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Recently, there has been a steady increase in the interest of specialists in various fi elds in audiovisual documents and archival collections, as they are a kind of repository of semantic and fi gurative information, and their involvement in comprehensive research allows more objective tracking of historical phenomena and processes. The purpose of the study is to analyze the genre spectrum, topics, content and information potential of audiovisual documents of the Central State Archives of Cinema, Audio and Visual Documents of Ukraine named after H. Pshenychny, devoted to the development of science and scientifi c cinema of the 20th century. Research methods. The basis of the study are theoretical developments and concepts of foreign and domestic scholars in the fi eld of archival science, fi lm studies, source studies. The work is carried out using general scientifi c methods of analysis and synthesis based on the principles of historicism and objectivity. Methods of source criticism, chronological, systemic, typological analysis, structural and functional were also used in covering the topic. Scientifi c novelty. The problem of using audiovisual documents as historical sources is increasingly coming to the center of domestic and foreign scientifi c discourse. Audiovisual documents of the Central State Archives of Cinema, Audio and Visual Documents of Ukraine named after H. Pshenychny, devoted to the development of science and scientifi c cinema of the 20th century, were not the subject of a separate independent study; the composition of the archival «scientifi c» fi lm collection is presented for the fi rst time. Prospects for further research. A detailed study of individual audiovisual documents and thematic groups of documents from the collection of the Central State Archives of Cinema, Audio and Visual Documents of Ukraine named after H. Pshenychny, comparing them with other archival documents will contribute to a more complete and in-depth understanding of various phenomena and processes. Conclusions. The Central State Archives of Cinema, Audio and Visual Documents of Ukraine named after H. Pshenychny preserves a signifi cant variety of documentaries of «scientifi c cinema», which can be a solid basis for studying the history of science and technology in different decades of the 20th century in Ukraine and for representations of scientifi c topics on the screen. References: Bezklubenko, S. D. (2007). Yak robytsia film (vydy i zhanry) [How a film is made (kinds and genres)]. Pytannya kulturolohiyi: Zbirnyk naukovych prac, 23, 160–169. [in Ukrainian]. Briukhovetska, L. (2018). Perervanyi polit. Ukrainske kino chasiv VUFKU: sproba reconstrukcii [The interrupted flight. Ukrainian cinema from the times of VUFKU: reconstruction attempt]. Kyiv: Vydavnychyj dim «Kyivo-Mohylianska Akademija. [in Ukrainian]. Eitzen, D. (1995) When Is a Documentary?: Documentary as a Mode of Reception. Cinema Journal, Vol. 35, 1 (Autumn), 81‒102. Retrieved January 12, 2020, from http://www.semanticscholar.org [in English]. https://doi.org/10.2307/1225809 Furmanova, Z. (1987). Shagi za gorizont: filmy o nauke kinorezhissera Feliksa Soboleva [Steps across horizon: director Feliks Sobolev’s films about science]. Moskva: Sojuz kinematografistov SSSR. [in Russian]. Gurova, L. L. (1980). Kino o nauke [Cinema about science]. Moskva: VGIK. [in Russian]. Hoseyko, L. (2005). Istoriia ukrainskoho kinematohrafa. 1896–1995 [History of the Ukrainian cinematography. 1896–1995]. (S. Dovhaniuk, Trans., V. Vojtenko, Ed.). Kyiv: KINO-KOLO. [in Ukrainian]. Kareva, I. O. (1986). Lyudyna nauky na ekrani [On-screen science person]. Kyiv: Naukova dumka. [in Ukrainian]. Kasian, L. H. (2018). Audiovizualni dokumenty u protcesi formuvanna іstorychnoi pamiati [Audiovisual documents in the process of historical memory formation]. Arkhivy Ukrainy, 5, 91–99. [in Ukrainian]. Kasian, L. H. (2014). Audiovizualni dokumenty yak dzherelo vyvchennya istorii ukrainskoho teatru XX stolittya [Audiovisual documents as a source for studying Ukrainian theatre of the 20th century]. Arkhivy Ukrainy, 3, 158–169. [in Ukrainian]. Kasian, L. (2016). Dzherelnyj potencial audiovizualnyh dokumentiv u doslidzhenni kulturno-hromadskoi ta literaturnoi diialnosti P. H. Tychyny [Source potential of audiovisual documents in terms of the research on P. H. Tychyna’s cultural, public and literary activity]. Siveryanskyj litopys, 1, 115–121. [in Ukrainian]. Kasian, L. H. (2019). Fonodokumenty z istorii ukrainskoho ta zarubizhnoho teatralnoho mystectva v arkhivnij kolekcii CDKFFA Ukrainy imeni H. S. Pshenychnoho [Phonodocuments on the history of Ukrainian and foreign theatrical art based on the archival collection of the Central State Archives of Cinema, Photo and Audio Records of Ukraine named after H. S. Pshenychny]. Arkhivy Ukrainy, 1, 150–162. [in Ukrainian]. Kobelkova, L. A. (1998). Kvoprosuob analize informacionnogo potenciala audiovizualnyh dokumentov [On the question of informational potential analysis of audiovisual documents]. Vestnik arhivista, 2, 74–79. [in Russian]. Konyk, A. (2012). Istorichna pamiat yak кomuniкatyvnyj concept. [Historical memory as a communicative concept]. Visnyk Lvivskoho natsionalnoho universitetu im. I. Franka. Seriya zhurnalistyka, 33, 112–116. [in Ukrainian]. Kovalska, L. A. (2012). Kinodzherelnyj masyv yak audiovizualne svidchennya partyzansko-pidpilnoyi borotby 1941–1945 rr. [Cinema source array as an audiovisual evidence of the partisan and underground struggle of 1941–1945]. Istorychni zapysky, 33, 97–100. [in Ukrainian]. Kovalska, L. A. (2013). Specyfika analizu teledokumentalistyky yak dzherela z istoriyi Ruhu Oporu v roky Velykoyi Vitchyznyanoyi vijny [The analysis specifics of TV documentary films as the sources on the history of the Resistance movement during the Great Patriotic War]. Istorychni i politolohichni doslidzhennya, 1(51), 40–45. [in Ukrainian]. Magidov, V. M. (1992). Kinofotofonodokumenty kak istoricheskij istochnik [Cinema, photo and audio records as the historical source]. Otechestvennaja istorija, 5, 104–116. [in Russian]. Magidov, V. M. (2005). Kinofotofonodokumenty v kontekste istoricheskogo znanija [Cinema, photo and audio records in terms of historical knowledge]. Moskva: RGGU. [in Russian]. Mazur, L. N. (2015). Vizualizaciia istorii: novyj povorot v razvitii istoricheskogo poznaniya [History visualization: new turn in the development of historical perception]. Quaestio Rossica, 3, 160‒178. [in Russian]. Naumova, L. (2014). Umovy vynyknennya ukrainskoho natsionalnoho kinematohrafa i diialnist VUFKU [Conditions for the establishment of the Ukrainian national cinematography and the activities of All-Ukrainian Photo Cinema Administration]. Naukovyj Visnyk Kyivskoho natsionalnoho universitetu kino i telebachennia imeni I. K. Kаrpenка-Kаrоhо, 15, 152‒160. [in Ukrainian]. Osnovni napryamky diyalnosti VUFKU [Main directions of the All-Ukrainian Photo Cinema Administration activity]. Retrieved March 12, 2020, from https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ [in Ukrainian]. Ovsiyuk, O. (2017). Kartohrafiya i hronolohia stolychnoho sinematohrafa: kyivske kino pershoyi polovyny XX stolittia [Cartography and chronology of the capital cinematography: cinema in Kyiv throughout the first half of the 20th century]. Ukraina Moderna. Retrieved March 12, 2020, from http://uamoderna.com/md/ovsiuk-cinema [in Ukrainian]. Prozhiko, G. S. (1980). Zhanry v sovetskom dokumentalnom kino 60–70-h godov: uchebnoe posobie [Genres of the Soviet documentary films of the 1960s‒1970s: study guide]. Moskva: VGIK. [in Russian]. Roslyak, R. V. (2014). Thematychne planuvannya v ukrainskij kinematohrafii doby VUFKU [Thematic planning of Ukrainian cinematography in the period of All-Ukrainian Photo Cinema Administration]. Naukovyj Visnyk Kyivskoho natsionalnoho universitetu kino i telebachenna imeni I. K. Kаrpenка-Kаrоhо, 15, 167‒172. [in Ukrainian]. Seksenbaeva, G. A. (2011). Kinofonofotodokumenty kak istoricheskij istochnik: uchebnoe posobie [Cinema, photo and audio records as the historical source: study guide]. Almaty. [in Russian]. Trymbach, S. V. (n.d.) Kino naukovo-populiarne. In Encyklopediya suchasnoyi Ukrainy [Popular science cinema. In Encyclopedia of modern Ukraine]. Retrieved February 10, 2020, from http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=6928 [in Ukrainian]. Trymbach, S. V. (n.d.). Kroky za horyzont. 85 lit tomu narodyvsya Feliks Sobolyev [Steps across horizon. 85 years ago Feliks Sobolev was born]. Retrieved April 18, 2020, from kinoduk.com [in Ukrainian]. Vasilkov, I. (1982). Iskusstvo kinopopuliarizacii: ocherki teorii nauchno-populjarnogo kino [The art of movie popularization: analytical review on the theory of popular science cinema]. Moskva: VGIK. [in Russian]. Venhrynovych, O. B. (2015). «Naukove kino» yak osoblyva haluz ekrannoho mystectva [«Scientific cinema» as a special branch of the on-screen art]. Visnyk KNUKiM. Seriya mystectvoznavstvo, 32, 21–26. [in Ukrainian]. Yemelianova, T. O. (2019). Formuvannya arkhivnyh audiovizualnyh kolekcij: novitni tendencii ta vyklyky rozvytku [The formation of archival audiovisual collections: current trends and development challenges]. Arkhivy Ukrainy, 3, 100‒112. [in Ukrainian]. Yemelianova, T. O. (2015). Ukrainske dokumentalne kino druhoi polovyny 1960-h – seredyny 1980-h rokiv (arkhivoznavcho-dzhereloznavchyj aspekt) [Ukrainian documentaries of the second half of the 1960s – in the middle of the 1980s (archival and source aspect)]. Arkhivy Ukrainy, 1, 192–201. [in Ukrainian]. Zahdansky, Ye. P. (1970). Filmy, obrazy i formuly [Films, images and formulas]. Kyiv: Naukova dumka. [in Ukrainian]. Zahdansky, Ye. P. (1980). Kyivska kinostudiia naukovo-populiarnyh filmiv. In Ukrainska radianska encyklopediya [Kyiv film studio of documentary films. In Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia] (Vol 5, 2nd ed.). [in Ukrainian].

