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The study, through the framework of mobility and space, explores the phenomenon of multiple shifts in learning spaces induced by COVID-19. The Interpretative Phenomenological Approach (IPA) is adopted to document the experiences and perceptions of learners caught within these spatial shifts—physical, online, and hybrid. Online interviews were conducted with six first-year undergraduate and three first-year postgraduate students enrolled at the department of English and Cultural Studies in a Southern Indian University. Some of the dominant patterns emerging from the accounts of the participants are (1) the changing perception of conducive learning space, (2) the changing perceptions and roles of various classroom actors, and (3) the evolving nature of the learners and the learning process. The study utilizes the framework of mobility to locate the stage of embodied skill acquisition of the participants within the online learning space and illuminates the possibilities offered by this paradigm within the context of higher education. Some of the insights gained through the study include a changing perception of the conventional built classroom space, a notable preference towards a complete online or offline mode as opposed to the hybrid mode, and a transition towards self-directed learning. The study argues that these implications are highly pertinent and can significantly shape the way pedagogues and researchers engage with the various modes of learning—physical, online, and hybrid—and the future of higher education that is shaped by technology-enabled learning.

Captivating film posters and advertisements with images of idolized actors like Mammootty and Mohanlal blended in with vivid colours and appealing captions is a spectacle that is a part of the cult...

We live in a dynamic, distracting world. When distracting information captures attention, what are the consequences for perception? Previous literature has focused on effects such as reaction time (RT) slowing, accuracy decrements, and oculomotor capture by distractors. In the current study, we asked whether attentional capture by distractors can also more fundamentally alter target feature representations, and if so, whether participants are aware of such errors. Using a continuous report task and novel confidence range report paradigm, we discovered 2 types of feature-binding errors when a distractor was presented along with the target: First, when attention is strongly captured by the distractor, participants commit swapping errors (misreporting the color at the distractor location instead of the target color), which remarkably seem to occur without awareness. Second, when participants successfully resist capture, they tend to exhibit repulsion (perceptual distortion away from the color at the distractor location). Thus, we found that capture not only induces a spatial shift of attention, it also alters feature perception in striking ways. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Measuring image visual quality is extremely important for many image processing tasks. In the past, several metrics have been proposed for measuring image visual quality such as structural similarity index (SSIM) and visual information fidelity (VIF). Nevertheless, these metrics are not robust to image spatial shifts when the reference and distorted images are misaligned by a few pixels. These metrics generate extremely low metric scores which is undesirable. It is well known that shifting the image by a few pixels does not affect the perceived image quality significantly. In this paper, we modify the SSIM metric to make it more robust to spatial shifts by pre-processing the input images with two-dimensional (2D) Fast Fourier Transform (FFT2). We then use the magnitudes of the Fourier coefficients in the existing metrics since these coefficients are shift-invariant. Experiments show that our proposed novel method is particularly good at measuring the visual quality of 2D images because it is far less complex than the existing methods and it offers better accuracy. Our new method is better than SSIM even when no spatial shifts are introduced to the images.

The Attentional Spatial Numerical Association of Response Codes (Att-SNARC) effect has shown that number perception induces shifts in spatial attention (Fischer et al., 2003; Dodd et al., 2008). However, many replications were attempted and they often failed. In the present study, we investigated whether the Att-SNARC effect can be found for numbers in different notations: months in Arabic form, Simplified Chinese form, Traditional Chinese form (includes numerical ordinal information) and in Chinese non-numerical form (an ordinal sequence). By varying the cognitive task, we also examined whether the effect is a consequence of automatic perceptual processing. In Experiment 1, an Att-SNARC effect was observed for numbers regardless of notation. In Experiment 2 (order-irrelevant task) and Experiment 3 (order-relevant task), the effect was also found consistently for months in Arabic form, Simplified Chinese form, and Traditional Chinese form. This effect was not observed for months in Chinese non-numerical form in Experiment 3. These results show that number and numerical sequence perception automatically causes a spatial shift of attention. Our study provides positive evidence for the Att-SNARC effect and indicates that the effect can generalize to other numerical ordinal sequences that contain numeric information.

