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Resilient against shame sexting and sextortion. Towards starting points for sharpened education about the risks of sexting among Dutch minors. Adolescents have been taking suggestive and explicitly sexual pictures of themselves for others since instant cameras were around. But since the introduction of smartphones and social media platforms, the speed of making and sending material and the opportunity for sharing have risen strongly. Sexting comes with risks, though. Although general risk communication has made adolescents more aware of the general risks of sexting, they should become more aware of the fact that sext receivers can make screenshots and might share this material at some point with others, without permission. To gather insight into adolescents’ sexting-related risk awareness, perceptions, and behaviors and how schools can design effective education to make students more resilient against the risks of shame sexting (making and/or spreading sexual images or videos without permission of the featured person) and sextorting (the use of such images and videos as means of coercion to gain money or sexual acts from the victim), we conducted a questionnaire-based study involving a population sample (N = 188) of young people between fifteen and twenty-one years of age at a school for intermediate vocational education in the eastern part of the Netherlands. The students prefer education about the risks of sexting based on authentic victim stories and want to know who to turn to in case of falling victim of shame sexting or sextortion. We raise suggestions on how to realize effective education on the risks of sexting in classrooms and supply possibilities for future research.

Motivated both by reports on devastating financial and reputation-related consequences of spreadsheet errors and the results of previous studies suggesting a significant lack of users awareness of spreadsheet risks, this paper provides insight into factors that influence users perception of risks associated with creating and using spreadsheets. The survey was conducted on a sample of 161 spreadsheet users, whose attitudes were analyzed in accordance with 17 attributes. Statistically significant differences were detected among groups with different levels of self-estimated proficiency in spreadsheets, groups of users that spend different amount of time working with spreadsheets during a typical workday, groups of users who attribute greater subjective significance to spreadsheets in the tasks they perform, as well as groups of users from different management levels. Results of the statistical analysis also suggest that the perception of risks associated with spreadsheets is influenced by existence of standards and rules for spreadsheet development and uses within an organization. Results of the research presented in this paper, which point to an alarmingly low rate of use of spreadsheet features useful for risk mitigation, as well as to a prevalent lack of standards and rules for development and use of spreadsheets among the surveyed organizations, may stimulate managers to introduce such initiatives.

International audience; Islands are often considered excellent socio-ecological laboratories for testing the rapidity of global change since they experience the climate effects of sea-level rise faster than other areas. The Azores are a Portuguese volcanic archipelago located on the junction of the three tectonic plates: the Eurasian, the African and the North American plates. São Miguel, the main island of the Azores archipelago, hosts three active volcanoes, but the last significant volcanic eruption was the Capelinhos volcano on the island of Faial in 1957. Hence, the Azores offers the opportunity to assess insular risk awareness, facing both telluric and climate-related hazards. The key research question emerges from their natural situation: how does the local population perceive the threat of the natural hazards that occur in Azores? Because risks are socially constructed and depend on the uniqueness of territories, risk mitigation strategies must focus on the individual experiences of local dwellers, as a relationship between risk awareness and such strategies may be expected. To analyze this relationship, a web-based survey with a questionnaire including these variables was administered to a sample of Azoreans. The study aimed to assess risk awareness of the Azorean population and find a relationship between this and reported mitigation strategies. The results gave a preliminary insight into Azorean risk awareness of natural hazards and showed a significant positive relationship between risk awareness-raising activities and reported mitigation strategies. This is relevant information for municipalities and regional governments of areas with similar risk exposures, showing that, although risk awareness alone is not enough for measures to be implemented, it may be an important motivational first step for this to occur.

An increase number of cyberattacks on public and private organizations have been performed by exploiting their social and technological vulnerabilities. Mainly, these attacks aim to obtain illegal profits by extorting organizations, affecting their reputation and normal operation. In order to minimize the impact of these attacks, it is essential that these organizations not only implement preventive actions and efficient security mechanisms, but also continually evaluate the security risks their staff are exposed to when performing their job tasks. This paper presents a case study to assess the private and public Portuguese organizations security related practices followed by their staff. The results obtained by a conducted survey allow the analysis of behaviours and practices followed by the staff of these organizations and also allow to draw conclusions about their security procedures and risk awareness.

International audience; Mountains are highly sensitive to climate change. Their elevated areas provide essential ecosystem services both for the surrounding mountainous regions and particularly for adjacent lowlands. Impacts of a warmer climate affect these services and have negative consequences on the supply of water, on biodiversity and on protection from natural hazards. Mountain social-ecological systems are affected by these changes, which also influence communities' risk perception and responses to changing climate conditions. Therefore, to understand individual and societal responses to climate change in mountain areas, aspects and drivers of risk perception need to be scrutinised. This article presents the findings of a literature review of recent English language publications on risk perception in connection to climate change and related natural hazards in mountain regions worldwide. Studies were selected from recorded entries in JSTOR, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science covering the period 2000-2019 and analysed in two steps (structured exploratory analysis, n=249 and in-depth analysis, n=72) with respect to the studies' research question, methodology, geographical scope and risk perception drivers. The review reveals that socio-demographic factors, like gender, age and personal experiences, have a crucial impact on individual risk perception. Some of the less tangible but nevertheless decisive factors are important in mountain regions such as place attachment and socio-cultural practices. In conclusion, there is however little information in the literature which addresses the specific situation of risk perception in mountain areas and its influence on communities' responses to environmental changes. Further, we observed a strong gap concerning the integration of indigenous knowledge in risk perception research. Many studies overlook or oversimplify local knowledge and the cultural dimensions of risk perception. Based on these results, the paper identifies several gaps in research and knowledge which may influence the design of climate risk management strategies as well as on their successful implementation.