The article presents the integrated course “The History of Science and Technology” developed for the students of pedagogical universities, majoring in physics, mathematics, and computer sciences. The authors highlight the effective forms, methods and means of teaching the course. The qualitative research methods included observations, conversations with students, verbal and written surveys regarding course effectiveness; the quantitative methods applied testing of students’ progress. 56 students from Poltava V. G. Korolenko National Pedagogical University studying the course “The History of Science and Technology” and 53 students from National Pedagogical Dragomanov University attending the traditional courses, such as “The History of Mathematics”, “The History of Physics”, “The History of Computer Science” were involved in the experiment. The results show that important components for organising science history teaching and future pedagogical activities for students are assessment, developing and using teaching aids, and solving problems referring to history. The survey of teachers showed that the effectiveness of studying the course is mostly influenced by 3 main factors: enhancing students’ educational and cognitive activity in the process of introducing new material (76 %); solving problems referring to history during lectures, seminars and doing homework (62 %); doing individual tasks by students (56 %). The efficiency of the course “The History of Science and Technology” is achieved through: revising previously studied material at the beginning of the lecture; introducing problem-based learning; team teaching; individual tasks, summative assessment. The course “The History of Science and Technology” provides students with integrated knowledge about the development of science as well as the readiness to use historical information in future pedagogical activities in the conditions of STEM-education.

