rebate System in 2009 (``Cash for clunkers'').

Financial literation is very important to be applied to the child as early as possible. Financial literation will be very influential to the understanding and knowledge about finance and also the level of prosperity in the future. This paper aims to discuss several ways to teach children the functions and uses of money, and how to manage finance. The methods examined include: giving allowance to children, teach children to have savings, bring children do shopping, teach children to share, teach children that it takes effort to earn money and teach finance with a simple understanding. The results showed that the introduction of the knowledge of financial literacy in early age make children accustomed to manage their financial in the future. Therefore, parents must be able to effectively carry out financial literacy to children from an early age.

Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) is one of social protection programs providing unconditional financial assistance to poor women. The present study was conducted to explore the role of BISP in empowering women. This quantitative research was conducted in two districts of Punjab randomly selected out of 36 using face-to-face interviews with a sample size of 160 women beneficiaries of BISP. Research findings show that the majority of beneficiaries (78.8%) were married, with rural background (88%). A huge number (80%) of beneficiaries were illiterate. Similarly, overwhelming majority (81.9%) of respondents has labor as source of income. Most of the respondents were strongly agree (65%) and agree (95%) that the assistance should be more than Rs.5000/month or Rs.10000/month. Similarly, 69.4% and 71.3% of respondents agreed that female adults should take household decision and children should attend school regardless of gender. The government should provide appropriate assistance allowance for needy families especially for the empowerment of women. Moreover, the government should also launch massive programs to maximize girls' education with motive to empower women.

The Government of Nepal provides a range of welfare schemes to senior citizens, but little is known about the use of public benefits by older adults. This community-based cross-sectional survey thus aims to assess the utilization and correlates of health services (through both private and public health facilities), free essential health services (provided by the government through public health facilities), and other welfare schemes - discounts in health treatment for certain diseases, monthly senior citizen allowance, reservation and concession in transportation, and the government-run health insurance program - among 201 Nepali older adults. Notably, a sizable proportion of the participants (22.4%) did not visit a health facility despite having a health problem. Females and those with higher co-morbidity had higher odds of health facility visits. Only 8% utilized the free essential health services, and 47% one or more of the other welfare schemes. Lack of awareness of free health services and welfare schemes were associated with lower odds of their utilization, respectively.

This study describes the use of allowance payments by parents to children in the United States (US) and documents the association between receiving an allowance as a child and financial capability as a young adult. Based on the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, the majority of children in the US ages 6 to 15 receive an allowance in childhood. Allowances are a commonly used strategy by parents across many demographic and socioeconomic groups, with no strong relationship between parental income or education and parents offering an allowance. Young adults who received an allowance as children reported modestly higher levels of financial responsibility, suggesting that allowances for children and teenagers may be a useful complement to other financial development strategies for young people.

The Circular Letter of the Minister of Manpower No. M/6/HI.00.01/V/2020 concerning the Implementation of Religious Holiday Allowance Payment (THR) of 2020 in Companies during Covid-19 Pandemic is a regulation expected to complete THR payment problems in this Pandemic situation. However, normatively, this regulation raises new legal issues. This regulation's provisions contradict the principle of legal certainty because it contradicts the laws and regulations above it. Under the juridical normative type of research, the results of this research found the emergence of legal consequences due to industrial relations disputes for employment relations actors if the agreement on THR Payment is not achieved. This research has also found that the Minister Circular Letter on THR Payment basically contradicted the principle of legal certainty because the status does not belong to the statutory regulations, meaning that it has no force to be applied as statutory regulations do. Based on the Statutory regulation, the minister Circular Letter's legal status only applies to internal institutions which issue and belongs to technical and administrative arrangements. Thus, legal action as research result recommended to the government is revoking the minister's circular letter on THR Payment.