A selection of exhibitions of sculpture held between the years 1946 and 1957 illustrates the formal transformations and diversity of methods of exhibiting sculpted forms as identifi ed through their manner of cooperating with space. The experiments, which commenced during the First Exhibition of Modern Art (1948) and were later creatively developed at the Krzywe Koło and Zachęta galleries, were based on ideas that had been formulated by K. Kobro and W. Strzemiński in Kompozycja przestrzeni. Obliczenia rytmu-czasoprzestrzennego (1931), produce a diversifi ed picture of intense formal exploration of sculpture, with the category of “space” emerging as a crucial part of the research perspective. The integrated gallery space and the setting for a work of art – which during the Sculpture in the Garden show (1957) included outdoor space – defi ned a trend that was moving towards the concept of an installation. Exhibitions indirectly connected with sculpture, e.g. Studium przestrzeni (1957), were used as research instruments in the process of extending the boundaries of sculptural forms to include their reaching into space.

Costa Rica established the National Biological Corridor Program in 2006. Under the National Biological Corridor Program, the long-running Payment for Environmental Services Program was newly priori tized into biological corridors throughout the country. The National Biological Corridor Program caused a nationwide spatial shift in placement of payments for environmental services throughout Costa Rica. We classified ASTER 15-m resolution imagery in a central Costa Rica corridor connecting the eastern and western protected areas networks to analyze the change in forests during the National Biological Corridor Program with its targeted payments for environmental services effort. We used object-based classification methods, and compared land cover changes over an initial four-year period of corridor pol icy enactment. We calculated the changes within PES properties and outside of PES regions, and we also calculated forest patch metrics during the same time period. Results indicate a decline in forest cover over the study period, along with an increase in urban and pasture land covers, with higher change and loss of forest centered inside of the biological corridor, near the construction area for the new San Carlos highway, and within eastern pasture areas. We also saw a higher percentage of forest loss inside of the biological corridor area as compared to areas outside of the biological corridor. Forest loss was drastically less within current and historic PES properties, as compared to the overall study region. Across the entire study region, patch metrics show a decrease in the number of patches and a slight decrease in average patch size. These results suggest that current and past designation of PES prevents forest loss within PES properties while the current designation of priority conservation status via the National Biological Corridor Program is not increasing connectivity and forest conservation. This is shown by increased land use change and a decrease in forest associated with biological corridor designation. These results are antithetical to the goals of the National Biological Corridor Program. Costa Rica estableció el Programa Nacional de Corredores Biológicos en 2006. En el marco del Programa Nacional de Corredor Biológico, el Programa de Pago por Servicios Ambientales, de larga data, fue nuevamente priorizado en corredores biológicos en todo el país. El Programa Nacional de Corredores Biológicos provocó un cambio espacial a nivel nacional en la colocación de los pagos por servicios ambientales en toda Costa Rica. Clasificamos las imágenes ASTER de 15 m de resolución en un corredor central de Costa Rica que conecta las redes de áreas protegidas del este y del oeste para analizar la de áreas protegidas del este y el oeste de Costa Rica para analizar el cambio en los bosques durante el de los bosques durante el Programa Nacional de Corredores Biológicos con su esfuerzo de pagos por servicios ambientales. Se utilizaron métodos de clasificación de clasificación basados en objetos, y comparamos los cambios en la cobertura del suelo durante un período inicial de cuatro años de promulgación de la política del corredor. Calculamos los cambios dentro de las propiedades del PSA y fuera de las regiones del PSA, y también calculamos las métricas de las parcelas forestales durante el mismo periodo de tiempo. Los resultados indican un descenso de la cubierta forestal durante el periodo de estudio, junto con un aumento de la cubierta urbana y de los pastos, con un mayor cambio y de bosques en el corredor biológico, cerca de la zona de construcción de la nueva autopista de San Carlos y en las zonas de pastos del este. de la nueva autopista de San Carlos, y en las zonas de pastos del este. También se observó un mayor porcentaje de pérdida de bosque dentro del del corredor biológico en comparación con las áreas fuera del corredor biológico. La pérdida de bosque fue drásticamente menos dentro de las propiedades actuales e históricas del PSA, en comparación con la región de estudio en general. En toda la En toda la región de estudio, las métricas de los parches muestran una disminución del número de parches y una ligera disminución del tamaño medio de los parches. tamaño de los parches. Estos resultados sugieren que la designación actual y pasada de PSA previene la pérdida de bosque dentro de de bosques dentro de las propiedades de los PSA, mientras que la designación actual del estado de conservación prioritario a través del Programa Nacional de Corredores Biológicos no está aumentando la conectividad. El Programa Nacional de Corredores Biológicos no está aumentando la conectividad ni la conservación de los bosques. Esto se demuestra por el aumento del cambio Ello se demuestra por el aumento del cambio de uso de la tierra y la disminución de los bosques asociados a la designación de corredores biológicos. Estos resultados son antitéticos a los objetivos del Programa Nacional de Corredores Biológicos. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica Escuela de Ciencias Geográficas

