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TruthSift is a cloud-based platform that logically combines members' contributions into a collective intelligence. Members add statements and directed connectors to diagrams. TruthSift monitors which statements have been logically established by demonstrations for which every challenge has beenrefuted by an established refutation, and the complement: which statements have been refuted by established refutations. When members run out of rational objections the result is a converged diagramsuccinctly representing the state of knowledge about a topic, including plausible challenges and how they were refuted. Previous computer systems for collaborative intelligence did not have a qualitatively better solution for combining contributions than voting, and are subject to group think, interest group capture, and inability to follow a multi-step logical argument. They did not settle issues automatically point by point and propagate the consequences up. I review indications that many practically important statements most people believe to be firmly established will be revealed to be firmly refuted upon computer assisted scrutiny. TruthSift also supports construction of powerful probabilistic models over networks of causes, implications, tests, and necessary factors.

Purpose – The growing complexity of social systems and the faster technology evolution make central the role of the innovative information technology in complex organisations, geared towards collective intelligence processes among the various social actors and analytical tools. These are able to foster the participant knowledge, manage the feedback through a holistic approach and hence shift organisations from a plurality of voices to an interactive intelligence representing the ultimate identity of the organisation itself. In this regard, the aim of this paper is to offer a model for managing external and internal knowledge in order to support the viability of the organisation (system) in the longer term. Design/methodology/approach – The paper adopts the interpretative lens provided by Systems Thinking, System Dynamics and Viable System Approach (vSa) to investigate the challenging domain of the knowledge and information management for complex systems as organisations. Therefore, a qualitative and interpretative approach is carried out to reflect upon Big Data approaches and Collective Knowledge Systems (CKS), embracing a system perspective. Findings – The proposed conceptual model shows the crucial role covered by the holistic managing of the external and internal knowledge that permits to align the information variety of the organisation to the context and the entities that compose it in order to create harmonic relations. Leveraging on the concepts of vicariance, bricolage and exaptation, several advantages emerge that are correlated to the capacity of the complex system to reach a greater level of survival, by adapting and dynamically evolving itself. Originality/value – The paper shows how Systems Thinking and Viable System Approach can provide deep insights into the field of information technology, evidencing the systems thinking contribution in analysing, understanding and managing dimensions and paths of social dynamics. A contribution to previous studies is provided with reference to themes as Big Data, information and knowledge management.

Background To have population-level impact, physical activity (PA) interventions must be effectively implemented and sustained under real-world conditions. Adequate Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) is integral to children being able to actively participate in play, games, and sports. Yet, few FMS interventions have been implemented at scale, nor sustained in routine practice, and thus it is important to understand the influences on sustained implementation. The study’s aim was to use Collective Intelligence (CI)—an applied systems science approach—with stakeholder groups to understand barriers to the implementation of FMS interventions, interdependencies between these barriers, and options to overcome the system of barriers identified. Methods Three CI sessions were conducted with three separate groups of experienced FMS intervention researchers/practitioners (N = 22) in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Participants generated and ranked barriers they perceive most critical in implementing FMS interventions. Each group developed a structural model describing how highly ranked barriers are interrelated in a system. Participants then conducted action mapping to solve the problem based on the logical relations between barriers reflected in the model. Results The top ranked barriers (of 76) are those related to policy, physical education curriculum, and stakeholders’ knowledge and appreciation. As reflected in the structural model, these barriers have influences over stakeholders’ efficacy in delivering and evaluating interventions. According to this logical structure, 38 solutions were created as a roadmap to inform policy, practice, and research. Collectively, solutions suggest that efforts in implementation and sustainability need to be coordinated (i.e., building interrelationship with multiple stakeholders), and a policy or local infrastructure that supports these efforts is needed. Conclusions The current study is the first to describe the complexity of barriers to implementing and sustaining FMS interventions and provide a roadmap of actions that help navigate through the complexity. By directing attention to the ecological context of FMS intervention research and participation, the study provides researchers, policy makers, and practitioners with a framework of critical components and players that need to be considered when designing and operationalising future projects in more systemic and relational terms.

No bojo de uma reconfiguração cultural intensificada pela diversificação e penetrabilidade das Tecnologias Digitais de Informação e Comunicação (TDIC) no tecido social, novas ambiências educativas são constituídas e as questões centrais do pensamento educativo são reformuladas: se antes eram centradas nas melhores formas dos estudantes aprenderem, hoje os sujeitos precisam conseguir identificar quais são as questões relevantes de seu tempo, para assim construir possíveis respostas, compartilhá-las e contribuir para a inteligência coletiva. As TDIC reúnem recursos e funcionalidades que facilitam uma variedade de interações entre pessoas e entre elas e os conhecimentos social e historicamente produzidos. Junto com seu desenvolvimento, vêm sendo propostas e experimentadas diversas possibilidades pedagógicas. As demandas educativas da cultura digital e as reformulações pedagógicas baseadas nas possibilidades das TDIC exigem novas formas de pensar a formação de professores. É um desafio que exige novos conteúdos, mas também novas práticas que incentivem a autoria, o protagonismo, a produção coletiva, a colaboração e a pesquisa. Este artigo traz uma reflexão sobre os desafios e as possibilidades pedagógicas das TDIC na constituição de novas ambiências de aprendizagem na cultura digital, analisa as implicações deste contexto para a formação de professores e apresenta uma proposta formativa vinculada ao Projeto Conexão Escola-Mundo. Como elementos de empiria e para ilustrar as discussões desenvolvidas, trazemos algumas percepções das demandas da cultura digital pelos professores de uma escola pública federal de ensino básico.

