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The objective of this study was to describe the psychological and quality of life outcomes in demobilized Colombian ex-combatants.A cross-sectional study was conducted on 58 ex-combatants from the Colombian government's reintegration program. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was measured by the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. We applied the Beck-II Depression Inventory, Resilience Scale, Everyday Discrimination Scale, and World Health Organization Quality of Life-Short Version (WHOQOL-BREF) for measuring symptoms of depression, resilience, discrimination, and quality of life, respectively.The prevalence of PTSD was 63,8%, principally on ex-combatants with ≤10 years in the reinstatement program. Females with primary/elementary school, extremely low social status, unipersonal family type, family income1 minimal wage, and symptoms of depression showed a higher prevalence ratio (1.30). The mean scores of depression symptoms, resilience, and quality of life were systematically poorer in the group with PTSD. Significant differences were found Resilience scale domains Personal Competence (p = .043) and Acceptance of Self and Life (p = .012), WHOQOL-BREF Psychological (p = .029) and Environment domains (p = .015).Colombian ex-combatants with PTSD attending a reinstatement program presented a higher frequency of depression symptoms, lower quality of life, and lower resilience than those without PTSD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Lagos is often depicted as a city of immobility and inequality. Based on a micro-sociological study in the public transit system and an ethnographic study in an urban neighborhood, this article provides a nuanced analysis of situational inequality. Given the enduring traffic congestion and prevailing social inequality in the city, moments of aggressive cutting in line on roads and disputes over light collision accidents demonstrate a spontaneous unequal power relationship that is at odds with the existing social inequality structure. These moments can impose a sense of frustration on the private car drivers who are assumed to have a higher social status while bringing delight to minibus (danfo) drivers and passengers who have lower status. This emergent situational inequality, the paper argues, provides lower-class people with affective elements which can contribute to making sense of (im)mobilities, urban lifestyle, and conceptualization of Lagos. However, the effects of situational inequality are limited to the individual level, as it cannot largely transform the spatiality and temporality of traffic congestion, the socioeconomic class structure, and the traffic governance in Lagos. This dialectical situational inequality does not become a practical living strategy but reifies their individual philosophies of living in Lagos embodied through narratives. The sociological account of situational inequality in this paper showcases an approach to interpret the meaningfulness of micro mobility experiences with regard to macro urban conditions, thereby enriching our understandings of the relationship between mobility and inequality.

Defining “luxury” as expensive and exclusive products and brands that are differentiated from other offers based on their exquisite design and craftmanship, sensory appeal, and distinct socio-cultural narratives, this conceptual paper integrates the established view of wealth-based luxury with an alternative perspective focused on luxury competencies. These competencies include expertise, aesthetic taste, and sensitivity to luxury symbolism and are developed by learning and enjoying the unique luxury features relating to design and craftmanship, sensory appeal, and socio-cultural narratives. The relationship between the wealth-based and competencies-based perspectives is examined for consumption goals; considerations, choice and usage; and consumption outcomes. After identifying individual and societal moderating factors (socio-economic status and self-related factors as well as the effectiveness of social status symbols and the power structure of society), future research issues and research propositions are presented. This paper concludes by advising luxury managers to develop competencies-based strategies to address contemporary luxury challenges.

Pride is a complex construct, at times conceptualized positively (as a positive emotional reaction to a personal success) and at other times defined negatively (as exhibiting arrogant or conceited feelings and beliefs). Based on this dichotomy, Tracy and Robins (2007) proposed that pride consists of two facets: authentic pride (AP) and hubristic pride (HP). For over a decade, researchers have used this two-facet model to investigate similarities and differences between AP and HP. The current work aims to synthesize this body of research by presenting findings from a meta-analysis of the association between AP and HP and a wide range of personality characteristics, mental health outcomes, social status constructs, and attributional tendencies. Comprised of 94 independent samples (N = 64,698) of predominantly North American adults, meta-analyses (both unweighted and weighted random effects models) were conducted for the relationship between AP and HP, and for each outcome variable separately, resulting in 103 total analyses (ks = 2-93). This project provides strong evidence that AP and HP are empirically distinct constructs (meta-analytic r = .13) that often align in opposite ways with personality and related variables, with AP exhibiting associations that suggest better psychological health than HP. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Any conversational exchange can be informational or phatic. Occasional exchanges are of no lesser importance than the informative content of dialogue. One needs to establish the channel of communication by setting up a social environment conducive to the exchange of ideas among the participants. Such a strategy of showing politeness is intended to avoid face-threatening acts through the use of compliments and non-verbal gestures. Mistranslating the function of a given phatic communion expression might lead to problems ranging from the disruption of mundane daily small talk such as the break up of a courtship dialogue to grave consequences as the failure of crucial peace talks among belligerent nations. The paper explores the effect of misinterpreting culturally divergent phatic communion formulae in an English-Arabic context. Other sociolinguistic parameters such as topic, setting, age, sex and social status will be considered.

Sundanese speech levels have been treated by Kern (1906), Kats and Soeriadiradja (1927), Eringa (1949), Satjadibrata (1956), Wirakusumah and Djajawiguna (1957), Noorduyn (1963), Wessing (1974), Djajawiguna (1978), Ayatrohaedi (1980), and Soedradjat (1986). Notwithstanding, these studies have been based on reported usage or intuition, not analysis of actual texts. This has yielded a standard model based on "features of the social environment in which the speech event is taking place", most notably, "a) social status of the addressee or referent, b) social status of the speaker, c) the difference (if any) between a) and b) [and], "d) the degree of friendship (intimacy) between the speaker and the addressee" (Wessing I974: I2). This paper presents this model in some detail and discusses results of an analysis of 60 texts documenting speech level use by Sundanese interlocuters. This analysis produces seven previously unreported aspects of interlocuters' knowledge of speech level use.

