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Immigration is one of the most contested issues in contemporary political life because of its possible implications for state welfare provisions of receiving countries. There is a fear that rising ...

The use of mixed methods to deal with the complexity of remittance motivations is still infrequent. This paper uses statistical and qualitative data and provides evidence on the conceptual framework for understanding remittance behaviour proposed by the scholar Jorgen Carling. Carling's ‘remittance scripts’ understand remittances as multifaceted transactions and enrich the assessment of the relationship between remittances and development at origin. We use quantitative and qualitative data, both extracted from an ethnosurvey conducted in Spain, to shed light on the situation of transnational Bolivian immigrants after the economic crisis of 2008. We argue that the transactions are best represented by the necessity to provide for the recipients' basic needs. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Altres ajuts: Institut d'Estudis Catalans (2018-2019) ; Staff de "Congress of the City University of New York (2019-20, USA)" With the passing of Royal Decree-Law 16/2012, Spain's national health system switched from a model defined by universal and free health care principles, to a private insurance system that excluded large population groups. Based on a qualitative research design, this paper examines the media treatment of undocumented immigrants' prerogatives to public health care in Spain (2012-2018). The analysis of 234 articles, drawn from three major Spanish newspapers, reveals three frames that underscore the media's "rhetorics of inclusion," which argue for the extension of free medical services to irregular immigrantsa topic traditionally underestimated by the literature. The moralist frame, supported by social justice arguments, is found in tandem with the cost-benefit frame that advocates for immigrants' health care access as a means for containing medical expenses. The overall predominance of the legalist frame largely relies on arguments that reflect a Spanish political culture rooted in the universality of health rights.

What are the interfaces between migration, social protection and gender? In this chapter, we approach this issue from critical standpoints on gender relations and transnational dynamics. First, we introduce the feminist critique that calls into question the nationalist and masculinist assumptions that characterise the agenda that conceived welfare regimes as “national worlds.” Esping-Andersen’s framework highlights the relationships between states and markets, relegating the family (and therefore women) to a subsidiary level in the welfare provision and neglecting the importance of the internationalisation of productive and reproductive work. Then, we present the research agenda on transnational social protection (TSP) that emerged from the necessity to understand the new forms of production and (re)distribution of social protection. Finally, from the perspectives on migration and the gendered nature of the labour markets, the circulation of care and the intersectionality of inequalities, we argue that TSP takes the form of a gendered quest, insofar it is only made possible through the continuous, reflexive and risky (often sacrificial) action of women involved in transnational strategies of social protection.

In an era where even citizenship is not a guarantee of access to the welfare state, can non-citizens gain access to social protection? Using health care as a lens, and the United States and Spain as cases, we find that non-citizens do have access to social protection via what we call ‘grey zones’, namely points of disagreement between national and local governments that create opportunities for non-citizens. Grey zones are possible due to processes that are often seen as disenfranchising: the denationalisation of policy and the disaggregation of citizenship. In addition, they tend to open up regardless of the nature or intent of national reforms. That said, we find significant variation in the extent to which subnational governments take advantage of them. While differences are somewhat explained by partisanship, significant outliers warrant further investigation.

The term ‘ethnic enclave economy’, defined as a special case of ethnic economy, was formulated more than 25 years ago and since then has been subject to a great debate. Spatially concentrated businesses have for a long time been viewed as particularly anomalous and their economic significance for the society has been overlooked. Yet, recent processes of economic globalisation have generated growing demands for small and flexible businesses in urban cities, with the effect of an increasing number of ethnic entrepreneurial activities. This paper revisits the mainstream definitions of ‘ethnic enclave’, by taking into account new approaches that can be used to adapt the term to the dynamics of global economy and to disassociate it from a territorially fixed and circumscribed place. At the same time, these approaches provide a strong foundation to shape the enclave as a form of economic resilience in times of crisis. Most of the defining characteristics of the enclave explain how businesses are able to adapt and expand taking advantage of their competitiveness in spite of the economic recession. Such a line of argument is illustrated and discussed through empirical data from two case studies: Pakistani businesses in the neighborhood of Raval (Barcelona), and the Indian souvenir business in the Catalan coast (Girona).

