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Relevance is determined by the need to: develop the professional competence of skilled service workers throughout life as the main condition for the success of Beauty-masters in the dynamic innovative market of the beauty industry; create an appropriate educational and developmental environment in educational institutions for the formation of students' entrepreneurial and economic competence, improvement of creative and communicative abilities, development of motivation for professional development, self-education and self-study. Purpose: definition and substantiation of pedagogical conditions of development of professional competence of skilled workers (beauticians, manicurists and hairdressers-designers) in the process of course preparation in the Training centers of service enterprises. Methods: theoretical (induction, deduction, synthesis and generalization); empirical (research and analysis of pedagogical experience); questionnaire-diagnostic (questionnaire); expert evaluation method (Kendall concordance coefficient). Results: the pedagogical conditions for the development of professional competence of skilled service workers are specified and substantiated. Conclusions: it has been found that the development of professional competence of skilled service workers requires specially created pedagogical conditions to enable positive dynamics of professional development, gaining innovative experience and intensification of self-education and self-study, taking into account the level of professional readiness to the performance of official duties in the conditions of service enterprises and in accordance with own needs and requests of the individual; these pedagogical conditions are singled out and substantiated (increase of the level of motivation for continuous professional improvement; development of professional knowledge and skills in the School of Beauty-skills; application of innovative learning technologies; participation in professional activities).

International audience; This article examines the collective actions undertaken by two groups of Chinese female migrants in Paris: sex workers who opposed a new law on prostitution, and manicurists who joined trade unions and went on strike. These women share similar geographical origins and migration projects; many came to France alone, and thus have much weaker social capital than other Chinese migrants in Paris, which pushed them to choose professional sectors viewed as marginal or even stigmatized. Despite their precarious situation, their marginal position has created conditions for collective action, enabling them to develop strong sense of collective belonging and receive support from organizations outside the community. These findings show how a marginal position in an ethnic community can be a triggering factor for migrants’ inclusion and political engagement in the host society.

A manicure is a kind of cosmetic beauty treatment for the fingernails performed at home or in a nail salon. It is becoming an emerging industry and getting prosperous in the beauty industry. Females choose their favorite manicure patterns or designs to go with their dresses, skins, and accessories. However, some of ingredients of manicure materials contain toxic solvents, such as, phthalates and methyl alcohol. Those solvents can be harmful for human bodies in case that the consumers frequently use them. Hence, in order to help manicurists in this emerging industry understand the serious issue regarding how dangerous they are and avoid those harmful toxics by adopting other health-harmless nail painting materials, the researcher in this study will firstly introduce the service items and application techniques of manicure. Then, about the critical issues regarding the uses and problems of painting materials would be addressed. Finally, in the last chapter, we talk about some alternative materials (e.g., epoxy resin) and the features and advantages of those new manicure materials will be discussed.

Objective: to evaluate the knowledge and practices of instrument processing by manicurists/pedicurists in beauty salons in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Method: This was a survey-type cross-sectional research with manicurists/pedicurists, between June 2012 and March 2013 in 235 beauty salons in Brazil. The answers were categorized using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, by means of descriptive statistics, Pearson’s Chi-Squared or Fisher’s exact tests, and multivariate binary logistic regression, to analyze the influence of sociodemographic variables. Results: The majority (68.1%) correctly defined sterilization; however, the adherence to moist heat (autoclave) was low (35.3%). The temperature and the exposure time to sterilization methods varied, with the majority (44.7%) citing a minimum of 200°C for 60 to 90 minutes (32.8%). The respondents reported reusing disposable instruments with their customers, but pointed out individual use of instruments as the correct procedure (90.6%). Conclusion: Despite their knowledge, professionals practice was inappropriate regarding instrument processing, which can place their own health and that of their customers at risk. Título PT: Processamento de instrumentos: conhecimento e prática entre manicures/pedicuresObjetivo: Avaliar os conhecimentos e práticas de tratamento dos instrumentos utilizados por manicures/pedicures em salões de beleza na cidade de Belo Horizonte, Brasil. Método: Pesquisa transversal, do tipo inquérito com manicures/pedicures, entre junho de 2012 e março 2013, em 235 salões de beleza. As respostas foram categorizadas e analisadas utilizando o programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, por meio de estatísticas descritivas, de Pearson teste exato de Fisher, Qui quadrado ou/e regressão logística binária multivariada para analisar a influência das variáveis sociodemográficas. Resultados: A maioria (68,1%) definiu esterilização corretamente. No entanto, a adesão ao calor úmido (autoclave) era baixa (35,3%). A temperatura e o tempo de exposição para os métodos de esterilização variaram, com a maioria (44,7%) citando um mínimo de 200°C durante 60 a 90 minutos (32,8%). Os entrevistados relataram a reutilização de instrumentos descartáveis com clientes, mas apontou a utilização individual dos instrumentos como o procedimento correto (90,6%). Conclusão: Apesar do conhecimento sobre o tema, a prática dos profissionais era inadequada no que diz ao processamento de instrumentos, o que pode colocar sua própria saúde e a dos clientes em risco.