Ol´ga Val´kova monograph is devoted to women’s gradual entry into the academic community of the Russian empire in the late 18th – early 20th century. The book is essentially a reworked doctoral dissertation that Ol´ga Val´kova successfully defended at the Institute for the History of Science and Technology, Moscow, in 2014. We should certainly welcome this publication, as Ol´ga Val´kova’s research fills a manifest gap both in the social history of science in Russia and in Russian gender histo...

Ancient Chinese civilization was agricultural. To grasp the essence of science and civilization in China, Dr Joseph Needham drew attention to its agricultural development. He maintained close academic relations with Chinese historians of agriculture and obtained their help from time to time for the compilation of his Science and Civilisation in China. Needham also had a far-reaching influence on research on the agricultural history of China, both on its institutionalization and on transitions in the directions of research. The so-called ‘Needham puzzle’ was first proposed systematically in his address titled ‘Science and agriculture in China and the West’ at the annual conference of the China Agronomic Association in Chongqing in 1943. He believed that science is not isolated from society but is an indivisible part of civilization and that civilization has evolved as the result of the interactions of science, society and the environment.

Cybernetics saturates the humanities. Norbert Wiener’s movement gave vocabulary and hardware to developments all across the early digital era, and still does so today to those who seek to interpret it. Even while the Macy Conferences were still taking place in the early 1950s, talk of feedback and information and pattern had spread to popular culture – and to Europe. The new science created a shared language and culture for surpassing political and intellectual ideas that could be relegated to a pre-computing tradition, and it refracted or channelled currents developing in fields from manufacturing to human physiology. It produced conceptions of the political world, as well as new forms of historical consciousness. It offered frameworks for structuralist thought, but also for policies regarding manufacturing and technology, international relations, and governmental decision-making. But the rising sense of the breadth, importance, and even shock of cybernetics long remained understudied, even as its intellectual assemblages continued to, well, relay. In devices and the so-called ‘digital humanities’, a refracted legacy of cybernetics is also visible. From mainframes to category-frameworks, cybernetics is everywhere in our material and intellectual worlds, even as the name and its meaning have faded. To the extent that cybernetics permeates the human sciences and our culture at large, it remains opaque – an only partially visible legacy often deemed too complex to form a simple object of historical narrative. This special issue on cybernetics in the human sciences outlines the history and stakes of cybernetics, as well as the possibilities of returning to it today.

This essay assesses the connections between craft, science, and technology, which I explore through the notion of skill. In particular, what we can learn from studying things and materials? Where do the properties of materials fit in the history of science and technology? Materiality, I argue, allows for a synthetic kind of thinking in line with the approach taken by Joseph Needham in his seven-volume Science and Civilisation in China (1954-84). A methodology is proposed that seeks to harmonize science and craft knowledge, and offers a potential route through which the relationship between social and material phenomena may be explored.