After a brief account of the findings of the project Longitudinal Study of the Second Generation in Spain (ILSEG), an eight-year-long project which constitutes the first representative study of the outcomes of children of immigrant during their adaptation process in Spain, some reflections concerning the results are shown. Firstly, implications for second generation of significant variations at the subnational level are discussed. Secondly, in spite of the partially optimistic results based on the project ILSEG, the paper considers whether certain groups of youth who become “racialized” or “ethnified” may find their pathways to economic mobility and assimilation blocked due to discrimination

This paper studies the upward occupational mobility trajectories of immigrant women performing unskilled work as a first job in Spain. The goals of the research are to go beyond the debate that focuses on the structural elements that condition their labour trajectories in Spain and to include both personal factors and the way in which these women use their agency in order to shape their labour trajectories. We have opted for a mixed-method approach, using data from the National Immigrant Survey ENI-2007, combined with 42 socio-biographical interviews with immigrant women from Latin America living in the metropolitan areas of Barcelona and Madrid.

Using the first wave of Longitudinal Study of the Second Generation (ILSEG in its Spanish acronym), this study examines the determinants of educational and occupational expectations among the children of immigrants in Barcelona in Catalonia, Spain. With over one-in-four births in Catalonia belonging to foreign-born mothers, the multi-ethnicisation of the youngest segments of the Catalan population has become a demographic reality. We present a series of hypotheses about the key determinants of educational and occupational expectations based on the predictions of segmented assimilation theory, which we test through a series of multivariate regression analyses. By and large, our findings confirm the main propositions of this theory. A particularly interesting finding is that, although previous research suggests that mastery of the Catalan language is crucial for achieving social mobility in Barcelona, our findings show that knowledge of Spanish appears to be a stronger predictor of educational and occupatio...

La persistència de la crisi provoca que els immigrants vegin cada vegada amb major escepticisme la recuperació econòmica a curt termini a Espanya. Això suposa que bona part de les estratègies de supervivència desplegades durant aquests últims anys per sortejar la crisi hagin deixat d’ésser sostenibles, especialment per a les persones en situació irregular o per les que no perceben cap tipus d'ingrés. Davant aquesta situació, l'article desenvolupa tres aspectes dels impactes de la crisi sobre els treballadors immigrants: de quina manera afecta la desocupació a aquest col·lectiu; quins són els principals efectes socials i econòmics per a la població migrant i en quina mesura l'evolució de la crisi influeix sobre el retorn voluntari., The persistence of economic crisis has made immigrants more skeptical about economic recuperation in the short term in Spain. It means that most of the survival strategies developed by them during the last years could not be sustainable, especially for irregular immigrants and for immigrants with no job or money. In the face of adversity, the paper examines three aspects of the impacts of the crisis on immigrant workers: how are they affected by the risk of unemployment; the main economic and social effects for migrants; to what extent does the economic crisis affect voluntary return., La persistencia de la crisis provoca que los inmigrantes vean cada vez con mayor escepticismo la recuperación económica a corto plazo en España. Ello supone que buena parte de las estrategias de supervivencia desplegadas durante estos últimos años para sortear la crisis hayan dejado de ser sostenibles, especialmente para las personas en situación irregular o para las que no perciben ningún tipo de ingreso. Ante esta situación, el artículo desarrolla tres aspectos de los impactos de la crisis sobre los trabajadores migrantes: de qué manera afecta el desempleo a este colectivo; cuáles son los principales efectos sociales y económicos para la población migrante; en qué medida la evolución de la crisis influye sobre el retorno voluntario.

This chapter focuses on the effects of the Great Recession on Latin American women using a comparative perspective. It seeks to describe, through an intersectional approach, the situation of immigrant women as workers in the labor market in terms of multiple disadvantages that operate as barriers. First, we describe a general overview about the effects of Great Recession on immigrant’s employment from a gender perspective. Following this, the consequences for Latin American women in Spain and the US are discussed in more detail. To this end, I use official statistics and as well as data from research findings on gender differences. The chapter concludes with a brief reflexion regarding the common patterns shared by Latin American women in the two contexts and the most important differences, together with the main implications for theory and for improving intervention strategies.

