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In recent years, the gastronomy industry has increased the demand for rigorous and reliable tools to evaluate culinary creativity; but conceptually, creativity is difficult to define and even more difficult to measure. In this paper, we propose an AI-based method for assessing culinary product creativity by using the renowned high cuisine restaurant elBulli as a case study to understand the proliferation and scale of an entity’s creativity and innovation. To achieve so, we trained a Random Forest Classifier to assess the level of creativity within the restaurant’s recipes. The application of this model to elBulli’s recipes allowed us to answer the following questions: how can creativity in a culinary product be characterized? Is there a single trait that is the key to culinary creativity? Is the creative culinary product a truly original outcome? Our key findings are (1) although ingredients and preparation techniques prove to be suitable attributes to characterize creativity in a recipe, none of them nor an elite subset clearly identifies creative cuisine, (2) new products are not radically novel with respect to previous creations, (3) creativity is more related to new uses and combinations of existing ingredients and techniques rather than to new ingredients or techniques. We believe that our method can find practical applications in supporting and guiding the creation of culinary products, identifying their strengths and weaknesses, and helping restaurants maintain a sustainable competitive advantage.

The Colombian peace agreement, signed in 2016 between the government and the Colombian Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARC), claimed to put the victims in the center by building a comprehensive system of transitional justice, a Comprehensive System of Truth, Justice, Reparation and Non-repetition. To evaluate the declared centrality of victims, we aim to understand the language around them used during the negotiations that took place from 2012 to 2016, by analyzing all documents published in Havana using combined natural language processing techniques and a close reading of some key documents. Our argument is that, in order for language to become an ameliorating factor of the transitional justice process, language around victims included in the peace agreement needs to pass the language test that guarantees its effectiveness even beyond the end of the conflict. However, in the case of Colombia, results show a small statistical presence of victims in the conversations that contrast with the expressed statement about making them the focus of the agreement and the attempt to expand its description including the diversity of identities underneath this condition. We recommend that peace processes use data analysis techniques to ensure that the discourse really reflects the intention of the parties. This would avoid any gap between goals and semantics, facilitating the deployment of the post-agreement legislation in a fashion that closely reflects the parties’ intentions and the victims’ rights.

The fenestrate bryozoan genus Cyclopelta is common and locally abundant in Devonian rocks of central and western Europe. Cyclopelta is a junior homonym and is here renamed Bigeyina. The Bohemian genus Pseudoisotrypa, very closely related with Bigeyina and formerly interpreted as a junior synonym of the latter, is restored herein as a valid taxon. Revised diagnoses of both genera and their type species are provided. Also, an extremely rare variation on the conical growth habit is reported in Bigeyina and implies higher plasticity in this genus than usual in fenestrates. The presence of abundant Bigeyina zoaria with this rare growth habit in the well known outcrop of Arnao (Spain), emphasizes the need for the preservation of its paleontological heritage.

Eating habits provide valuable input to the high-cuisine industry seeking to develop effective strategies to attract new clientele to its restaurants. It is noticeable that many professional chefs working in high-end restaurants have adopted elBulli’s innovation (ideas, practices, cooking style); however, this innovation trend is not so clear among amateur cooks, whose recipes could give us a more accurate idea of people’s food preferences. In this paper, we aim to check whether or not amateur cooks in online recipe communities are also adopting elBulli’s innovation, and if so, at what rate. In particular, we focused on the use of ingredients and cooking techniques. Our methodology is based on machine learning and statistical analysis: firstly, we developed several classifiers that learned the characteristics of creativity in elBulli’s cuisine; secondly, we applied the classifiers to two sets of recipes from Allrecipes and Epicurious, respectively; and lastly, we ran hypothesis tests and compared the results in order to reach an agreement on the rate of adoption of elBulli’s innovation on both platforms with statistical significance. Our key findings are that the recipes on these communities are comparable to the most creative recipes of elBulli in the time spans studied (for which self-presentation may play an important role) but the rate of adoption over time is very slow (we conjecture that it can be due to the lack of rush for innovation on these communities where competitivity is not a real need). We finally propose an extension of the study with the inclusion of demographic data that might be more influential than time on the rate of innovation adoption.