Purpose To evaluate the reviewing behaviour in the German-speaking countries in order to provide recommendations to increase the attractiveness of reviewing activity in the field of radiation oncology. Methods In November 2019, a survey was conducted by the Young DEGRO working group (jDEGRO) using the online platform “eSurveyCreator”. The questionnaire consisted of 29 items examining a broad range of factors that influence reviewing motivation and performance. Results A total of 281 responses were received. Of these, 154 (55%) were completed and included in the evaluation. The most important factors for journal selection criteria and peer review performance in the field of radiation oncology are the scientific background of the manuscript (85%), reputation of the journal (59%) and a high impact factor (IF; 40%). Reasons for declining an invitation to review include the scientific background of the article (60%), assumed effort (55%) and a low IF (27%). A double-blind review process is preferred by 70% of respondents to a single-blind (16%) or an open review process (14%). If compensation was offered, 59% of participants would review articles more often. Only 12% of the participants have received compensation for their reviewing activities so far. As compensation for the effort of reviewing, 55% of the respondents would prefer free access to the journal’s articles, 45% a discount for their own manuscripts, 40% reduced congress fees and 39% compensation for expenses. Conclusion The scientific content of the manuscript, reputation of the journal and a high IF determine the attractiveness for peer reviewing in the field of radiation oncology. The majority of participants prefer a double-blind peer review process and would conduct more reviews if compensation was available. Free access to journal articles, discounts for publication costs or congress fees, or an expense allowance were identified to increase attractiveness of the review process.

Os Programas de Transferência de Renda Condicionada (PTRCs) mostraram-se eficientes na redução da pobreza e da desigualdade, na melhoria dos índices de escolaridade e de saúde e na inclusão social de uma parcela significativa na sociedade. Todavia, um dos aspectos ainda pouco estudados a respeito dos PTRCs é o potencial destes programas de estimular a permanência dos trabalhadores brasileiros de baixa renda no mercado informal, com o propósito de se manterem “invisíveis” aos gestores do programa e, assim, receberem os benefícios. Para analisar este comportamento no mercado laboral em seis capitais brasileiras foi utilizado um VEC (Vetor de Correção de Erros). Os resultados do estudo mostram que existe uma relação positiva e causal entre o número de beneficiários do bolsa família e o número de pessoas no mercado laboral. Embora estas variáveis tenham uma relação causal positiva e persistente no tempo, os efeitos do Programa Bolsa Família sobre o mercado informal se mostraram pequenos no período analisado.

This study investigates price discovery performance for the 11 most traded agricultural commodity futures in China, proposing an improved recursive cointegration analysis. Despite a relatively short trading history and being subject to various policy interventions, China's agricultural futures markets generally play a more dominant role in the price discovery process as the markets become mature, even with further allowance for time variations and regional variations in the price discovery process. Additional analysis reveals various determinants of the contribution of futures versus local cash market prices in the price discovery process. There may also be seriously misleading inferences drawn from using nearby futures data in China.

When markets are integrated and the law of one price holds, prices confronted by different producers should tend to uniformity, in the long run, allowance is made for differences in quality and tra...

The severity of youth unemployment in South Korea has prompted the government to implement various preventive measures such as employment services and vocational training. Local governments implemented a Youth Job Seeker Allowance in 2016 as a new form of support, which was adopted by the central government in 2017. This study examines the impact of the Youth Job Seeker Allowance in South Korea on employment. It finds that the allowance had a positive effect on employment; recipients of the allowance have a higher probability of being employed. However, recipients took longer to obtain employment than non‐recipients, corroborating previous studies that unemployment benefits lengthen the duration of unemployment. But, recipients of the allowance have more time to look for quality work. Therefore, although the Youth Job Seeker Allowance has the effect of demotivating recipients from looking for employment, its limited duration of three months obliges them to engage in job search activities. The study has implications for the introduction of Youth Job Seeker Allowance systems to support job search activities.

This paper evaluates the Car Allowance Rebate System (CARS ) by comparing the vehicle purchases and disposals of households with eligible “clunkers” to those of households with similar but ineligible vehicles. CARS caused roughly 500,000 purchases during the program period. The provision of liquidity, through a rebate usable as a down payment, was critical in generating this large response. Participation was rare among households that owned clunkers with outstanding loans, which required loan repayment. This decline in participation is attributed to households’ preference for lower down payments and distinguished from the effects of income, other indebtedness, and the program subsidy. (JEL E23, E62, G51, H24, H31)

