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Background: Patient involvement in decision-making plays a prominent role in improving the quality of healthcare. Despite this, shared decision-making is not routinely implemented. However, electronic assessment tools that capture patients’ history, symptoms, opinions and values prior to their medical appointment are used by healthcare professionals during patient consultations to facilitate shared decision-making. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of electronic assessment tools to improve the shared decision-making process. Method: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Published literature was searched on MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO to identify potentially relevant studies. Data were extracted and analysed narratively. Results: Seventeen articles, representing 4004 participants, were included in this review. The main findings were significant improvement in patient–provider communication and provider management of patient condition in the intervention group compared to the control group. In contrast, patient–provider satisfaction and time efficiency were assessed by relatively few included studies, and the effects of these outcomes were inconclusive. Conclusion: This review found that communication and healthcare professional’s management of a patient’s condition improves because of the use of electronic questionnaires. This is encouraging because the process of shared decision-making is reliant on high-quality communication between healthcare professionals and patients. Implications: We found that this intervention is especially important for people with chronic diseases, as they need to establish a long-term relationship with their healthcare provider and agree to a treatment plan that aligns with their values. More rigorous research with validated instruments is required.

Background Patient and public involvement can improve study outcomes, but little data have been collected on why this might be. We investigated the impact of the Feasibility and Support to Timely Recruitment for Research (FAST-R) service, made up of trained patients and carers who review research documents at the beginning of the research pipeline. Aims To investigate the impact of the FAST-R service, and to provide researchers with guidelines to improve study documents. Method A mixed-methods design assessing changes and suggestions in documents submitted to the FAST-R service from 2011 to 2020. Quantitative measures were readability, word count, jargon words before and after review, the effects over time and if changes were implemented. We also asked eight reviewers to blindly select a pre- or post-review participant information sheet as their preferred version. Reviewers’ comments were analysed qualitatively via thematic analysis. Results After review, documents were longer and contained less jargon, but did not improve readability. Jargon and the number of suggested changes increased over time. Participant information sheets had the most suggested changes. Reviewers wanted clarity, better presentation and felt that documents lacked key information such as remuneration, risks involved and data management. Six out of eight reviewers preferred the post-review participant information sheet. FAST-R reviewers provided jargon words and phrases with alternatives for researchers to use. Conclusions Longer documents are acceptable if they are clear, with jargon explained or substituted. The highlighted barriers to true informed consent are not decreasing, although this study has suggestions for improving research document accessibility.

Now at the acme of her slow-burn career—she turned 72 last year—Claire Denis is producing work that is superlative. Her newest works conjure feelings of an unrivalled intensity and tenderness. This article considers her English-language sci-fi film High Life (2018) and her French rom-com Un Beau Soleil Intérieur [Let the Sunshine In] (2017) in parallel, arguing that the two films converge as forceful meditations on love and death. In the world of Denis, tenderness characterizes the gentlest, most delicate feelings, but is also about vulnerability, a sensitivity to pain. Denis brings these qualities into relief as she contemplates death and a finite future through these two stories of a female artist exploring relationships and of convict passengers on a space ship. Through the roles of actress Juliette Binoche in each film, Denis takes a feminist stance on ageing and sexuality, as she also looks openly at other human feelings.

Death in Venice turns fifty in 2021. The moment of the pandemic may be one reason to look back at this film about cholera in Italy. The release of the documentary The Most Beautiful Boy in the World (2021), about Bjorn Andrésen who starred as Tadzio, is another. But what is most enduring is Visconti’s engagement with the family, and above all with the mother. This calls for reflection in the present moment when maternal eroticism and its relation to maternal subjectivity are newly illuminated in feminist writing. Through extended analysis of Silvana Mangano’s presence in the film, her wardrobe, and her gestures, this article argues that Visconti opens a space for feelings of heartbreak, love for the mother, and grief at her desire. In its vision of madness in the family, beyond its images of cholera in Venice, this is a pandemic film unafraid to look into the vortex.