Background There is a plentiful amount of local knowledge on plants hidden in the literature of foreign exploration to China in modern history. Mongolia and Amdo and the Dead City of Khara-Khoto (MAKK) is an expedition record on the sixth scientific expedition to northwestern China (1907–1909) initiated by P. K. Kozlov (1863–1935), a famous Russian Central Asian explorer. Used as a non-professional biology book, MAKK contains some botanical knowledge. The information noted down over more than 100 years ago is about the traditional knowledge of the Mongolian folks lived on the Mongolian plateau and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau for the understanding and utilization of plants, which is of a highlighted function for the study of the botany and the history of science and technology. We therefore have carried on relevant collation, analysis, investigation and criticism to Mongolian local knowledge on plants in MAKK, and obtained the status quo of these local knowledge. Methods The authors used the literature research method to sort and compare the two versions of MAKK, separating out the Mongolian local knowledge about plant naming and utilization. Then, these contents were verified through literature textual method and were catalogued according to the method of ethnobotany. Based on these, the authors carried out field investigations along with Kozlov’s expedition routes in Alxa in 2019 and 2020, respectively. The methods of key informants interview, snowball sampling, and rational sampling were all used in field investigations. By analyzing the interview data of 34 key informants, we obtained the status quo of local knowledge recorded in MAKK. Results By means of regulation and research, it is found that Mongolian plant folk names of one genus and eight species were recorded in MAKK. Their morphological characteristics and traditional grazing knowledge are crucial naming basis. There are three types on the structures of Mongolian plant name: simple primary name, complex primary name, and secondary name. Corresponding relations between Mongolian folk name and scientific name are existed in “one-to-one,” “multitude-to-one,” and “one-to-multitude” forms. The classification of certain plants by Mongolian people has reached the level of species or varieties. In addition, the Mongols’ usage for nine species of plants was noted in MAKK. These plants are mainly used for edible, graziery, fuelwood, building material, toponym, and belief. With the development and change of the society, it is found that some utilization methods have been replaced or even disappeared, while the remainders still continue to be applied. Conclusions Firstly, the Mongols have indigenous rules and systems for nominating and classifying plants. Secondly, the Mongolian local knowledge on plants possesses multiform character. Thirdly, the Mongolian local knowledge on plants and Mongolian culture have mutual influence and interdependence relationship. Fourthly, the Mongolian local knowledge on plants urgently needs to be protected in many forms. Finally, it is veritable and reliable for the records of Mongolian botanical local knowledge in MAKK by textual research, and it is valuable for scientific research. The historical notes more than 100 years ago are not only supply dependable information and momentous historical data for Mongolian ethnobotany and Chinese minority science and technology history research, but also offer references for ecology, flora, and botanical history study.

The year 1968 is universally considered a watershed in history, as the world was experiencing an accelerated growth of anti-establishment protests that would have long-lasting impacts on the cultural, social, and political spheres of human life. On September 26, amid social and political unrest across the globe, 62 physicists gathered in Geneva to found the European Physical Society. Among these were the official representatives of the national physical societies of 18 countries in both Eastern and Western Europe, who signed the constitution in spite of the political divides of the Cold War. According to the main proponent of the society, Italian physicist Gilberto Bernardini, the success of the initiative was the realization of a dream: the institutional formation of a single community of European physicists, a representation of a culturally unified Europe that he described as a “single highly civilized nation.” The analysis of as yet unexplored archival materials of Bernardini and other protagonists in the establishment of the society has enabled an investigation of the historical development of science diplomacy in two interconnected ways: first, by elucidating how the actors involved, especially those in Western Europe, interpreted their role as diplomats amid particularly turbulent reconfigurations of international political relations; second, by interpreting the attempt to institutionalize transnational scientific networks with the establishment of a non-governmental organization as a tool to influence world political affairs. It will first be shown that the political ideal of a culturally unified Europe was deeply intertwined with the socio-professional interests of a specific community, mostly involved with CERN. I will argue that, in the process of establishing the society, the invasion of Czechoslovakia by Warsaw Pact armed forces led many of the Western physicists involved in this process to reframe the role of the European Physical Society as a tool to diffuse liberal-democratic values and to support political dissidents in Eastern Europe.

It is well known that technological change causes social change, and vice versa. Using system and historical perspectives, this article examines that truth at a finer level of specificity, namely, that social perceptions of interconnectedness influence the progress of science and technology, and that conversely, as 21st-century technology makes us in fact more connected, society&rsquo, s anxieties shift. From the science/technology side, we look at interdisciplinary research, system and complexity theory, quantum tech, and the Internet, exploring how these interact and cause changes in social attitudes&mdash, fears, conspiracy theories, political polarization, and even entertainment trends&mdash, some of which are surprising, and some dangerous. The article&rsquo, s systems view helps make sense of current environmental, political, and psychological crises. It combines original ideas with those of several prominent thinkers, to suggest constructive actions.

No processo de comunicação da ciência as expressões de gratidão por contribuições dadas e recebidas pelos pares podem revelar o reconhecimento científico àqueles que de alguma forma contribuíram com determinada pesquisa e com o avanço do conhecimento em uma área específica. Nesse contexto, o objeto de estudo deste artigo são os agradecimentos e obituários acadêmicos publicados em periódicos científicos, com o objetivo de analisar a presença do colégio invisível e a colaboração científica de Derek de Solla Price nessas publicações. A metodologia adotada combinou as análises bibliométrica e de conteúdo. A fonte de dados foi o Google Scholar e o corpus da pesquisa foi composto por artigos (n=46) contendo agradecimentos, e obituários, tributos e homenagens póstumas (n=26) a Price. As seguintes variáveis foram analisadas: autores e autorias, evolução temporal dos artigos, títulos dos periódicos e áreas de conhecimento dos agradecimentos e obituários acadêmicos. Os resultados revelaram que o colégio invisível e a rede de colaboração científica de Price foram compostas por autores dos campos da cientometria, sociologia da ciência e história da ciência e da tecnologia., In the science communication process, expressions of gratitude for contributions given and received by peers can reveal scientific recognition to those who somehow contributed to a certain research and to advance knowledge in a specific area. In this context, the object of study of this article is the acknowledgments and academic obituaries published in scientific journals, with the aim of analyzing the presence of the invisible college and the scientific collaboration of Derek de Solla Price in these publications. The adopted methodology combined bibliometric and content analysis. The data source was Google Scholar and the research corpus consisted of articles (n = 46) containing acknowledgments and academic obituaries (n = 26) to Price. The following variables were analyzed: authors and authors, time evolution of articles, titles of journals and areas of knowledge of acknowledgments and academic obituaries. The results revealed that Price's invisible college and scientific collaboration network were composed of authors from the fields of scientometry, sociology of science and history of science and technology., Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