Cet article vise à exposer les réflexions engendrées par la présentation de Marc Jeannotte intitulée “Quels modes de vie citoyenne voulons-nous dans nos métropoles?”. Soulignant le lien entre les transitions urbaines et le projet humain, l’intervenant a avancé le rôle essentiel de la participation citoyenne et du citoyen comme un acteur de ces transitions. Notre analyse de ce questionnement est basée sur trois notions de la théorie d’action : les champs structurels d’action, les acteurs et les représentations des acteurs. En appliquant ce cadre conceptuel à la discussion, nous pouvons conclure que pour permettre l’intelligence collective dans les démarches participatives, il faut prendre en compte ces trois éléments. Ainsi, l’intervenant et les discutants mettent l’importance sur l’expertise des citoyens et le capital social, l’accessibilité à l’information et la fracture numérique, la diversité des opinions et l’apprentissage. Ensuite, nous identifions les lignes de questionnement à poursuivre afin d’améliorer notre compréhension des formes de la participation citoyennes du point de vue des représentations et des stratégies d’action des citoyens.

Collaborative projects imply a wide variety of skills, ranging from technical abilities to teamwork and problem-solving attitudes. Innovative teaching programmes focused on the use and promotion of open-source geospatial tools represent a key element in developing such transversal abilities. OpenStreetMap (OSM) brings into play open and collaborative dynamics that build a critical ecosystem where single contributions are part of collective intelligence. This initiative led to the foundation of structured contributors groups such as PoliMappers, the first European YouthMappers chapter based in Politecnico di Milano (Italy). Pursuing the objective to build a responsible student-led community of Free and Open Source Software users, in 2021 PoliMappers organised the course entitled “Collaborative and Humanitarian Mapping”. The programme is structured into 7 meetings and aims to introduce university students to the OSM environment with a focus on the potential of open data and related geospatial tools, especially in the humanitarian field. It has seen the participation of the World Food Programme, Open Knowledge Foundation, TECHO Colombia, IMM Design Lab, Map for Future, UN Mappers, Spazio Vita Niguarda Onlus, Ledha Milano, AUS Niguarda Onlus and Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team. Enrolled attendants’ contributions have been assessed with tools for quality review and statistics. Also, Q&As and suggestions to the attendants have been collected to detect common issues. The paper presents the course, from the design to the assessment of the students’ activities, and the lessons learned in this experience in such a way to provide some guidance to those who want to organize similar initiatives.

Resumo Este artigo volta às propostas teóricas de Robert E. Park e William I. Thomas sobre o processo de desorganização/reorganização social e a forma como isso foi tratado em algumas das dissertações de sociologia de Chicago na década de 1920. As instituições sociais eram consideradas organismos vivos que nascem, crescem e morrem e que existem através de suas transações com seus ambientes e através da gênese dessas transações. Os processos básicos desta ecologia de instituições sociais, nas ordens biótica e moral, foram apreendidos com as categorias de competição e seleção, isolamento, invasão e sucessão, cooperação, parasitismo e simbiose, conflito, acomodação e assimilação. As descrições e análises estatísticas e cartográficas tornaram possível dar conta de processos ecológicos de diferenciação funcional e territorial, étnica e racial, distribuição e segregação. Esta primeira etapa, nos anos 1920-1930, ajuda a entender como W. F. Whyte, H. Blumer e E. C. Hughes estudaram o processo de institucionalização de hospitais, empresas, sindicatos, igrejas e organizações de movimentos sociais nos anos 1940-1960. Essa perspectiva ecológica clássica é enriquecida aqui através de seu confronto com a filosofia pragmatista - da qual Park e Thomas eram próximos. As instituições sociais, além de sua base ecológica, são tomadas como campos experimentais e matrizes culturais, que crescem em torno de tentativas de definir e dominar os problemas sociais. As noções tomadas emprestadas a Dewey de razão pública, inteligência coletiva e aprendizagem coletiva pelas comunidades de debatedores, investigadores e experimentadores, entram em jogo. As instituições sociais são acumuladores, condensadores e geradores de experiência, know-how e conhecimento: elas empoderam ou desempoderam seus membros ou beneficiários. Tal conjunto de questões nos permite abordar numa nova perspectiva algumas questões de sociologia das organizações. Abstract This paper goes back to Robert E. Park and William I. Thomas statements on the process of social disorganization /reorganization and the way this was dealt with in some of the Chicago sociology dissertations in the 1920s. Social institutions were considered to be living organisms which are born, grow and die and which exist through their transactions with their environments and through the genesis of these transactions. The basic processes of this ecology of social institutions, in the biotic and the moral orders, were grasped through the categories of competition and selection, isolation, invasion, and succession, cooperation, parasitism, and symbiosis, conflict, accommodation, and assimilation. The statistical and cartographical descriptions and analyses made it possible to account for ecological processes of functional and territorial, ethnic and racial differentiation, distribution and segregation. This first stage, in the 1920-30s, helps to understand how W. F. Whyte, H. Blumer, and E. C. Hughes studied the process of institutionalization of hospitals, firms, unions, churches, and social movement organizations in the 1940s-60s. This classical ecological perspective is enriched here through its confrontation with pragmatist philosophy - Park and Thomas were close to. Institutions, beyond their ecological grounding, are taken as experiential fields and cultural matrices, which grow up around attempts to define and master social problems. The Deweyan notions of public reason, collective intelligence, and collective learning by communities of debaters, investigators, and experimenters, come into play. Social institutions are accumulators, condensers and generators of experience, know-how and knowledge: they empower or disempower the people. Such a set of questions allows us to tackle in a fresh perspective some issues of sociology of organizations.

This article provides a novel perspective on the use and reuse of scientific data by providing a chronological ethnographic account and analysis of how a team of researchers prepared an astronomical catalogue (a table of measured properties of galaxies) for public release. Whereas much existing work on data reuse has focused on information about data (such as metadata), whose form or lack has been described as a hurdle for reusing data successfully, I describe how data makers tried to instruct users through the processed data themselves. The fixation of this catalogue was a negotiation, resulting in what was acceptable to team members and coherent with the diverse data uses pertinent to their completed work. It was through preparing their catalogue as an ‘instructing data object’ that this team seeked to encode its members’ knowledge of how the data were processed and to make it consequential for users by devising methodical ways to structure anticipated uses. These methods included introducing redundancies that would help users to self-correct mistaken uses, selectively deleting data, and deflecting accountability through making notational choices. They dwell on an understanding of knowledge not as exclusively propositional (such as the belief in propositions), but as embedded in witnessable activities and the products of these activities. I discuss the implications of this account for philosophical notions of collective knowledge and for theorizing coordinative artifacts in CSCW. Eventually, I identify a tension between ‘using algorithms’ and ‘doing science’ in preparing data sets and show how it was resolved in this case.