Common sense is the intuitive exercise of good judgment in situations that could place an individual in social or practical danger. Intellectual disability (ID) along with other brain-based conditions involving cognitive impairments can be described as a “common sense deficit disorder” in that people with cognitive limitations are at increased risk of making risk-oblivious decisions. However, one can find examples of good (or at least non-foolish) judgment being exercised by a person who has ID and, of course, many examples of people without ID behaving foolishly. This paradox can be largely explained by the fact that cognition is not the only reason why people make good or poor decisions. A four-factor model is used to shed light on decisions made by people, with (or without) ID, in situations that are potentially risky. Previous writings based on this model have dealt with its problematic (such as gullible) applications. But in keeping with this book series’ emphasis on positive psychology, this chapter shows how the model can also help to explain instances where a person with ID makes (or can be helped to make) decisions that can be described as safe or competent.

Participation is an often-demanded process in disaster risk reduction (DRR). However, it is often unclear who understands what under this term. International organizations such as the United Nations have promoted participation in their DRR strategies since the 1980s, but further research is needed on its opportunities and limitations. Here we highlight what is understood by participation according to different actors and various international contexts. This study was motivated by a workshop where flood-risk and resilience experts from 14 countries perceived the nature of participation and the lack of its implementation differently. To unravel the multitude of these perspectives, 27 expert interviews were conducted in seven countries: Belgium, Germany, Indonesia, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan and Peru between March and August 2020. Results show that constraints on the conduction of participation are not only related to the specific country context but differ even within countries. Limitations such as capacities and willingness to participate as well as the role and importance of participation are common issues across the investigated contexts and countries.

Detrimental health impacts of heatwaves, including excess mortality, are increasing worldwide. To assess risk perceptions, protective knowledge and behaviors concerning heatwaves in Israel, a study was initiated, comparing attitudes of majority (Jewish) and minority (Arab) populations. A quantitative survey was disseminated through an internet panel, to a representative sample of 556 individuals (79% Jews; 21% Arabs). Overall, 74% consider heatwaves a problem, 93% believe that heatwaves' frequencies will increase, 27% are very concerned about the effects of heatwaves. Higher levels of awareness to heatwaves were found among Jewish compared to Arab respondents; 90 vs. 77% (respectively) could name heatwaves' symptoms (p < 0.001); 81 vs. 56% (respectively) reported knowing how to protect themselves (p < 0.001); 74 vs. 47% (respectively) reported knowing what to do when someone suffers from heat stroke (p < 0.001). Arab compared to Jewish respondents presented higher levels of concern about heatwaves' effects (3.22 vs. 3.09 respectively; t −2.25, p = 0.03), while knowledge of protective measures was higher among Jews compared to Arabs (3.67 vs. 3.56 t = 2.13 p = 0.04). A crucial component of enhancing preparedness to heatwaves is empowerment of minority as well as majority groups, to strengthen their capacity to implement protective behavior and elevate their self-belief in their individual ability and fortitude.

This study examines differences between the level of objective knowledge regarding radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) and risk perception of cell phones in Korea. We also investigate the extent to which socio-demographic factors, perceived EMF exposure, objective knowledge regarding EMF, and psychological factors influence the risk perception of cell phones using hierarchical multiple regression. All 3393 study subjects completed a survey measuring the degree of risk perception of EMF. They were sampled in accordance with representative proportions of sex, age group, and region of residence as shown in the 2019 Resident Registration Population Statistics reported by Korea. The variables that have the most influence on risk perception of cell phones can be induced from the beta values for each variable: The subjective factor, perceived level of exposure to EMF (&beta, = 0.253), was more strongly related to risk perception of cell phones than level of knowledge regarding EMF, an objective factor in this study. Of the psychological factors, Dreadfulness (&beta, = 0.331), Personal knowledge (&beta, = &minus, 174), and Familiarity (&beta, 089) influenced risk perceptions of cell phones, Controllability did not. On the risk cognition map, people though that it was easy to control risk related to Cell phone use in daily life, while risk related to High technology was uncontrollable.

Community participation is widely acknowledged to be crucial in both mitigation and reconstruction planning, as well as in community-based disaster risk reduction (CBDRR) and community-based disaster mitigation (CBDM) processes. However, despite decades of experience, an efficient framework that is acceptable for all actors and suitable for all different phases of the process&mdash, ranging from planning to post-disaster recovery&mdash, is lacking. The examples presented in this paper shed light on the different dynamics of participatory design processes and compare situations in which participatory design and community planning were introduced before, during, or after a disastrous or potentially disastrous event. Others emphasize the consequences of participation not being introduced at all. Analysis of these processes allows the authors to speculate on a revised, universal model for participatory planning in vulnerable territories and in the context of risk. By emphasizing intrinsic relations of different elements of the process, particularly the responsibility that different actors are prepared&mdash, or forced&mdash, to take, this article offers insight towards a framework for post-2020 participatory planning.