African countries have experienced various forms of alienation both from natural occurrences and human forces. Environmental hazards have displaced some people from their parents and their ancestral homes. On the other hand, exploitation, privatization and uneven distribution of natural resources of the people by few privileged individuals, especially the politicians, have also alienated the people from their environment. Attempt to agitate or these factors of displacement and alienation often leads to a compromise and reliance on meager allocation of bush allowance which serves as compensation to the people. It is no doubt that this denial of collective participation of people in decision, especially as it concerns their welfare and natural minerals, has contributed to poor leadership and under development of Africa amidst her abundant resources. The alienation of people from decision has become some sort of abortion of dreams and suppression/ obliteration of ingenuity capable of transformation and development. This study is a qualitative research which seeks to textually explore the concept of bush allowance and alienation in Agary’s Yellow-Yellow in order to examine the extent they affect leadership quality and development in Africa, especially in Niger-delta of Nigeria. To do this the principle of Eco-centrism and the theory of Empowerment are used as analytical models as well as theoretical framework. Findings revealed that exploitation of natural minerals by those in authority has more adverse effects on the people than the environmental forces. The alienation of people from the decision making process creates imbalance and violence in society which deter development especially in Africa. This study also shows that over dependence in bush allowance affects self development and empowerment. The study therefore concludes that the development of a people is in their hands. Keywords: Bush allowance, leadership, alienation, development, Yellow-Yellow

Unlike the large body of research on the determinants of single family prices and rents, the determinants of multifamily rents has received much less exploration. Using a recent and comprehensive micro-level dataset of multifamily housing units in Montgomery County, Maryland, USA, we applied a multilevel linear model with random coefficient to explore the determinants of multifamily rents, including the effects of service and management attributes. The findings are as follows: (1) first we find that a multilevel linear model is better suited to address datasets that include multiple apartment units in a smaller set of facilities, (2) for certain datasets—including ours–a random coefficients model outperforms both an OLS and random intercept model and (3) the effects of service and management variables on multifamily rents vary across types of service and management. Pet allowance, availability of short-term leasing options, and storage service availability increase rents significantly. Conversely, offering units to property employees and services to those with a disability decrease rents significantly.

The presented study addresses the problems of accessibility of high-quality services provided by the housing and utilities system for the population from the perspective of achieving the strategic goals of creating a comfortable and safe environment, including those formulated as national objectives by the President of the Russian Federation.Aim. The study aims to determine trends in the funding of the housing and utilities system from the consolidated budget of Russian regions in comparison with the dynamics of paid services in the field of housing and utilities, and to identify approaches to solving the problems of accessibility of highquality services and reducing regional disparities in the provision of these services.Tasks. Through the example of the North-West macro-region, the authors examine the goals, objectives, and priorities in the housing and utilities sector reflected in regional socio-economic development strategies; identify the expenditure pattern of the consolidated budget of the North-West macro-region; determine the dynamics of expenses on housing and utilities from the consolidated budget of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation located within the North-West macro-region and paid services in this field; determine the amount and dynamics of unit expenses on housing and utilities from the regional consolidated budget and compare it with household expenditure; draw a conclusion regarding the directions for improving the accessibility of high-quality services provided by the housing and utilities system for the population.Methods. Based on the statistical analysis of the 2012–2018 dynamics of the structure and absolute amount of expenditure from the consolidated budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation located within the North-West macro-region and the dynamics of household expenditure on the paid services of the housing and utilities system, this study identifies the major trends and inter-regional imbalances in the funding of the housing and utilities system as a factor of realization of national priorities in ensuring a comfortable and safe environment.Results. The study shows that a number of problems persist in the regional housing and utilities systems despite the efforts made by the government, regional and municipal authorities. The constituent entities of the Russian Federation integrate guidelines for the development of this system in their socio-economic development strategies and prioritize increasing the accessibility and quality of housing and utilities services, which is reflected in regional socio-economic development strategies. One of the reasons for the persisting problems in regional housing and utilities systems and low accessibility of services for the population is the lack of a unified approach to the budgetary funding of this system. Different regions, particularly in the Russian North-West, exhibit multidirectional trends in the funding of the housing and utilities system and its support from the consolidated budget of the region. This generates and amplifies the differences between regions in the amount of budgetary funding of this system, creating unequal conditions for the population of the respective regions in terms of access to high-quality housing and utilities services. Thus, it becomes obvious that a more grounded regional budget policy is required — one that would make allowance for the existing imbalances in the funding of such services.Conclusions. To solve the identified problems, it is advisable to develop a more grounded regional budget policy that would make allowance for the existing imbalances in the funding of housing and utilities services. Mechanisms for overcoming the existing inequality of access to housing and utilities services for the population should be established not only during the development and adjustment of regional socio-economic development strategies, but also during the formation of strategy at the level of a federal district.