The Delphi technique is a systematic process of forecasting using the collective opinion of panel members. The structured method of developing consensus among panel members using Delphi methodology has gained acceptance in diverse fields of medicine. The Delphi methods assumed a pivotal role in the last few decades to develop best practice guidance using collective intelligence where research is limited, ethically/logistically difficult or evidence is conflicting. However, the attempts to assess the quality standard of Delphi studies have reported significant variance, and details of the process followed are usually unclear. We recommend systematic quality tools for evaluation of Delphi methodology; identification of problem area of research, selection of panel, anonymity of panelists, controlled feedback, iterative Delphi rounds, consensus criteria, analysis of consensus, closing criteria, and stability of the results. Based on these nine qualitative evaluation points, we assessed the quality of Delphi studies in the medical field related to coronavirus disease 2019. There was inconsistency in reporting vital elements of Delphi methods such as identification of panel members, defining consensus, closing criteria for rounds, and presenting the results. We propose our evaluation points for researchers, medical journal editorial boards, and reviewers to evaluate the quality of the Delphi methods in healthcare research.

La creciente demanda en el uso las tecnologías de la información y comunicación (TIC) han revolucionado nuestra vida cotidiana, sin embargo, han contribuido a aumentar las preocupaciones ambientales y sociales. La aceleración de factores como el agotamiento y escasez de recursos, daños ambientales, uso de agua y energía y un incremento insostenible de desechos tecnológicos principalmente en zonas urbanas, se ha convertido en una preocupación para la industria y el gobierno. La recuperación de residuos tecnológicos requiere de estrategias inteligentes de recolección que minimicen los costos asociados, maximicen el reúso de materias primas y la reparabilidad de los bienes para la prolongación de su vida útil. Uno de los factores que inciden fuertemente, es el costo de recorrido para la recolección. Este trabajo consiste en generar rutas recolección dado una cantidad de clientes por atender, un conjunto de vehículos de recolección, permitiendo minimizar ciertos factores que ayuden a la empresa a obtener beneficios. Los objetivos pueden ser: minimizar el tiempo de reparto, maximizar el ahorro de combustible en los vehículos, minimizar la cantidad de vehículos de reparto, todo lo cual llevaría a obtener menores costos y por lo tanto obtener beneficios y una mejor calidad de servicio e imagen. Particularmente, el propósito de este trabajo es mostrar como la aplicación de un algoritmo basado en inteligencia colectiva (metaheurística) mejora la planificación de recolección de residuos tecnológicos para un caso de estudio en la localidad de Comodoro Rivadavia sobre con diferentes escenarios e instancias de recolección con 75, 105, 150 y 200 contenedores de residuos y vehículos con diferentes capacidades. Se realiza además un análisis de la reducción de gases emitidos.

Background: Despite representing the highest level of total population mental health burden, young people are the least likely to seek help from mental health services. It has been suggested that service design can influence the likelihood that young people will look for help, but little is known about how young people would like a service to be designed. This study addresses a gap in research regarding how mental health services can be designed to facilitate access for young people. Methods: A collective intelligence, scenario-based design methodology was used to facilitate stakeholders to identify and prioritise ways to improve youth mental health services. In total, 74 15–17-year-olds from three geographically diverse schools in Ireland worked to identify barriers to help-seeking and to generate and prioritise options in response to barriers. Nine practitioners with experience of working in youth mental health services rated all options in terms of both potential impact on help-seeking and feasibility for service implementation. Results: A total of 326 barriers across 15 themes were generated by youth stakeholders, along with 133 options in response to barriers. Through a process of voting, young people identified 30 options as the most impactful for improving access to mental health services. Of these options, 12 were also rated by practitioners as having both high potential impact and high feasibility. These 12 options focused on four areas: making services more familiar and welcoming; providing specialist mental health input in schools; improving parental understanding; and improving the visibility of appropriate supports. Conclusions: The results of the current study inform mental health service innovation and development, in particular, by highlighting potentially impactful and feasible ways to adapt existing mental health services to improve young people’s help-seeking behaviour.

A major unanswered question in regulation concerns the application of cognitive diversity and various data as inputs for the creation of general legal rules. The paper claims this diversity can be assured with the help of algorithmic planning. Classical regulation is hence put under question due to its inability to quickly adapt to changing conditions, where relations per se change also intentions, tools and goals. The paper proposes two paths towards a computational simulation of legal situations: with the help of algorithms that can ensure the needed adaptability and relevancy of hidden data correlations, and with collective intelligence based on human inputs where data for algorithms is not available. The aim of this work is to extend the pre-regulatory practice of extracting information from data with the help of algorithms to determine patterns and predict future results and trends (written now as general legal rules). Nowadays, algorithms could be used at least as advice, especially in a prepreparation, draft phase of legal acts.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore adaptive leadership behavior during a global health crisis in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. It discusses the characteristics of adaptive leadership and offers practical steps to help managers lead through tough times. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on an in-depth study of a mid-sized multinational professional service firm where 25 frontline managers were interviewed. Individual stories about the challenges and opportunities of how these managers led their company out of ambiguity contribute to critical insights as discussed in this paper. Findings First, leading adaptively involves a fundamental acknowledgment of your vulnerabilities by turning them into a source of inner strength through the support of others. Second, it is important to harness collective wisdom to accelerate urgent and complex decision-making. Third, experimentation is key to breaking away from status quo and venturing into innovative practices. Fourth, following personal instincts while exercising objective judgment could give you the courage to think and act differently. Originality/value This paper offers firsthand insights into the mindsets and behaviors of practicing managers who spontaneously shared their deeper feelings and expectations of their leadership setbacks and foresight of what would be expected of the “new” normal in a post-pandemic era. The perspectives offered here provide a deeper dimension to the current understanding of adaptive leadership.