BackgroundAccording to a national representative survey, 19.9% of the German population describe various adverse effects on personal health upon exposure to fragranced consumer products. This study investigates whether these fragrance-sensitive persons have a higher risk awareness compared to the general public, whether they show a different safety behavior concerning fragrances and whether they reduce exposure and hence risk.ResultsThe presence of fragrances can have a major impact on the participation in public activities. Half of the fragrance-sensitive persons have ever been prevented from going to some place to avoid exposure to fragrances. More than half of them prefer fragrance-free alternatives (products, laundry, hotels, airplanes, health care facilities, or workplaces), while there are also fragrance-sensitive individuals, who indicate to prefer fragranced products and spaces. Half of fragrance-sensitive persons use perfumes to feel themselves more attractive. Furthermore, there is a large number of persons who prefer fragrance-free alternatives without being fragrance-sensitive. Around half of the general population indicate not to use a fragranced product if they know that it emits hazardous air pollutants. This shows that health effects associated with the presence of fragrances proved to be one out of several factors, but not the only one, which influences attitudes towards fragrances and their usage. The answers given reveal the multitude of aspects influencing risk awareness and safety behavior. According to the survey results, 7.4 workdays were lost due to illness from fragranced product exposure in the workplace per person on average, with estimated personal economic costs of 14.5 * 109Euro/year in Germany.ConclusionsThe high prevalence of persons who correlate their health effects with exposure to fragrances shows that existing risk communication instruments are too weak, even for people who are aware of a risk, like fragrance-sensitive persons. The data substantiate how important it is to respect cognitive dissonance, confirmation bias and the inadequacy of the deficit model in risk management. The issue of adverse health effects associated with fragrances has reached a dimension, which requires immediate action: The results of this study are strong supporting arguments in favor of fragrance-free policies.

It is widely acknowledged that non-compliance with smartphone security behaviors is widespread and may cause severe harm to people and devices. In addition to device-based security issues, there are psychological factors involved in these behaviors such as self-efficacy, risk awareness, and social support. The present study examines associations of these three factors with smartphone security behaviors and explores possible mechanisms among these variables. In a longitudinal survey with 192 Chinese college students (73.4% women, mean age 24.46 years, SD = 5.15), self-efficacy, risk awareness, and social support were assessed with psychometric scales at two points in time, 2 weeks apart. Hierarchical regression analyses were performed with follow-up smartphone security behaviors as the dependent variable, controlling for baseline values and demographic and IT-related covariates. Main effects of self-efficacy, risk awareness, and social support on smartphone security behaviors were identified. Moreover, a triple interaction among the three predictors emerged in a synergistic way, indicating that their combination yielded more favorable levels of secure smartphone use. The total model accounted for 50% of the behavioral variance, with all covariates included, and the triple interaction among self-efficacy, risk awareness, and social support accounted for 2.3% of variance. Results document that psychological factors are involved in smartphone security behaviors beyond demographic and IT-related covariates. Interventions could be designed to improve smartphone security behaviors not only by developing privacy-enhancing technologies but also by considering psychological factors such as self-efficacy, risk awareness, and social support.

Access control is a main security measure for the prevention of loss, disclosure or degradation of sensitive information in business. As such, it has become a source of inspiration for many researchers who have undertaken to conduct studies related to that subject. More specifically, risk management in access control is a topic that captivates information and communication technology scientists. Several approaches are defined in literature that can be classified into two main trends: some researchers discuss risk management based on user access, while some other consider policies expression when assessing the risk. In this paper, we study the thematic of enforcing risk awareness/management in access control systems. We review, classify and present a comprehensive synthesis of scientific articles that deal specifically with risk management in access control. We mainly discuss risk management approaches that deal with access control policy expressions and conformity.

Emergency managers receive communication training about the importance of being ’first, right and credible’, and taking into account the psychology of their audience and their particular reasoning under stress and risk. But we believe that citizens should be similarly trained about how to deal with risk communication. In particular, such messages necessarily carry a part of uncertainty since most natural risks are difficult to accurately forecast ahead of time. Yet, citizens should keep trusting the emergency communicators even after they made forecasting errors in the past. We have designed and implemented a serious game called Vigiflood, based on a real case study of flash floods hitting the South West of France in October 2018. In this game, the user changes perspective by taking the role of an emergency communicator, having to set the level of vigilance to alert the population, based on uncertain clues. Our hypothesis is that this change of perspective can improve the player’s awareness of flood risk, and response to future flood vigilance announcements. We evaluated this game through an online survey where people were asked to answer a questionnaire about flood risk awareness and behavioural intentions before and after playing the game, in order to assess its impact. The results are encouraging, showing improved risk awareness, protective intentions, vigilance, and trust after playing. However, it also suggests that the current ’’game design” is still poor and unable to engage the general public, in particular school students. Future research will therefore address this issue.

Accidents with chemical household products are prevalent worldwide and often involve young children. Previous research has shown that consumers use both analytical factors (e.g., warning symbols) and potentially misleading heuristics to evaluate the riskiness. However, it remains unclear whether consumers intuitively think of the specific risks of these products when handling them. We conducted an online survey with Swiss consumers (N = 1109) aiming to investigate consumer's spontaneous and prompted risk perception of chemical household products. First, we asked them about their free associations to laundry detergent, descaler, mold remover and essential oils. While participants were aware of the risks when prompted about them, they did not name them intuitively, but mainly thought of the possible uses and attributes of the product. Next, we examined prerequisites to safe handling of chemical household products. This included applied knowledge about the products, but also factors like perceived barriers to safe use. Finally, we assessed the predictors of perceived severity of accidents in order to estimate the potential behavioral changes that these predictors might elicit. For interventions, particular attention should be accorded to personal risk awareness and the perception of potential barriers, which were significantly related to the perceived severity of accidents., Food and Chemical Toxicology, 143, ISSN:0278-6915, ISSN:1873-6351

Attackers increasingly, and with high success rates, use social engineering techniques to circumvent second factor authentication (2FA) technologies, compromise user accounts and sidestep fraud detection technologies. We describe an approach, replacing the use of traditional security codes, that thwarts social engineering attacks on 2FA without relying on user risk awareness. Our approach is compatible with existing systems, and offers a similar user experience to that of traditional security code methods. It protects both against user-facing social engineering attacks and attacks, such as SIM card hijacking attacks, where the social engineering is applied to a service provider of the victim.