This paper provides new evidence on the relation between CEO inside debt and firm risk‐taking by exploiting the change in the tax treatment of UK pensions following two pension amendments. The 2006 pension reform introduces the annual and lifetime allowance for UK pension schemes, significantly increasing income taxes associated with CEO inside debt. The 2011 allowance cut, which substantially reduces the annual allowance introduced in 2006, further increases income taxes on inside debt. We find that CEO inside debt, in the form of executive pensions declines after the 2006 reform while cash‐in‐lieu increases significantly. This effect is more severe after the 2011 allowance cut than the 2006 pension reform. UK firms appear to substitute away from pensions towards cash‐in‐lieu, where income taxes are less punishing. If the association between CEO inside debt and firm risk‐taking is causal, we should observe a change of risk‐taking after the decline of inside debt. Our results, which exploit the exogenous nature of the reforms, show that the decline of CEO pensions does not lead to any change in firm risk‐taking. This result suggests that no causal relationship exists between CEO inside debt and firm risk‐taking. Our results extend the inside debt literature, where empirical evidence is mainly documented in the US. Contrary to findings in the US, our evidence suggests that the use of CEO inside debt is motivated to minimise income tax rather than a tool to moderate firm risk.

The objective of this study was to explore views on dairy calf housing options among American youth and adults. Youth views were of interest because they are future consumers, yet their influence on livestock production practices is often overlooked. Participants 5 to 17 yr of age (n = 463) and 18 yr or older (n = 1,310) completed an in-person survey at the Minnesota State Fair (St. Paul, MN) in summer 2018. The survey was administered via Qualtrics survey software (Qualtrics, Provo, UT) using iPads (Apple, Cupertino, CA) and, in addition to collecting demographics, presented 3 images of calf housing options (individual, pair, or group) and asked participants to select their preferred option and indicate their reasoning for selection (youth), or acceptance for each option and reasoning for selection (adult). The PROC SURVEYFREQ of SAS (9.4; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) was used for descriptive analysis. Rao-Scott chi-square tests (PROC SURVEYFREQ, SAS 9.4) were used to investigate relationships between demographics and housing preference or acceptance. Content analysis identified recurring themes to describe qualitative reasoning underlying dairy calf housing preference or acceptance. The median age of youth participants was 11 yr, 61% were female, 82% were urban residents, and 63% did not have prior experience handling agricultural animals, but 83% had visited a farm in the past. Median age range of adult participants was 45 to 54 yr, 65% were female, 82% urban residents, 41% completed a bachelor's degree, and 81% did not have prior experience handling agricultural animals, but 63% had visited a farm in the past. Overall, group housing was overwhelmingly preferred by youth participants (80.1%), followed by pair (14.3%) and individual housing (5.6%). Youth who chose group housing most commonly cited reasons related to increased socialization (71.4%) and space allowance (58.5%). Housing preference of youth was not associated with age, gender, or prior visits to a farm. However, rural youth more frequently preferred individual housing compared with urban youth (13.6 ± 4.5% SE vs. 5.1 ± 1.3%, respectively). Similarly, adult participants were most accepting of group housing for dairy calves (75.8% of participants), with reasons focused on calves' ability to socialize and access to increased space allowance. Adult males, rural residents, and individuals with previous livestock handling experience more frequently accepted individual calf housing compared with females, urban residents, and individuals without previous livestock handling experience. These findings suggest that housing systems that enable greater degrees of behavioral freedom for calves may be more socially sustainable for the dairy sector.

This paper studies the effect of housing demand subsidies on rents using discontinuities in the Finnish housing allowance system as a quasi-experimental setting. The stepwise dependence of housing allowance on the floor area of the dwelling and the year of construction of the building causes economically and statistically significant discontinuities in the amount of housing allowances. However, our results show that there are no discontinuities in rents of the recipient households at these cut-offs. Instead, differences in the amount of the housing allowance are translated roughly one-to-one into differences in the rent net of housing allowance

We assess the transmission of the Targeted Longer-Term Refinancing Operations (TLTRO) to the bank credit supply for the Euro area (2014:05-2018:01) and for Portugal (2011:01-2018:01), using a panel data setup. For the Euro area, we find a positive relationship between the TLTRO and the amount of credit granted to the real economy. For the vulnerable countries, the effects of the TLTRO on the stock of credit increased from 2016 to 2017. Among the group of small banks, the effects are stronger in less vulnerable countries. We also find that competition has no statistically significant impact on the transmission of the TLTRO to the bank credit supply for the Euro area. For Portugal, using a difference-in-differences model, we find no statistically significant impact of the TLTRO on credit granted by banks. Finally, bidding banks set lower interest rates than non-bidding banks and the difference seems to be larger in 2017. In Portugal, the effects of the TLTRO on loan interest rates also increased from 2016 to 2017 and are stronger for small banks.