This paper explores the role of the imagination in our understanding of the nature of knowledge, through the synchronic interaction of the works of Luis de Gongora and Jorge Luis Borges, respectively. We discuss the supposed ‘world of ecriture’ and ‘blinding’ metaphors of the former, and the spatial shift between self and universe that metaphor entails, in the latter. We also highlight some of the ways in which the two bodies of work relate to each other, and speak to us about how imagination relates to understanding, particularly through the short story ‘El Aleph’ and Borges’ later reappraisal of Gongorine methods. The lesson that Gongora and Borges teach us about such explanations is twofold: firstly, that any explanation is only every partial, and secondly, that explanations can only ever be indirect and are always mediated by the imagination. Ultimately, the irony is that, for these authors, a large element of the ‘truth’ that we achieve is an understanding about the limited nature of understa...

Geocoding is the science and process of assigning geographical coordinates (i.e. latitude, longitude) to a postal address. The quality of the geocode can vary dramatically depending on several variables, including incorrect input address data, missing address components, and spelling mistakes. A dataset with a considerable number of geocoding inaccuracies can potentially result in an imprecise analysis and invalid conclusions. There has been little quantitative analysis of the amount of effort (i.e. time) to perform geocoding correction, and how such correction could improve geocode quality type. This study used a low-cost and easy to implement method to improve geocode quality type of an input database (i.e. addresses to be matched) through the processes of manual geocode intervention, and it assessed the amount of effort to manually correct inaccurate geocodes, reported the resulting match rate improvement between the original and the corrected geocodes, and documented the corresponding spatial shift by geocode quality type resulting from the corrections. Findings demonstrated that manual intervention of geocoding resulted in a 90% improvement of geocode quality type, took 42 hours to process, and the spatial shift ranged from 0.02 to 151,368 m. This study provides evidence to inform research teams considering the application of manual geocoding intervention that it is a low-cost and relatively easy process to execute.

Building on a body of research on the “what” and “how” of post-2015 development, and motivated by the significant spatial shift to having a universal frame of reference in the Sustainable Development Goals, this article considers the “where” of contemporary development. The shifting geographies of economic, human and environmental aspects of development are charted. Some converging trends between the Global North and South render untenable the framing of international development as a 19th and 20th century world of “divergence big time”. Yet, some degree of global convergence does not adequately capture a world where development inequalities are profound. Instead, while the over-arching binary framing of development is blurring, such a trend is overlain by growing divergence at smaller spatial scales – especially within nations. “Converging divergence” characterises the new geography of 21st century global development, moving beyond overly optimistic claims of global convergence, but also beyond pessimistic accounts of the perpetuation of old development divides. The implications of “converging divergence” are explored and it is concluded that 21st century global development involves and must address a very different geography from that of 20th century international development.

In his chapter, Alvarado Ruiz examines how “space” is represented in the Crack novels, and what kind of “cartography” is derived thereof, demonstrating that since their publication there is a shift regarding the representation of “space” in the Mexican literature. As discussed, since the second half of the twentieth century the Mexican novel consolidated its space around Mexico City, which became a symbol of national identity, but as the spatial shift found in the Crack novels implied the representation of non-national places, the chapter addresses whether these novels can be considered Mexican novels and how they break new ground.

During text comprehension, people create situation models to understand the described events. When a change in the situation happens, model updating can occur along multiple dimensions. Prior studies have looked at the separate effects of dimensional shifts finding an increase in processing time when a shift occurs. This reading time study used spatial and character shifts to assess the impact of updating on each other. Specifically, does a prior spatial shift affect character updating and vice versa? This follows recent work exploring the distinction between incremental and global updating. An experiment that manipulated spatial and character shifts as well as their order found influences of both shift types on comprehension, but they did not influence one another. A second experiment revealed that extensive prior knowledge of the spatial environment did not impact the pattern of results. Overall, these results are consistent with the idea that during the comprehension of continuous text event shifts are...