Social status plays a key role in expressing different emotions. However, little is known about which mechanisms underlie the variability of emotional responses that are linked to social hierarchy. Status instability-a natural characteristic of hierarchies-can help to untangle the status-emotion relationship. Therefore, we verified whether the emotional expressions of fighters could be predicted by the degree of asymmetry in their fighting abilities during a contest. Emotional expressions upon the announcement of victory or defeat were evaluated using three different methods: nonverbal behavior patterns, software-coded facial expressions, and raters' evaluation of athletes' emotional intensity (N = 824). Competition symmetry predicted contestants' emotional responses, especially happiness in victory and anger in defeat. Conversely, more asymmetric contests predicted expressions of sadness and shame upon defeat. The asymmetry in fighting abilities had no effect on athletes' expressions of pride. Our data confirmed that status instability may be crucial to explain the variety of emotional expressions in competitive contexts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Different types of social or cultural background, combined with a region or social status, go into the making of spoken or written discourse. One of the interesting spoken discourses to discuss is political interview. It often reveals the intention of political leaders’ way of speaking. While there are those who are subtle in their way of talking, there are also a few who do not, one of whom is the Philippines’ president, Rodrigo Roa Duterte. Known for his outspoken personality, he often states controversial things that influence his country and derive critics from various places. Using van Dijk’s (2004) framework, this study analyzes the macro and micro discursive strategies used by Duterte in delivering his views on other countries’ relations with the Philippines based on his most-watched English interview with Russia Today. The findings revealed that the macro strategies used by Duterte are positive self-presentation, negative other-presentation, and outside polarization. Meanwhile, the mostly micro discursive strategies used are implication, lexicalization, and example/illustration.

The study determines the level of trust in public and political institutions among the loyal and oppositional youth of the Kaliningrad region, as well as their attitudes towards materialistic and post-materialistic values. The study is based on R. Ingleharts theory of value and the understanding of trust as described in the works of P. Sztompka and A. Giddens. The author relies on an online survey conducted among young people aged between 18 and 35 (n = 987). As a result of the study, the author defines three groups of institutions, depending on the degree of trust in them. The study confirms the hypothesis that young people loyal to the government demonstrate greater trust in traditional and state institutions. It also reveals that, in general, young people put post-materialistic values in the first place, while materialistic values are more characteristic of the youth loyal to the government. The author concludes that the level of the political trust towards a certain institution among loyal and oppositional youth differs depending on the possibility of influencing the institution. The trust of loyal youth is based on the importance of social status, and the trust of oppositional youth is based on the freedom of expression.

Current research in attitudes towards the sexuality of adults with intellectual disabilities yields heterogeneous results. The aim of the present paper was to systematically review current qualitative and quantitative evidence of attitudes towards the sexuality of adults with intellectual disabilities. A systematic review of current literature (2000–2020) was carried out in the ERIC, PsychINFO, SCOPUS, PUBMED, and WebOfScience databases. Thirty-three articles were included for review. The present review protocol is registered in the PROSPERO database. Included studies presented attitudes towards the sexuality of adults with intellectual disabilities in samples comprised of staff, family, members of the community, and adults with intellectual disability. Community samples held more positive attitudes, followed by staff and family. Adults with intellectual disabilities reported interest in intimate relationships but perceived barriers in others’ attitudes. Factors such as familiarity, age, gender of the adult with a disability, and culture seemed to have clear relationships. Other factors such as gender or social status remain unclear. In general, attitudes were considered positive. However, a preference for low intimacy and friendship or Platonic relationships was found. Stereotypes towards intellectual disability may have a strong influence. These findings underline the need to investigate and address attitudinal changes to provide adequate support for adults with intellectual disabilities in regard to a healthy relational and sex life.Prospero registration number: CRD42021222918.

Los estudiantes de Medicina son la población mayoritaria dentro de la Universidad María Auxiliadora de Loma Pytá, de ahí el interés por describir la percepción de estos estudiantes acerca del desarrollo de la Responsabilidad Social Universitaria y su impacto -tanto en la sociedad paraguaya como en la Latinoamericana- considerando que esta Universidad es una institución privada accesible para alumnos de diferentes niveles económicos y sociales del Paraguay, así como de la región del Mercosur. El objetivo del estudio fue describir la percepción de los estudiantes universitarios de la carrera de Medicina acerca del desarrollo de la Responsabilidad Social Universitaria, del conocimiento que poseen sobre la misma, del significado y los espacios de participación que promueve la Universidad María Auxiliadora en actividades relacionadas con la Responsabilidad Social Universitaria. El trabajo tiene un enfoque cuantitativo. En recolección de datos se utilizó la técnica de encuesta y como instrumento el cuestionario, la población integró estudiantes de la carrera de Medicina de los meses de noviembre a diciembre del año 2019, y una muestra de 156 alumnos seleccionados por muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple. Se obtuvo una percepción positiva por parte de los estudiantes universitarios acerca de la responsabilidad Social Universitaria, llegando a un nivel alto de satisfacción. Los resultados destacan la importancia de la Responsabilidad Social Universitaria al enfrentar nuevos retos en el escenario social, político y económico del país, uniendo sus funciones de docencia, investigación, gestión y extensión universitaria, incidiendo de esta manera en la transformación social del Paraguay.

Indonesia is a multicultural nation that has very high diversity. This diversity can be a potential for the nation's progress as well as its decline, depending on the quality of the management of this heterogeneity. It is undeniable that conflicts with the background of ethnicity, religion and race between groups (SARA) still often occur in Indonesia. This shows the importance of strengthening multicultural education in Indonesia. This study aims to review the urgency of multicultural teaching in schools. The research method used is literature study, explaining the phenomena that occur based on scientific studies that have been done before. Based on the discussion, it can be concluded that multicultural education in schools is very important to do so that students are able to accept all differences from an early age. In this process, the teacher has a very big role. Teachers must be able to master the teaching methods and concepts of multicultural learning itself. The teaching of multicultural education is so that students are able to be active and critical in facing all differences ranging from religion, language, ethnicity, gender, and social status in society.

