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Islamicity Performance Index (IPI) is a model developed to measure the performance of Islamic banks with a socio-economic approach. This study reveals the factors that affect the Islamicity Performance Index (IPI) which is represented by the Profit Sharing Financing Ratio (PSR) index. With a sample of 12 Islamic Commercial Banks (BUS) in Indonesia, this study uses static and dynamic panel data analysis. The data used is secondary data derived from the annual financial statements of each BUS. The results showed a significant positive effect of TPF and FDR on PSR in the static and dynamic models, significant negative NPF on PSR in the static model, significant positive NPF on PSR in the dynamic model, insignificant negative BOPO on PSR in the static model, positive insignificant BOPO on PSR in the dynamic model, significant positive PSR (-1) on PSR in the dynamic model. Simultaneously the independent variable is able to explain the dependent variable by 95.8%.

This article is dedicated to examination of corruption in the previously researched static model of balancing common and private interests (SOCHI-models). In the previously considered two-level system, between the upper non-corrupted level and the lower – agents, is introduced the average level which in exchange for a bribe, can weaken the influence of the upper level. The upper level sets the minimum amount of resources for an agent to spend on general purposes. A supervisor, in exchange for a bribe, the role of which is played by the share of agent’s private income, can reduce this lower boundary, allowing the latter to spend more resources on private purposes. This article reviews the three-level hierarchical system “Principal-Supervisor-Agents”, where the supervisor uses the administrative corruption mechanism, which requires two descriptive and optimization approaches towards its examination. The descriptive approach suggests that the considered functions of bribery are known; while the optimization approach implies the use of Germeyer’s theorem. The author explores the impact of administrative corruption upon systemic congruence of the SOCHI-model: it is proven that the administrative corruption can only reduce congruence. The author finds the conditions that can beat or reduce administrative corruption can, as well as conditions when corruption is disadvantageous for supervisor or agent. The article determines the circle of agents that supervisor can exert influence upon. &nbsp

There are still some errors and instabilities in futures analysis. In order to improve the accuracy of prediction, this study combines image processing technology and applies image processing technology to interest rate wireless to construct a static model based on image processing. The necessary conditions for no arbitrage are realized by adjusting the price of issuing virtual vouchers at a parity, that is, the discount rate is monotonous in discrete cases. In addition, this paper obtains static model statistical graphs through data, and combines image noise processing and image segmentation technology to improve the clarity of statistical graphs and records the results for analysis of this research model. The research shows that the model proposed in this study has certain feasibility in futures analysis and can provide theoretical reference for subsequent related research.

This paper develops a static model of endogenous task-based technical progress to study how factor scarcity induces technological progress and changes in factor prices. The equilibrium technology is multi-dimensional and not strongly factor-saving in the sense of Acemoglu (2010). Nevertheless, labour scarcity induces labour productivity growth. There is a weak but no strong absolute equilibrium bias. This model provides a plausible interpretation of the famous contention of Hicks (1932) about the role of factor prices and factor endowments for induced innovations. It may serve as a microfoundation for canonical macro-economic models. Moreover, it accommodates features like endogenous factor supplies and a binding minimum wage.

In the development of new drugs, the prediction of metabolite‐to‐parent plasma exposure ratio in humans prior to administration in a clinical study has emerged as an important need. In this work, we derived a mechanistic static model based on first principles to estimate metabolite‐to‐parent plasma exposure ratio, considering the contribution of liver and gut metabolism and drug transport. Knowledge (or assumptions) of mechanisms of clearance and organs involved is required. Input parameters needed included intrinsic clearance, fraction of clearance to the metabolite of interest, various binding values, and, in some cases, active transport clearance. The principles are illustrated with four drugs that yield six metabolites, with one in which clearance is dependent on a pathway subject to genetic polymorphism. Overall, the approach yielded metabolite‐to‐parent ratios within about twofold of the actual values and, thus, can be valuable in decision making in the drug development process.

The study of biofilms in vitro is complex and often limited by technical problems due to simplified models. Here, we compared C. acnes biofilm formation, from species involved in bone and prosthesis infection, in a static model with a dynamic model. Using similar parameters, the percentage of live bacteria within the biofilm was higher in dynamic than in static approach. In both models, bacterial internalization in osteoblast-like cells, playing the role of stress factor, affected this proportion but in opposite ways: increase of live bacteria proportion in the static model (×2.04 ± 0.53) and of dead bacteria proportion (×3.5 ± 1.03) in the dynamic model. This work highlights the huge importance in the selection of a relevant biofilm model in accordance with the environmental or clinical context to effectively improve the understanding of biofilms and the development of better antibiofilm strategies.