This investigation provides an important insight into the Central and Eastern European food industry, beyond traditional food safety management and reflects on its food safety (FS) climate or the human route of its FS culture. Investigation was conducted in 10 Central and Eastern European countries involving more than 500 food companies. Overall FS climate was assessed as good. The availability of infrastructure was perceived the same in all countries although “resources” was the lowest scored climate component. Uncertainty avoiding national cultures had a stronger preference towards written FS procedures and instructions. FS climate was better assessed in bigger companies because small companies observed weaker availability of resources, smaller number of procedures and instructions and reduced risk awareness. FS communication and commitment were not affected by company size. The share of food companies without FS system was five times higher in small compared to big companies. No effect of FS management level or riskiness level on FS climate scores was apparent. Food companies seemed to avoid problems in cooperation and trust between FS leaders and other employees, since they have perceived FS climate similarly. The strongest FS climate segmentation in Central and Eastern Europe food companies was observed in terms of the EU membership status. EU operating food companies managed to develop a very good and distinctive FS climate, with better-perceived leadership, communication, commitment, resources and risk awareness than non-EU food companies. Transitional economic environment of non-EU countries have undesirably influenced the organisational and technological support in their companies and employees perceptions of FS climate.

Introduction Marked gender differences have been identified in cyberbullying perpetration and victimization in adolescence. Age and phenotypic traits, including impulsivity and problematic internet use may mediate the association between gender and cyberbullying intervention outcomes. This study thus aimed to explore gender differences and the potential mediating role of age, impulsivity and problematic internet use regarding the outcomes of an elementary school cyberbullying program. Methods The peer-led STAnD project shapes students' attitudes towards cyberbullying, and promotes help-seeking behaviors. Baseline sample consisted of 933 respondents (51.3% females, mean age = 11.25, sd = 1.64), and after a 42.55% drop-out, 536 remained in the sample for 6-month follow-up. Four primary outcome measures represented protective factors against cyberbullying. Results Three of the intervention outcomes – change in 1) helpline knowledge, 2) empathy towards the victims of cyberbullying, and 3) risk perception regarding online hazards - were best predicted by gender. A gender-specific path analysis model indicated that higher amount of time spent online might put a barrier to changes in risk awareness among females and in help-seeking willingness among males. Conclusions Future cyberbullying programs may design separate interventions for adolescent boys and girls with different emphasis placed on empathy training, or the barriers to help-seeking.

Post‐disaster migration patterns have been thoroughly studied from a demographic standpoint, but affected community residents’ perceptions of ongoing risks and their willingness to remain in an affected community remain under‐researched. Using data generated by 407 surveys and 40 interviews with residents impacted by the 2013 Calgary flood, this study analyses the effects of flood experience on residents’ worry about future floods and their ensuing short‐term and medium‐term mobility plans. The results indicate that home flooding and evacuation orders are both predictive of worry about future floods. In turn, worry about future floods as well as age, homeownership, and place attachment are all predictive of post‐disaster mobility plans. Residents discuss how the flood either strengthened or weakened their place attachment. The paper concludes by discussing the implications for social science research and for public policy that aims to mitigate disaster risk.

In Denmark, a process of defamilising has taken place since the expansion of the Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) sector in the 1960s, in the sense that children now spend a large part of their childhood outside the family. Nevertheless, parents are still seen as key figures in children's upbringing and as having primary responsibility for the quality of childhood, implying a simultaneous process of refamilising. Based on ethnographic fieldwork we show that parents are not only held responsible for their children's lives at home, but also for ensuring that ECEC staff have the best possible opportunity to support children's development at ECEC institutions. We analyse how ECEC staff offer guidance on how to be a responsible parent who cooperates in the right ways, and on how to cultivate children's development at home. Parents willingly accept such advice because of a strong risk awareness embedded in diagnostic forms, positioning ECEC staff as parenting experts.

Courage belongs to the prerequisites of the innovation process. The paper discusses the case of Reckhaus GmbH & Co. KG. It states that essential dimensions of courage in the operational innovation process correspond to the courage that is essential for artistic work. On this empirical basis courage in the innovation process is interpreted as creative courage and concretised as a construct of free will, risk awareness, target orientation, and creative action. Arts-based interventions can train and ›encourage‹ non-art innovators in the handling of typical innovative conditions such as uncertainty.

Health is a fundamental need for every human being in his life and to meet these needs the role of doctors and health workers is very important. Doctors and Health care in providing health services to the community is always required in order to provide the best service. So with the Hospital. However, the health services provided may result in two different possibilities of the patient being cured or even worsening the disease until death. If the patient recovers it will flow millions of praise and abundant various forms of appreciation that he receives but if that happens is the opposite then in certain conditions where the patient feels aggrieved can culminate until the lawsuit to court. In medical practice, doctors do not work alone but are also often assisted by other health workers. Likewise Hospital as a corporation employs doctors and health workers to provide health services to the community. If in the event of any medical treatment from medical personnel to medical personnel and/or Hospital to the physician and at risk of mistake or negligence in the health service, then the loss suffered by the patient may result in risks (risico aanspraklijkheid) based on Article 1367 paragraph (3) BW. In the context of health law regulated in Article 65 of Law Number 36 Year 2014 on Health Personnel, and Article 35 Paragraph 6 of Law Number 38 Year 2014 on Nursing and Article 23 Paragraph (3) point c Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No. 2052 / Menkes / Per / X / 2011 About Practice License and Implementation of Medical Practice as well as Article 46 Act Number 44 of 2009 About Hospital that is Hospital is legally responsible for all the losses caused by negligence made by health personnel in the Hospital. Efforts to prevent it internally need to agree on the rights and obligations of each party in a specified standard of conduct that is proportionally regulated and based on equitability values, either in the form of Hospital by Law as well as the prevailing rules binding on all staff within a hospital staff (Medical staff by law).