The article examines penitentiary probation as a mechanism to prevent the commission of repeated criminal offenses. The author paid attention to the analysis of international and national legislation, which enshrines the concept of penitentiary probation and the procedure for its implementation in relation to persons sentenced to restriction of liberty and imprisonment. The adoption of the Law of Ukraine “On Probation” and the establishment of a probation service in Ukraine served to introduce one of the types of probation - penitentiary, as one of the requirements of international organizations. In particular, the implementation of Recommendations CM \ Rec (2010) of the Committee of Ministers to member states on the Council of Europe Rules on Probation concerned the purpose of probation by preventing and reducing crime. To achieve this goal, namely to reduce the commission of repeated criminal offenses, it is necessary to establish a positive relationship with the offender and provide social assistance by returning him to public life. According to the Law of Ukraine “Of Probation”, the main purpose of probation is to prepare persons serving a sentence of restriction of liberty or imprisonment for a certain period of time for release for the purpose of employment of such persons after release at their chosen place of residence. Penitentiary probation should ensure that the convict is provided with a range of social services that will prepare him for release from prison with further adaptation and return to society as a full member. Restoration of the social status of the released person and provision of psychological assistance will help prevent the commission of new criminal offenses. To ensure the restoration of this status, the relevant authorities must clarify the need of the convict after his release from prison. In particular, if necessary, provide social assistance, which may be manifested in the provision of housing, employment, assistance in obtaining a profession, recovery of documents, as well as the provision of psychological assistance. The above factors will serve to assist the released person in social and material adaptation in society, which in turn will help prevent the commission of new criminal offenses.

Many studies of immigrant settlement and integration continue to do so within the borders of a nation state without reference to transnationalism. This case study of Ghanaian immigrants’ transnationalism in Toronto aims to increase our understanding of one racialized immigrant group’s settlement and integration process that transcends Canada’s borders. Utilizing a mixed method approach, this study builds on previous studies on Ghanaian transnationality by exploring a range of transnational activities between Ghana and Canada. Conceptually, the study contributes to an understanding of how the “here” and “there” constitutes a transnational social field for Ghanaians in Toronto. Empirically, the study adds to our knowledge of how racialized immigrants, like Ghanaians, with a wealth of socio-demographic assets, struggle to integrate into a larger Canadian society. The empirical analysis reveals that Ghanaians’ over-representation in low occupational jobs diminishes their social status in Toronto. Unlike previous studies on Ghanaian transnationality, this paper argues that structural elements of oppression and privilege embedded within the Canadian society are the underlying cause of Ghanaian immigrants’ social status reduction. Transnationalism provides a social field to lift Ghanaian immigrants’ self-esteem and social status. Thus, the expression we do not only live here, but we also live there will continue to manifest the Ghanaian settlement and integration process in Canada.

The male beard is one of the most visually salient and sexually dimorphic traits and a hypothesized potential marker of other traits, such as dominance, masculinity, social status, and self-confidence. However, as men can easily alter their facial hair, beards may provide unreliable information about the beard owner's characteristics. Here, we examined whether beards are honest signals of biological (testosterone levels) and psychological (self-reported dominance) traits. Young (M = 21.29, SD = 1.54) and healthy men (N = 97) participated in the study. Their beards were measured directly (using digital calipers) and by self-report. Participants provided saliva samples before and after acute exercise (to assess their testosterone and cortisol levels) and reported their dominance on a 5-item scale. The results showed that beard length (directly measured and self-reported) was not related to testosterone levels or dominance; thus, no evidence was found to support the hypothesis that beards are honest (or dishonest) signals of the beard owners' testosterone levels and dominance.

In this dynamic world, women entrepreneurs are a big a part of the worldwide expedition for sustained economic development and social progress. Due to growing industrialization, the emergence of women owned businesses are highly increasing in the economies of almost all countries. Entrepreneurship develops from an individual’s creative spirit into long-term business ownership, job creation and fiscal security. Women bring commitment and integrity because they provide more attention about entrepreneurial development, economic empowerment and innovation. Women’s skills, knowledge, their talents and skills in business and a compelling desire of eager to do something positive are a number of the explanations for the women entrepreneurs to arrange industries. The government has realized the significance of women entrepreneurship. As a result, the Government offers a variety of programmes for women entrepreneurs. Promotion of women entrepreneurship ensures economic independence. Social emancipation of women gains social status. It makes women aware of their rights and gains equal status. So effective steps are needed to provide entrepreneurial awareness, orientation and skill development programs to women.

Background Placebo analgesia can be induced by social observational learning. The aim of this study was to determine whether this effect can be influenced by the social status of a model. Methods Healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to three groups: a group that observed a video featuring a high-status model (introduced as a professor), a group that observed a video featuring a low-status model (introduced as a janitor), and a control group. Participants observed videos showing a model (of high or low status) undergoing the experimental procedure, during which he received pain stimuli. In each group, half of participants watched a video in which the model rated blue stimuli as more painful (6–8 on the numeric rating scale) and orange stimuli as less painful (1–3 on the numeric rating scale), whereas the other half of participants watched a video in which the model rated orange stimuli as more painful and blue stimuli as less painful. Participants in the control group did not watch any video. Then, all participants received 16 electrocutaneous pain stimuli of the same intensity, preceded by either blue or orange colors. The perceived social status of the model and the trait empathy of participants were measured. Results Placebo analgesia was induced in both experimental groups, yet no difference in the magnitude of the effect was found. However, we found that the participants’ individual ratings of the model’s social status predicted the magnitude of placebo analgesia. Conclusion This is the first study to show that the perception of a model’s social status is related to the magnitude of placebo analgesia induced by observational learning.

Two studies examined whether men’s perception of the declining value of traditional masculinity activates social status, realistic, and symbolic threat, and in turn motivates opposition to feminist social movements. In Study 1, men’s perception that their ingroup is losing value across several social spheres was associated with social status and realistic threat, both of which were associated with opposition to feminist movements. Study 2, an experiment, presented men with public opinion data showing a 30-year decline in the degree to which Americans value traditional masculinity or no decline. Information about the declining value of masculinity activated status threat, which motivated less support for feminist movements. Among men who highly identified as masculine, this same information reduced support for feminist movements through symbolic threat. In sum, perceived decline in the social value of traditional masculinity creates status anxiety about the ingroup’s future and motivates compensatory reactions against gender equality.