Background Ketamine is a new and promising treatment for depression but comes with challenges to implement because of its potential for abuse. Aims We sought the views of patients to inform policy and practical decisions about the clinical use of ketamine before large-scale roll-out is considered. Method This qualitative study used three focus groups and three validation sessions from 14 patients with prior diagnoses of depression but no experience of ketamine treatment. Focus groups explored their views about clinical use of ketamine and the best way for ketamine to be administered and monitored. The qualitative data were analysed by three service-user researchers using thematic analysis. Results Five themes were generated: changing public perceptions, risks, monitoring, privacy and data protection, and practical aspects. Participants were conscious of the stigma attached to ketamine as a street drug and wanted better public education, and evidence on the safety of ketamine after long-term use. They felt that monitoring was required to provide evidence for ketamine's safe use and administration, but there were concerns about the misuse of this information. Practical aspects included discussions about treatment duration, administration and accessibility (for example who would receive it, under what criteria and how). Conclusions Patients are enthusiastic about ketamine treatment but need more information before national roll-out. The wider societal impact of ketamine treatment also needs to be considered and patients need to be part of any future roll-out to ensure its success.

Recent events including the publication of troubling remarks in Angewandte Chemie have made clear that many in the scientific community and broader society continue to face systemic racism and discrimination in their daily personal and professional lives. As these events unfold, we must take personal responsibility and commit to supporting all members of our community, regardless of race, culture, national origin, creed or sexual orientation.In this editorial we detail our commitment to supporting diversity and inclusion on ChemRxiv.

According to the elaborated intrusion (EI) theory of desire, loading visual working memory should help prevent and reduce cravings because cravings occur when intrusive thoughts are elaborated upon in working memory, often as vivid mental images. Mindfulness-based decentering strategies may also help prevent and reduce cravings since they may divert attention away from craving-related thoughts and mental imagery. To compare the effects of visualisation versus decentering on cravings, participants (N = 108) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (a) decentering, (b) visualisation, (c) mind-wandering control. Participants in each condition received two audio exercises: (1) a 2-min exercise, preceding a craving induction but after initial deprivation and cue exposure, (2) a 4-min exercise, following a craving induction. The audios instructed participants to look at a plate of chocolate that was in front of them whilst either (a) decentering from their thoughts and feelings, (b) engaging in visualisation or (c) letting their mind wander. Participants were asked to rate the strength of their cravings at four time points (Time 1, baseline; Time 2, after the 2-min audio; Time 3, post-craving induction; Time 4, post-4 minute audio). Frequency of craving-related thoughts was also measured at Time 4. Compared to the control condition, results showed a significant reduction in strength of cravings for the decentering condition after both the 2-min audio and the 4-min audio. Decentering was superior to visualisation only after the 2-min audio. Participants in both the visualisation and decentering conditions also had significantly lower frequencies of craving-related thoughts compared to control participants. The findings support EI theory and suggest that mindfulness-based decentering strategies may be useful for both the prevention and reduction of cravings. Pre-registration: https://osf.io/jv3pq.

Gianfranco Rosi's Fuocoammare (Fire at Sea, 2016), won the Golden Bear at the 2016 Berlinale, was shown to the European parliament, distributed to heads of state by Matteo Renzi, and has become the contemporary film most closely associated with the refugee crisis in the Mediterranean. This article considers the film alongside Rosi's earlier film about Slab City, California, Below Sea Level (2008), previously little seen in the US. Wilson argues that Rosi is more than a filmmaker of the migrant tragedy in Europe, radically important though his vision is of this moment. With and beyond Fuocoammare, all his films look at extreme experiences of living and dying. Inspired by the work of philosopher and psychoanalyst Anne Dufourmantelle on secrecy, love, tenderness and risk, Wilson considers how Rosi's films achieve a closeness to their characters: a sensory and emotional immediacy, whilst refusing voyeurism and intrusion.