La progresiva concentración de mujeres inmigrantes en los servicios de proximidad revela un proceso de triple discriminación laboral en la sociedad receptora, -clase social, género y etnia. El artículo analiza, por un lado, la posición de la mujer inmigrante en el mercado laboral catalán, lo que permite evidenciar un proceso de transferencia de trabajo reproductivo entre mujeres de distinta clase social y grupo étnico, y por otro, trata de comprobar si se asiste a un proceso de segmentación dentro de los servicios vinculados a la reproducción social, así como a la etnización de determinadas modalidades. Los resultados del estudio permiten extraer una jerarquía alrededor de los servicios de proximidad, a la vez que muestran que las trabajadoras autóctonas e inmigrantes no se ubican en las mismas modalidades. The concentration of immigrant women in reproductive services indicates a tripartite labour discrimination -based on social class, gender and ethnic group- in the receiving society. The article presents a general overview of the position of immigrant women in the Catalán labour market. The analysis evidences the transfer of reproductive work among women from different social class and ethnic group, and tries to identify a segmentation process of reproductive services and the ethnisation of certain levels or sectors. The results reveal a hierarchy of different levels, and show that indigenous and immigrant female workers really are not placed in the same sectors.

In the familistic welfare state regimes of Italy and Spain, the resurgence in live-in domestic work and the demand for migrant domestic workers is stronger than in other European countries. Organising and regulating services in order to help with the burden of caring for one's family is not an important objective of social policy in southern European countries. It is taken for granted that the family (‘women') is the main provider of social protection. In the absence of policy decisions in this field, the increase in local women's labour market participation in recent decades has led to households recruiting non-EU immigrant women in order to help them balance the needs of their family with the demands of paid employment. These immigrants constitute an enormous supply of low-cost labour and there is a shortage of local female workers in paid domestic work.

This article analyses the issues raised by immigration into Spain from the specific perspective of entry into the labour market. The first part looks at the mechanisms of discrimination against immigrant workers, and then proceeds to analyse the factors that perpetuate racial discrimination in the labour market, based on the interests and practices of the various social agents (government, employers, trades unions, local workers) in relation to immigrants. We show how the non-EU immigrant labour force suffers from negative discrimination compared to native workers, in terms of both access to jobs and to working conditions, independently of their educational levels, qualifications or prior work experience. This not only gives rise to a loss of human resources available to the host society, but also represents a definite barrier for the integration into the host society of these immigrant groups. As long as immigrants are unable to overcome this vulnerability in the labour market, their socio-economic integ...

This article presents the irregular employment situation of non-European union immigrants in Spanish cities. Foreign labor is remarkable for its heterogeneity in terms of country of origin, demographic characteristics, and the different ways in which immigrants have entered the job market. Legal immigrants tend to concentrate in five different branches of activity, such as domestic service (mostly women), hotel and restaurant industry, agriculture, building and retail trade. Migrants who work in agriculture suffer the worst labor conditions than all other migrants. However, all migrants experience difficulty in obtaining residency and labor permits. Four integration strategies among Moroccan immigrants in Catalonia are discussed and can be viewed as support networks of the immigrants.

El artículo estudia, a través del análisis de las experiencias de los empresarios de origen extra-comunitario, las causas que explican por qué algunos inmigrantes optan por el auto-empleo en el contexto de la sociedad española. El texto vincula esas actividades empresariales tanto a la influencia de las redes sociales de los inmigrantes como a los condicionantes vinculados a las estructuras económicas e institucionales de la sociedad receptora. By analysing the experiences of business people from outside the European Union, the text examines the reasons why some immigrants to Spain opt for self-employment. The article links these business activities both to the role of immigrants' social networks and to the conditioning factors of the economic and institutional structures of the host society.

In this analysis we make an approach to the impact a d importance of a transnational perspective when studying current international migrations. More specifically, the objective of this paper is to reflect on the impact of the monetary and «social» remittances of Peruvian and Ecuadorian immigrants living in Spain, considering their households as transnational. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.57 on Fri, 09 Sep 2016 04:18:00 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms UNA APROXIMACION CUALITATIVA A LAS REMESAS DE LOS INMIGRANTES