Introduction. This article attempts a review of key trends in the transformation of Bashkir women’s social status within the family framework between 1917 and 1927. Goals. The study employs newly discovered data to show some specific features in the marital status of Bashkiria’s women in the 1920s. Materials and Methods. Relevant documents from the Russian State Archive of Social and Political History and the National Archive of the Republic of Bashkortostan served as the main sources for the research; published materials on the subject also proved as instrumental and efficient. The research methods employed include statistical, descriptive, and comparative historical ones. Results. The research indicates that the period under consideration was marked by the struggle of dedicated women to improve their positions in various spheres including that of the family. The struggle was long and painstaking. In Bashkiria, the old ways were changing slowly, and throughout those years traditional Bashkir customs and perceptions continued to play an important role in regulating family and marriage institutions. Such phenomena as polygamy, early marriages (including unwilled and unequal ones), kalym and others were still quite common. Nevertheless, the first decade of Soviet rule in the republic was also a period of serious success marked by advancing the de facto equality of women in the family, and the legislative measures did seek to improve the marital status of women. The analysis shows that in the period in question was witnessing a radical transformation in women’s positions in the family and everyday life contexts. The research allows for a conclusion that the image of a ‘new woman’ in the family sphere was being shaped during the first Soviet decade.

Subjective social status is an individual's perception of his/her position in the social stratum, and it shapes social inequality in a perceived way. By using the China Family Panel Studies and employing growth curve modeling strategies, this article examines the subjective social status trajectories of Chinese people between 2010 and 2018 and how these trajectories are shaped by objective social status. The empirical findings show that the distribution of subjective social status in each wave (2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2018) presents a middle-class identification, which means that the majority of people tend to position their subjective social status at the middle level, while the overall trend in average subjective social status has increased over time. The results of trajectory analysis show that different objective socioeconomic status indicators have different effects on the baseline value and rate of growth in subjective social status, which suggests that the trajectories of subjective social status are influenced by multiple determinants in China. While education, income and political capital reduce the gaps between the classes in subjective social status over time, wealth and employment status enlarge these gaps and thus enhance subjective social inequality. This article highlights the gradient effect that wealth has on the dynamics of subjective social status and helps us to better understand subjective social stratification in contemporary China.

Previous studies have found that high-status people are more individualistic and think more analytically than people of lower social status. We find new evidence that this is not always the case. We tested a large sample (N = 1,418) of people across China on analytic thought and the friend- stranger distinction. In China's more individualistic wheat-farming regions, social status patterns replicated findings from the West: high-status people thought more analytically and drew smaller distinctions between friends and strangers. But in more interdependent rice-farming regions, high- status people thought more holistically and drew a larger distinction between friends and strangers. This suggests that culture shapes social status differences in thought style and individualism. The data also showed that STEM majors thought more analytically than non-STEM majors. STEM differences in thought style were larger among older students, which is consistent with the idea that STEM training encourages analytic thinking over time.

Nonfarm employment is an increasing form of employment in rural areas in Sub-Saharan Africa. This is partly because many of the workers in developing countries especially in Sub-Saharan Africa are self-employed workers. Most women in Uganda do not own land since customary land ownership system deprives women of owning land. This has pushed women to nonfarm employment in urban areas, semi-rural, and rural areas. This paper explored the implications of nonfarm rural employment on the social and economic empowerment of women in rural areas. The findings revealed that nonfarm rural employment boosts women’s income, puts women in leadership positions in women’s groups such as the savings groups, and empowers women to become independent by reducing economic dependence on men or their husbands while also providing women with decision making power both in the community and households. Additionally, successful women in nonfarm employment, especially self-employed women, are role models and a motivation to other rural women to venture into nonfarm employment. Being successful as a woman in nonfarm employment also comes along with leadership roles and high social status in the community. Key words: Nonfarm employment, women empowerment, rural nonfarm economy, Uganda.

This article examines the development of Russian women's citizenship from the standpoint of the theory of citizenship and describes the main directions and milestones of its formation on the historical material. The article proves that the main subjects of the setting up of women's citizenship on the one hand are the women's, feminist, suffragist movement, which put the problems of its social (gender) group before the authorities and sought their solution. On the other hand, there are ‘broad masses of women’, i.e. women of various classes and social groups, who, by changing their daily practices, actually expanded their civil rights and duties. The History of Russian Women as a historical discipline in recent years has accumulated significant factual material about various aspects of the life of Russian women, which made possible such a historical and sociological analysis of the phenomenon of women's citizenship in Russia.

We investigated how violations of private patriarchal practices affect physical, psychological, and sexual violence against rural wives. The sample was drawn from nationally representative data from the third wave survey on the Social Status of Women in China. We found that (1) women making a similar income or more than their husbands were more likely to experience psychological and physical violence, respectively; (2) the wife's migration experience increased her risk of psychological and sexual violence; (3) husband doing more housework decreased the odds of psychological violence, and equal distribution of housework reduced the likelihood of physical and psychological violence; (4) infertility or having given birth to only daughters was not associated with any form of violence; and (5) equal marital power decreased the wife's likelihood to suffer three forms of violence. A balanced conjugal power structure may effectively prevent domestic violence against wives in societies with traditional and modern influences.

Executives’ status is increasingly recognized as an important factor in firms’ decision-making, while the way executives’ perception of their status influences firms’ strategy is underexplored. Bui...

Merchants as the main subject of the business world of the Russian state in the last quarter of the 18th first part of the 19th centuries. was distinguished by ambiguity: on the one hand, its social status corresponded to national legislation, on the other hand, it was distinguished by regional characteristics. The subject of the research is the social gradation and the identification of the leading group of the merchant class of the Tobolsk province in the last quarter of the 18th first part of the 19th centuries: determining the principles of its separation and existence. The purpose of the article is to highlight the features of the group of hereditary merchants as the leading sub-class of the Tobolsk province (last quarter of the 18th first quarter of the 19th centuries) Methods. In preparing this work, we developed a research algorithm, which consisted in determining the total number of the merchant class of the Tobolsk province (610 separate surnames), which were divided using the historical-comparative method and the modeling method into separate social subgroups. Results: the research illustrates the heterogeneity of the guild merchants of the cities of the Tobolsk province in the last quarter of the 18th first part of the 19th centuries. as a participant in the business world of Western Siberia. Conclusions: There is traced the dependence of the social status of the merchant not so much on the size of the capital, but on the length of stay in the hereditary merchant. The Siberian merchant was distinguished in many ways by his isolation and practicality during his stay in the guild organization. At the same time, representatives of the leading sub-class preferred transit trade on the border with China or at all-Russian fairs. In this case, the merchant must be known both in his hometown and abroad for his commercial and social activities. Considering that the capital belonged to a merchant family, therefore, its members were distributed among various fields of activity. Thus, the trading class of the Tobolsk province had many common features, but due to internal gradation it was distinguished by fluidity, a clear division of responsibilities, and capital differentiation. Hereditary merchants represented a separate social subgroup, in which the title of merchant ... was preferred to everything in the world.