In this study, we analysed the socio-demographic characteristics and disaster risk awareness of the Turkish migrants living in northern Italy. We initiated the study with an extensive face-to-face questionnaire with 544 individual respondents. With the help of the questionnaire, we gathered information on the socio-demographic structure of the Turkish community living in the area and the immigrants’ disaster experience, their level of disaster preparedness and disaster risk awareness, and their potential behaviour during an emergency. Additionally, we conducted focus group meetings in Milan, Lecco, Como and Varese with 49 migrants living in the region. In the focus group meetings, we discussed the migrants’ awareness of disasters and potential behaviour patterns during emergencies. We collected the informative booklets and past event reports prepared by civil protection centres and municipalities and used them in focus group meetings to collect participants’ opinions. The results show that the migrant communities’ disaster risk awareness is low, but their capacity to adapt to suddenly changing conditions is higher than presumed.

The recent deployment of the THAAD system to South Korea has resulted in complex and controversial issues, particularly in the political, diplomatic, and economic relations between Korea and China [Perlez, J. (2017, May 31). China woos South Korea’s new leader, but the U.S. left behind a spoiler. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/31/world/asia/china-south-korea-xi-jinping-moon-jaein-thaad.html?_r=0]. To minimize its negative impact on international tourism, the underlying psychological mechanisms of Chinese tourists associated with this complex political issue should be determined. As an attempt to resolve the current crisis, this study identified the subjective characteristics of Chinese tourists who cancelled visits to Korea using Q-methodology and classified Chinese tourists’ attitude towards the THAAD issue. Based on respondent’s evaluations on Q-sample statements, four types of Chinese tourists were articulated, namely, patriotism, risk awareness, external dep...

This study investigates the impact of an exhibition on natural hazards on risk awareness of the inhabitants of the Ubaye Valley in southern France. Risk communication practices need to be effective to contribute to disaster reduction, but their impact is rarely evaluated. Using a pre-test/post-test research design as well as a longitudinal study, changes in awareness of adults, teenagers and children were measured. The responses to a questionnaire were analyzed using non-parametric tests. The questionnaire dealt with several factors determining or influencing awareness: attitudes to risk, previous experiences of emergencies, exposure to awareness raising, ability to mitigate/prepare/respond, worry level, self-reported awareness, hard knowledge and demographic characteristics. Generally, risk awareness was higher after visiting the exhibition. The exhibition had most impact on visitors that had experienced few natural hazards or that were little informed a priori. In contrast to teenagers and children, the awareness of adults increased only for risk in general and not for specific natural hazards. Moreover, the results show that the exhibition was more effective in raising awareness of the hazards that occur rarely. For more frequent and more locally occurring hazards, such as debris flows, other means of communication should be considered.

The authors investigated perceptions of comfort related to self-disclosure through an instrument development process. The Interpersonal Risk Awareness Survey was developed using classical and modern test theory. Results of the study support its use for facilitating the therapeutic relationship and helping beginning humanistic counselors pursue therapeutic goal attainment.

This paper presents results from a two-round expert Delphi (N 1 = 227, N 2 = 126) realized in 2014 which focused on potential security related developments in Germany in the year 2030. Experts from politics, social and natural sciences, economy and end-users assessed the probability and desirability of diverse future developments such as privatization, surveillance, technological vulnerabilities and risk awareness. The data revealed discrepancies between the estimated probability and the attributed desirability of certain developments. Additionally, qualitative expert statements were analyzed in order to capture the latent structures behind the expert ratings. In terms of issues that are rated probable but undesirable, technological and economic factors dominate while more desirable but rather improbable future developments mainly concern political and social aspects of security. Furthermore, group differences between the experts are reported.

Background and objectives A key aspect of the Internet that facilitates research is social media, especially the meteoric rise in the use of Facebook as one of the primary applications for social connectivity. Facebook can be considered a rich source of data due to the high amounts of demographic information shared by users and stored in the system, as well as the way in which users share their thoughts and behaviour in their natural environment. This report focuses on one functionality that as yet remained under-discussed and perhaps under-utilised as a tool in health research – the ability for participants or interested parties to leave comments directly on Facebook posts relating to research projects. Further, this report provides some considerations for researchers intending to use Facebook in recruiting participants for research. Methods The study was a Bowel Cancer Awareness Study conducted by the Centre for Rural Health, University of Tasmania to assess bowel cancer risk awareness in Tasmania. Participants were recruited to complete a survey on LimeSurveyTM via a Facebook page used to advertise the study. Several comments were made on the Facebook page over a three-month period, which were then further categorised and thematically analysed. Specifically, these comments were reviewed to determine how valuable Facebook comments can be for research. Results The Facebook advertisement for the survey reached 136,640 people at a cost of $0.04 (4 cents) per person. From the range of comments received, four separate functions of these comments became apparent upon analysis – the capacity to ask questions, the ability to interact with others, promotion of the survey, and suggestions for future research. Discussion From the bowel cancer awareness study, we found that Facebook comments on our study page allowed for an opportunity for ongoing contact with respondents, opportunity to receive feedback, address concerns and harness future research ideas. The ability to further utilize the potential for Facebook comments to enrich data collection and health research warrants a continuous and sustained interest, as research methodology progressively utilises the Internet and social media platforms as an effective and affordable option.

Although technology vendors prefer customers use their products according to pre-planned use cases, incorporating misleading user interfaces and crafting questionable decision points for users can induce them to make low-information decisions that may adversely impact their cybersecurity or operational postures. This Insight and accompanying presentation briefly offer industry-informed analysis and guidance on the professional and operational elements necessary to help overcome such issues to help users make more informed decisions about their digital well-being.