У статті розглянуто аналіз економічних властивостей, що впливають на реалізацію управлінських рішень стосовно управління персоналом. Створено статичну модель оцінки розподілу кваліфікаційного, інтелектуального та підприємницького потенціалів за підструктурами дистриб’юторської мережі та між окремими її працівниками. Розроблено загальну схему формування рішень для управління розвитком персоналу для систем просування товарів в умовах постіндустріального суспільства, The article deals with the analysis of economic properties that influence the implementation of managerial decisions in relation to personnel management. A static model for assessing the distribution of qualification, intellectual and entrepreneurial potential under the substructures of the distribution network and among its individual employees is created. The general scheme of formation of decisions for management of development of personnel for systems of the goods promotion in the conditions of a post-industrial society is developed

Risk through exposure to non-exhaust traffic emissions continues to increase as both the number of vehicles and traveling distances continue to increase with global urbanization. To better understand their impacts on the urban environment, a contaminant pathway was developed to describe important release mechanisms, transitory environmental media, and exposure media. Sources of contaminants were identified and characterized using published literature values. Concentrations of non-exhaust sources were used in conjunction with mean emission factors to estimate contaminant loads from individual vehicles (μg/km/veh). Published daily vehicle distances traveled were used to estimate total annual emissions (kg/yr) for the United States and Houston metropolitan area. This equates to approximately 5.1 million kg of Cu, 12.8 million kg of Zn, 4.9 million kg of Pb, and 2400 kg of Cd being released each year in the United States. Tires are responsible for 92% of total Zn emissions, with heavy-duty vehicles responsible for 77% of these emissions. Tires are also responsible for 86% of total Cd emissions. Brake dust contributes to 99.9% of Cu emissions. Wheel weights contribute approximately 94% of total Pb emissions. Identified best management practices include: 1. installation of grass buffer zones (e.g., rain gardens, vegetated swales) immediately adjacent to road surfaces, and 2. permeable pavements and green roofs near major highways. There are several limitations, assumptions and uncertainties associated with the study due to its static nature. However, evidence is substantial for the need to create new policies that address the pollution created by non-exhaust traffic emissions.

This paper studies the behaviour of a labour union in a model with employment and membership dynamics. It is known from the literature that the relative level of employment between intertemporal and static union models is affected by the structure of the union density function. We show that this result does not hold in general but rather that it depends on the union objective function. If the union maximises the wage bill of their members, employment in the intertemporal model will differ from employment in the static model depending on the union density function. However, if the union maximises the rent from unionisation, the intertemporal model will yield the same level of employment as the static model regardless of the union density.

We propose a framework to identify and estimate earnings distributions and worker composition on matched panel data, allowing for two‐sided worker‐firm unobserved heterogeneity and complementarities in earnings. We introduce two models: a static model that allows for nonlinear interactions between workers and firms, and a dynamic model that allows, in addition, for Markovian earnings dynamics and endogenous mobility. We show that this framework nests a number of structural models of wages and worker mobility. We establish identification in short panels, and develop tractable two‐step estimators where firms are classified in a first step. Applying our method to Swedish administrative data, we find that log‐earnings are approximately additive in worker and firm heterogeneity. Our estimates imply the presence of strong sorting patterns between workers and firms, and a small contribution of firms—net of worker composition—to earnings dispersion. In addition, we document that wages have a direct effect on mobility, and that, beyond their dependence on the current firm, earnings after a job move also depend on the previous employer.

Process mining involves discovering, monitoring, and improving real processes by extracting knowledge from event logs in information systems. Process mining has become an important topic in recent years, as evidenced by a growing number of case studies and commercial tools. Current studies in this area assume that event records are created separately from a conceptual model (CM). Techniques are then used to discover missing processes and conformance with the CM, as well as for checks and enhancements. By contrast, in this paper we focus on modeling events as part of a tight multilevel CM that includes a static description, dynamics, events-log scheme, and monitoring and control system. If there is an out-of-model event log, it is treated as a requirement needed to build or enrich the CM. The motivation for such a unified system is our thesis that process mining is an essential component of a CM with built-in mining capabilities to perform self-process mining and attain completeness. Accordingly, our proposed conceptual model facilitates collecting data generated about itself. The resultant framework emphasizes an integrated representation of systems to include process-mining functionalities. Case studies that start with event logs are recast to evolve around a model-first approach that is not limited to the initial event log. The result presents a framework that achieves the aims of process mining in a more comprehensive way, 10 pages, 21 figures