Evangelical Christian college students navigate campus buoyed by Christian privilege but may encounter silencing or othering tied to their religious beliefs, a feeling of incompatibility with their campus climate, and conflations of their religious and political beliefs that are inaccurate and discouraging. Unsupportive campus climates can discourage evangelical students from having productive exchanges across difference and deepening their own worldview commitments, which is concerning due to their general lack of interfaith participation that challenges stereotypes and unnuanced assumptions. This study explores how evangelical Christians perceive their campus climates and whether those perceptions are different based on other social identity intersections with gender, race, sexuality, and political affiliation. In addition to individual characteristics, how the campus environment and various curricular and co-curricular experiences moderate evangelical students’ perceptions of the worldview climate is examined. A sample of 1235 evangelical college students was examined via means, standard deviations, and ranges for six campus climate measures, one-way ANOVAs to examine whether those measures differed by different identity dimensions, and then multilevel modeling to better understand the role of campus experiences in evangelicals’ perceptions of their campus climate. Evangelical students’ campus climate perceptions were generally positive; more provocative encounters were reported by women than men and evangelical Asian students indicated more divisiveness, more insensitivity, and less space for support than their peers. Political affiliation also revealed several significant differences in perceived campus climate. Interfaith engagement through pre-college activities, formal and informal activities, and friendships were connected to perceptions of campus climate, with those reporting more engagement being more likely to have productive encounters across difference and to report insensitivity or divisiveness. Religious affiliation was the most significant institutional characteristic. This study illuminates how collegiate experiences and campus environments exacerbate or attenuate evangelical Christian students’ perceptions of the campus climate, and the results indicate that effective teaching practices where true interfaith experiences happen and that create inclusive space for evangelical students in the classroom are key to fostering development, especially in light of the social status ambiguity evangelical college students may be experiencing during their college years.

Generation cohorts have different tendencies in purchase behaviors, especially the Generation X and the Generation Y. Although the age gap between these two generation cohorts is not wide, the Generation X has distinctive purchase behaviors that are different from the Generation Y. In the fashion business, the Generation X consumers do not consider the brands in purchasing their clothes, but they calculate the benefits in buying a clothing product. However, the Generation Y consumers consider it as a part of their social status, therefore, they position themselves in the middle class or the upper class by what they wear. The aim of this research is to investigate the different purchase behaviors of the Generation X and Y in buying fast fashion products in Surabaya. The purchase behaviors are reflected through such variables as shopping orientation, status consumption, and impulse buying. As this is a quantitative research, the data are collected using questionnaires that are distributed to 100 respondents. The respondents are chosen using the purposive sampling technique. Then, the data are tested for the validity, reliability, normality, and homogeneity. To test the hypothesis, the independent samples t-test is used. The results show that the differences between the Generation X and the Generation Y are significant in their shopping orientation and impulse buying. However, there are no significant differences in the status consump-tions.

Mediante un análisis de discurso cuantitativo, este estudio se propone establecer la presencia de micro y macro agresiones de mujeres contra mujeres en el proceso de construcción social de la noticia, dentro de los comentarios publicados en las páginas de Facebook de los medios de comunicación más usados en Chile durante 2020, en el contexto posterior a la revolución feminista de 2018 y al estallido social en Chile del 2019. La investigación concluyó que un 26,55% de los comentarios que hacen mujeres en noticias relacionadas con el género femenino, contienen agresiones dirigidas hacia otras mujeres, lo que confirma la idea de la misógina femenina como consecuencia del sistema patriarcal. La mayor parte corresponde a agresiones del tipo otredad (56%) y, en segundo lugar, a estigmatizaciones (27%). En su mayoría (33%) estas ofensas apuntaron al área personal de las víctimas, lo que confirma un rechazo al ser mujer y al estatus social femenino. Por último, los resultados sugieren que el predominio de las microagresiones, que en conjunto suman un 73%, se debe a que son más sutiles y socialmente aceptadas, mientras que las macroagresiones (27%), instalan un estigma más visible sobre las mujeres, que suscita reacciones por parte de otros usuarios y, por lo tanto, un potencial castigo social.

The present study was conducted to identify barriers and facilitators of early diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer. Comprehensive search was conducted on 2021 in various databases, including Medline, Web of science, and Scopus. Keywords such as gastric cancer, screening programs, endoscopy, barriers, facilitators, and factor were used for the search, as single or in combination. Also a manual search was done in valid scientific journals to find related full-text articles. The search results were entered into the Endonote-X8 software, which automatically removes duplicate articles. Then, the title and the abstract and finally, the text of the articles were studied. Articles that addressed barriers and facilitators of early diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer were included. In according to the results of 22 included articles, delay time in the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer were high, and factors such as age, sex, race and ethnicity, economic and social status, access to diagnostic services, implementation of screening programs, type and accuracy of screening methods, use of insurance services, error in care services, and presence of gastrointestinal symptoms were considered to be contributing factors in this regard. It seems that to reduce delay in the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer, factors such as implementing screening programs using acceptable methods with high sensitivity and accuracy with a high level of participation, increasing insurance coverage and reducing the share of people in payments, increasing people’s access to diagnostic services, educating people about the symptoms and risks of gastric cancer, undertaking proper follow-up in patients and suspects cases identified in screening, as well as increasing patients’ access to medical services through financial and insurance support are significantly important.

Until now, the Sunni-Shia conflict in Sampang, Madura has not been fully resolved. Therefore, with a communication science approach, this study will analyze the problems and barriers to intercultural communication that occurs between Sunni and Shia groups, causing eternal conflict. This research was conducted in two places, namely in Karanggayam Village, Omben District, Blu'uran Village, Karang Penang District, Madura, and in Rusunawa Puspa Agro, Sidoarjo. The research method used is the phenomenology of Edmun Husserl. The selection of the phenomenological method was based on the need for research data, namely exploring the experience of intercultural communication of each informant involved in the conflict. The results of the study stated that the barriers to intercultural communication that occur are due to the struggle for social status between Sunni and Shia religious leaders, the low culture of the Madurese community in communicating in the form of firmness in communication, the view of the life of the surrounding community based on syncretism, differences in standards of good or bad values ​​between groups, and perceptions negative relations between groups in the form of prejudice, stereotypes, and ethnocentrism that lead to insincerity in communication. Barriers to Intercultural Communication in the Sunni-Shia conflict in Madura.

