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1. The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) Spectrographs

Author

W. Richardson, Paul Harding, Paul Maseman, Bo Zhao, Ben Breslauer, A. Uomoto, D. C. Nguyen, Suvrath Mahadevan, Stephen A. Smee, Al Harding, Stephen A. Shectman, Larry N. Carey, R. Stoll, Daniel J. Eisenstein, Joseph Huehnerhoff, J. P. Colque, Michael L. Evans, James W. Davidson, D. Skinner, J. D. Trujillo, Matthew J. Nelson, G. J. Damke, Jon A. Holtzman, Thomas P. O'Brien, J. Karakla, Nicholas MacDonald, Basil Blank, Steve Majewski, Russell Owen, John C. Wilson, B. Anthony-Brumfield, James A. Arns, Matthew Shetrone, T. Mitcheltree, Dmitry Bizyaev, Robert H. Barkhouser, David L. Nidever, José R. Sánchez-Gallego, Conor Sayres, Janice D. R. Dean, Elena Malanushenko, Calen B. Henderson, Samuel Halverson, M. Vernieri, Jeff Crane, Sophia Brunner, E. Walker, Alexandre Roman-Lopes, Mita Tembe, Ricardo P. Schiavon, Stephane Beland, T. Stolberg, Frederick R. Hearty, James E. Gunn, J. Barr, E. Leon, N. De Lee, Michael R. Blanton, S. Melton, Dan Long, Charles R. Lam, Mark A. Klaene, Bruce Gillespie, Erick T. Young, N. Shane, D. Hancock, Rosemarie W. Hammond, J. Matsunari, Alim Y. Patten, Mike Skrutskie, Matthew A. Bershady, David H. Weinberg, George H. Rieke, Marcia J. Rieke, Matthew Hall, K. W. Don, Greg Fitzgerald, Fritz Stauffer, T. Horne, F. Di Mille, Michael A. Carr, Stephen C. Hope, C. Harrison, J. Downey, F. Leger, Andrew J. Burton, Garrett Ebelke, Jennifer Sobeck, and Robert W. O'Connell

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Red giant, Milky Way, media_common.quotation_subject, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Telescope, law, Observatory, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Spectrograph, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, Physics, Instrument control, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Galaxy, Space and Planetary Science, Sky, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

We describe the design and performance of the near-infrared (1.51--1.70 micron), fiber-fed, multi-object (300 fibers), high resolution (R = lambda/delta lambda ~ 22,500) spectrograph built for the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE). APOGEE is a survey of ~ 10^5 red giant stars that systematically sampled all Milky Way populations (bulge, disk, and halo) to study the Galaxy's chemical and kinematical history. It was part of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III (SDSS-III) from 2011 -- 2014 using the 2.5 m Sloan Foundation Telescope at Apache Point Observatory, New Mexico. The APOGEE-2 survey is now using the spectrograph as part of SDSS-IV, as well as a second spectrograph, a close copy of the first, operating at the 2.5 m du Pont Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory in Chile. Although several fiber-fed, multi-object, high resolution spectrographs have been built for visual wavelength spectroscopy, the APOGEE spectrograph is one of the first such instruments built for observations in the near-infrared. The instrument's successful development was enabled by several key innovations, including a "gang connector" to allow simultaneous connections of 300 fibers; hermetically sealed feedthroughs to allow fibers to pass through the cryostat wall continuously; the first cryogenically deployed mosaic volume phase holographic grating; and a large refractive camera that includes mono-crystalline silicon and fused silica elements with diameters as large as ~ 400 mm. This paper contains a comprehensive description of all aspects of the instrument including the fiber system, optics and opto-mechanics, detector arrays, mechanics and cryogenics, instrument control, calibration system, optical performance and stability, lessons learned, and design changes for the second instrument., 81 pages, 67 figures, PASP, accepted

Published
2019

2. The Eleventh and Twelfth Data Releases of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: Final Data from SDSS-III