Céline Sciamma as writer and director is peculiarly attentive to sensory detail, what things feel like, how they can be touched. This attention can be felt through her collaborative work with director of photography Crystel Fournier, who has worked on all of Sciamma's films to date in a creative collaboration proving just as electric as that between Claire Denis and Agnès Godard. Reflecting on her work to date, linking Girlhood to the earlier films, Didier Péron and Elisabeth Franck-Dumas wrote in Libération that Sciamma makes real the body and emotions of individuals in all their singularity. Intimacy is her real subject in Girlhood. The particular issue in relation to intimacy Sciamma pursues, from Water Lilies on, is that of hurt. She is a filmmaker who in her bodily, affective filmmaking has paid attention to hurt, to abrasion, and to vulnerability; she makes them all part of the robust, adrenaline-pumped feminist politics that pervade her films and their characters. It is this mode of making real—this feeling alive—that Wilson explores in this essay.

Until recently energy and minerals development were seen as a promising way for Greenland to earn the revenues to gain full independence from Denmark. Yet with the collapse in the price of oil in 2014, a future that is reliant on commodity markets is looking less certain. This paper looks at Greenland's hydrocarbon sector through the lens of corporate social responsibility. Greenland's business community has a well-developed sense of what CSR means in the Greenlandic context, while foreign companies have introduced the need to systematise these values as business strategy and policies. A weakness in the potential of foreign companies to contribute to sustainable local-level development is the possibility of them withdrawing when investments no longer appear viable, as some oil majors did in January 2015. Government capacities need to evolve to address the heightened risks of environmental damage, societal vulnerability and the unpredictability of investment and revenues associated with extractive industry development. A particular challenge is the lack of meaningful public involvement in decision making and the risk that the ‘social licence to operate' of future energy projects will be determined by a few elected politicians. The role of civil society is critical to help tackle this challenge.

The signal achievement of the speculative turn consists not so much in the construction of a new philosophical paradigm as in the creation of concepts that allow us to critically reflect upon current paradigms. In unsettling entrenched interpretations of canonical philosophical figures, Meillassoux’s After Finitude: An Essay on the Necessity of Contingency (2008) invites us to approach hitherto familiar philosophers as if they were complete strangers. In order of appearance, we encounter “Kant the Correlationist,” followed by “Heidegger the Fideist,” and finally, “Deleuze the Subjectalist”. Each of these philosophical strangers—which, following Deleuze and Guattari, I refer to as Meillassoux’s “conceptual personae”—help to shed light on what is at stake in the speculative turn. As will become clear, what is at stake in the speculative turn is not reducible to “anti-correlationism”—that is, to the overcoming of an insidious form of idealism in twentieth century Continental philosophy. Over and above getting beyond or “after” finitude, what we ought to be concerned with is getting beyond or after misology—that is, the insidious hatred of reasoning or logos afflicting twentieth-century Continental philosophy. Whilst Meillassoux’s conceptual personae provoke my investigations, defending his “speculative materialism” is not my aim. My aim, rather, is to trace the contours of Continental misology. By subordinating the understanding to the imagination, knowing to feeling, and adequation to invention, this Continental misology perpetuates the indiscriminate pathologisation of all modes of reasoning and techniques of representation. If we are to become capable of better understanding the world of which we are a part, and of transforming the world on the basis of that understanding, then this misology must be overcome.

Understandings of women's agency in cases of intimate partner violence (IPV) have been dominated by an individualistic focus on help-seeking behaviour. The role of children in influencing, enabling and restricting the decision-making processes of their mothers has been largely ignored. We adopt biographical analytical approaches to qualitative longitudinal data collected as part of the Young Lives study to highlight the interdependency of women's and children's agency in contexts of IPV in Vietnam. We illustrate how women's agency is both enabled and constrained by their relationships with their children, as well as by wider structural processes, and examine how gender and generation intersect. In marginalised settings where few formal services exist or strong social norms preclude women from accessing support, understanding these informal coping strategies and the processes by which these are negotiated is essential for developing more effective policy responses.