Purpose: The aims of this research were to identify how COVID-19 had affected the financial performance of Bank Dhofar, to analyze the financial performance indicators, to evaluate how did Bank Dhofar react to the changes, and to evaluate whether Bank Dhofar had taken the right action take to mitigate potential financial performance damages. Design/methodology/approach: This research follows a descriptive analytics research method. The primary data was collected using a questionnaire. Samples were selected based on a random sampling technique. 30 samples were collected from those who were related to and involved in the audit and accounting of the financial information services of Bank Dhofar. Once the data was collected, the analysis was done using Microsoft Excel. Findings: Based on the financial reports, COVID-19 has negatively impacted the profit generated of Bank Dhofar and also negatively impacted the Net Interest Margin (NIM). Bank Dhofar had also taken necessary precautionary measures against COVID-19 such as reserves and provisions. Research limitations/implications: Based on the results, it was recommended that the Bank focuses on the digitized platform for an even more efficient means of working remotely and focus on employee morale, as these factors may negatively impact financial performance. Social Implications: This research would add collective knowledge on how COVID-19 affected the nation and could influence decision-makers, rules, and regulations. Originality / Value: No research was found regarding the financial performance of a bank in Oman during COVID-19. This research was an attempt to tackle the situation and thrown light.

An increasing proportion of decisions, design choices, and predictions are being made by hybrid groups consisting of humans and artificial intelligence (AI). In this paper, we provide analytic foundations that explain the potential benefits of hybrid groups on predictive tasks, the primary use of AI. Our analysis relies on interpretive and generative signal frameworks as well as a distinction between the big data used by AI and the thick, often narrative data used by humans. We derive several conditions on accuracy and correlation necessary for humans to remain in the loop. We conclude that human adaptability along with the potential for atypical cases that mislead AI will likely mean that humans always add value on predictive tasks.

All societies have goals of achieving health, happiness, and longevity, but without success. Visible to all are organizational structures that are under stress, international collaboration that is without harmony, and priorities that are missing their targets. A search for etiology and a possible common denominator of such outcomes has been conducted in this study using systems science. Results of this research indicate that, in many societies, there exist numerous deviations from systems science principles, regarding health, components relationships, decisions – consequences learning loops, and many others; all such nonconformities lead to fragmentation of collective intelligence, predominantly affecting rationality and responsibility to self and to all-related larger systems.

This study investigated student engagement and focused attention in three co-creation environments (a paper-based environment, the 2D Jamboard platform, and the CoSpaces virtual reality (VR) platfo...

This article argues that current scholarship inappropriately utilizes ‘virtue signaling’ to elicit a subjectivist form of de-valorized creative labor within knowledge socialism as a philosophy of praxis. Moreover, it argues that within institutionalized higher education (HE) contexts, knowledge socialism should be reoriented toward the promotion of prosocial-entrepreneurial ‘transitional ecosystems’ of commons-based peer production (CBPP). This sociomaterialist repositioning will outline a path forward for knowledge socialism which better understands, elicits, and valorizes the inherently prosocial-entrepreneurial creative labor contributions of precariously positioned academics within contemporary HE. In order to accomplish this aim, this article first underlines several fundamental concepts (commons-based peer production, collective intelligence, creative labor) before moving on to a more pointed philosophical discussion and critique of these concepts as underlying assumptions within knowledge socialism. Lastly, this article provides an operaismo-based reflexive inquiry into the interplay between the theory of knowledge socialism as experienced in practice within the China HE context, contributing to the development of non-exploitative knowledge cultures within CBPP creative labor processes.

Last November (2020) the SIGCAS executive board conducted a survey of SIGCAS members to get a picture of who we are, where we come from, what we're interested in, and what the membership would like to see the board do to better fulfill its mission. Based on discussions with the executive board, SIGCAS Vice Chair Lisa Kaczmarczyk implemented the survey using Survey Monkey. As with all surveys one can't get all the information one would like and the more information one tries to obtain, the fewer people are likely to supply it. We settled on eight questions and we received input from 68 people, about 23% of our membership (then just under 300 people---now slightly over). What follows is a presentation of the survey results along with some commentary. How I interpret the data and what I think ought to (or could) be done with the data might not be how you'd interpret the data and think about what ought to be done. And that's a good discussion to have! At any rate, the responses that we've received represent a valuable part of our collective intelligence, consciousness, and visions for the future. The hope is that these will inform out work going forward. Please note that I'm not doing any professional analysis since I'm not qualified to do that. I also suspect that the wisdom we can glean wouldn't be found via additional number crunching. And I would also add that there are dangers to reading too much into survey data. As a precaution I have asked the other board members to take a look at this article so I don't get anything terribly wrong. Just a reminder that the data we have doesn't necessarily reflect the totality of what our entire membership would provide. (Although, as one somewhat validating figure, the percentage of people outside of North America on our roster is about the same as the percentage of people who told us they were from outside North America on the survey, 72%.) Also, I'm trying to avoid the temptation to comment on everything. There's too much material for that. And, obviously, there are too many suggestions and ideas out there for SIGCAS to move on all of them. But based on these responses a multitude of useful information is now available and it should help lead us into productive discussions and actions.

Nonprofit scholars have developed a rich literature on nonprofit advocacy. While the literature is rich, however, gaps remain in our collective knowledge, especially regarding specific sectors of nonprofit human service organizations. Here, we apply existing theory on advocacy by human service organizations to an important subset of the nonprofit community, that being immigrant-serving organizations (ISOs). Most prior research on nonprofit advocacy has not focused on politically polarized issues, such as contemporary immigration policy. Using a nationwide survey of ISOs, we find that unlike other types of human service organizations, the majority of ISOs do engage in at least some forms of policy advocacy. However, those that report using the H-election status on their Form 990s are significantly more likely to engage in advocacy and do so to a wide variety of policymakers, including legislators, chief executives, and even local law enforcement agencies. H-election groups are also more likely to perceive their advocacy activities as effective. These findings add to the evolving knowledge on when and how human service groups seek policy change for marginalized groups.