Author

Shadab Alam, Franco D. Albareti, Carlos Allende Prieto, F. Anders, Scott F. Anderson, Timothy Anderton, Brett H. Andrews, Eric Armengaud, Éric Aubourg, Stephen Bailey, Sarbani Basu, Julian E. Bautista, Rachael L. Beaton, Timothy C. Beers, Chad F. Bender, Andreas A. Berlind, Florian Beutler, Vaishali Bhardwaj, Jonathan C. Bird, Dmitry Bizyaev, Cullen H. Blake, Michael R. Blanton, Michael Blomqvist, John J. Bochanski, Adam S. Bolton, Jo Bovy, A. Shelden Bradley, W. N. Brandt, D. E. Brauer, J. Brinkmann, Peter J. Brown, Joel R. Brownstein, Angela Burden, Etienne Burtin, Nicolás G. Busca, Zheng Cai, Diego Capozzi, Aurelio Carnero Rosell, Michael A. Carr, Ricardo Carrera, K. C. Chambers, William James Chaplin, Yen-Chi Chen, Cristina Chiappini, S. Drew Chojnowski, Chia-Hsun Chuang, Nicolas Clerc, Johan Comparat, Kevin Covey, Rupert A. C. Croft, Antonio J. Cuesta, Katia Cunha, Luiz N. da Costa, Nicola Da Rio, James R. A. Davenport, Kyle S. Dawson, Nathan De Lee, Timothée Delubac, Rohit Deshpande, Saurav Dhital, Letícia Dutra-Ferreira, Tom Dwelly, Anne Ealet, Garrett L. Ebelke, Edward M. Edmondson, Daniel J. Eisenstein, Tristan Ellsworth, Yvonne Elsworth, Courtney R. Epstein, Michael Eracleous, Stephanie Escoffier, Massimiliano Esposito, Michael L. Evans, Xiaohui Fan, Emma Fernández-Alvar, Diane Feuillet, Nurten Filiz Ak, Hayley Finley, Alexis Finoguenov, Kevin Flaherty, Scott W. Fleming, Andreu Font-Ribera, Jonathan Foster, Peter M. Frinchaboy, J. G. Galbraith-Frew, Rafael A. García, D. A. García-Hernández, Ana E. García Pérez, Patrick Gaulme, Jian Ge, R. Génova-Santos, A. Georgakakis, Luan Ghezzi, Bruce A. Gillespie, Léo Girardi, Daniel Goddard, Satya Gontcho A Gontcho, Jonay I. González Hernández, Eva K. Grebel, Paul J. Green, Jan Niklas Grieb, Nolan Grieves, James E. Gunn, Hong Guo, Paul Harding, Sten Hasselquist, Suzanne L. Hawley, Michael Hayden, Fred R. Hearty, Saskia Hekker, Shirley Ho, David W. Hogg, Kelly Holley-Bockelmann, Jon A. Holtzman, Klaus Honscheid, Daniel Huber, Joseph Huehnerhoff, Inese I. Ivans, Linhua Jiang, Jennifer A. Johnson, Karen Kinemuchi, David Kirkby, Francisco Kitaura, Mark A. Klaene, Gillian R. Knapp, Jean-Paul Kneib, Xavier P. Koenig, Charles R. Lam, Ting-Wen Lan, Dustin Lang, Pierre Laurent, Jean-Marc Le Goff, Alexie Leauthaud, Khee-Gan Lee, Young Sun Lee, Timothy C. Licquia, Jian Liu, Daniel C. Long, Martín López-Corredoira, Diego Lorenzo-Oliveira, Sara Lucatello, Britt Lundgren, Robert H. Lupton, Claude E. Mack III, Suvrath Mahadevan, Marcio A. G. Maia, Steven R. Majewski, Elena Malanushenko, Viktor Malanushenko, A. Manchado, Marc Manera, Qingqing Mao, Claudia Maraston, Robert C. Marchwinski, Daniel Margala, Sarah L. Martell, Marie Martig, Karen L. Masters, Savita Mathur, Cameron K. McBride, Peregrine M. McGehee, Ian D. McGreer, Richard G. McMahon, Brice Ménard, Marie-Luise Menzel, Andrea