Background: Comprehension of risks, benefits, and alternative treatment options is poor among patients referred for cardiac interventions. We have demonstrated that an increasing proportion of frail and elderly patients are undergoing complex cardiac surgical procedures with increased risk of both mortality and prolonged institutional care. The objective of the current study is to explore the impact of a formalized shared decision making (SDM) on patient comprehension and decisional quality. Methods: A decision aid for cardiac surgery was developed and evaluated within the context of a pre-post study design. Surgeons were trained in SDM. Research team members acted as decisional coaches, going through the decision aids with the patients and their families. Patients (65 and over) undergoing isolated valve, Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) or CABG+Valve surgery were eligible. Participants in the pre-intervention phase (n=100) were followed through the standard course of care to establish a baseline. Participants in the interventional group (n=100) were presented with a decision aid following cardiac catheterization populated with individualized risk assessment, personal profile, and co-morbidity status. Surgeon training in SDM occured just prior to instituting the post intervention phase. Decisional coaching only applied to the post intervention phase. Both groups were assessed pre-operatively on comprehension, decisional conflict, decisional quality, anxiety and depression, Primary outcomes were comprehension and decisional quality scores. Results: Patients who received decision aids through a formalized shared decision making approach scored higher in comprehension (median: 15.0; IQR: 12.0-18.0) compared to those who did not (median: 9.0; IQR: 7.0-12.0) (p &lt 0.001). Decisional quality was greater in the interventional group (median: 82.2; IQR: 73.0-91.0) compared to those in the pre-intervention group (median: 75.6; IQR: 62.0-82.0) (p &lt 0.05). Anxiety and depression scores showed no significant difference between pre-intervention (median: 9.0; IQR: 4.0-12.0) and post-intervention groups (median: 7.0; IQR: 5.0-11.0) (p &lt 0.28). Conclusions: Institution of a formalized shared decision making process including Individualized decision aids improve comprehension of risks, benefits and alternatives to cardiac surgery, decisional quality, and did not result in increased levels of anxiety.

The child has existed in cinema since the Lumiere Brothers filmed their babies having messy meals in Lyons, but it is only quite recently that scholars have paid serious attention to her/his presence on screen. Scholarly discussion is now of the highest quality and of interest to anyone concerned not only with the extent to which adult cultural conversations invoke the figure of the child, but also to those interested in exploring how film cultures can shift questions of agency and experience in relation to subjectivity. Childhood and Nation in World Cinema recognizes that the range of films and scholarship is now sufficiently extensive to invoke the world cinema mantra of pluri-vocal and pluri-central attention and interpretation. At the same time, the importance of the child in figuring ideas of nationhood is an undiminished tic in adult cultural and social consciousness. Either the child on film provokes claims on the nation or the nation claims the child. Given the waning star of national film studies, and the widely held and serious concerns over the status of the nation as a meaningful cultural unit, the point here is not to assume some extraordinary pre-social geopolitical empathy of child and political entity. Rather, the present collection observes how and why and whether the cinematic child is indeed aligned to concepts of modern nationhood, to concerns of the State, and to geo-political organizational themes and precepts.

In all 294 British participants completed a two page questionnaire entitled “How much do people earn?” Using a between-subjects design, participants either completed the male or female target questionnaire. Specifically, they were given names and age ranges (range 35–43) of people in 16 gender-neutral jobs from Accountant to Veterinarian and asked to estimate their current average annual salary. Supporting previous research, the “salary estimation effect” was found with males assumed to earn more than their female counterparts in a range of occupations, most notably in unskilled/semi-skilled jobs. Participants also demonstrated good awareness of the current average annual salary in the UK and over half of participants believed wage disparities to exist between men and women; whites and blacks. Implications for salary decision-making and perpetuation of the differential salaries afforded to men and women are discussed.

In recent years, beauty ideals and practices have been explained almost exclusively using evolutionary psychological frameworks, to the exclusion of more proximate factors such as psychosocial and individual psychological variables. To overcome this limitation, we examined the associations among sexist beliefs, objectification of others, media exposure, and three distinct beauty ideals or practices. Across three studies, a total of 1,158 participants in a British community sample completed a series of scales that measured their attitudes toward women, hostility toward women, benevolent sexism, hostile sexism, their tendency to objectify others, media exposure, and endorsement of the thin ideal and (for women) body dissatisfaction (Study 1); height preferences in an other-sex partner (Study 2); and endorsement of cosmetic use (Study 3). Across the three studies, results supported the idea that sexist beliefs predicted beauty ideals and practices, although the strength of these associations varied according to the ideal or practice in question. These results support feminist critiques that beauty ideals and practices in Western societies are linked with sexist attitudes. Furthermore, our results suggest that programmes aimed to reduce or eliminate sexist attitudes, or that promote more gender egalitarian attitudes, may result in healthier beauty ideals and practices.