In China, new generation entrepreneurs are gradually becoming the main force of intergenerational inheritance. New generation entrepreneurs have different educational background, growth experience and personality characteristics from the old generation entrepreneurs. They are endowed with the historical mission of an innovative generation. Therefore, it is of great significance to reveal the key factors influencing their innovative behavior and find out how to inspire their innovative behavior. Based on grounded theory and in-depth interviews, this study used NVivo 11 to deal with the recording materials. After a series of steps including open coding, spindle coding, selective coding and theoretical saturation test, it constructed a theoretical model of innovative behavior and innovative performance for new generation entrepreneurs. The purpose of this study was to improve the theory of entrepreneur innovation behavior and provide guidance for government to cultivate innovative spirit and innovative ability of new generation entrepreneurs. The research showed that: (1) New generation entrepreneurs&rsquo, personal traits and educational background affect their perceptions of innovation. (2) Risk awareness, understanding of innovation content and social capital would influence innovation behaviors. (3) Innovation behaviors further lead to changes in organization performance. Therefore, government should provide more opportunities for new generation entrepreneurs to widen their knowledge, social resources and innovation environment.

Quality of life and well-being are hardly ever an issue when life itself is at stake. The advantages of high-quality walkable streets and public spaces are underestimated when larger problems need to be addressed first and seemingly more serious solutions need to be applied. Hence, a quantitative approach to evacuation route planning and design prevails over a qualitative one or at least a hybrid one. The scope of the ongoing study partially presented in this paper is to find methods for addressing the complicated present and the disastrous future at the same time. The one applied in the case study reported here&mdash, Susaki City in Kōchi Prefecture, Japan, which is preparing for the next Nankai earthquake and tsunami, expected sometime soon&mdash, was a cycle of active research and international workshops organized in cooperation with the local community and administration. The aim was to understand the challenges that concern the design of dual spaces that are suitable for both everyday life and emergency situations and are connected by walkable spaces. As a result, the paper offers insight into the limits of punctual treatments as well as the relativity of objective and subjective dimensions of urban walkability in the context of risk. Despite the complexity of the issue, a walkable built environment was revealed to be a countermeasure rather than a fad.

peer-reviewed Aim To develop and expand how nurses promote safety in perioperative settings. Background This article presents orchestrating a sub‐core category from the theory of anticipatory vigilance in promoting safety within preoperative settings (Journal of Clinical Nursing, 27, 2018, 247). Orchestrating explains this and involves effective planning, delegating, co‐ordinating and communication. Method A classic grounded theory methodology was used. Ethical approval was granted. Data comprised of 37 interviews and 33 hr of non‐participant observation. Data analysis followed the principals of classic grounded theory. Results Orchestrating is fundamental in promoting safety and minimizing risk of errors and adverse events in the perioperative setting. Nurses achieve this through four categories: macro orchestrating, locational orchestrating, situational orchestrating and being in the know. Conclusion(s) Nurses minimize risk by fostering a culture of safety, risk awareness, effective management and leadership. Implications Effective management structures and support systems are essential in promoting a culture of safety in perioperative setting

Objective The study identifies appropriate risk expressions by healthcare professionals in communicating the risks of driving-impairing medicine to patients, gauging changed patient behavior, preventing traffic accidents due to drugs, and improving drug adherence. Methods An online questionnaire survey was conducted on participants’ perception of driving-related risks, and risk awareness, as well as reports of healthcare professionals’ expressions and warning messages regarding driving-impairing drugs. Results Approximately 80 % of participants were aware of the effects of pharmaceutical drugs on driving ability, and 50 % responded that they had received an explanation from their respective health professionals. As reported by participants, although healthcare professionals typically used more indirect expressions, direct warning messages were associated with high-risk awareness. Conclusion The content of the explanatory sentences and debriefing influenced risk perception among participants. Direct expressions were more desirable for appropriate risk perception by participants. Providing information from healthcare professional about the degree of risks and patients’ determining their influence on driving behavior based on risk perception was necessary to clarify the predictors of driving behavior. Practice implications Health professionals should be aware that their warning messages could have a significant impact on patients’ risk perception and driving behavior.

What implications do societies’ risk perceptions have for flood losses? This study uses a stylized, socio-hydrological model to simulate the mutual feedbacks between human societies and flood events. It integrates hydrological modelling with cultural theory and proposes four ideal types of society that reflect existing dominant risk perception and management: risk neglecting, risk monitoring, risk downplaying and risk controlling societies. We explore the consequent trajectories of flood risk generated by the interactions between floods and people for these ideal types of society over time. Results suggest that flood losses are substantially reduced when awareness raising attitudes are promoted through inclusive, participatory approaches in the community. In contrast, societies that rely on top-down hierarchies and structural measures to protect settlements on floodplains may still suffer significant losses during extreme events. This study illustrates how predictions formed through social science theories can be applied and tested in hydrological modelling.