The relevance of this article is due to the need to specify the content of scientific and technical cooperation between the USSR and the People’s Republic of China in the field of computer technology in the second half of the 1950s. This topic is fragmentarily presented in works on the history of science and technology, although in the recent past, certain attempts to highlight the problem were made by both domestic and Chinese researchers in the broad context of bilateral cooperation. One of the active participants in scientific and technical cooperation with the PRC was the Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Memories of the participants of the events can be found on the Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering (IPMCE) website [1], which was one source of this paper. The other source was the IPM & CE documents from the RAS Archive and materials on USSR – China cooperation from the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History (RGANI).

By 2020, it is expected that approximately 70 % of the world’s surface astronomical observation will be located in Chile, considering both optical and infrared telescopes, belonging to international institutions. How did this happen? Can we explain the overwhelming importance of astronomy in this southern country only because of its geography? This process began when scientists from Europe, the United States, and the Soviet Union went to Chile in the 1960s, and each one of them decided to build a massive observatory in the country. The atmospheric conditions certainly had a role in these decisions, but they were also related to Cold War politics and, indirectly, to the previous history of astronomy in Chile. The international dimension of astronomy in Chile had been preset since the mid-19th century, when the first modern astronomy initiative took place. An American expedition built the first observatory, which later became the National Astronomical Observatory. By the early 20th century, another American expedition had arrived in Chile, and this one stayed for more than twenty years. Decades later, the global dimension of astronomy took the decisive step in the southern country and set the milestone for the development in the hands of Europeans, Americans and Soviets. In the process, Chileans became involved with astronomy, trying to promote science, the country’s international relations, and to grasp the attractions of modernity.

In this introduction we explain the overall approach taken in this special issue. It is the collective result of a working group of historians who focus on very different periods and regions, such as the medieval Latin West, Spanish America, Qing China, and the Ottoman Empire. We show, firstly, how bureaucracy has worked as a term of critique and how, in fin-de-siecle Europe, it became an analytical concept used for world-historical comparison with a strong Western bias. Against this background, we then develop our group’s new approach to analyzing bureaucratic procedures as knowledge processes, a method we term “bureaucracy as knowledge.” This approach builds on the history of science and technology and aims to recover actors’ ways of organizing social and material worlds rather than judge them by modernist, Western standards. Third, we discuss if there is such a thing as “bureaucratic knowledge” sui generis and, based on the experience of our authors, suggest ways of studying plural knowledges that cut across different domains. Finally, we argue that historical bureaucracies merit close investigation because they have demonstrated the power to both make and break social and material worlds. The approach proposed in this issue can therefore help make better sense of the dynamics by which bureaucracies exert such power in situations otherwise studied by political, cultural, and social historians. This introduction is part of a special issue entitled “Histories of Bureaucratic Knowledge,” edited by Sebastian Felten and Christine von Oertzen.

Розкрито процес зародження системи вищої електротехнічної освіти в Україні наприкінці ХІХ ст. початку ХХ ст. Обґрунтовано внесок професора П.П. Копняєва у заснування наукової електротехнічної школи України. Розкрито організаційну діяльність вченого у створенні електротехнічного факультету Харківського політехнічного інституту та першого в Україні спеціалізованого вищого навчального закладу електротехнічного профілю. Доведено, що вісім основних електротехнічних напрямів наукових досліджень, започаткованих П.П. Копняєвим, набули розвитку і стали в подальші роки окремою науковою школою або науковим напрямом., Purpose. To carry out complete historical and scientific analysis of Professor P.P. Kopniaiev's activities and establish his role and place of achievements in the formation of the basic concepts and directions of the theory of electrical engineering and its practical application in the development of higher education in Ukraine. Methodology. We have applied general scientific methods of logic and classification, analysis and synthesis and special historical methods – historical-comparative, problem-chronological, synchronic and diachronic. Results. On the basis of generalization of a wide range of sources of central, regional and personal archives, the principles and content of scientific-pedagogical, organizational and public activities of P.P. Kopniaiev were revealed and the classification of the scientific work according to the main directions of his research was conducted. Originality. Complex analysis of P.P. Kopniaiev's scientific-pedagogical, organizational and public activities were carried out in the field of higher electrical engineering education and industrial development in Ukraine, and his scientific achievements were classified according to the main directions. Practical value. Factual information, generalizations and conclusions can be applied in the teaching of humanitarian and engineering disciplines in higher education, in particular in the development of the lecture courses and textbooks used in educational activities, as well as in the preparation of general and scientific works on the history of science and technology.