The development of community-based tourism has developed quite rapidly. Indonesia is one of the countries that have the potential to develop community based tourism by promoting local culture. Setanggor Village is a tourist village that uses the concept of community-based tourism. Thus, the author wants to know more about Community Based Tourism (CBT) management and the supporting and inhibiting factors of Community Based Tourism (CBT) management in the Setanggor tourist village. Using observation, interview, and documentation techniques, the authors found that the people of Setanggor Village are involved in controlling, managing, and developing tourism. In terms of supporting factors, the village government has quite a lot of development funding assistance. In addition, the village community is quite active in tourism development. However, the social status between communities and the bureaucracy of village organizations became the main problems found.

Sister Carrie is one of the greatest works composed by Theodore Dreiser, one of the representatives of naturalists in American literature at the beginning of the 20th century. Among numerous works of Theodore Dreiser, Sister Carrie enjoys a quite high literary status, and also meets with different comments after its publication. The novel mainly tells the personal experiences of a rural beautiful girl Carrie in the big city Chicago. Driven by natural desires and urban environment, she changes her social status and original values in the end. Naturalism is a scientific and literary approach employed here to depict the characters in the novel where a person's fate is decided or predetermined by impersonal forces of nature and environment beyond human control. The novel is an experiment where the author could discover and analyze the natural forces and survival laws that influence personal behaviors, emotion and fate. This paper introduces the origin, development and characteristics of naturalism in American literature, studies the effect of human weakness on their life, and makes clear the influences of environment on people’s way of thinking and way of life.

Background Sexual violence is cancerous, and it malignantly affects all strata of our community regardless of age, gender, race, ability, and social status. Excellent healthcare service requires professionals who can do a sexual assault examination, collect medico-legal evidence, take photographs of patients' anatomy that was involved in the assault and document what is there and where it is in relation to the victims or perpetrators body or other parts of the crime scene, whether or not it is connected to the crime. Main text The objective of this article to orient the professions to the novel trends and approaches in forensic photography, namely e-consent, digital cameras and their accessories, dedicated forensic software, and photographic protocols and procedures. Conclusion The inadequate and improper collection, preservation and presentation of evidence can lead to crime scene errors and fewer conviction rates. Training in forensic photography is vital and a game-changer in the sexual assault examination.

Rapidly changing social, economic and cultural environment, the development of digital technologies, the global pandemic that broke out in 2020 and demographic challenges increase society’s need for constant change and improvement. Against the background of these challenges, the need to provide every member of society with equal opportunities for development is emphasized. This is an essential principle of inclusive education. Global and national documents emphasizing the need for inclusive education call for strengthening the ability of education to connect with all learners with behavioral, psychological, physiological or special abilities, regardless of nationality, social status, emphasis on respect for, access to and care for educational diversity, its change and growth. Inclusive education is best defined by the principles of the Good School Characteristics. Therefore, in this work, inclusive education is understood as an educational process characterized by the principles of the Good School Concept. As in all areas of our lives, the successful implementation of the educational process is undoubtedly influenced by digital multimedia technologies. There are often questions about the coherence between the technologies chosen and the process. Therefore, the possibilities of applying of multimedia technologies with inclusive education were chosen as the object of the article. The aim of the research is to evaluate the research areas of researchers analyzing the possibilities of multimedia technologies on the basis of the analysis of scientific literature, which are in line with the essential principles of inclusive education. The study concludes that the quality and values of educators’ competencies become particularly important in inclusive settings, but that there is a lack of formal research that has a direct impact on students’ achievements, social and emotional well-being and personal development. Multimedia technologies can be a great tool to achieve the goals of inclusive education; the attention of researchers working with technologies related to multimedia (sound, image, computer graphics, interactivity of the mentioned media) to pedagogical goals is particularly poor.

Objective: To explore the motivational factors for women to join Pakistan army.Study Design: Exploratory study design. Place and Duration: The study was conducted at Army selection and Recruitment Centre on the female graduates from various universities of Islamabad/Rawalpindi who were coming for induction in army, from March 2018. Methodology: The study was conducted in two phases; in phase I, Semi-structured interviews of 10 lady officers were carried out to gauge the motivational factors to join Army. In phase II, data of 792 female graduates from various universities of Islamabad/Rawalpindi was collected through socio-demographic form and the checklist about motivational factors developed during phase I to join armed forces. Results: Results revealed that maximum individuals (22%) graded “Patriotism” as prime reason to join Army while a minor segment (1%) cited financial incentive as driving factor. Percentages of other factors, in order of precedence are; “Feeling Proud” (18%), “Strong Social Standing” (16%), “Quality of Life” (10%), Charm of Uniform (8%), Bright Career (6%), Job Security (5%), Family Lineage (5%), Adventurous Job (5%) and Marriage (4%). Further to this, there were differences in women’s motivation to join Army from various professions. Conclusion: Motivation for opting military career is a complex phenomenon of inter-related factors. Therefore, we should consider all these factors together to select highly motivated, skilled/qualified and loyal individuals.

Este artigo tem como objetivo mostrar a importância do desenho na educação infantil, e como ela ajuda os professores a observar o desenvolvimento das crianças em termos de emoção, cognição, percepção, status psicomotor e social, mostrar seus diferentes significados e descobrir possíveis ações em seus comportamentos. geralmente invisíveis aos olhos dos educadores, mas podem ser identificados pelo desenho. Para efeito deste artigo, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica. O desenho é um excelente método de ensino, os professores podem utilizá-lo para analisar o desempenho das crianças na relação escolar e no meio social em que vivem. Portanto, por meio do desenho, as crianças expressam todos os seus sentimentos, que muitas vezes são evidentes, mas são perceptíveis.