This paper scrutinized the economic, social, and affecting support systems of aged widows of sixty years who live in the People's Republic of Bangladesh. It aims to locate the socio-economic conditions, resources, and impact on aged widows. In the People's Republic of Bangladesh, there's a scarcity of a comprehensive formal arranged for aged widows. Usually, social and economic supports for aged widows come back from their sons, daughters, neighbors, and society members. The largest part of aged widows doesn’t have regular financial support. Insufficient economic aid comes from the govt. within the shape of the widow and aged allowance. Study findings point out that aged widows can coexist in the family but they cannot make family decisions. Besides, in most of cases they don’t get any facilities like respect and medical facilities. This can be causative to the inflated risk for aged widows who are depending on the support of their families. This study reports on a field survey during which one hundred aged widows of sixty years and over were interviewed and analyzed by the exploitation of excel.

Purpose of the study: This study aims to examine the factors of why the Muslim population is not having Islamic pension funds and to explore their expectation toward Islamic pension funds to make it a promising market in the near future. Methodology: This study used a quantitative method with primary data through questionnaires distributed to 163 samples of the Muslim population in Indonesia. The Pearson correlation coefficient test is used to indicate normality and linearity. Meanwhile, the Kruskal Wallis test and two-tailed independent group t-tests are used to examine the hypotheses. Main Findings: It is found that the low level of knowledge and trust toward Islamic pension funds are the two main reasons for not having Islamic pension funds. Meanwhile, the main society’s expectation is to have the allowance from the government and simple administrative procedures by having an automatic enrolment set by the government. In addition to that, female and higher income group is found to have a better attitude and expectation toward Islamic pension fund. Applications of this study: The study provides a descriptive picture for the Islamic pension fund provider and government to set a product based on the Muslim attitude and expectation. Novelty/Originality of this study: As far as we are concerned, there is only a small number of research on analyzing the demand of Islamic Pension Fund particularly in the largest Muslim population, this work is an attempt to fill in this gap.

Abortion is a common controversial ethical issue among humanists, feminists, liberals, and religious groups worldwide. Many countries permit induced abortion, or the deliberate termination of pregnancy, for various reasons e.g., as a means of contraception, as part of a woman’s right to autonomy, or as part of a woman’s right to determine the number of children she will bear. Even in Islamic countries, which hold strong religious laws and beliefs, it has been announced that abortion may be permissible before or after the period of “ensoulment” in certain circumstances and on medical grounds, so as to safeguard women from serious problems that might put their lives at risk. However, some religious groups do not support abortion. Therefore, it is critical to explore Islam’s position on the prohibition or allowance of induced abortion.

This article is written on the basis of a survey conducted for the Agency for Strategic Initiatives by the Public Opinion Foundation and other surveys. The research is devoted, on the one hand, to the reproductive attitudes of men aged 18-55 years and women 18-45 years old. On the other hand, it explores how people relate to measures of demographic policy – both those already existing and those under consideration – and to their effectiveness. The research shows that the most desired family model in terms of the number of children has not changed over the past ten years. People still want (in ideal conditions) two children. However, people’s desires don’t fully coincide with their intentions. Only one fourth of respondents say that they plan to have another child. The rest are stopped by material difficulties – a lack of stable sources of income sufficient for the birth and upbringing of another child. For this (but not only this) reason, the most popular demographic measures today are material – the maternity capital, the repayment of mortgage obligations for large families, and a monthly childcare allowance until the child reaches 1.5 years of age. Demographers, however, doubt the effectiveness of such measures in terms of increasing birth rates, and the survey data confirm their doubts. Despite the fact that most respondents believe that demographic policies affect fertility, only a few took them into account when deciding whether or not to have a baby.

