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The article considers the main approaches of analyzing the effectiveness of state programs of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and conducted a comparative characterization of the features of the methodology for assessing the effectiveness of state programs of individual constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The article examines the image-symbol of a vicious circle in the work of the social satirist M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. This image, plays an important role in creating a picture of the Russian national world. The circle embodies integrity, continuity, initial perfection and – hopelessness, fate, dead end. In the works of the satirist, the image-symbol of a vicious circle carries the meaning of stagnation, lifelessness, denial of the future, mysterious predestination. With regard to the social sphere, this image-symbol was used in the 19th century. French socialist-utopian Charles Fourier in his work “The New Economic and Societal World, or the Invention of a Method of Attractive and Naturally Appropriate Labor Distributed in Series of Passions”, a representative of the radical democratic wing in Russian journalism D. I. Pisarev (article “Realists”). In the works of Saltykov-Shchedrin, the idea of avicious circle appears repeatedly. The satire “The History of a City” testifies that the despotic forms of government, replacing one another, the power of the reactionary dark forces are a kind of fate for the country and the people. The existence of representatives of the local nobility, the popular masses, moves in a vicious circle, marked by stagnation, hopelessness, emptiness, and lack of hope for the future. The same can be said about the situation in the Russian outback: there only meaningless repetitions of events, the renewal of identical phenomena are possible. The conservative-protective desire to mythologize history, an apology for absolutism, is fraught with the danger of distorting the meaning of history, its driving forces, denying the centuries-old trials that have befallen the country and the people. For Saltykov-Shchedrin, the image of a vicious circle is associated with the riddle of Russian national destiny, which he has been trying to comprehend over the years. Striving for the ideal of social harmony, overcoming the vicious circle of predetermination for the enlightener, moralist was associated with both social transformations and moral renewal of the individual, with the awakening of Shame, Conscience and Truth in an individual and in the whole society, with their spiritual transformation, which gives an opportunity to make a breakthrough, initiate a purposeful life-giving movement forward.

Sensory perception is modulated in a top-down fashion by higher brain regions to regulate the strength of its own input resulting in the adaptation of behavioral responses. In olfactory perception, the horizontal diagonal band of broca (HDB), embedded in the basal forebrain modulates olfactory information processing by recruiting olfactory bulb (OB) interneurons to shape excitatory OB output. Currently, little is known about how specific HDB to OB top-down signaling affects complex olfactory-mediated behaviors. Here we show that the olfactory bulb is strongly and differentially innervated by HDB projections. HDB-silencing via tetanus toxin light chain led to reduced odor-evoked Ca2+-responses in glomeruli of the OB, underscoring HDB’s role in odor response modulation. Furthermore, selective, light-mediated silencing of HDB to OB afferents completely prevented olfactory-mediated habituation and discrimination behaviors. Notably, also social habituation and discrimination behaviors were affected. Mono-transsynaptic tracing studies indicated a robust HDB innervation from the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Here we provide evidence for a novel tri-synaptic PVN-HDB-OB axis responsible for modulating these types of behavior. Thus, HDB to OB projections constitute a central top-down pathway for olfactory-mediated habituation and discrimination behaviors.

Earthquakes have been responsible for the destruction of hundreds of monuments throughout human history. Due to their size, conservation state, and lack of seismic provisions, monuments are particu...

Astrakhan biosphere reserve, the Volga Delta, hunting, the birds’ nesting area, adjacent territory of the Delta, Northern Caspian sea, the species. The article is characterized by environmental protection, research and ekologo-educational activity of the Astrakhan biosphere reserve, which is the oldest environmental institution of the Federal value. Specific examples of diversification activities of the reserve, has drawn attention to the possibility of a successful combination of very important and substantive nature conservation with scientific research, environmental education and, even to some extent, educational activities.

The aim of our work was to create non-destructive methods of testing steel wire straightness while the wire is being produced. We made a conclusion about the reasons of bending moment appearance. The asymmetry in the density of microcracks on the left and right of the axis of symmetry of the wire leads to the asymmetry of stress in the met al. Also, asymmetry of stress could be the consequence of different mechanical properties of different section of steel wire. This difference in mechanical properties could be the consequence of different concentration of micro defects. Another possible reason of this effect could be the difference in chemical composition of neighbouring wire arrears. So, it was necessary to construct simple devise, which could indicate all that factors. It was suggested to measure the concentration of microcracks by indirect method. The concentration of microcracks affects the number of physical properties of the met al. First of all they are electrical conductivity and magnetic properties. We decide that the simplest solution is to control the asymmetry of stress in the wire by the asymmetry of the magnetic properties of the wire. The devise for such control was developed. This devise contains the magnetizing node, measuring node with magnetic sensors and signal processing unit. (© 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)