Building a friendship with peers is an important developmental task. However, peer victimization and social anxiety are among the most disturbing problems and have impaired adolescents' adaptive development. A total of 942 adolescents completed the survey. The results showed that peer victimization was related to social anxiety and that this effect was mediated by cognitive flexibility and moderated by affect intensity. Specifically, the damage of peer victimization and social anxiety was aggrevated for those with high levels of affect intensity. The current study provides evidence for the association between peer victimization and social anxiety. It contributes to the literature by clarifying the equivocal findings and uncovering the underlying mechanisms of the relationship between peer victimization and social anxiety. In the future, researchers and teachers should pay attention to adolescents' peer social status as early as possible, especially for adolescents with higher levels of affect intensity.

Introduction: Stress among health care professionals is harmful because of adverse psychological and physiological changes, which lead to decrease productivity. This study aimed to explore the experienced causes of stress, its effects and coping strategies among nurses. Methods: In-depth interview was conducted among nurses working in different hospitals of the Pokhara metropolitan, Nepal. The nurses were selected purposively. Data saturation was gained with fifteen interviews. Data analysis was done by adopting the Conventional Qualitative Content Analysis technique and summative analysis process. Results: Three domains were identified from the study – causes of stress, effects of stress, and coping strategies for stress. The causes of stress were workload, lack of proper logistics, insufficient staffs, undesirable relation among colleagues, patient’s condition, patient’s relatives, and visitors, being blamed for other’s mistakes, senior’s behaviors, workplace violence, work- shift, patient’s death, and sufferings, job positions, work-life balance, health condition, job dissatisfaction, dignity and social status, family problems and lack of experience. The effects of stress experienced by the nurses were medication errors, delay of services, loss of concentration in work, degradation of the hospital’s goodwill, headache, insomnia, frustration and depression, lethargy, and loss of appetite. Nurses adopted listening to music, playing games, surfing the internet, watching television, doing household chores, sharing events and incidents, calm down, and crying as the coping strategies for the stress they experienced. Conclusion: Due to several stress factors and their effects, the performance of nurses in a hospital setting was challenging. It was affecting the physical, mental, and social aspects of nurses’ life. However, they adopted coping strategies to help themselves in reducing the level of stress. An environment must be created by family members, organization, management team, nation, concerned authority, and possible stakeholders so that the nurses will be able to work with total concentration, devotion, and commitment.

Recent studies have taken into account the fact that the lives of older people have changed drastically in the past fifty years. Older people today engage more with society and are also expected to maintain an active role in their communities. In order to maintain a positive social status, todays older adults need both to challenge negative stereotypes and also to achieve the “unachievable” positive representations in the media. Society plays a complex game of bodily images: the artificial image of the human body in the media, the image that individuals try to project, and the image that society reflects back to the individual. When the three don’t coincide, the collision creates a distancing effect. To truly understand the lived experiences of older adults in contemporary society we must explore the changing perceptions of the body. This review will illustrate the arguments both classical and contemporary through an exploration of the ageing female body, which remains the focus of most of the literature.

The outdoor domain has frequently been identified as one where women’s skills and competences were undervalued compared with those of men. The aim of the study was to explore how men and women inte...

In group-living animals, behavioural contagion is associated with essential functions such as information acquisition and group cohesion. Studies have shown that several social factors (e.g. familiarity, dominance, the mother–offspring relationship) affect behavioural contagion. However, as previous research has focused mostly on play signals and yawning, it is unclear whether such social biases apply to all types of contagious behaviour. Using data from a group of Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata, we investigated the social biases associated with the contagion of vigilance. Our findings revealed that vigilance exhibited by a given individual was more contagious to lower-ranked than to higher-ranked individuals. In addition, vigilance was more contagious to mothers from their offspring than vice versa. Thus, the susceptibility to vigilance exhibited by others varies according to the social status of each individual and the relationship between each pair of individuals. By contrast, we did not find any effects of kinship on vigilance contagion. This implies that familiarity bias, which is often reported to be associated with the contagion of yawning and play signals, does not influence vigilance contagion. Overall, our findings indicate that behavioural contagion does not occur with equal likelihood but is affected by the interplay between the type of behaviour and social structures.

Background It was observed that adult users start tobacco use in childhood or adolescence. The influence of digital and print media, social acceptance among peers, and in order to mimic role models from films attracts youth towards tobacco. Hence this study was conducted to assess the prevalence of smokeless tobacco (SLT) use among school-going adolescents with the assessment of the influencing factors such as exposure at school, home, and public places along with the role of various media in SLT use by adolescents. Methods Cross sectional study was conducted with 860 students of class 9th -12th enrolled in schools. Purposive sampling of three schools was done from the study area to reach desired sample size. All the students of class 9th - 12th within selected schools were given chance to participate in the study. Data collection was done using pretested modified Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) questionnaire. Results Consumption of smokeless tobacco (SLT) was observed in 79 (11%) of 714 subjects. Significantly higher proportion (18.4%) of study subjects consumed SLT who were exposed to tobacco at school premises and 19.1% of study subjects who were exposed to teacher using SLT in schools compared to non-exposed group. (p=0.016). It was observed that 8.1% of subjects without any exposure to tobacco at home and 9.8% of subjects without exposure to tobacco at outdoor public space consumed SLT. Consumption of SLT use was highest (16.7%) among subjects exposed to tobacco advertisement or promotion through social media (p=0.04). Conclusion High prevalence of SLT was detected among adolescents in school. Factors such as exposure to tobacco at home, public places, school and school teacher using SLT, exposure of tobacco advertisement and promotion via different modes of media was found to be significantly associated with the use of SLT in the adolescents of school. .

Este estudo analisa o nível deliteracia digitalem saúde na população adulta portuguesa. Foi aplicado o questionário Digital Health Literacy (DHL) a uma amostra de 306 indivíduos. O instrumento está adaptado ao contexto pandémico atualeas dimensões estudadas são: pesquisa de informação, inclusão de conteúdo próprio, avaliação da fiabilidade e determinação da relevância informativa. O nível de literacia foi considerado suficiente e concluise que esta é influenciada pelas habilitações académicas (p=0,013). Situação antagónica aconteceu com a idade (p=0326), o sexo (p=0,102), estatuto social (p=0,230) e formação na área da saúde (p=0,147), cujas relações não apresentaram resultados estatisticamente significativos.