We develop a tractable dynamic theory linking endogenous credit cycles with conditions in the labor market, in which a pandemic may cripple credit markets and even cause a credit collapse by freezing the labor supply. We execute the idea in a general equilibrium framework with banks and financially constrained heterogeneous firms. In the static model, a modest pandemic disrupts the credit markets only at the intensive margin by decreasing the labor supply. A worsening pandemic can trigger a credit crisis, followed by a discontinuous sharp fall in aggregate output. By extending to a dynamic general equilibrium setting, we show that this mechanism can generate endogenous boom-bust credit cycles. Credit injection per se cannot adequately stabilize the economy. The lockdown policy combined with subsidizing firms turns out to be an efficient policy package to curb pandemic-induced recession.

In cryptocurrencies, the block reward is meant to serve as the incentive mechanism for miners to commit resources to create blocks and in effect secure the system. Existing systems primarily divide the reward in proportion to expended resources and follow one of two static models for total block reward: (i) a fixed reward for each block (e.g., Ethereum), or (ii) one where the block reward halves every set number of blocks (e.g., the Bitcoin model of halving roughly every 4 years) but otherwise remains fixed between halvings. In recent work, a game-theoretic analysis of the static model under asymmetric miner costs showed that an equilibrium always exists and is unique [4]. Their analysis also reveals how asymmetric costs can lead to large-scale centralization in blockchain mining, a phenomenon that has been observed in Bitcoin and Ethereum and highlighted by other studies including [11, 16].

China's cultural tourism industry is now at the stage of rapid development, but cultural tourism landscape is still stuck in the traditional static model without new dynamic technology. This paper first explains the concept and status of cultural tourism landscape, then analyzes the relationship between interaction design and landscape design, and applies interaction innovative digital technology into cultural tourism landscape design to provide tourists with behavioral, perceptual and emotional experiences. It also explores the application of Digital Technology for cultural tourism landscape design, and provides inspiration for China’s cultural tourism landscape design.

International audience; Around 50% of individuals obtain or hear about jobs through social networks. This hiring trend may become problematic when the labor market is tight and people need less social contacts to find a job. Using a one-period static model where network members may receive job offers directly from the firm or indirectly through employed members in the network we show that the share of new hires finding a job through social connections (ie network matching rate) decreases with the job finding rate. Using French data for the period 2003-2012, we test this prediction with immigrants, a population subgroup for whom networks play a major role in occupational decisions. We propose two network matching rate indicators, one based on direct recommendations and another one internalizing the positive externality on the employment probability induced by peers. We find a decreasing relationship between the network matching rate and the job finding rate. Social connections are less helpful for finding jobs during economic expansions.

Constructing a conceptual model as an abstract representation of a portion of the real world involves capturing the (1) static (things/objects and trajectories of flow), (2) the dynamic (event identification), and (3) the behavior (e.g., acceptable chronology of events) of the modeled system. This paper focuses on examining the behavior notion in modeling and current works in the behavior space to illustrate that the problem of behavior and its related concepts in modeling lacks a clear-cut systematic basis. The purpose is to advance the understanding of system behavior to avoid ambiguity-related problems in system specification. It is proposed to base the notion of behavior on a new conceptual model, called the thinging machine, which is a tool for modeling that establishes three levels of representation: (1) a static structural description that is constructed upon the flow of things in five generic operations (activities; i.e., create, process, release, transfer and receive); (2) a dynamic representation that identifies hierarchies of events based on five generic events; and (3) a chronology of events. This is shown through examples that support the thinging machine as a new methodology suitable for all three levels of specification., 10 pages, 16 figures