Merloni, Szabolcs Mészáros, Adam A. Miller, Jordi Miralda-Escudé, Hironao Miyatake, Antonio D. Montero-Dorta, Surhud More, Eric Morganson, Xan Morice-Atkinson, Heather L. Morrison, Benôit Mosser, Demitri Muna, Adam D. Myers, Kirpal Nandra, Jeffrey A. Newman, Mark Neyrinck, Duy Cuong Nguyen, Robert C. Nichol, David L. Nidever, Pasquier Noterdaeme, Sebastián E. Nuza, Julia E. O’Connell, Robert W. O’Connell, Ross O’Connell, Ricardo L. C. Ogando, Matthew D. Olmstead, Audrey E. Oravetz, Daniel J. Oravetz, Keisuke Osumi, Russell Owen, Deborah L. Padgett, Nikhil Padmanabhan, Martin Paegert, Nathalie Palanque-Delabrouille, Kaike Pan, John K. Parejko, Isabelle Pâris, Changbom Park, Petchara Pattarakijwanich, M. Pellejero-Ibanez, Joshua Pepper, Will J. Percival, Ismael Pérez-Fournon, Ignasi Pe´rez-Ra`fols, Patrick Petitjean, Matthew M. Pieri, Marc H. Pinsonneault, Gustavo F. Porto de Mello, Francisco Prada, Abhishek Prakash, Adrian M. Price-Whelan, Pavlos Protopapas, M. Jordan Raddick, Mubdi Rahman, Beth A. Reid, James Rich, Hans-Walter Rix, Annie C. Robin, Constance M. Rockosi, Thaíse S. Rodrigues, Sergio Rodríguez-Torres, Natalie A. Roe, Ashley J. Ross, Nicholas P. Ross, Graziano Rossi, John J. Ruan, J. A. Rubiño-Martín, Eli S. Rykoff, Salvador Salazar-Albornoz, Mara Salvato, Lado Samushia, Ariel G. Sánchez, Basílio Santiago, Conor Sayres, Ricardo P. Schiavon, David J. Schlegel, Sarah J. Schmidt, Donald P. Schneider, Mathias Schultheis, Axel D. Schwope, C. G. Scóccola, Caroline Scott, Kris Sellgren, Hee-Jong Seo, Aldo Serenelli, Neville Shane, Yue Shen, Matthew Shetrone, Yiping Shu, V. Silva Aguirre, Thirupathi Sivarani, M. F. Skrutskie, Anže Slosar, Verne V. Smith, Flávia Sobreira, Diogo Souto, Keivan G. Stassun, Matthias Steinmetz, Dennis Stello, Michael A. Strauss, Alina Streblyanska, Nao Suzuki, Molly E. C. Swanson, Jonathan C. Tan, Jamie Tayar, Ryan C. Terrien, Aniruddha R. Thakar, Daniel Thomas, Neil Thomas, Benjamin A. Thompson, Jeremy L. Tinker, Rita Tojeiro, Nicholas W. Troup, Mariana Vargas-Magaña, Jose A. Vazquez, Licia Verde, Matteo Viel, Nicole P. Vogt, David A. Wake, Ji Wang, Benjamin A. Weaver, David H. Weinberg, Benjamin J. Weiner, Martin White, John C. Wilson, John P. Wisniewski, W. M. Wood-Vasey, Christophe Ye`che, Donald G. York, Nadia L. Zakamska, O. Zamora, Gail Zasowski, Idit Zehavi, Gong-Bo Zhao, Zheng Zheng, Xu Zhou (周旭), Zhimin Zhou (周志民), Hu Zou (邹虎), Guangtun Zhu, UAM. Departamento de Física Teórica, University of St Andrews. School of Physics and Astronomy, Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SDSS Collaboration, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Univers, Transport, Interfaces, Nanostructures, Atmosphère et environnement, Molécules (UMR 6213) (UTINAM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), ITA, USA, GBR, FRA, DEU, ESP, CHN, and Department of Physics