Fil: Walsh, Matthew. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina. Observatorio de la Deuda Social Argentina; Argentina Fil: Walsh, Matthew. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnica; Argentina Fil: Poy, Santiago. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina. Observatorio de la Deuda Social Argentina; Argentina Fil: Poy, Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnica; Argentina Fil: Tuñón, Ianina. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina. Observatorio de la Deuda Social Argentina; Argentina Abstract: The Universal Child Allowance (AUH) is an Argentine cash transfer programme that conditions payment to parents on the fulfilment of health and education conditions for their children. While the impact of the AUH on education is well known, its effects on health have been less explored. This paper assesses the direct effect of the programme on children attending routine medical exams and receiving scheduled vaccinations, the health conditions of the programme, along with indirect health-related outcomes to explore the wider potential effects on child health. Using microdata from the Argentine Social Debt Survey (EDSA), a quasi-experimental design is implemented to determine the average treatment effect on AUH recipients. The AUH is found to have no effect on the behaviours on which it is conditioned or on dental visits, but it does increase food security. The paper discusses the implications of these findings for the design and implementation of programme conditionalities. Resumen: La Asignación Universal por Hijo (AUH) es una transferencia monetaria argentina que condiciona el pago al cumplimiento de condicionalidades en salud y educación de los niños. Mientras que el impacto de la AUH en la educación es bien conocido, los de salud han sido menos explorados. El objetivo del documento es evaluar el efecto directo del programa sobre la realización de exámenes médicos y la vacunación, junto con resultados indirectos relacionados con la salud para explorar los efectos más amplios de la AUH. Utilizando microdatos de la Encuesta de Deuda Social Argentina (EDSA), se implementó un diseño cuasiexperimental para determinar el efecto del tratamiento promedio de la AUH. La AUH no tiene efecto sobre los comportamientos en los que está condicionada ni sobre las visitas odontológicas, pero aumenta la seguridad alimentaria. El documento discute las implicaciones de estos resultados para el diseño y la implementación de las condicionalidades del programa.

The article discusses the possibility of combining a doctoral scholarship with sickness benefit. The legislator, by allowing PhD students to voluntarily take part in sickness insurance, has also granted them the right to benefits from this insurance. However, this right can be completely illu-sory in practice. PhD students retain the right to a doctoral scholarship, which is obligatory for all doctoral students, also during the period of inability to work caused by illness. If this scholarship is qualified as a remuneration obtained under “scientific employment”, the provisions of the Benefit Act would exclude the possibility of obtaining sickness benefit. Joining sickness insurance would be pointless in this situation. If we do not recognise the doctoral scholarship for a sui generis type of remuneration, it would allow PhD students to receive simultaneously both sickness allowance and a scholarship. It would be incompatible with the purpose and function of sickness allowance and also incompatible with the system assumptions of the Polish social insurance system.

The desirability of a particular tax system depends on how different taxpayers react to it. Exploiting the personal allowance threshold and detailed German tax administration data, this paper examines responses at low taxable incomes to extend previous findings. Taxpayers bunch at the allowance threshold, and more so with non‐wage income. Unlike in other studies, wage earners also bunch, at least if they file a tax return, while incomes gross of deductions do not. Deductions account for a sizeable share of the sharp bunching mass of taxpayers with non‐wage income. A machine learning analysis identifies which deduction items predict such sharp bunching. The pattern of results suggests that local intensive‐margin real responses induce moderate deadweight loss.

Providing Additional Employee Income (TPP) is a refinement of existing benefits and will bea specific allowance to boost performance and at the same time guarantee fairness in theprovision of benefits. Lately, there has been a decline in the percentage of service quality levelsto the community and staffing administration services. This is due to the slow acceptance ofTPP to the employees, causing disciplinary and demotivation to the employees. Not only that,there are many other factors that influence this delay, especially concerning the incompletesupporting documents, errors in calculations and the absence of regulations regarding theimplementation of performance allowances in each agency. Therefore, to help solve existingproblems, an information system design is needed that can help to make it easier to determineTPP by using the Design Science Research method. From the results of testing the TechnologyAcceptance Model (TAM) hypothesis states that the system that has been made is acceptableand the influence of user convenience, usability and attitude variables has an influence of92.5% and from the results of testing the success of the system using the DeLone and McLeanmodel 9 hypotheses submitted 7 hypotheses proven significantly, the test results prove thatService Quality does not have a positive effect on User Satisfaction and User Satisfaction doesnot have a positive effect on the System Benefit (Net Benefit) while other variables are testedsignificant in measuring the success of users system, so the model is stated to be appropriatein representing the results of the study

While a firm knows the carbon price with certainty under a tax, it must form an expectation about future allowance prices to identify its cost-effective abatement investment under a capand-trade program. We illustrate graphically how errors in forming this expectation increase the costs of irreversible pollution abatement investment under cap-and-trade relative to a tax. We describe empirical “cost-effectiveness anomalies” in allowance markets that may be attributed to cap-and-trade's inherent uncertainty. We model investment under simulated US carbon tax and cap-and-trade policies and find that allowance price uncertainty can increase resource costs 20 percent for a given quantity of emission abatement.