Quantitative assessment of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) via organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1 is one of the key issues in drug development. Although OATP1B1 inhibition exhibits unique characteristics, including preincubation dependence for some inhibitors, a limited approach has been attempted based on the static model that considers such preincubation dependence in the prediction of DDIs via OATP1B1. The present study aimed to establish the prediction of DDIs via OATP1B1 using preincubation-dependent inhibitors based on the static model and incorporating both inactivation and recovery of OATP1B1 activity. Cyclosporine A was selected as a preincubation-dependent inhibitor, as well as five substrates that include probes and pharmaceuticals. The inhibition ratio (R value) calculated on the basis of a conventional static model, considering inhibition of OATP1B1 and contribution ratio of OATP1B1 to the overall hepatic uptake, was much lower than the reported AUC ratio, even when IC50 values were estimated after preincubation conditions. Conversely, the R value that was estimated by considering inactivation and recovery parameters was closer to the AUC ratio. The R value that was calculated assuming the complete contribution of OATP1B1 was much higher than the AUC ratio, avoiding false-negative prediction. The R value estimated by considering inactivation and recovery for another combination of a preincubation-dependent inhibitor, asunaprevir, and substrate drug, rosuvastatin, was also closer to the AUC ratio. Thus, R values calculated based on such OATP1B1 kinetics would be potential alternative indexes for the quantitative prediction of OATP1B1-mediated DDIs using preincubation-dependent inhibitors, although this prediction is affected by estimation of the contribution ratio of substrates. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Static model-based quantitative prediction of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1-mediated drug-drug interactions induced by preincubation-dependent inhibitors was newly proposed to avoid false-negative prediction.

A mediados del siglo XIX, los médicos e ingenieros españoles se apoyaron en la dimensión pública de su actividad profesional para encarnar la nueva masculinidad liberal. Las vías principales para hacerse reconocer como parte de las élites liberales eran dos. Primero, la vinculación con las instituciones del Estado en plena construcción. Segundo, el argumento de que su conocimiento y saber-hacer expertos contribuían al progreso de la civilización y al bien común. Explorando el vínculo entre la utilidad y las ciencias, que había quedado establecido ya en el discurso de la Ilustración, estos hombres argumentaron que su profesión les hacía particularmente útiles para la patria, tanto a la hora de fomentar las riquezas del país y la felicidad de sus habitantes, como a la hora de contribuir a afianzar la posición de España entre las «naciones de la Europa culta». ¿Qué papel desempeñó el género en este proceso? ¿Hubo rasgos específicos de las profesiones científicas que las significaron como masculinas? ¿Cómo interactuó el factor de clase con las dinámicas de género? Nuestras investigaciones apuntan hacia la necesidad de repensar radicalmente las visiones estándar de la masculinidad moderna, a menudo reducidas a un modelo estable y estático que opone la razón masculina con la emoción, siempre femenina. Las pasiones y los sentimientos, no exentos de contradicción, aparecen como elementos fundamentales a la hora de ejercer la profesión, pero también a la hora de construirse los médicos e ingenieros como hombres de ciencia dentro de la comunidad nacional. No es solo la contención de las pasiones mediante la razón lo que caracterizó la forma de la que estos hombres construyeron y experimentaron su masculinidad, sino el hecho de tener estas pasiones y usarlas de forma adecuada, provechosa para su patria y para la Humanidad, In the mid-nineteenth century, Spanish physicians and engineers relied on the public dimensions of their professional activity in order to embody the new liberal masculinity. There were two ways of getting acknowledged as a part of liberal elites: first, the link to public institutions; second, the argument that their knowledge and skills contributed to the progress of civilisation and to common good. Exploring the link between usefulness and sciences, that had already been established already in the discourse of the Enlightenment, these men argued that their professions made them particularly useful for the country, as they contributed to make it wealthier and its inhabitants happier, but also to strengthen the position of Spain among the «nations of cultured Europe». What was the role of gender in this process? Did scientific professions have any features that were considered particularly masculine? How did class interact with gender? Our research points to the need to radically rethink the standard visions of modern masculinity, often reduced to a stable and static model that opposes masculine reason to emotion, always feminine. The passions and feelings, with all their contradictions, appear as fundamental elements in the professional practice of physicians and engineers, and also when these men constructed themselves as men of science within a national community. While the control of passions was indeed a defining feature of the way these men constructed and experienced their masculinity, so was having passions and using them the right way, to the benefit of the country and of the Humankind

This chapter discusses how the test drive method alleviates the disruptions that arise when businesses implement critical decisions that produce major internal changes. Section 13.1 offers a primer on organizational change. Section 13.2 presents a static conceptual model for responding effectively to imminent change. Section 13.3 describes our solution for test driving decisions to enable smooth change, which extends and animates the static model. Section 13.4 reviews test drive results from a pilot project to craft a change strategy for a highly disruptive decision to switch compensation methods. Section 13.5 summarizes the benefits of using a test drive model to help design, test, and execute change strategies. A video is available that explains and demonstrates this test drive solution.