Armenian Canadian director Atom Egoyan's recent films, Adoration (2006) and Chloe (2009), and his art installations, pursue and complicate his career-long interest in technology and its intersections with desire and fantasy. In an interview with Emma Wilson, Egoyan discusses these works and reflects more broadly on filmmaking in the digital age.

In conversation, Atom Egoyan discusses issues relating to the five senses in his cinema. Looking across the range of his films, from Next of Kin (1984) to Citadel (2006), he explores questions about the senses, loss and substitution.

This essay situates Cristian Mungiu's film, 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days in relation to a number of films which deal with abortion. However, the argument is made that this film's chief concern is for problems of intimacy and distress pertaining to the central friendship between two women.

An examination of Lucile Hadzihalilovic's film of 2004, Innocence, this article argues that childhood, child experience and its representation, offer prescient and urgent material for thinking about the public and the private, raising issues about identity and newness/the newborn, about influence and intrusion, about intimacy and enclosure, about growth and metamorphosis. The malleable, mutating substance of children's bodies, of their environs and of their imaginings, is seen to offer new insights into the relation between private and public and new reflections on that relation as fluid and overlapping. Examining childhood offers evidence about identification and enculturation, the construction and production of social identity, and the position of the self within a community. Engagement with the work of Jean-Luc Nancy allows questions about intrusion and étrangeté to be pursued in material and political terms.

Though the two films seem rather different—Bruno Dumont's Flanders dealing with an imaginary contemporary war, Rachid Bouchareb's Days of Glory concerned with forgotten incidents in World War II—the argument of this essay is that they share a sense, somewhat unusual among recent French filmmakers, of the political power of cinema.

This introduction provides an overview of academic re- search and current practice relating to stakeholder dialogue around oil and gas development in the Russian North, Siberia and the Russian Far East. We discuss the two main strands of analysis in this special issue: (a) regulation and impact assessment; and (b) relationship- building in practice, with a particular focus on indigenous commu- nities. We argue that an effective regulatory framework, meaningful dialogue, and imaginative organization of stakeholder relations are required to minimize negative impacts and maximize benefits from oil and gas projects. Self-interest, mistrust, and a lack of collective agency frequently lead to ineffective planning and heightened ten- sions in relations. We identify lessons to be learned from partner- ships and initiatives already established in Sakhalin and Western Siberia, despite the lack of a stable legal framework to govern rela- tions. This issue focuses on the academic-practitioner interface, em- phasizing the importance of practical application of academic research and the value of non-academic contributions to academic debates.

Following Under the Sand (2000), François Ozon's Time to Leave (2005) is the second film in a proposed trilogy about mourning. This essay explores the film's meditation on a dying gay photographer's last days, discussing how it seems to blur the distinctions between dream and reality, memory and fantasy, love and trauma.

Black Swan is a film clearly concerned with the body and embodied experience. It presents an opportunity to explore psychoanalysis and the body, and in doing so the author suggests ways of reading the film and approaching its staging of femininity through different modes of enjoyment. The chapter explores how the film takes us around the types of enjoyment described by Lacan's Graph of Sexuation: on the masculine side, the dissatisfaction of phallic jouissance in Nina's training regime, the image of a corresponding Other jouissance that is embodied by Saint Lily and promoted by Thomas. It shows how this manifests itself as the masturbatory jouissance of Nina's fantasies. Phallic jouissance is sustained by the fantasmatic ideal of a non-castrasted Exception who has access to greater jouissance. Nina's libidinal economy is organised around this phallic phantasm, this ideal end. Feminine jouissance persists but cannot be counted within the phallic field.