This book is part of a small but growing critical historiography of Nikola Tesla – a kind of Reformation in Tesla Studies. The volume derives its thesis from something all serious student of the history of science and technology know: most breakthroughs are overdetermined. Overlooking the introduction, we can say that this book is a welcome and much needed addition to the Tesla literature. It’s attractive and generally clear and unhurried in its discussion of electricity and electromagnetic theory.

The term “civilization” has been used in many contexts where accusations of Western imperialism, racism, and the like do not at all apply. Works on the history of science and technology in ancient cultures provide one such example, when they speak of Egyptian civilization or early Chinese civilization. It is also not true that works of the Enlightenment view the non-western world as less civilized and inferior. An entire genre of writing inspired by Jesuit accounts discovered in China a higher form of society that Europe should emulate. Two such works were Oliver Goldsmith’s Letters from a Citizen of the World and Francois Quesnay’s Le Despostisme de la chine, which offer, respectively, an extended satire and a sharp critique of European society.

The subject of Warren Sack’s talk will be The Software Arts, a book recently published in the MIT Press “Software Studies” series. Sack offers an alternative history of software that traces its roots to the step-by-step descriptions of how things were made in the workshops of eighteenth-century artists and artisans. He illustrates how software was born of a coupling of the liberal arts and the mechanical arts and argues that the arts are at the heart of computing. The Software Arts is an invitation to artists and humanists to see how their ideas are already at the very center of software; and an invitation to computer scientists to envision how they are artists and humanists too.

Using cross-cultural comparison, Joseph Needham composed a "connected history" of Chinese science and technology in global context, so that his Science and Civilisation in China (SCC) offered a refreshing view of science and technology to readers. In the SCC's subvolume on mechanical engineering (vol. 4, part 2), for example, the authors identified many inventions in premodern China, including the efficient harness, the gimbal, and the waterwheel linkwork escapement. Needham further tried to verify the possible origin and transregional dissemination (including stimulus diffusion) of such inventions as the astronomical clockwork and the interconversion of rotary and rectilinear motion in Eurasia. Although it was difficult to make satisfying arguments about the impact of Chinese knowledge on any European invention, Needham's methodologies, and even his enlightening speculations, are of real significance for present and future scholarship.

Between 1922 and 1950, a growing interest in mechanical principles led to the emergence of a range of non-anatomic dentures that aimed to eliminate the disadvantages of their anatomic counterparts in favour of better mastication efficiency, stability, comfort, and durability. This paper investigates why the development of these non-anatomic prostheses came to a halt. In doing so, it analyses a range of cultural and anthropological factors concerned with dental morphology, and concludes that the concept of who we are and what makes us human—our identity, personality, language, culture, or technology—no longer rests within the bounds of our material body, but in the non-material world we have created. And that the social, cultural, and technological systems we have built outside of us have as much influence over our physical and anatomical attributes as we did in shaping them.

Drawing upon the concepts of civic epistemologies and sociotechnical imaginaries, this article delves into the history of nuclear energy in Portugal, analyzing the ways in which the nuclear endeavor was differently enacted by various sociopolitical collectives – the Fascist State, post-revolutionary governments and the public. Following the 1974 revolution - known as the Carnation Revolution - this paper analyzes how the nuclear project was fiercely contested by a vibrant anti-nuclear movement assembled against the construction of the Ferrel Nuclear Plant, the first sociotechnical controversy in Portugal, paving the way for the emergence of a combative civic epistemology. Supported by semi-structured interviews with scientists, activists and local residents of Ferrel and the analysis of historical material, this article presents the failed Portuguese nuclear endeavor as an emblematic case study to explore the co-production of science and society, in particular the role of revolutionary processes in the unfolding of sociotechnical controversies.

India is a country with a long history of science and technology development. Since ancient times, the country has accomplished many outstanding achievements. However, when India became independent, its science and technology infrastructure was fairly weak and its organizational structure was far from adequate. As a result, the country relied heavily on foreign support for science and technology. After decades of efforts guided by national needs, India has strengthened its science and technology infrastructure and capability, continuously reducing its dependence on foreign countries and growing from small to big, weak to strong. Furthermore, India made major progress in the areas of institutions, facilities, service and product, etc. In both basic and applied research fields, India commands considerable strength, which provides powerful support and motivation for national economic construction and development.

A mythology surrounds the 1931 Second International Congress of the History of Science and Technology. The event is portrayed as a calm and learned gathering where political dispassion and liberal tolerance towards the Soviet delegation were the order of the day. This is, in fact, a myth circulated by some of the participants who wanted to gloss over the conflict that actually characterized the congress. The notion finds its apex in the events surrounding the Special Session that is often positioned as the platform created for the Russians to deliver their papers. This was not the case. A persistent clash occurred between the Soviet delegation and Charles Singer throughout the congress, fuelled by Singer's attempts to generate publicity for the event and a powerful press reaction to the presence of the Soviets. The Congress became a significant focus for politics in Britain and Singer reacted by trying to silence the Soviets. The Special Session, far from being a platform for Marxist history of science, turned into a failed public relations exercise, and ultimately became the stage for the public humiliation of the Soviet delegates.