In a simple static model of differentiated experience goods supplied by a single seller, we show that both a uniform price equilibrium and a price signalling equilibrium coexist. This is in contrast to the received wisdom that price signalling of quality is nonviable in static settings. We also show that the seller's profit is always higher in the price signalling equilibrium than in the uniform price equilibrium, but the consumer surplus and social welfare may be higher in either equilibrium depending on the distribution of the consumers' tastes for the differentiated goods.

This study develops a dynamic model based on the static model of Harada and Yamauchi (2014), which compares yardstick competition with franchise bidding. We focus on collusion among firms, which is one of the differences between dynamic and static models. The results of the new model reveal that the Shleifer-style yardstick competition, which can effectively function under the static model, does not effectively function under the dynamic model. On the other hand, franchise bidding may effectively function under certain conditions. Thus, we demonstrate that franchise bidding is superior to yardstick competition.

In aggregate data, international trade volumes adjust slowly in response to relative price changes, an observation at odds with static models. This paper develops a model of trade in intermediate inputs in which heterogeneous producers face irreversibilities in adjusting their importing status. Changes in aggregate imports are accounted for by adjustment within importing plants, through reallocation between non-importers and importers, and through changes in the importing decisions of new and existing plants. When calibrated to Chilean plant-level data, the model shows that irreversibilities are important for generating aggregate and plant-level dynamics of trade flows in line with the data. In response to a permanent trade reform, increased importing at existing plants crowds out entry, raising consumption above its long-run level, and leading to welfare gains larger than a static model would imply.

Parallel Support (PS) is a co-teaching program designed to deliver education services in inclusive settings in Greece. In this quantitative study, 236 special education PS teachers from six major educational regions participated in a survey. The findings indicate that PS is similar to the One Teach, One Assist approach, constituting a static model, which typically provides services to one or two students with disabilities. Deeper cultural characteristics of the Greek educational system may shape the PS's peculiarities. In our transcultural hypothesis, the PS model is a compromise between a highly demanding collaborative approach and a pre-existing low collaboration school culture.

We evaluate the welfare effects of the 1997 Boeing‐McDonnell Douglas merger in the medium‐sized, wide‐body aircraft industry. We find that the merger led to lower prices. To explain the price drop, we develop a dynamic oligopoly game with learning‐by‐doing. We quantify the welfare effects of the merger by incorporating both increased market power and merger efficiencies from accelerated learning‐by‐doing. Our dynamic analysis indicates that net consumer surplus increased by as much as $5.14 billion, whereas a static model ignoring efficiencies of learning‐by‐doing predicts a $0.92 billion loss.

The soft manipulator is made of flexible material. Due to its flexibility and strong environmental adaptability, it has broad application prospects in investigation, detection and medical treatment, and has gradually become a research hotspot at home and abroad. Accurate modeling can make better use of the advantages of the soft manipulator. The nonlinear characteristics of the soft material pose a greater challenge for modeling. In this paper, from the perspective of the end constraint of the soft actuator, the interaction between the different soft actuators of the soft manipulator is analyzed, and the static model based on the mutual coupling of the driving cavity is established. The end attitude and force of the soft manipulator under different driving pressures are obtained by simulation. It is verified by experiments that the model error is controlled within 1o with high accuracy.

We study the pricing decision of firms in the presence of consumer inertia. Inertia, which can arise from habit formation, brand loyalty, and switching costs, generates dynamic pricing incentives. These incentives mediate the impact of competition on market power. For example, dynamic incentives can limit the equilibrium price effects of a horizontal merger. We develop an empirical model to estimate consumer inertia and dynamic pricing incentives using market-level data. We apply the model to a hypothetical merger of retail gasoline companies, and we find that a static model predicts greater price increases than those obtained while accounting for dynamics.