Bullipedia, the online gastronomic encyclopedia, is an idea yet to be developed. In this work, we analyze Stack Overflow (SO) and extract some good practices from this popular question-and-answer (Q&A) site to incorporate them into the future Bullipedia. SO is an online forum in which users ask and answer questions related to programming, web development, operating systems, and other technical topics. Expertise is rewarded through a detailed reputation system: questions and answers can receive up and downvotes from other members of the community so that their authors (askers and answerers) gain reputation for posing good questions and providing helpful solutions. Besides this, the asker may mark (accept) one of the answers as the best one at any point. In this paper, we present a study on how this reputation system can be used to predict the likely accepted answer (from a set of candidate answers) for a yet unresolved question. In our approach, we selected a subset of questions with their respective answers, and for each answer we created a question-answer pair (quan). Then we extracted a set of key features from every quan, and applied supervised machine learning techniques to train a classifier that learnt, based on those features, whether or not a quan contained the accepted answer for that question. Finally, we made use of the trained classifier to predict if, given a quan (related to a question with no marked answer), its answer might potentially be the accepted one for the question. Our findings show that the model previously obtained predicted the possible answer correctly for every question with high accuracy (88 percent of the time). A question and its accepted answer constitutes a source of quality knowledge, as it provides the solution to a specific problem. We propose to adopt a similar Q&A forum and reputation system for Bullipedia, and then apply a similar classification model to identify the best answer for unsolved questions. L’encyclopédie gastronomique en ligne Bullipedia est une idée qui reste encore à développer. Dans ce travail, nous analysons le forum 'Stack Overflow (SO)' et soutirons de bonnes pratiques à partir de ce site populaire de questions-réponses afin de les incorporer dans le futur Bullipedia. SO est un forum en ligne dans lequel les utilisateurs posent et répondent à des questions reliées à la programmation, au développement web, aux systèmes d’exploitation, et autres sujets techniques. L’expertise est récompensée au moyen d’un système de réputation détaillé : les questions et les réponses peuvent recevoir des votes pour ou contre des autres membres de la communauté de sorte que leurs auteurs (demandeurs et répondeurs) acquièrent une réputation pour avoir posé de bonnes questions et avoir fourni des solutions utiles. À part cela, le demandeur peut marquer (accepter) l’une des réponses comme étant la meilleure à n’importe quel moment. Dans cet article, nous présentons une étude de la façon dont ce système de réputation peut être utilisé pour prédire la réponse susceptible d’être 'acceptée' (à partir d’une série de réponses) en ce qui concerne une question encore non résolue. Notre approche consiste à choisir un sous-ensemble de questions avec leurs réponses respectives, et pour chaque réponse, nous avons créé une paire question-réponse ('quan'). Nous avons ensuite extrait un ensemble de caractéristiques clés à partir de chaque quan, et avons appliqué des techniques supervisées d’apprentissage automatique pour entraîner un classificateur qui a appris, en fonction de ces caractéristiques, peu importe si la réponse acceptée pour cette question était contenue dans un quan. Enfin, nous avons utilisé le classificateur entraîné pour prédire si, selon un quan (relié à une question sans réponse marquée), sa réponse pouvait potentiellement être la réponse acceptée pour la question. Selon nos constatations, le modèle obtenu précédemment a prédit correctement la réponse possible pour chaque question avec une grande exactitude (88 pour cent du temps). Une question et sa réponse acceptée constituent une source de connaissances de qualité, car elle fournit la solution à un problème précis. Nous proposons d’adopter un forum de questions-réponses semblable pour Bullipedia, et d’appliquer ensuite un modèle de classification semblable pour cerner la meilleure réponse à des questions non résolues. Mots clés: Site de questions-réponses; Stack Overflow; apprentissage automatique; classification; Linéaire SVC; connaissance; communaut