ion. At the end of Night and Fog, after the three parting images of the dead, one reminiscent of G6ricault, Resnais cuts to color footage of marshes, which is suddenly disorienting in its form and scale (shot 303). We see marsh waters in liquid, glaucous patterns, tranquil perhaps yet distressing as we fear what they cover, as their mass and texture may subliminally recall bodily mess and excreta. Coming closer to Marks's notion of the haptic, Resnais offers us images over which we have no mastery. In their move toward abstraction, they challenge the viewer to suspend the desire to make sense and to respond instead with the senses. As they fill the screen, these images equally screen us from the previous images of the camps; they appear to draw attention to their own screening status as they obstruct our view and suspend reference. The haptic, with its sensory presence, its large scale, and enveloping of the screen impedes our vision and reminds us of all that cannot be seen.

This chapter examines a queer sensibility in contemporary French cinema and argues for its specific political and artistic value. André Techiné, François Ozon and Christophe Honoré explore queer identities and desires in their films; they work to integrate queer into the mainstream of French auteur cinema and queer it from within. This queering is achieved through acts of retrospection and reinvention, in particular of Nouvelle Vague aesthetics; in new representations of desire, the couples and threesomes of this film genre are opened and queered. The chapter argues that in these acts of reinscription, queer identity and desire become the source of innovation in cinematic representations of pathos, emotion, loss, and extreme sensation and move from a nouvelle vague ambivalence to affect. Rather than essentialising queer, this search for access to pathos through queer can be conceived politically.

AFFRON, M. and ANTLIFF, M. (eds) Fascist Visions. Art and Ideology in France and ItalyPrinceton University Press, 1997 283 pp., £14.95 pbk, ISBN 0 69102 7374 ARMEL. A. Marguerite Duras: les trois lieux de l'ecritChristian Pirot, 1998 150 pp., 110F., ISBN 2868 08117 7 BRIDGEMAN, T. Negotiating the New in the French Novel. Building Contexts for Fictional WorldsRoutledge, 1998 274 pp., £16.99, ISBN 0 415 13126 X CHARDONNE, J. and PAULHAN, J. Correspondance (1928–1962)Stock, 1999 267 pp., 130F., ISBN 2 234 05104 5 COLOMBANI, J.‐M. Le Resident de la RepubliqueStock, 1998 306 pp., ISBN 120 F., ISBN 2 234 04889 3 CROOK, M. Napoleon Comes to Power: Democracy and Dictatorship in Revolutionary France, 1795–1804University of Wales Press, 1998 153 pp., no price indicated ISBN 0 7083 1401 5 DE BAECQUE, A. and DELAGE, C. (eds) De l'histoire au cinemaComplexe, 1998 222 pp. 139F., ISBN 2 87027 705 9 DETHYRE, R. Chomeurs. La revolte ira loinLa Dispute, 1998 192 pp., 69F., ISBN 2 84303 015 3 DONNAT, O. Les Pratiques cultur...

In his scintillating volume, Freud, Proust and Lacan: Theory as Fiction , Malcolm Bowie writes of the ‘profoundly unsettling view of human sexuality enshrined’ in the later volumes of A la recherche du temps perdu . Bowie writes wonderfully about the narrator's attachment to Albertine: The asking of questions about Albertine – has she had lesbian relationships in the past? is she having, or contriving to have, such relationships now? how can truth be distinguished from falsehood in Albertine's reports on her actions and feelings? – is presented as one of the narrator's inescapable emotional needs. His mind comes to specialise ever more devotedly in the production and transformation of anxiety, and in the telling of tactical lies designed to surprise Albertine into self-disclosure. Bowie traces the relation between interpretation and desire in this long novel, responding to the two as interminable, and infinitely involved with one another. Looking beyond previous critical attempts to locate Albertine and define her sexuality, Bowie reminds us that ‘Albertine's sexuality remains an enigma’. He continues: ‘Albertine cannot be known, unless this interminable passage from structure to structure is itself knowledge and our other notions of what it is to know are the products of a lingering infantile wish for comfort or mastery.’ It has now long been recognised that literary and cultural studies in France have felt the impact of queer studies and of theoretical investigations of gender, pursued in the USA and UK, only latterly.