Aim In Type 2 diabetes, there is no clear understanding of how people perceive their risk of experiencing diabetes‐related complications. To address this issue, we undertook an evidence‐based synthesis of how people with Type 2 diabetes perceive their risk of complications. Methods We performed a systematic search of nine electronic databases for peer‐reviewed articles published on or before 1 March 2016. Data from 18 studies reporting lay perceptions of risks for complications in Type 2 diabetes populations were included. Publication year ranged between 2002 and 2014. Results Methods used to assess risk perceptions were heterogeneous, ranging from questionnaires measuring the accuracy of perceived risks to semi‐structured and focus group interviews. We found evidence of low risk awareness in most dimensions of risk perceptions measured and the existence of optimistic bias. Conclusions Perceptions were generally biased and varied according to the dimension of risk measured, the subpopulation concerned and the type of complications considered. Future work is needed to identify the best practical ways of correcting for biased risk perceptions so as to encourage self‐care behaviours and treatment adherence., What's new? This systematic review is the first to provide an evidence‐based synthesis of risk perceptions for diabetes‐related complications in Type 2 diabetes populations.The review highlights the large heterogeneity in study designs and methods used to assess risk perceptions.Risk perceptions of people with Type 2 diabetes are generally biased, characterized by low risk awareness with most measurement methods and contaminated by optimistic bias.The specific biases identified in this review will help design more effective risk communication interventions.

Human behavior and decision-making of employees can be influenced by the food safety climate prevailing in an organization. Four farm based and four affiliated centrally managed butcheries were screened on their food safety climate and level of implemented food safety management system, by application of self-assessment questionnaires. Besides, by product and environmental microbiological sampling, objective data on hygiene status were collected. The food safety climate was scored significantly higher in the centrally managed butcher shops compared to the independent small scale farm butcheries, mainly for the components ‘leadership’ and ‘communication’ while ‘risk awareness’ and ‘commitment’ were equally evaluated. Food safety climate’ component ‘resources’ was perceived higher in the affiliated butchers shops, but not statistical significant. The study demonstrated that affiliated butcher shops are able to achieve a better microbiological hygiene and safety status, because both a well-elaborated food safety management system and a favorable food safety climate is present in the affiliates. While in the investigated farm butcheries, the overall lower hygiene and safety status is likely to be related to their lower food safety climate score in combination with a more basic food safety management system. This semi-quantitative case study revealed that employees' perception of a favorable food safety climate in combination with a fit-for-purpose food safety management system is likely to result in a good and stable microbiological output in food companies.

Prompted by the weaknesses of standardized risk management approaches in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, scholars, regulators, and practitioners alike emphasize the importance of creating a risk-aware culture in organizations. Recent insights highlight the special role of tone from the top as crucial driver of risk awareness. In this study, we take a systems-perspective on control system design to investigate the role of tone from the top in creating risk awareness. In particular, we argue that both interactive and diagnostic use of budgets and performance measures interact with tone from the top in managing risk awareness. Our results show that interactive control strengthens the effect of tone from the top on risk awareness, while tone from the top and diagnostic control are, on average, not interrelated with regard to creating risk awareness. To shed light on the boundary conditions of the proposed interdependencies, we further investigate whether the predicted interdependencies are sensitive to the level of perceived environmental uncertainty. We find that the effect of tone from the top and interactive control becomes significantly stronger in a situation of high perceived environmental uncertainty. Most interestingly, tone from the top and diagnostic control are complements with regard to risk awareness in settings of low perceived environmental uncertainty and substitutes at high levels of perceived environmental uncertainty., Series: Department of Strategy and Innovation Working Paper Series

Incident evaluations show that bystanders tend to help: they do not wait for professionals to arrive, but act as required by the situation at hand. In the present study, we investigated how safety awareness (induced before an accident happened) and providing a course of action by emergency services affect helping behavior after witnessing a virtual accident with two victims. The main task of the participants was to arrive at a job interview in time. Safety awareness was manipulated by the specific organization they went to: either promoting safe traffic or healthy living. The results show that all participants were inclined to help. Participants who were primed towards safe traffic more often called the emergency number, but talked to the victim less often. Participants who had received specific courses of action moved the victim less often. In all, the results clearly indicate the value of effective risk communication (before an event occurs) and crisis communication (after an event has occurred), as both types of information improve the quality of actual helping behavior at the scene.

The finance company first appeared in the West. In 1987, China's first financial company was established. At the end of the third quarter of 2016, China has 234 financial companies, financial companies have become an important part of China's modern financial system. However, with the development of China's finance company of enterprise group, gradually exposed the financial company in the business scope, risk awareness, the lack of independence, etc. In order to prepare for further research, this paper summarizes some literature on the discussion of financial companies. This literature has studied and explored the orientation, development, efficiency and risk awareness of financial companies respectively.

Drawing on a survey of 205 fight page users, this chapter examines why, how and to what end individuals view footage of bare-knuckle street violence. As I will illustrate, participants’ reasons for viewing fight videos were many and varied: entertainment, amusement, intrigue, righteous justice, boredom alleviation, self-validation, self-defence learning and risk awareness. Through analysing these different modes of spectating bare-knuckle violence on fight pages, I show that, in order to understand why individuals use these pages, we must examine how they read, and affectively respond to viewing specific forms of bare-knuckle street violence.

Introduction On April 6th 2009 an earthquake of Mw=6.3 hit the historical downtown of L'Aquila and its hinterland causing more than 300 fatalities and severe damage to private and public buildings. At the time, the University of L'Aquila represented a major source of employment and income for the city. The earthquake impacted both the facilities and the administrative, financial and patrimonial activities of the university, bringing into the open the tendency - widespread in Italy - to rely on adaptive tactics rather than on strategic pre-disaster plans. This paper investigates the university's emergency preparedness and response capability and the strategies adopted to restore the education activities as well as avoid students migration to other universities. In addition, emphasis is placed on the role played by Student Associations in pre and post-disaster phases, and how students perceived the activities performed by these associations. Methods To achieve this goal, it was undertaken: i) qualitative evaluation to assess the impact of earthquake on services and facilities of the university, the emergency preparedness and the measures adopted to face the emergency, ii) survey on the role played by Student Associations, both in emergency preparedness and response, according to students' perception; iii) quantitative analysis to measure changes in the enrollment trend after the earthquake, and how university policies could curb students' migration. Results The policies adopted by the University allowed to diminish students' migration; however, the measures taken by the university were based on an ad hoc plan as no emergency and continuity plans were prepared in advance. Similarly Student Associations got involved more in restoration activities than in emergency preparedness and risk awareness promotion. Discussion Greater awareness and involvement are essential at each level (administrators, faculties, students) to plan in advance for an adverse scenario and to make important steps forward in understanding and embracing a culture of safety. The present paper is starting point for future research to deepen the emergency preparedness of Universities and the role that Student Associations may play to support and spread such a culture of safety.