As important mechanisms of regional strategy and policy, prefecture-level regions have played an increasingly significant role in the development of China's economy. However, little research has grasped the essence of the economic development stage and the spatiotemporal evolution process at the prefecture level; this may lead to biased policies and their ineffective implementations. Based on Chenery's economic development theory, this paper identifies China's economic development stages at both national and prefectural levels. Both the Global Moran I index and the Getis-Ord Gi* index are employed to investigate the spatio-temporal evolution of China's economic development from 1990 to 2010. Major conclusions can be drawn as follows. (1) China's economic development is generally in the state of agglomeration. It entered the Primary Production Stage in 1990, and the Middle Industrialized Stage in 2010, with a 'balanced-unbalanced-gradually rebalanced' pattern in the process. (2) China's rapid economic growth experienced a spatial shift from the coastal areas to the the inland areas. Most advanced cities in mid-western China can be roughly categorized into regional hub cities and resource-dependent cities. (3) Hot spots in China's economy moved northward and westward. The interactions between cities and prefectures became weaker in Eastern China, while cities and prefectures in Central and Western China were still at the stage of individual development, with limited effect on the surrounding cities. (4) While the overall growth rate of China's economy has gradually slowed down during the past two decades, the growth rate of cities and prefectures in Central and Western China was much faster than those in coastal areas. (5) Areas rich in resources, such as Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia, have become the new hot spots of economic growth in recent years. For these regions, however, more attention needs to be paid to their unbalanced industrial structures and the lagging social development against the backdrop of the rapid economic growth, driven predominantly by the exploitation of resources.

Objective Contraversive pushing (CP) is a neurologic disorder characterized by a lateral postural imbalance. Pusher patients actively push toward their contralesional side due to a misperception of the body's orientation in relation to gravity. Although not every patient with CP suffers from spatial neglect (SN), both phenomena are highly correlated in right-hemispheric patients. The present study investigates whether peripersonal visuospatial functioning differs in neglect patients with versus without CP (NP+ vs. NP- patients). Method Eighteen right-hemispheric stroke patients with SN were included, of which 17 in a double-blind case-control study and 1 single case with posterior pushing to supplement the discourse. A computer-based visuospatial navigation task, in which lateralized deviation can freely emerge, was used to quantify visuospatial behavior. In addition, visuospatial orienting was monitored using line bisection. Results Significant intergroup differences were found. The NP+ patients demonstrated a smaller ipsilesional navigational deviation and more cross-over (contralesional instead of ipsilesional deviation) in long line bisection. As such, they demonstrated a contraversive (contralesionally directed) shift in comparison with the NP- patients. Conclusions These findings highlight the similarity between 2 systems of space representation. They are consistent with a coherence between the neural processing system that mainly provides for postural control, and the one responsible for nonpredominantly postural, visuospatial behavior.

In the Fröhlich effect, the initial position of an object that suddenly appears in motion is perceived as being shifted in the direction of its motion. Here we establish that this shift is not an obligatory consequence of motion, but it is driven by focused attention. In Experiment 1 using different cueing conditions, we found that invalid cues produced larger perceptual shifts, although the Fröhlich effect was still present for valid and neutral cues. These results support Müsseler and Aschersleben's (1998) proposal that the Fröhlich effect is the result of the time it takes to shift focal attention to the moving stimulus. In Experiment 2 we found that the Fröhlich effect increased when the valid cue arrived more than 100 ms after the start of motion, suggesting again that a delay in attention's arrival shifted the location of the perceived motion onset. In Experiment 3 we compare the motion-induced shifts when the subjects attended to a set of moving stimuli as a group and when they attended to an orientation singleton. We showed that Fröhlich effect was only present when the target was individuated and disappeared when the stimulus was perceived globally. We conclude that the Fröhlich effect is a predictive spatial shift produced and modulated by focal attention.

The Brazilian economy has gone through a remarkable transformation since the difficult times of the last quarter of the twentieth century. Brazil is now seen as one of the engines of global economic growth and together with Russia, India and China makes up the often cited BRIC acronym. During the current decade, Brazil is expected to overtake the economies of Britain and France and become the world’s fifth largest economy, with São Paulo possibly the world’s fifth wealthiest city.

Brewing has been an important part industrialized in the latter portions of Wisconsin’s culture and economy since the first settlers arrived in the early 1800s. Like much of the country, Wisconsin brewers experienced a spatial shift in accordance with the industry’s technology. Starting with many brewers each serving local markets, developments in beer preservation, packaging and transport allowed certain Wisconsin brewers to seize opportunities for expanded market areas. The enlarged economies of scale achieved by these larger brewers provided a competitive advantage that slowly put smaller operations out of business. By the mid-twentieth century, brewing had largely become a national enterprise with fewer local or regional players. Though its market share remained limited, the craft brewing movement represented a reversal of this trend, both nationally and in Wisconsin. Like the early brewers who had settled the state, these new Wisconsin breweries were focused on achieving an economy of scale by developing a local market of consumers.