While there are many studies on students’ collaborative learning at the small group level, pedagogies and strategies for supporting students’ collaborative learning at the class level are underexplored. This study proposes a pedagogical model named the Spiral Model of Collaborative Knowledge Improvement (SMCKI) to inform the design and implementation of multi-layered collaborative learning activities in a networked class where there are many groups of students working collaboratively. Starting with a phase of individual ideation, the pedagogical model scaffolds students to go through five phases of intra-group and inter-group knowledge improvement and refinement, with the goal of supporting the advancement of their individual and collective knowledge. An exploratory case study is presented to illustrate how this model was used in a pre-service teachers’ technology-enhanced learning (TEL) activity design lesson in a Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) environment. The results show that the participants significantly improved the quality of TEL design throughout the five phases of SMCKI. The implications of the findings on designing and implementing CSCL activities in authentic class environments are discussed.

This research is based on the short story "Yang Mulia" by Insan Budi Maulana, indicated to reflect the reality of law enforcement practices. There are unethical practices carried out by law enforcers (judges). This unethical practice becomes biased because it is done by many people and becomes collective knowledge. Therefore, the problem in this study is how the inner turmoil of the characters (id, ego, superego) in the short story. Does Hakim Subakti work to have integrity or is he hesitant to face temptation. This study aims to reveal the id, ego, superego of the characters in the short story. The research approach used was Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis. The qualitative descriptive research method was used to analyze the data. The words, phrases and sentences in the short stories are interpreted with a literary psychology approach. The results showed that Hakim Subakti's inner turmoil when he was rewarded by party litigants. Money (reward) is able to change a judge who initially has integrity (superego dominant), becomes doubtful and tempted (toward the id and dominant ego).

Crowdsourcing has become a popular paradigm to leverage the collective intelligence of massive crowd workers to perform certain tasks in a cost-effective way. Task assignment is an essential issue in crowdsourcing platforms owing to heterogeneous tasks and work skills. In this article, we focus on assigning workers with diversified skill levels to crowdsourcing tasks with different quality requirements and budget constraints. Task assignment is fundamentally a many-to-one matching problem, where one task is allocated to multiple users who can meet the minimum quality requirement of the task within the limited budget. While most existing works try to maximize the utility of the crowdsourcing platform, we take into account the individual preferences of crowdsourcers and workers toward each other to ensure the stability of task assignment results. In this article, we propose task assignment mechanisms that can guarantee stable outcomes for the many-to-one matching problem with lower and upper bounds (i.e., quality requirement and budget constraint) in regard to heterogeneous worker skill levels. Extensive simulation results show that the proposed algorithms can greatly improve the success ratio of task accomplishment and worker happiness compared with existing algorithms.

Uncertainty in business environments is promoting learning as an organizational value. Organizations need to implement knowledge management (KM) processes as well as organizational mechanisms transforming collective knowledge into a learning organizational capability. Literature identifies knowledge sharing (KS) as a fundamental KM process. Moreover, KM was found to be a prerequisite to a learning organization. Unfortunately, organizational initiatives promoting KS are challenged with the hoarding wisdom, “knowledge is power.” Literature has researched intrinsic and extrinsic motivations affecting KS intention. The rational action theory (RAT) explains the embedded utility function merging these motivations. Despite many studies, the dynamics of KS behavior needs further examination. This paper is an attempt to frame the KS behavior using game theory and RAT. We represent individuals’ perceived utility in two functions: knowledge and trustworthiness. This limits the perceived utility to personal enjoyment and reciprocity, which could be viewed as establishing a baseline KS behavior. We use the assurance game framework to incubate the two utility functions. Finally, we argue that KS intention is actually a dynamic state within a KS strategy. We identify five KS strategies: cooperation, defection, tit-for-tat, unforgiving, and random. It is the performance of these strategies that needs to be studied. Several scenarios are simulated to observe the progression of knowledge within each strategy. Interestingly, two strategies start with positive KS intention yet end up converging with those who started with negative KS intention. On the long run, only cooperatives seem to be contributing to collective knowledge. Empirical data from a teaching hospital is collected and analyzed for comparison.

In this paper, we consider the known opinion formation problem from the point of view of computational collective intelligence research, with consideration to some sociological research in the area...

This study analyzes the impact of customer segmentation, customer acquisition and retention, and customer behavior on entrepreneurial productivity and quality of the startup enterprises in Mexico. ...

Decision making is one of the most frequently performed processes nowadays. Our future or other people’s future may depend on the decision we make, therefore we try to take it as good as possible. The rapid development of technology facilitates it for us, as we are able to store, process and analyse more and more data. However, the power of human knowledge extended by experience and intuition still overperforms computer systems in solving such problems. The power of the combined knowledge of a group of people is known as a collective intelligence. In this paper, an analysis of one of the properties describing the consensus is presented, id est the influence between its members. The work is based on graph theory and a multi-agent system approach to formalise the problem. The new measures describing the collective and the accuracy of the final prediction were proposed. Experimental evaluations, based on the developed environment, followed by the statistical analysis of the obtained results allowed to observed four relationships between the considered measures describing the collective and the accuracy of collective prediction. The independence of the collective members plays a crucial role in the decision-making, therefore it should be carefully considered when selecting people for the collective, especially the large ones.

This paper shows how the Independent Core Observer Model (ICOM) Cognitive Architecture for Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) can be applied to building a collective intelligence system called a mediated Artificial Superintelligence (mASI). The details include breaking down the ICOM implementation in the form of the mASI system and the general performance of initial studies with the mASI. Details of the primary difference between the Independent Core Observer Model Cognitive Architecture and the mASI architecture variant include inserting humanity in the contextual engine components of ICOM, creating a type of collective intelligence. Humans can ‘mediate’ new system-generated thinking keeping the thought process accessible and slow enough for humans to oversee and understand. This also allows the modification of emotional valences of the thought process of the mASI system to help the system generate complex contextual models (knowledge graphs) of new ideas and which speeds up the learning process. With the humans acting as control rods in a reactor and emotional drivers, the mASI system maintains safety where the system would cease to function if humans walked away.