В статье рассматривается тема изучения «малых городов» Волжской Булгарии, которые являлись важным элементом в процессе феодализации и экономической жизни любого государства в Средние века. Здесь автор обращает внимание на историю исследования вопроса и методы его решения. Особое внимание уделяется рассмотрению площадей булгарских городищ, что является немаловажным при выделении этой категории укрепленных поселений из общей массы таких булгарских памятников. Несомненно, что только один размер поселения внутри оборонительных линий не может быть единственным показателем социального статуса. Необходимо учитывать и площади примыкавших посадов, мощность их культурного слоя, а также характер и количество археологического материала. Библиографические ссылки Археологическая карта Татарской АССР. Западное Закамье. Ч. I / Отв. ред. П.Н. Старостин. Казань: ИЯЛИ КФАН СССР, 1986. 112 с. Белорыбкин Г.Н. Оборонительные сооружения городищ булгарского времени в Пензенском крае (Сурская группа) // Военно-оборонительное дело домонгольской Булгарии / Отв. ред. А.Х. Халиков. Казань: ИЯЛИ КФАН СССР, 1985. С. 112–120. Гордеев В.И., Павленко Ю.А. Малый город Поволжья в позднем средневековье / Отв. ред. Ю.А. Зеленев. Йошкар-Ола: Мар. гос. ун-т, 2004. 272 с. Губайдуллин А.М., Измайлов И.Л. Исследования булгарских городищ в Предволжье // Археологические открытия Урала и Поволжья / Отв. ред. Наговицын Л.А. Ижевск: Удмуртский ин-т истории, языка и литературы УрО АН СССР, 1991. С. 107–109. Зеленеев Ю.А. Очерки этнокультурной истории Поволжья, XIII–XV вв. Йошкар-Ола: Изд-во МарГУ. 2013. 328 с. Калинин Н.Ф., Халиков А.Х. Итоги археологических работ за 1945–1952 гг. / Труды Казанского филиала Академии наук СССР. Серия исторических наук. Казань: Таткнигоиздат, 1954. 126 с. Коваль В.Ю. Малые города средневековой Руси: основные отличительные особенности // Труды IV (XX) Всероссийского съезда в Казани Т. III. / Отв. ред. А.Г. Ситдиков, Н.А. Макаров, А.П. Деревянко. Казань: Отечество, 2014. С. 76–79. Куза А.В. Малые города Древней Руси. М.: Наука, 1989. 168 с. Плужников В.И. Термины российского архитектурного наследия. Словарь-глоссарий. М.: Искусство, 1995. 160 с. Романова Е.И. Задачи геоэкологических исследований в изучении культурного слоя на склонах // Склоны на исторических территориях: Материалы VII Международного научно-практического семинара «Комплексное изучение и сохранение исторических территорий» / Под ред. Е.И. Романовой. Рязань: Изд-во Рязанского историко-архитектурного музея-заповедника, 2006. С. 49–52. Соловьев Е.Т. Одно из древних булгаро-татарских городищ в Тетюшском уезде // ИОАИЭ. Т. III. Казань: Изд-во Казанского ун-та, 1884. С. 281–284. Усков В.А., Водорезов А.В. Формирование антропогенных форм рельефа на исторических территориях // Склоны на исторических территориях: Материалы VII Международного научно-практического семинара «Комплексное изучение и сохранение исторических территорий» / Под ред. Е.И. Романовой. Рязань: Изд-во Рязанского историко-архитектурного музея-заповедника, 2006. С. 109–116. Фахрутдинов Р.Г. Археологические памятники Волжско-Камской Булгарии и ее территория. Казань: Татар. кн. изд-во, 1975. 220 с. Фахрутдинов Р.Г. Классификация и топография булгарских городищ // СА. 1990. № 4. С. 68–84. Халиков А.Х. Татарский народ и его предки. Казань: Татар. кн. изд-во, 1989. 220 c. Хузин Ф.Ш., Измайлов И.Л. Археологические разведки в Западном Закамье // Археологические открытия Урала и Поволжья / Отв. ред. Л.А. Наговицин. Ижевск: Удмуртский ИИЯЛ УрО АН СССР, 1991. С. 151–153. Хузин Ф.Ш. Итоги и перспективы изучения болгарского домонгольского города // Археология Волжской Булгарии: проблемы, поиски, решения / Отв. ред. Ф.Ш. Хузин. Казань: ИЯЛИ АНТ, 1993. С. 5–32.

The Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study has concluded that, on average, one in three college students abuses alcohol regularly. However, while highlighting potential risks, academic literature largely neglects the social functions students derive from consuming alcohol. College represents an important milestone in an individual’s life and is characterized by what Turner (1969) called liminoid experiences, which involve a temporary suspension of social status, at bars, clubs, concerts, festivals, and college parties, often closely connected to alcohol consumption. This paper explores how women students’ practice of “pregaming,” that is, drinking alcohol in smaller groups before attending a social event such as a party, enables individuals to achieve the liminoid state while also providing opportunities to resist potential negative consequences of intoxication. College women use pregaming to build a support network with close friends, enabling them to ensure their physical safety. Beyond the integrity of their bodies, women also ensure that their actions during the liminoid experience of a college party are consistent with ideas they have of their personal identity. Although they temporarily suspend their social and personal identities during college parties, women prevent unwanted permanent changes of their sense of self by holding each other accountable to rules they establish during the pregame.

The article presents the results of the Slovenian Public Opinion survey conducted just before the outbreak and during the first and second waves of the epidemic. In this article, we are interested in the impact of perceptions and evaluations of social inequalities on citizens' protest participation. More specifically, we are interested in how these perceptions relate to the actual situation of individuals and how the interaction of the two contributes to the dissatisfaction that manifests itself as a willingness to protest. We take as our starting point the theory of relative deprivation, which proves to be relevant in explaining the occurrence of protests in times of crisis. The results of the study confirm the relevance of the theory especially in times of crisis or in the case of unannounced and sudden outbreaks of resentment, when the usual explanatory models of political action are not sufficient. The results show that the main trigger of collective action is not absolute distress, but that protest behaviour can be the result of a relative degree of deprivation in a social group. Therefore, the discrepancy between specific and legitimate expectations for a particular social group (in terms of norms, living standards and social status) and the assessment of whether these expectations are met is important.