We have developed a new method for quantitation of blood flow rates based on determination of the spatial shift of the distribution of contrast material in opacified vessels in digital angiograms that are acquired while the contrast material proceeds through the vessel. The distance that the contrast material travels during the time between image acquisitions is determined by comparison of density-vs.-distance curves, which represent the distribution of contrast material along the length of the vessel in the respective images. The flow rate between image acquisitions is calculated by multiplication of the distance traveled by the frame rate and the vessel cross-sectional area. Therefore, for high-frame-rate acquisitions, "instantaneous" flow rates can be determined. In these vessel-phantom studies, the root-mean-square (RMS) difference between instantaneous flow rates measured with our technique and those measured with an electromagnetic method was 2.9 ml/sec; the RMS difference for average flow rates was 0.8 ml/sec.

Background The process of geocoding produces output coordinates of varying degrees of quality. Previous studies have revealed that simply excluding records with low-quality geocodes from analysis can introduce significant bias, but depending on the number and severity of the inaccuracies, their inclusion may also lead to bias. Little quantitative research has been presented on the cost and/or effectiveness of correcting geocodes through manual interactive processes, so the most cost effective methods for improving geocoded data are unclear. The present work investigates the time and effort required to correct geocodes contained in five health-related datasets that represent examples of data commonly used in Health GIS. Results Geocode correction was attempted on five health-related datasets containing a total of 22,317 records. The complete processing of these data took 11.4 weeks (427 hours), averaging 69 seconds of processing time per record. Overall, the geocodes associated with 12,280 (55%) of records were successfully improved, taking 95 seconds of processing time per corrected record on average across all five datasets. Geocode correction improved the overall match rate (the number of successful matches out of the total attempted) from 79.3 to 95%. The spatial shift between the location of original successfully matched geocodes and their corrected improved counterparts averaged 9.9 km per corrected record. After geocode correction the number of city and USPS ZIP code accuracy geocodes were reduced from 10,959 and 1,031 to 6,284 and 200, respectively, while the number of building centroid accuracy geocodes increased from 0 to 2,261. Conclusion The results indicate that manual geocode correction using a web-based interactive approach is a feasible and cost effective method for improving the quality of geocoded data. The level of effort required varies depending on the type of data geocoded. These results can be used to choose between data improvement options (e.g., manual intervention, pseudocoding/geo-imputation, field GPS readings).

Motion perception is an important visual ability of human beings. We can perceive motions not only from real motion but also from apparent motion. Usually, the direction of a perceived apparent motion reflects the real spatial shift between the two successional images, but sometimes the perceived direction is distorted. Two-stroke apparent motion is one of such phenomena, which is induced by two pattern frames from a motion sequence and a blank ISI. We studied on two-stroke apparent motion and found that there were temporal limits to its perception. We measured the brain activity using fMRI when subjects observing the two-stroke apparent motion, real motion and still images. Our fMRI experimental results show that MT/V5 is activated for both the apparent motion and real motion perception, but more activities in the prefrontal/frontal and parietal cortex are observed for the apparent motion perception.

The estimation of the video quality is often performed using a full reference approach. One of the most important steps in a video quality measurement algorithm is to find the corresponding frames between the reference and the distorted video sequence. In this paper an algorithm with three steps is proposed. First, an extended version of the phase correlation is used to find candidate images with an arbitrary temporal offset, spatial scaling or spatial shift. Based on the assumption that the spatial scaling and spatial shift does not change during the sequence a set of probable parameters is selected. Finally, a maximum likelihood estimation is applied to select those temporal offsets which support the smoothest playback. A set of video sequences degraded with several distortions which are typical for multimedia scenarios are used to compare the performance to other algorithms.

An approach is presented to solve the problem of spatial shift wrapping associated with spatial shift estimation-based fringe pattern profilometry (FPP). This problem arises as the result of fringe reuses (that is, use of fringes with periodic light intensity variance), and the spatial shift can only be identified without ambiguity within the range of a fringe width. It is demonstrated that the problem is similar to the phase unwrapping problem associated with the phase-detection-based FPP, and the proposed method is inspired by the existing ideas of using multiple images with different wavelengths proposed for phase unwrapping. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by comparing experimental results against several objects, with the last object consisting of more complex surface features. We conclude by showing that our method is successful in reconstructing the fine details of the more complex object.