The implementation of teacher certification is expected to have an impact on improving the quality of learning and the quality of education on an ongoing basis. But the fact that often happens that the certification allowance often does not work with the initial goal for improving teacher performance. If you carefully examine the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 14 Year 2005 regarding teachers and lecturers, it will be seen that the law contains an increase in the welfare of teaching staff which is characterized by functional benefits, special allowances, and professional teaching allowances. Thus, this study aims to describe the performance of certified and uncertified teachers and find out whether there is a difference in the performance of certified teachers and uncertified teachers at the Yayasan Darul Falah Pajarakan Probolinggo. The results of research was found that; (1) the performance of teachers in the Darul Falah Pajarakan Probolinggo foundation is classified as good with a high categorization of 11.7%, a high of 82.3%, and a moderate of 5.8%, and (2) There is a difference between the performance of certified teachers with the performance of teachers who are not certified in the foundation fostered by Darul Falah Pajarakan Probolinggo as proven by the calculated F value of 13,147 with a significance value of 0.001 is 0.05.

The model of double monetary improvement contains the lowest wages (between difference foundations) responsible for the continuous dualism. We use 2 years of micro data from a large number of workers in Pakistan to test whether legally lowest wages have different effects on formal compensation, as opposed to the occasionally different segment. We find that the evidence from Pakistan rejects the assumptions of these models: raising the minimum wage not only extends the compensation in the city format part (big urban effort), which are enclosed through the least wages rule, nonetheless also increases the salaries of altogether other specialists, z Lowest legal allowance, which is generally considered to be an occasional split and is not regularly enforced (eg, small municipal companies, large provincial companies and small country companies). Our finding also suggest that the lowest statutory minimum wages increase wages for specialists in these “random” departments more than in the urban form, and therefore may lose the normal pay gap amid these segments and city additional part, which is considered non- binding nonetheless not governed b the Least Wage Act: the freelance (in together city and provincial regions). Least salaried may therefore lead to a symmetry amid official & casual workers, who referred to as self-employed and paid labors. In any case, we discovery no indication that self-earned income falls by the lowest pay.

This study aims to test and analyze the Implementation of Enhancing the Compliance of Reporting the Statutory Assets of State Assets (LHKPN) in the Scope of Regional Agencies at the Directorate of Registration and Examination of LHKPN. In this study the authors used a Qualitative Descriptive Data analysis method using the Interative Analysis model. The author uses the Triangulation technique to test the validity of the data that has been obtained during the study. Purposive Sampling Method is a sample determination technique with certain considerations. The results of the research prove that the level of LHKPN Reporting Compliance in the Scope of Regional Agencies has decreased from 2016-2017. This percentage can still increase if it is supported by the role and awareness of the Obligatory Report to report their assets and the commitment of the Regional Head / Head of Institution related to the application of sanctions for compulsory reporting who do not report LHKPN to the KPK. The next level of LHKPN Reporting Compliance in the Bangka Belitung Islands Provincial Government in 2017 has increased. Because since the beginning the Governor of the Bangka Belitung Islands Provincial Government has committed in the framework of preventing corruption, one of them is by reporting the LHKPN and issuing the Bangka Belitung Islands Governor Regulation No. 56 of 2017 concerning Management of State Organizer Asset Management in the Province of Bangka Belitung Provincial Government and issuing Circular Number : 840/0098 / VII / 2018 dated April 3, 2018 concerning the delay in payment of the Income Improvement Allowance (TPP).

Presently, demographic policy is of great importance for solving the problem of depopulation. The article reviews the experience of France in solving this challenge, analyzes the various methods used in this country to deal with population decline. Special attention has been paid to the state support of families and children through the provision of social payments and benefits. Trends and forecasts of demographic processes in France have been considered also, taking into account the measures taken by the state to support the family. Based on the study, conclusions have been made about the effectiveness of demographic policy in France.