National audience; Several voices are rising to demand an in-depth reform of capitalism in the wake of the increase in income and wealth inequalities of the last four decades, the climate urgency in a local global world, and the financial crisis of 2007–2010. At the forefront of this movement are different groups aiming at redefining the role of businesses around socially responsible stakeholders’ governance. There is a real danger that governments will be put under pressure from misinformed constituencies and will want to play Goethe’s sorcerer’s apprentice: too often, good intentions are but a paved road to hell. In this document, I analyze various reform projects, I discuss the concepts of ethics and equity (environment, water, life, remuneration, inequalities, ESG) and I propose projects for in-depth reforms of capitalism and social democracy.

Adaptability is at the center of many important organizational challenges. In this work, we study the connection between network structure and collective adaptability to a shifting environment. Prior research has shown that network centralization — the degree to which communication flows disproportionately through one or more members of the organization rather than being more equally distributed — interferes with collective problem-solving by interfering with effective integration of existing ideas, information, and solutions in the network. We hypothesize that the mechanisms that are responsible for that poor integration of ideas, information, and solutions would prove beneficial for problems requiring adaptation to a shifting environment. We conducted a 1,620-subject randomized online laboratory experiment, testing the effect of seven network structures on problem-solving success. To simulate a shifting environment, we designed a murder mystery task and manipulated when each piece of information could be found: early information encouraged an incorrect consensus, requiring a collective shift of solution when more information emerged later. We find that when the communication network within an organization is more centralized, it achieves the benefits of social influence (learning) without the costs (herding). We also find, however, that these benefits of centralization come with a major caveat: they only materialize in networks with two-way flow of information and not when information only flows from the center of the network outwards (as can occur in hierarchical structures or digitally mediated communication). We draw on these findings to re-conceptualize theory on the impact of centralization on collective intelligence in problem-solving that demands collective adaptation by an organization’s members.

Educational theorist Gert Biesta proposes that we need to be “in the world without occupying the centre of the world.” (Biesta, 2017, p. 3). This injunction provides a frame with which to interrogate the hybrid practice of ecoart. This practice can be characterised by a concern for the relations of living things to each other, and to their environments. Learning in order to be able to act is critical. One aspect is collaboration with experts (whether those are scientists and environmental managers or inhabitants, including more-than-human). Another is building ‘commons’ and shared understanding being more important than novelty. Grant Kester has argued that there is an underlying paradigm shift in ‘aesthetic autonomy’, underpinned by a ‘trans-disciplinary interest in collective knowledge production’. (2013, np). This goes beyond questions of interdisciplinarity and its variations to raise more fundamental questions of agency. Drawing on the work of key practitioner/researchers (Jackie Brookner (1945-2015); Collins and Goto Studio, Helen Mayer Harrison (1927-2018) and Newton Harrison (b 1932)) and theorists (Bishop, Kester, Kagan) the meaning and implications of not ‘occupying the centre of the world’ will be explored as a motif for an art which can act in public space.

The problem of knowledge in business was born several years ago. Indeed, new forms of work generate informal learning situations. This is how individuals develop their knowledge and skills. These situations are recognized by companies doing knowledge management. They encourage and make all to build communities of practice and knowledge exchange networks. This makes it possible to formalize the procedures, the good practices and the failures (feedback of experiences) thus to constitute sources of exploitable data. At the university, like any organization, each teacher has his/her own knowledge, his/her know-how, and he/she develops skills on his/her field of work in order to make that knowledge collected. This tacit or implicit teacher knowledge is shared so that each student can appropriate it and use it. However, depending on the nature of knowledge, and given the peculiarity of the pedagogical flow and its dependence on individuals (teacher), creating collective knowledge is not simple. During retirements, transfers, position change or any other academic life event, causing teacher displacement, knowledge may be lost. To deal with this problem, an empirical study of educational system perception of higher education in Morocco was carried out. Emphasis was placed on: pedagogical knowledge management, educational and e-learning platforms and overall student satisfaction. According to obtained results, we propose a smart education knowledge management system based on Artificial Intelligence to avoid loss of pedagogical knowledge and cover learning environment complexities and users' constraints.

This paper explores the genealogy of a form of collective intelligence that cultivates the democratic social character, understood as a style of subjectivity that is implicitly dedicated to the exp...

Marx developed a sophisticated theory of labour under capitalism’s expanding reproduction but wrote little specifically on immaterial labour. This paper reflects on how to build from Marx’s writing...

The preference values in group decision-making (GDM) process can differ significantly between different experts, which may yield a low level of group consensus. Therefore, different consensus models have been developed for the modification of preference values to assist experts in improving their consensus degrees. However, most consensus models do not consider collective intelligence (CI) that may decrease as the consensus degree increases under certain circumstances. From the perspective of CI, the distrust relationship allows the group to better explore the decision space, rather than prematurely converge on an agreed suboptimal solution. Inspired by this idea, a theoretical framework of solving intuitionistic fuzzy GDM problems with low group consensus is proposed in this paper, which mainly includes two steps: (1) building the trust/distrust relationships and (2) establishing a consensus model. For two experts with a direct relationship, the trust/distrust relationships between them are constructed by fusing their knowledge levels and representativeness levels. For two experts with an indirect relationship, a new operator is designed to construct the trust/distrust relationships between them, which can describe the information attenuation of the decreasing trust along with the increasing distrust. Additionally, a consensus model based on the social network relationships density and trust/distrust relationships is proposed, which improves consensus degree and CI level conducively. Finally, a ranking of alternatives is constructed to select the optimal alternative. An illustrative example is used to demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed method.