TheCulturist.ca is the result of a term long course within the Digital Humanities Minor for undergraduate students, worked on in collaboration with the CulturePlex Lab at Western University. An experiment in independent journalism and multimedia production, this website highlights research undertaken by undergraduate students incorporating various disciplines in an attempt to make their academic work accessible to and garnering attention from a wider public outside the university. Students in charge of creating and maintaining the project work collaboratively and produce a best practices document while learning the strategies involved in organically generating a user base for their content online. TheCulturist.ca est le resultat d'un cours d'une duree d'une periode au sein de la mineure en sciences humaines numeriques pour les etudiants de premier cycle, sur lequel a travaille le laboratoire CulturePlex de l'universite Western. Ce site Web, qui s'avere une experience en journalisme independant et en production multimedia, met en valeur les recherches entreprises par les etudiants de premier cycle, incorporant diverses disciplines afin de tenter de rendre leur travail academique accessible et attirer l'attention du grand public en-dehors de l'universite. Les etudiants charges de la creation et du maintien du projet travaillent en collaboration et produisent un document des meilleures pratiques tout en apprenant les strategies a deployer pour produire de facon organique une base d'utilisateurs pour leur contenu en ligne.

This article sets out to explore the extent to which the maritime policies that have been formulated in recent years are public policies on a par with other State-level policies, or whether the geographical domain where they are applied makes them exceptional. Maritime policy and territorial structure are very closely related, and it can be seen that maritime policies are beginning to shift towards the domain of State internal affairs, necessitating the rethinking of the way powers are distributed between territorial bodies that have the legal power to be involved in the formulation of these policies and some instruments, such as marine spatial planning.

During the process by which the number of actors was increased manifold as a result of the development of civil society, the fisher community has lost prominence and importance, fading into the wide spectrum of interests with which it is competing to make its voice heard in decision-making bodies and in the media. This results in what could be termed the participation paradox—the greater the number of actors, the smaller the role each plays, and the lesser the importance of traditional sectors. Participation and devolution do not bear a linear relationship; greater devolution does not necessarily result in greater participation, a claim that has contributed to the processes of devolution being overvalued. Governance, as interaction between State, civil society and the market, paradoxically might not strengthen the most traditional of the interest groups.

Bullipedia, the online gastronomic encyclopedia, is an idea yet to be developed. In this work, we analyze a community formed around a food magazine, Taste of Home (ToH), and extract some good practices to incorporate them to the future Bullipedia. ToH is a recipe exchange magazine specialized in Midwestern cuisine. Its recipes are reliable as they are from home cooks and tested by ToH's professional chefs. This model of user created content (curated by culinary experts) generates trust and a strong sense of community among like-minded people who share food preparation tips and anecdotes. In this paper, we present a study on the interaction network of ToH community in order to understand major motivators for its members to contribute. In our approach, we analyzed the ToH community through its social network on Facebook. Firstly, we selected a subset of users that posted on ToH's timeline. Then, we created connections between two users when one of them commented on the other's post. Finally, we extracted the topology of the social network and identified the main nodes. Our key finding is that this community is very poorly structured and hierarchical, and that ToH is placed in a central position, which gives it full control of all flow of information in the network. The fact above is important for a magazine whose business model is based on advertising, as it ensures its users always have to visit its own sources of information. We propose to adopt such demonstrated successful model to the Bullipedia. Bullipedia, l'encyclopedie gastronomique en ligne, est une idee qui reste encore a developper. Dans cet article, nous avons analyse une collectivite qui s'est formee autour d'une revue culinaire, Taste of Home (ToH), et en avons extrait quelques bonnes pratiques afin de les incorporer a la future Bullipedia. ToH est une revue d'echange de recettes specialisee dans la cuisine du Midwest. Ses recettes sont dignes de confiance car elles proviennent de cuisiniers et cuisinieres maison et ont ete testees par les chefs professionnels de ToH. Ce modele de contenu cree par l'utilisateur (et organise par des experts culinaires) inspire la confiance ainsi qu'un solide sentiment de communaute parmi des personnes qui ont les memes aspirations et qui partagent des conseils et des anecdotes sur la preparation des repas. Dans ce document, nous presentons une etude sur le reseau d'interaction de la collectivite ToH afin de comprendre les principaux motivateurs de contribution de ses membres. Dans notre approche, nous avons analyse la collectivite ToH par l'entremise de son reseau social dans Facebook. D'abord, nous avons choisi un sous-ensemble d'utilisateurs qui ont affiche sur la page de ToH. Ensuite, nous avons cree des liaisons entre deux utilisateurs lorsque l'un a commente l'affichage de l'autre. Enfin, nous avons extrait la topologie du reseau social et avons identifie les principaux nodules. Selon nos principales constatations, cette collectivite manque totalement de structure et est tres hierarchisee, et ToH se trouve dans une position centrale, ce qui lui donne le plein controle du flux des informations du reseau. Le fait ci-dessus est important pour une revue dont le modele d'entreprise est fonde sur la publicite, car cela garantit que ses utilisateurs doivent toujours visiter ses propres sources d'information. Nous proposons d'adopter un tel modele de reussite eprouve pour Bullipedia.