The Muslim understanding of the Qur'anic verses about the history of homosexuality particularly the phrase ma sabaqakum biha min ah ad min al-'a lamin for centuries reads that no man before your people the prophets Lut’s people, more than 20th BC who ever took action fakhisha ' which is then interpreted by the so-called' neo-orthodox 'as homosexuality. This understanding is in the contrary with the results result of an Egyptologist Greg Reeder saying that the first possible homosexual couple were Niankhkhnum and Khnumhotep, two manicurists at the age of the Fifth Dynasty of the Kingdom of Ancient Egypt (more than 25th BC). The contradiction then inspects a man on the question of “Whether Qur'an incorrectly cite the history?” Suspicion is suspended by al-Razi which provides a more accommodative alternative to the Reeder study, which is 'beyond what you do in it' which gives the possibility of a group of people who did homosexuality in the past 20 BC.

Although many people believe that immigrants displace native workers, most economic research finds that immigration has little or no adverse effect on natives' employment outcomes. An unusual opportunity to explore this question in the context of a narrowly defined labor market is afforded by the influx of Vietnamese immigrants into California's market for manicurists. Over the years 1987–2002, the number of these new entrants (35, 700) slightly exceeded the total number of manicurists in California in 1987 (35, 500). Using data for 34 metropolitan areas over the 16-year period, the authors estimate that for every five Vietnamese who entered the market, two non-Vietnamese were displaced. This displacement appears to have been primarily due to a reduction in the number of non-Vietnamese entering the occupation rather than to an increase in the number of current manicurists leaving it.

Discovered in 1964, the tomb of the manicurists Niankhkhnum and Khnumhotep from the Fifth Dynasty of Old Kingdom Egypt depicts the two men in intimate poses usually reserved for husband and wife. Initial archaeologies suggested the two men were close friends, but soon the idea of them as twins was being advocated to explain their 'exaggerated affection'. This paper uses recent research on conjugal figuration during the pictorially innovative Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Dynasties and internal evidence from the tomb itself to offer insight into the unique relationship between the two manicurists.

Objective The demand for nail care has increased in Florida and the employment opportunities that result appeal to Vietnamese immigrants. The benefits of working as a manicurist include short-term training and an income higher than most Vietnamese immigrant workers with limited English proficiency. However, exposure to hazardous chemicals is a concern that needs to be addressed among these workers. Methods To determine the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), such as masks, gloves, glasses and fans, 34 personal interviews were conducted in nail salons in Tampa, Florida, USA. Results Manicurists acknowledged the importance of PPE, but only 30 per cent reported the use of a mask. Most others used no protection at all. Conclusion Manicurists face the risk of being exposed to occupational chemicals. Innovative education programmes are needed to change current practices in nail salons.

O risco da transmissão microbiana pontencializa-se quando manicures e pedicures desconhecem e não utilizam medidas de biossegurança. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o conhecimento e a adesão às recomendações de biossegurança por manicures/pedicures que trabalham em salões de beleza. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa transversal, do tipo survey, em salões de beleza e em uma escola técnica de podologia em Minas Gerais, considerando adesão e conhecimento adequados quando houve acerto mínimo nas questões de 75%. Foram entrevistadas 84 mulheres manicures/pedicures. Houve baixa adesão aos equipamentos de proteção individual (45%) e aos métodos de reprocessamento de artigos, com deficiência na limpeza destes. Uma parcela significativa não utilizava avental/uniforme nem sapatos fechados no trabalho. O fator dificultador principal para não adesão às medidas foi a falta de informação. Os resultados deste estudo reforçam a necessidade de maior assistência dos órgãos públicos aos profissionais deste segmento acerca das medidas de biossegurança. The risk of microbial transmission potentially increases when manicurists and pedicurists are unaware of or do not use biosecurity procedures. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and adherence to biosecurity procedures for manicurists/pedicurists who work in beauty salons. This was a cross-sectional survey with manicurists in beauty salons and in a technical school of podiatry, which evaluated the adherence to and knowledge of biosecurity procedures, with 75% of correct answers taken as the minimum for adequate adherence and knowledge. A total of 84 manicurists/pedicurists were interviewed, all female. There was poor adherence to the use of personal protection equipment (45%) and to methods of reprocessing equipment. The oven was the most widely used method of sterilizing, insufficient for cleaning and decontamination of material. A significant portion did not use an apron/uniform or closed shoes at work. The intervening factor most cited for non-adherence to the measures was the lack of information. The results reinforce the need for increased assistance regarding biosecurity procedures for professionals in this sector. El riesgo de transmisión microbiana se convierte en potencial cuando manicuras/pedicuras desconocen y no utilizan las medidas de bioseguridad. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el conocimiento y la adhesión a las recomendaciones de bioseguridad para manicuras/pedicuras. Esta fue una investigación transversal, Survey, en peluquerías de belleza y escuela técnica de podología, teniendo en cuenta la adhesión y conocimiento apropiado cuando se produjo precisión adecuada de al menos 75%. Se entrevistó 84 mujeres manicura y tuvo una baja adhesión a los equipos de protección personal (45%), métodos de reprocesamiento de artículos, con deficiencia de limpieza de los mismos. Una parte importante no usaba delantal/uniforme, ni zapatos cerrados en el trabajo. El factor de intervención a la no adhesión a las medidas fue la falta de información. Los resultados de este estudio refuerzan la necesidad de una asistencia para los profesionales de este segmento sobre las medidas de bioseguridad.