Historical European martial arts (HEMA) have to be considered an important part of our common European cultural heritage. Studies within this field of research have the potential to enlighten the puzzle posed by past societies, for example in the field of history, history of science and technology, or fields related to material culture. The military aspects of history are still to be considered among the most popular themes of modern times, generating huge public interest. In the last few decades, serious HEMA study groups have started appearing all over the world – focusing on re-creating a lost martial art. The terminology “Historical European Martial Arts” therefore also refers to modem-day practices of ancient martial arts. Many of these groups focus on a “hands-on” approach, thus bringing practical experience and observation to enlighten their interpretation of the source material. However, most of the time, they do not establish inquiries based on scientific research, nor do they follow methodologies that allow for a critical analysis of the findings or observations. This paper will therefore propose and discuss, ideas on how to bridge the gap between enthusiasts and scholars; since their embodied knowledge, acquired by practice, is of tremendous value for scientific inquiries and scientific experimentation. It will also address HEMA practices in the context of modern day acceptance of experimental (or experiential) processes and their value for research purposes and restoration of an historical praxis. The goal is therefore to sketch relevant methodological and theoretical elements, suitable for a multidisciplinary approach, to HEMA, where the “H” for “historical” matters.

This paper reviews the career of the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Russian engineer Aleksej Nikolaevich Krylov (1863–1945). He made prodigious contributions to the fields of marine engineering, naval architecture, strength of materials, physics, analogue computers, ballistics, applied mathematics, astronomy, and engineering education. Surprisingly unknown in the West today, Krylov had achieved international fame in 1899 when he became the first foreigner to receive a gold medal from the Royal Institution of Naval Architects in London. After the years of upheaval following the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent civil war, Krylov was instrumental in re-establishing scientific contacts with the West and defining Soviet technological policy. Later in life, his erudition extended into the history of science and technology. This paper focuses on his first ground-breaking work: the development of methods to correct compass deviation and the corresponding design of his new dromos...

International audience; The collection of essays introduced in this article contributes to the debate on the commercialization of academic science by shifting the focus from institutional developments meant to foster university technology transfer to the actions of individual scientists. Instead of searching for the origins of the ‘entrepreneurial university,’ this special issue examines the personal involvement of academic physicists, engineers, photographic scientists, and molecular biologists in three types of commercial activity: consulting, patenting, and full-blown business entrepreneurship. The authors investigate how this diverse group of teachers and researchers perceived their institutional and professional environments, their career prospects, the commercial value of their knowledge and reputation, and their ability to exploit these assets. By documenting academic scientists’ response to market opportunities, the articles suggest that, already in the decades around 1900, commercial work was widespread and, in some cases, integral to academics’ teaching and research activity.

Professor William (Bill) Johnson, engineer, educator and research scientist, died peacefully on 13 June 2010, aged 88 years. His illustrious academic career spanned more than 50 years, during which time he published more than 400 papers and wrote eight books. His primary speciality within applied mechanics was the applications of plasticity theory to manufacturing processes and to impact mechanics, to both of which he contributed well-received text books. However, he also had a long-established passion for the history of science and technology. His research and publications also included engineering aspects of sports, medicine, history and literature. He engaged students with an exciting style of teaching, engendering enthusiasm for the subject at a time when, primarily, only chalk and blackboard were available. He was also an inspirational research collaborator. Many students and colleagues who had their initial training under his guidance have been appointed to chairs throughout the world.

When NASA’s Apollo 11 craft landed on the Moon 50 years ago on Sunday 20 July 1969 at 20:18 (GMT), it was not just a significant moment in the history of science and technology.

Science and technology have grown in tandem with the development pattern of human civilization in this universe.History of human civilization requires effort of manifestation of values in the scope of their own perspective.The statement above can be proved by the strong backup with meaning of science and technology itself, it is values and includes the cultural worldview formed by human itself.Science and technology have evolved in an orderly manner on the based on scientific research objectives.Innovation and creation of science and technology is influenced by the epistemology and methodology.Object of study in the disciplines of science and technology are also divided into different categories and also create its own sub-knowledge.This paper discusses aspects of the history of science and technology and also aspects of epistemology and methodology of science and technology in Islamic civilization.

This book treats several subjects from the History of Mechanism and Machine Science, and also contains an illustrative presentation of the Museum of Engines and Mechanisms of the University of Palermo, Italy, which houses a collection of various pieces of machinery from the last 150 years. The various sections deal with some eminent scientists of the past, with the history of industrial installations, machinery and transport, with the human inventiveness for mechanical and scientific devices, and with robots and human-driven automata. All chapters have been written by experts in their fields. The volume shows a wide-ranging panorama on the historical progress of scientific and technical knowledge in the past centuries. It will stimulate new research and ideas for those involved in the history of Science and Technology

Case-studies of the circle of Samuel Hartlib, one of the most prolific groups of reformers in post-Reformation Europe, are flourishing. The uncovering of rich details has, however, made it difficult to draw a meaningful generalization about the circle's bewilderingly wide range of activities. Focusing on the circle's promotion of ‘useful knowledge’, this article offers an analytical framework for building a new synthesis. The eclectic and seemingly chaotic pursuit of useful knowledge emerged, it will be shown, as differing responses to, and interpretations of, pervasive distrust and the pursuit of reformation. The article thus explores how loosely-shared experience shaped the circle's ambivalent practices of collaboration and exclusion. The study thereby contributes not only to studies of the Hartlib circle, but also to the historiography of post-Reformation culture and burgeoning studies of trust and credibility in the history of science and technology.