Subjects
10TH DATA RELEASE, OSCILLATION SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY, purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], SOLAR-LIKE STARS, QB Astronomy, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, QC, QB, media_common, Physics, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Celestial sphere, Composicao estelar, Exoplanet, Radial velocity, atlases, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, [SDU.ASTR.GA]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.GA], Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS, FIXED-DELAY INTERFEROMETRY, Cosmology and Gravitation, astro-ph.SR, GALACTIC EVOLUTION EXPERIMENT, astro-ph.GA, media_common.quotation_subject, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, catalogs, surveys, Movimento estelar, Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia e Astrofisica, BROWN DWARF CANDIDATE, LOW-MASS STELLAR, ST/J500665/1, Galáxias, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Quasars, Spectrograph, STFC, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, [SDU.ASTR.SR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], RCUK, Astronomy, Física, DAS, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Quasar, purl.org/becyt/ford/1.3 [https], 115 Astronomy, Space science, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Espectros estelares, Galaxy, [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], 1ST DATA RELEASE, Stars, QC Physics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Sky, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Catalogos astronomicos, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], BARYON ACOUSTIC-OSCILLATIONS, astro-ph.IM
Abstract

The third generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-III) took data from 2008 to 2014 using the original SDSS wide-field imager, the original and an upgraded multi-object fiber-fed optical spectrograph, a new near-infrared high-resolution spectrograph, and a novel optical interferometer. All the data from SDSS-III are now made public. In particular, this paper describes Data Release 11 (DR11) including all data acquired through 2013 July, and Data Release 12 (DR12) adding data acquired through 2014 July (including all data included in previous data releases), marking the end of SDSS-III observing. Relative to our previous public release (DR10), DR12 adds one million new spectra of galaxies and quasars from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) over an additional 3000 sq. deg of sky, more than triples the number of H-band spectra of stars as part of the Apache Point Observatory (APO) Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE), and includes repeated accurate radial velocity measurements of 5500 stars from the Multi-Object APO Radial Velocity Exoplanet Large-area Survey (MARVELS). The APOGEE outputs now include measured abundances of 15 different elements for each star. In total, SDSS-III added 2350 sq. deg of ugriz imaging; 155,520 spectra of 138,099 stars as part of the Sloan Exploration of Galactic Understanding and Evolution 2 (SEGUE-2) survey; 2,497,484 BOSS spectra of 1,372,737 galaxies, 294,512 quasars, and 247,216 stars over 9376 sq. deg; 618,080 APOGEE spectra of 156,593 stars; and 197,040 MARVELS spectra of 5,513 stars. Since its first light in 1998, SDSS has imaged over 1/3 of the Celestial sphere in five bands and obtained over five million astronomical spectra., Comment: DR12 data are available at http://www.sdss3.org/dr12. 30 pages. 11 figures. Accepted to ApJS

Published
2015
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3. Performance of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) high-resolution near-infrared multi-object fiber spectrograph

Author

Mike Skrutskie, Diana Holder, Adam Burton, Matthew Shetrone, A. E. García Pérez, Bo Zhao, Jim Arns, Russell Owen, Mark A. Klaene, Bruce Gillespie, Demitri Muna, Frances Cope, Paul Maseman, F. Leger, Verne V. Smith, Basil Blank, Craig P. Loomis, R. Stoll, Tracy Naugle, Suvrath Mahadevan, Sophia Brunner, B. Pfaffenberger, Nicholas MacDonald, Robert H. Barkhouser, S. D. Chojnowski, J. Barr, Steven R. Majewski, Viktor Malanushenko, Wendell P. Jordan, George H. Rieke, Stephane Beland, T. Stolberg, Carlos Allende-Prieto, Matthew J. Nelson, M. Vernieri, Chuck Henderson, Howard Brewington, David H. Weinberg, Kaike Pan, Albert Harding, Marcia J. Rieke, Katia Cunha, Peter M. Frinchaboy, David J. Schlegel, Jon A. Holtzman, Thomas P. O'Brien, Larry N. Carey, S. A. Snedden, J. A. Johnson, John C. Wilson, Brett H. Andrews, Dan Long, Michael R. Hayden, E. Walker, Daniel J. Eisenstein, Ricardo P. Schiavon, Samuel Halverson, Sz. Meszaros, D. V. Bizyaev, James E. Gunn, David L. Nidever, Jeffrey D. Crane, Garrett Ebelke, Frederick R. Hearty, Charles R. Lam, A. Simmons, Greg Fitzgerald, Gail Zasowski, C. Harrison, Benjamin A. Weaver, Daniel Oravetz, Erick T. Young, J. Brinkmann, Fritz Stauffer, M. R. Blanton, T. Horne, Michael A. Carr, Stephen C. Hope, Stephen A. Smee, and Elena Malanushenko