Summary Background Universal Credit, a welfare benefit reform in the UK, began to replace six existing benefit schemes in April, 2013, starting with the income-based Job Seekers Allowance. We aimed to determine the effects on mental health of the introduction of Universal Credit. Methods In this longitudinal controlled study, we linked 197 111 observations from 52 187 individuals of working age (16–64 years) in England, Wales, and Scotland who participated in the Understanding Society UK Longitudinal Household Panel Study between 2009 and 2018 with administrative data on the month when Universal Credit was introduced into the area in which each respondent lived. We included participants who had data on employment status, local authority area of residence, psychological distress, and confounding variables. We excluded individuals from Northern Ireland and people out of work with a disability. We used difference-in-differences analysis of this nationally representative, longitudinal, household survey and separated respondents into two groups: unemployed people who were eligible for Universal Credit (intervention group) and people who were not unemployed and therefore would not have generally been eligible for Universal Credit (comparison group). Using the phased roll-out of Universal Credit, we compared the change in psychological distress (self-reported via General Health Questionnaire-12) between the intervention group and the comparison group over time as the reform was introduced in the area in which each respondent lived. We defined clinically significant psychological distress as a score of greater than 3 on the General Health Questionnaire-12. We tested whether there were differential effects across subgroups (age, sex, and education). Findings The prevalence of psychological distress increased in the intervention group by 6·57 percentage points (95% CI 1·69–11·42) after the introduction of Universal Credit relative to the comparison group, after accounting for potential confounders. We estimate that between April 29, 2013, and Dec 31, 2018, an additional 63 674 (95% CI 10 042–117 307) unemployed people will have experienced levels of psychological distress that are clinically significant due to the introduction of Universal Credit; 21 760 of these individuals might reach the diagnostic threshold for depression. Interpretation Our findings suggest that the introduction of Universal Credit led to an increase in psychological distress, a measure of mental health difficulties, among those affected by the policy. Future changes to government welfare systems should be evaluated not only on a fiscal basis but on their potential to affect health and wellbeing. Funding Wellcome Trust, UK National Institute for Health Research, and Medical Research Council.

When it comes to the neutralisation of child-rearing burdens by the state, many experts support the introduction of pensions dependent on the number of children (or dependent on child-rearing) instead of family allowance (and tax allowance) (cf. Kovacs ed., 2012). The critical review by Banyar (2019) joins this trend. Leaving external criticism aside, I assess Banyar’s plan of reduced pension of childless people and the remaining family allowance in the simplest possible optimisation model. The relative child consumption plays a key role. My main findings: a) in case of a critical relative value (when the total child consumption of the family equals the parents’ consumption), both pension of the childless and family allowance are dispensable; b) in case of a lower child relative value, the reduced pension of the childless is positive, and family allowance is dispensable; c) in case of a higher relative value, the pension of the childless is zero, but family allowance is indispensable.

This study aims to determine the effects of the working tenure, the performance allowance satisfaction and the organization citizenship behavior on the employee’s working performances. The research is the quantitative study which aims to determine the relationship between the independent variables with the dependent variable through hypothesis testing. The study population was based on 80 employees at Balai Karantina Pertanian Kelas II Tanjungpinang. The samplings were carried out by using the method of purposive sampling and obtained from 51 employees. The instrument used in this study was a questionnaire which is containing a set of each variable. Each itemized question or statement is measured by using a Likert scale. The analytical method used here is the multiple linear regression through applying the SPSS application. The results of partial testing on the employee’s working tenure, the satisfaction of performance benefits and the organization’s conducts are significantly influencing the employee’s performances. Whereas simultaneously the employee’s work tenure variable (X1), the satisfaction of performance benefits (X2) and the organization citizenship behavior (X3) have influenced both positive and significant effects on the employee’s performance by 67.6% and the remaining 32.4% was influenced by other factors which are not included in the scope of this study.

This paper studies retirement and child support policies in a small, open, overlapping-generations economy with PAYG social security and endogenous retirement and fertility decisions. It demonstrates that neither fertility nor retirement choices necessarily coincide with socially optimal allocation, because agents do not take into account the externalities of fertility and the elderly labor supply in the economy as a whole. It shows that governments can realize the first-best allocation by introducing a child allowance scheme and a subsidy to incentivize the labor supply of older workers. As an alternative to subsidizing the elderly labor supply, we show that the first-best allocation can also be achieved by controlling the retirement age. Finally, the model is simulated in order to study whether the policies devoted to realizing the social optimum in a market economy could be a Pareto improvement.