Research methods courses often tend to focus on transferring technical information to students rather than offer a more dialogical approach to learning (Barraket, 2005; Kilburn et al., 2014). By drawing on the concept of self-study (Bullough & Pinnegar, 2001), through personal journals and retrospective reflections, this paper explores learning activities introduced in three teacher education graduate research methods courses to support student learning beyond the mastering of research skills or techniques. Narratives of three teacher educators illustrate how teacher candidates can dialogically reflect on research-related topics with peers, bring questions forward for discussion in class and online, apply their emerging technical research skills through collective analysis of a situation, and grow collective knowledge. Teacher candidates recognize the importance of research in their work, although their passion for conducting research is influenced by varied constraints, including research design, programmatic and personal limitations.

In a time when war has forced a vast number of children to flee their homes, flight from war is an important and timely topic explored in a variety of ways in contemporary picturebooks. The Norwegian picturebook Fargene som forsvant (2017)—or Vanishing Colors (2019)—addresses the topic through the story of an unnamed girl’s experience of having to leave her home. Vanishing Colors does not shield the reader from the terrible harm war does to individuals; it examines the experience of losing one’s home and former life. By analysing the picturebook in light of the concept of cultural memory, this article explores Vanishing Colors’ use of intertextual and intervisual references to past narratives of war and flight. I examine these references as part of our “collective knowledge” (Assmann 1995, p. 132), which allows the picturebook to recount both the story of an individual and a collective experience of war and flight. Open Access. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Based on a corpus of 70 tape-recorded therapy sessions (client-centered therapy, psychodynamic therapy), this paper presents analyses of therapists’ interventions that have the potential to trigger change processes. Using a conversation analytic approach, we identify utterances that re-formulate the patient’s experience from a different perspective. In a second step, we draw on concepts from cognitive and pragmatic linguistics, mainly “frame” and “category”, to analyze the conceptual side of these rewordings. We show that, besides processes of general abstraction, the conceptualization of the patient’s experience from a societal perspective is a crucial part of the rewordings. The verbal re-framing creates a potential for accessing stocks of societal knowledge that would not have been accessible based on the patient’s initial, individualistic and often erratic presentation of events. By changing the wording an experience is referred to, the therapist thus creates links to established collective knowledge about experiences of this category. Once such links to collective knowledge have been created, it then becomes possible to understand differently how the experience in question came to pass, which features it is characterized by and how it can be dealt with in a way that is collectively known to be helpful.

The article considers the issues of crowdsourcing as a tool of participatory democracy. Emphasis is placed on the recognition ofa separate type of democracy – participatory democracy, which is a promising area of research, whose supporters seek to build a modelof civic participation in the management process, adequate to the conditions of modern society. Crowdsourcing is a key tool of parti -cipatory democracy. The need to use crowdsourcing in public administration is recognized worldwide, which is associated with thedevelopment of modern information and communication technologies, social networks and various online dialogue platforms. InUkraine, the use of this tool is only gaining momentum.The history of the origin of the technology of using collective intelligence and the resources of the crowd and scientific developmentsabout it is studied. Crowdsourcing has a long history, but it is the digital space, in particular the Internet, that has made it availablefor use in many areas of public life. In the theory and practice of crowdsourcing there is already a division into types depending on the scope. As an instrument of participatory democracy, it acts as a political crowdsourcing. This species is not as developed as others, buthas examples of application. At the present stage in science there is no fixed definition of the term. Domestic scholars mostly analyzethe existing terminology proposed by foreign researchers and practitioners. Based on the analysis of existing definitions, experience inthe use of crowdsourcing technologies in the policy of foreign countries and Ukraine, the article identifies specific features and princip -les of crowdsourcing as a tool of participatory democracy, and provides an author’s definition of “political crowdsourcing”.Particular attention is paid to clarifying the negative and positive aspects of the use of political crowdsourcing, during which itwas found that the latter is more.The article concludes that the use of crowdsourcing as a tool of participatory democracy in Ukraine with the prospect of conso -lidation at the legislative level.

In the last 30 years, Chile has crowned itself as one of the most singular, sophisticated, and cruel reference points of the global neoliberal laboratory. This article delves into the conceptual thinking of that laboratory by investigating the formation of an emotive-financial consensus based on the operation of institutionalizing sadism and a masochism of merit that profits from the affective destruction of collective intelligence. It situates this dystopic Chilean reality within the broader Latin American context, where the delicate administration of crisis and fear exposes the affective inclinations of persistence and resistance.

The exponential growth of technological advancements creates an environment in which the traditionally conceived cognitive enhancement – education – must constantly redefine itself in the face of the invasive presence of A.I., the social media and various biotechnologies that strive to augment the effect-oriented performance. Whereas on the conceptual level there is a visible shift from the static to flow-modelled education, and the rising trend to invest in the skills like flexibility and creativity, not many of emerging technologies are seriously considered as educational tools. The paper looks into the varieties of cognitive enhancement within educational context. Of major concern are the already available technologies of collective intelligence and nootropics, as well as experimental dowloadable learning. I review the problems occasioned by these technologies, as well as the existing solutions, which tend to incorporate rather than exclude the possibilities of radical cognitive enhancement.

People tend to form groups when they have to solve difficult problems because groups seem to have better problem-solving capabilities than individuals. Indeed, during their evolution, human beings learned that cooperation is frequently an optimal strategy to solve hard problems both quickly and accurately. The ability of a group to determine a solution to a given problem, once group members alone cannot, has been called "Collective Intelligence". Such emergent property of the group as a whole is the result of a complex interaction between many factors. Here, we propose a simple and analytically solvable model disentangling the direct link between collective intelligence and the average intelligence of group members. We found that there is a non-linear relation between the collective intelligence of a group and the average intelligence quotient of its members depending on task difficulty. We found three regimes as follows: for simple tasks, the level of collective intelligence of a group is a decreasing function of teammates' intelligence quotient; when tasks have intermediate difficulties, the relation between collective intelligence and intelligence quotient shows a non-monotone behaviour; for complex tasks, the level of collective intelligence of a group monotonically increases with teammates' intelligence quotient with phase transitions emerging when varying the latter's level. Although simple and abstract, our model paves the way for future experimental explorations of the link between task complexity, individual intelligence and group performance.