Subjects
Cryostat, Physics, business.industry, Milky Way, media_common.quotation_subject, Detector, Near-infrared spectroscopy, Astronomy, law.invention, Telescope, Optics, law, Observatory, Sky, business, Spectrograph, media_common
Abstract

The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) uses a dedicated 300-fiber, narrow-band near-infrared (1.51-1.7 μm), high resolution (R~22,500) spectrograph to survey approximately 100,000 giant stars across the Milky Way. This three-year survey, in operation since late-summer 2011 as part of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III (SDSS III), will revolutionize our understanding of the kinematical and chemical enrichment histories of all Galactic stellar populations. We present the performance of the instrument from its first year in operation. The instrument is housed in a separate building adjacent to the 2.5-m SDSS telescope and fed light via approximately 45-meter fiber runs from the telescope. The instrument design includes numerous innovations including a gang connector that allows simultaneous connection of all fibers with a single plug to a telescope cartridge that positions the fibers on the sky, numerous places in the fiber train in which focal ratio degradation had to be minimized, a large mosaic-VPH (290 mm x 475 mm elliptically-shaped recorded area), an f/1.4 six-element refractive camera featuring silicon and fused silica elements with diameters as large as 393 mm, three near-infrared detectors mounted in a 1 x 3 mosaic with sub-pixel translation capability, and all of these components housed within a custom, LN2-cooled, stainless steel vacuum cryostat with dimensions 1.4-m x 2.3-m x 1.3-m.

Published
2012
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4. The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) high-resolution near-infrared multi-object fiber spectrograph

Author

James E. Gunn, Bo Zhao, Al Harding, T. Horne, Paul Maseman, Peter M. Frinchaboy, Robert H. Barkhouser, Chuck Henderson, F. Leger, Erick T. Young, Matthew Shetrone, Steve Hope, Michael F. Skrutskie, Michael A. Carr, Larry N. Carey, Bruce Gillespie, Basil Blank, Thomas P. O'Brien, David H. Weinberg, Jim Arns, Greg Fitzgerald, Steven R. Majewski, Daniel J. Eisenstein, Nick MacDonald, John C. Wilson, Marcia J. Rieke, R. Stoll, Jim Barr, George H. Rieke, Sophia Brunner, Mary Ann Vernieri, John Krakula, Jeff Crane, Jennifer A. Johnson, Carlos Allende-Prieto, Ricardo P. Schiavon, T. Stolberg, E. Walker, Matthew J. Nelson, Jon A. Holtzman, Dmitry Bizyaev, Fred Hearty, Gail Zasowski, Charles R. Lam, Adam Burton, Craig Harrison, and Stephen A. Smee

Subjects
Physics, Optical fiber, Milky Way, media_common.quotation_subject, Near-infrared spectroscopy, Astronomy, Astrophysics, Particle detector, law.invention, Telescope, law, Observatory, Sky, Spectrograph, media_common
Abstract

The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) will use a dedicated 300-fiber, narrow-band (1.5-1.7 micron), high resolution (R~30,000), near-infrared spectrograph to survey approximately 100,000 giant stars across the Milky Way. This survey, conducted as part of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III (SDSS III), will revolutionize our understanding of kinematical and chemical enrichment histories of all Galactic stellar populations. The instrument, currently in fabrication, will be housed in a separate building adjacent to the 2.5 m SDSS telescope and fed light via approximately 45-meter fiber runs from the telescope. The instrument design includes numerous technological challenges and innovations including a gang connector that allows simultaneous connection of all fibers with a single plug to a telescope cartridge that positions the fibers on the sky, numerous places in the fiber train in which focal ratio degradation must be minimized, a large (290 mm x 475 mm elliptically-shaped recorded area) mosaic-VPH, an f/1.4 sixelement refractive camera featuring silicon and fused silica elements with diameters as large as 393 mm, three near-within a custom, LN2-cooled, stainless steel vacuum cryostat with dimensions 1.4 m x 2.3 m x 1.3 m.

Published
2010
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