Purpose In rural communities that experience high rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality, family history education may enhance risk awareness and support engagement in healthy behaviors but could also engender fatalism. This study was conducted to assess if the relationship between family history and adherence to healthy lifestyle behaviors is moderated by fatalism. Methods Baseline data were obtained from 1,027 adult participants in the HeartHealth in Rural Kentucky study. Multiple linear regression was used to determine whether fatalism moderated the relationship between high-risk family history of CVD and adherence to healthy lifestyle behaviors, controlling for sociodemographic variables and CVD risk factors. The relationship between family history and healthy behaviors was assessed for subgroups of participants divided according to the upper and lower quartiles of fatalism score. Findings The relationship between high-risk family history of CVD and adherence to healthy behaviors was moderated by fatalism. Among those with the highest quartile of fatalism scores, high-risk family history predicted greater adherence to healthy behaviors, while among those in the lowest quartile, and among those with the middle 50% of fatalism scores, there was no association between family history and healthy behavior scores. Conclusions Family history education can provide people at increased risk for CVD important information to guide health practices. This may be particularly relevant for those with a high degree of fatalistic thinking. In rural communities with limited health resources, family history education, combined with assessment of fatalism, may support better targeted interventions to enhance engagement in healthy behaviors.

The increasing problem of antibiotic resistance has been related, among other factors, to the extensive use of antibiotics in pig farming. To be able to reduce antibiotic usage in this type of livestock breeding, it may be important to know which internal characteristics of farmers are related to their antibiotic treatment practices, next to the external characteristics, such as husbandry conditions. We conducted a survey among Swiss farmers of fattening pigs to investigate their attitudes and habits related to antibiotic usage, as well as their perception of antibiotic resistance and of policy measures intended to reduce antibiotic usage in pig farming. In addition, we related farmers׳ personal variables, attitudes and habits, and their farm characteristics to their actual antibiotic usage at three time points during the fattening period. The farmers in our study appeared to be little aware of the risks of antibiotic usage in pig husbandry. Results seemed to imply that different attitudes and habits were related to antibiotic usage at the three time points during fattening. At the beginning of the fattening period, the farmers׳ habits were mainly related to their antibiotic usage. Perceived risks and cautious behaviour regarding antibiotics were important predictors of farmers׳ perceived impact of policy measures to reduce antibiotic usage. We suggest that promoting habits that reduce antibiotic use among farmers and increasing their risk awareness related to antibiotics in pig husbandry will most likely reduce the use of these substances in pig farming.

The article presents an analysis of the relationship between young people and alcohol and drug use, examining both their attitudes and behaviors. The analysis is based on statistics collected through a structured-questionnaire survey of 1071 students from the secondary schools of Rome and the Province. The first part of the article examines patterns and levels of alcohol and drug use and typical places of use. The central part is dedicated to the perceptions and opinions on alcohol and drugs, with particular regard to the dimensions of risk and sociality, and to the different roles of school and family in raising risk awareness. Sociality appears as a crucial element in young people's tendency to associate alcohol and drugs with an effect of relaxation and disinhibition that makes social relations easier. The article finally examines the relationship between young people and social norms, identifying transgressive models and habits. On the whole, the study highlights a connection between alcohol and drug ...

During any crisis, part of the perception of risk is subjective and evolves as new insights become available. Risk awareness and even the reaction to occurrences of risk—and so the adopted attitude towards risk mitigation—differ depending on the predominant personality dynamics of the decision maker. This is a dimension that should be considered in risk management, and in particular for those risk classes that represent safety, security, and business continuity related risks. This subjectivity in risk management represents a certain concern that should be addressed.

This paper addresses a specific type of intervention for health and wellbeing, i.e., brief interventions during nightlife events, aimed at improving partygoers' awareness of the risks related to the consumption of psychoactive substances. It is argued that a gamified modality would help overcome some limiting contextual constraints while preserving the seriousness of the intervention purpose. To support this last point, the paper describes two studies Ni?ź=i?ź227, Ni?ź=i?ź81 respectively. The first study was conducted in the field; it was found that after a game session, users' self-reported awareness of nightlife risks increased significantly from pre-session scores. In addition, users evaluated the intervention as credible in terms of its accuracy, novelty, and contextual appropriateness. The second study showed, under controlled laboratory conditions, that the number of correct answers about substance consumption consequences, substance characteristics, and risk prevention choices improved after the game session. Together, these studies suggest that using gamification as an attractor would not compromise the serious goals of this intervention modality.

Consequences of a major accident can take two main forms. The first and most obvious is direct losses arising from the accident, represented by physical damage. In addition to this, a less obvious effect of an accident is damage to the reputation of the company. Estimating this is especially challenging because it can be encountered in various forms. For example, loss of future sales or a change in the relationships with stakeholders, such as lenders and suppliers, resulting in damage to the reputation of a company is often overlooked. This chapter introduces the approaches emerging in the literature that are increasingly being used to quantify the reputational damage of events that companies have experienced in the past. Advantages and disadvantages of the approaches are also discussed. Studying past events helps improve the prediction of potential consequences of an accident in the future and raise risk awareness of analysts.