Modern Spanish marine policy originates from the last part of the 19th Century. “Navalist Ideology” was the theoretical platform which led to the structuring of the modern maritime sector in a way that has remained in force to the present day. Any future Spanish marine policy should be firmly placed on strong, new foundations, and create a new vision of the oceans focussed on new fields of interest, including marine science and technology, as well as the environment, as a means of diverting the aim of public policy from the traditional maritime sector.

In this article we propose a set of methodologies to study emerging reading practices in narratives developing simultaneously in various media. We have taken the data by readers of the Spanish-Argentinian project Orsai in the form of blog comments, download rates, and print-run volumes as “reading traces.” We believe these traces shed much light on what is sparking readers’ attention (narrative developments, frequency of publication, interaction with other readers and authors), and in what fashion (comment frequency, volume, and type). Our methodology includes network analysis and visualizations of reading traces in the comparative setting of our case study, and is susceptible to being adapted to other convergence media projects.

The paper describes an alternative management system for Spain's highly diverse fishing industry, involving a high degree of territorial decentralisation and the devolution of management responsibilities to professional organisations. Although such a system would fit well with the prevailing structures of a regionalised state with the Autonomous Communities assuming administrative responsibility for a wide range of regulatory functions, a number of problems are identified, including the possible loss of cohesion for Spain's fishing industry on the international scene and potential resistances to change from within the administrative system and the existing professional organisations alike.

In this article we present an analysis of the creative method developed in the restaurant elBulli (www.elbulli.com) over the period 1987-2005. elBulli has been the 5-time recipient of the Best Restaurant in the World by Restaurant Magazine, and media, professionals and scientists have recognized the global impact of its work in the food industry over the last two decades. This impact is closely connected to the model of evolving creativity that elBulli team has implemented and refined over the years. We combine the qualitative study of documents produced by elBulli restaurant with networks analysis in order to represent a model of evolving creativity that can be applied to other domains and industries. Junta de Andalucía TIC-6064

This study uses information gleaned from the front matter, or preliminaries, of Spanish Golden Age texts to model the social networks underpinning the early modern publication industry. Using a data-driven approach, we examine the historical and political conditions that influenced the process of approval, censorship, and publication in the Spanish Empire, with a particular focus on the concept of geography, as it relates to the process of community formation and composition. We find that the literary publishing scene was dominated by a small group of authors, generally tied to Madrid, but highly published across Iberian cultural and political capitals. These authors, together with the powerful literary patrons who they relied upon for support, served as local bridges between communities that formed primarily at the local level. Regionally, we find groups of literate bureaucrats, clergymen, printers, and booksellers working together to fulfill the legal requirements for publication as dictated by the Spanish crown. Finally, we see how certain individuals tend to stand out at the regional level as gatekeepers to the publication industry, interacting equally with high- and low-profile individuals to approve and publish texts.

This paper examines regional government competences in relation to their maritime space and management resources. The inherently oceanic character of insular regions has had an influence on self-governing which is now clearly oriented towards the sea environment on which they depend for development. At the same time, their insularity sets limitations on them and places them in an unadvantageous position in relation to other non-insular regions. The tendency to deepen their political autonomy, emphasizing the maritime dimension of their territory, results in greater claims for competences to manage the ocean, as well as in the emergence of tensions between central government and regional government.

The authors analyze the network of Hispanic baroque paintings from 1550 to 1850. They divide the dataset of 11,443 works from Spain and Latin America into 25-year periods in order to study the evolution of the paintings’ 211 descriptors. The analysis shows that most of the paintings are linked through genre and theme and that religious Christian themes make up the overwhelming majority of connections among the paintings.