Gramsci’s notes on science in his notebooks Quaderni del carcere cast light on the theoretical position of his "philosophy of praxis" towards Italian neo-idealism, on the one hand, and Soviet Marxism on the other hand. Contrary to Italian idealists, Gramsci confided in the results of natural science, despite the fact that he conceived his "absolute" historicism as a dialogue and a correction of Croce and Gentile’s conservative philosophies. Gramsci thought science was rooted in history like all other aspects of culture, ideologies and philosophies. He privileged the history of science as the way to understand science itself. Gramsci strongly criticized the opinions on science expressed by the Soviet Marxist Bukharin in the well known A Popular Textbook of Marxist Sociology and in a speech he delivered at the International Congress of History of Science and Technology which was held in London in 1931. Although Gramsci agreed with him on an "externalist" approach to the history of science, he objected to socio-economical and technical reductionism, as well as to crypto-positivist materialist objectivism. Hence Gramsci’s original attempt to correct Soviet Marxism by the means of historicism, in a manner which is the reverse but complementary of his criticism of Italian neo-idealism.

Joseph Needham's Science and Civilisation in China revolutionized conventional views of the history of science and technology. The first volumes were welcomed as works of astonishing erudition and intellectual daring, but later Needham was increasingly criticized for promoting an outdated model of how science, technology and society are related, and for exaggerating the scientific achievements of premodern China. Winchester is neither a historian of science nor a historian of technology, still less a committed Marxist philosopher of science as Needham was. His popular biography of Needham presents his great enterprise almost as a caricature of the shortcomings for which it was criticized and ignores many of its most significant and enduring strengths. This essay considers the positive legacy and reworkings of Needham's critical crusade to present science and technology as a common human project, always and everywhere a product of intercultural flows and exchanges rather than the unique fruit of Western superiority.

This paper discusses the results of our analysis of over 2,500 articles related to science and technology found in the daily newspapers Embros and Skrip, between 1908 and 1910. In view of the importance of this historical period for Greece, we examine the public images(s) of science and technology and interpret the multifaceted discourse used by journalists when accounting for science and technology in their articles. From the wide range of articles studied, we have discerned four broad themes: the introduction and cultural appropriation of new technologies in Greek cities, the concern with public hygiene and general health issues, attempts to control Nature, and lastly the presentation of the scientific and technological advances taking place abroad. Our empirical study has shown that (1) all scientific and technical fields were covered in both newspapers, (2) science and technology were not only addressed in special columns dealing with science popularization, but permeated the entire newspaper, (3) the term ‘science’, with all its derivatives, was used for science proper, but also in expressions employed in order to write about the advanced technology of the period, (4) the concept of science was associated with the notion of modernity and that of progress.

Terence Cuneo OBE, CVO (1907–1996) is best known for his railway pictures and for the trademark mouse which appears in all his work since 1953. He was a war artist and the official artist for the 1953 Coronation; he was commissioned to paint Royalty, ceremonial and military occasions, together with engineering, industrial, equestrian and wildlife scenes. Princess Anne unveiled a statue in his honour on the Eurostar Balcony at Waterloo Station on 29 October 2004. The paper describes his career with a representative selection of the paintings in colour and includes written contributions from Professor Frank James of the Royal Institution Centre for the History of Science and Technology, UK and from Tim Crichton on the circumstances of three of the paintings.

There is a significant interest toward the history of tribology in both engineering and historical communities. However, there is a gap between engineers and historians in their approach to the topic, and existing literature sometimes overlooks various cultural influences, in particular, oriental ones, which affected the tribological science and technology. We consider the early history of lubrication and show that while the evidences of usage of lubricants (water, gypsum, and animal fats) in Ancient Egypt in 2nd-3rd millennia BC are hypothetic, rather than established facts, the Hebrew Bible contains earliest records of using oil as a lubricant. In particular, the account of rubbing the shield of King Saul (11th century BC) is discussed as well as other similar cases. These findings allow us to better understand the universal nature of history of science and technology as a multicultural phenomenon.

There is no question that the American public has an unabashed appetite for history. This is demonstrated in numerous ways from bestsellers by popular historians to tourism at historic sites and museums to the popularity of films and other media depicting versions of the past. Although historians might think that the discourse presented in most of these forums is simplistic and stilted, little doubt exists that it is passionate. This discussion explores a few of the issues affecting the public's deep fascination with the past, especially in the context of the history of science and technology, and the presentation of these issues in the Smithsonian Institution. These thoughts are tentative and speculative, but, I hope, stimulating and worthy of further consideration.

The public research sector is changing all over Europe. New semi-public research centers have emerged and now coexist with the traditional public research centers in the same organizational field. It is argued that these changes are mostly policy driven and that the main mechanism is the emergence of new legitimation models of what research and research centers should be for, with a strong emphasis on excellence in science, technology transfer, and service to society. Governments have changed the way they distribute resources or create research structures according to these changing models. As in many other events of the history of science and technology policy, the boundary struggles and changes are underlying issues in this paper. This transformation in the institutional environments of the research centers has instigated changes in the structure of the organizational field of research, mainly reflecting the emergence of new types of organizations and their search for management flexibility and the dive...