This paper introduces readers to collaborative positive psychology, a natural complement to transdisciplinary systems science. Consistent with second wave positive psychology models (PP2.0), collaborative positive psychology highlights how negative emotions (e.g. sadness, guilt, shame, anger, anxiety) can act as key drivers of positive transformation in collaborative groups, providing a catalyst for critical systems thinking and collective responses to shared problems. Collaborative positive psychology emphasises pathways from the recognition of collective problems to problem-focused and method-driven responding supporting sustainable wellbeing. Key principles of collaborative PP include solidarity, empowerment, and teamwork, with a specific focus on the application of collective intelligence (CI) methods to address shared complex problems. An overview of the work of the Collective Intelligence Network Support Unit (CINSU) is used to highlight the power and potential of collaborative groups. Collaborative positive psychology highlights the need for the development of collaborative infrastructures that reinforce solidarity, collective empowerment, and collective intelligence.

This study proposes a new methodological approach to evaluate students? knowledge-building discourse. First, we discuss the knowledge?creation metaphor of learning. In the metaphor, theories mention that learners should consider their collective knowledge objects or artifacts that materialize as a result of their collaborative discourse. Second, we argue the necessity of developing new analytics to evaluate student learning. We describe how students? ideas and their conceptual artifacts can be examined in discourse analysis. Third, we demonstrate the application of our analytics to real discourse data. We conducted a new type of social network analysis of discourse to examine how students continuously improve their ideas. Further, we conducted another network analysis of discourse, called the Epistemic Network Analysis, by coding students? epistemic actions as conceptual artifacts to create and examine their ideas.

The affirmation of open innovation and collaborative systems is enabling unprecedented opportunities to create business value while facilitating multistakeholder conversation on sustainability issues. In particular, platform-based models are emerging as organization archetypes able to facilitate cooperative dynamics among industrial actors, policy makers, academicians, scientists, and citizens. In this article, we use interdisciplinary business management and collaborative innovation literature to build the conceptual framework of a multisided platform as a collaboration environment gathering actors willing to define responses to sustainable development challenges. We present five dimensions or “genes,” that is, the focus and strategic intent or orientation of the platform (what), the participating sides, actors and groups (who), the actions, flows and coordination mechanisms (how), and the value drivers, benefits and externalities (why), and the rules regulating the affiliation and interaction processes (governance). We also present and discuss 30 subtopics or management items that are associated with the five dimensions defined. We then apply the conceptual model to analyze a case in the climate change endeavor and to show how competitive and cooperative dynamics can be virtuously integrated to provide individual- and company-driven responses to a timely socioenvironmental issue. The article provides a new perspective on collaboration to enhance social development, and it offers theoretical and practitioner insights for a broad interdisciplinary audience including scholars, practitioners, business, and platform managers.

Problem When medical students with disabilities fail, identifying the underlying cause is challenging. Faculty unfamiliar with disability-related barriers or accommodations may falsely attribute academic struggles to disability. Fear of legal action may prompt inappropriate promotion of students with disabilities who are struggling to meet competencies. Therefore, a clear understanding of the origin of difficulty is critical to determining an appropriate response to the student's failure, including revision of accommodations, academic remediation, probation, and dismissal. Approach A large Midwestern medical college created an innovative approach to differentiate between disability-related barriers and academic deficits by creating a diagnostic objective structured clinical examination (OSCE). The goal of this OSCE was to determine the need for additional or refined accommodations versus clinical remediation, and to guide future decision making about a student on academic probation. Using 3 simulated cases that drew on a cross-section of clinical knowledge, a team of clinical and disability specialists observed a disabled student to determine the origin of that student's difficulties in a clinical rotation. Outcomes Using the diagnostic OSCE, the team quickly identified clinical reasoning and fund of knowledge deficits, and need for further accommodations. As a result, the team was able to remediate the clinical deficits, augment the current accommodations in vivo, and determine the potential impact on performance. The team approach was documented and facilitated the legally required interactive process for determining additional barriers, efficacy of existing accommodations, and need for additional reasonable accommodations. All parties reported a positive experience. The collective knowledge and expertise of the team helped confirm the origin of the deficit: a fundamental lack of knowledge and reasoning skills versus a disability-related barrier. Next steps The next step is to formalize this process to ensure appropriate evaluation of students with disabilities.

Introduction: Due to the development of information and communication technologies and artificial intelligence, human-machine computing systems are becoming more widely used. However, in the vast majority of developments in this area, a human, in fact, plays the role of a “computing device”, who can only handle requests of a certain kind. Thus, human creativity and the ability to (self-)organize are largely discarded. Purpose: Developing a decision support concept based on the use of human-machine collective intelligence. Analyzing the current state of the problem in the field of constructing flexible human-machine systems. Proposing a conceptual model of the environment based on which decision support systems can be created. Results: A conceptual model of decision support is proposed based on human-machine collective intelligence. Its central concepts are: a) the problem at whose solution the human-machine collective activity is aimed, b) the collective of machines and people interacting through the environment to solve the problem, c) the process model which describes the decision support process in terms of information collection development and evaluation of alternatives. Practical relevance: The developed model can be a base to create a new class of decision support systems leveraging the self-organization potential of human-machine collectives.

The ability to sustain indirect reciprocity is an example of collective intelligence. It is increasingly relevant to future technology and autonomous machines that need to function in a coalition. Indirect reciprocity involves providing benefit to others without guaranteeing a future return. The identity through which an agent presents itself to others is fundamental, as this is how the reputation of an agent is considered. In this paper, we examine the sharing of identity between agents, which is an important and frequently overlooked issue when considering indirect reciprocity. We model an agent's identity using traits, which can be shared with other agents, and offer a basis for an agent to change their identity. Through this approach, we determine how shared identity affects cooperation, and the conditions through which cooperation can be sustained. This also helps us to understand how and why behavioural strategies involving identity function are put in place, such as whitewashing. The framework offers the opportunity to assess the interplay between the sharing of traits and the cost, in terms of reduced cooperation and opportunities for shirkers to benefit.