Nash (1950) and Rubinstein (1982) give two different justifications for a 50-50 split of surplus to be the outcome of bargaining with two players. Nash's axioms extend to n players, but the search for a satisfactory n-player non-cooperative game theory model of bargaining has been fruitless. I offer a simple static model that reaches a 50-50 split (or 1/n) as the unique equilibrium. Each player chooses a "toughness level" simultaneously, but greater toughness always generates a risk of breakdown. Introducing asymmetry, a player who is more risk averse gets a smaller share in equilibrium. "Bargaining strength" can also be parameterized to yield an asymmetric split. The model can be expanded to resemble Rubinstein (1982) by making breakdown mere delay, but with an exact 50-50 split if the player's discount rates are equal. The model only needs minimal assumptions on breakdown probability and pie division as functions of toughness and has a clear intuition: whoever has a bigger share loses more from breakdown and hence has less incentive to be tough.

Benin, like most West African countries, is confronted with the lack of indoor thermal comfort standards adapted to the realities of the region. This situation leads to the adoption of Western comfort standards, the consequences of which can be seen in the discomfort of building occupants and above all in significant energy losses. This justifies the need to identify, among the many comfort models developed in the literature, those that are better adapted to the evaluation of thermal comfort in buildings in Benin. Thus, after a literature review on the subject, two comfort models were found to be relevant for the assessment of thermal comfort in air-conditioned buildings in hot and humid regions. These are the adaptive models of Lopez-Perez and al. and Indraganti and al. The application of these two models on an air-conditioned office building located in the city of Cotonou in southern Benin, resulted in comfort temperatures of 26.1 ° C and 26 ° C respectively. These values, very close to the average neutral temperature of the occupants ( 26.1 ° C ), reveal the effectiveness of these adaptive models in assessing thermal comfort in the said building. Moreover, the application of Fanger's static model ( P M V ) and hybrid models ( a P M V and P M V n e w ) has shown that the P M V and a P M V of Yao and al. underestimate the adaptability of the occupants to relatively high comfort temperatures while the P M V n e w of Olissan and al. overestimates this adaptability.

We investigate the effect of higher house prices or rental costs on family size. We provide a static model of a household's choice of family size assuming constant elasticity of substitution preferences between children, leisure, and other goods, and Cobb–Douglas household production of children using parental time and housing. We then explore the wealth and substitution effects that changing house prices or rental costs have on desired family size. Renters are predicted to have fewer children in response to higher rents. Home owners are predicted to have more children in response to higher house prices only if they have sufficient initial housing and low substitution between family size and other consumption, and fewer children otherwise. Finally, we provide exploratory correlations between the change in lagged house prices or rental costs and the change in number of children born to women using aggregated census units in New Zealand. We find weak negative correlations in both cases.

This paper shows that buying from a team of sellers can be optimal for the buyer in a static model where the buyer has private information about quality, sellers have private information about the cost and choice of effort, and quality is not contractible.

When consumers have noisy information, bundling experience goods can signal high quality in a simple static model. When consumers are partially informed, bundling has a bigger negative impact on the sales of a low-quality firm than on the sales of a firm with two high-quality products. Bundling can also signal high quality by restricting total sales even when consumers are uninformed. However, I argue this is not a likely explanation for bundling because raising prices is always a more profitable way to restrict total sales than bundling.

This paper examines how the investor's belief about the project's ability of generating cash flow affects accounting standard setting. It proves analytically that the accounting standard in the Stackelberg equilibrium of the static model increases with the increase in the investor's belief about the upper bound of the project's ability of generating cash flow. In addition, assuming that the investor revises his belief upwards about the upper bound of the project's ability of generating cash flow based on the past realizations of the project's ability of generating cash flow, and assuming that the standard setters revise the accounting standard accordingly with a cost, this paper proves that with probability one, as time goes to infinity, the investor's belief about the upper bound of the project's ability of generating cash flow converges to the true one and the accounting standard in the Stackelberg equilibrium converges to a number smaller than the one in the static model. In the limit, the investor becomes informed about the upper bound of the project's ability of generating cash flow and a higher expected value of the investment project is achieved.

In this paper, we created a conceptual model UML (unified modelling language) showing interactions between animals, mosquitoes, environment, and climate factors. The UML static model was used to build an agent-based model that helps to study the impact of rainfall variability on the number of infected hosts after the outbreak of Rift valley fever. Several simulations were done on the multi-agent CORMAS platform. The different results showed continued growth in infections during the rainy season. A sensitivity analysis taking into account the delayed rains and dry spells have allowed us to know a clear vision about the rate of infected animals due to the rainfall variability. This work defines a framework for studying the impact of climatic changes on vector-borne diseases.

Summary Under the comprehensive influence of material and loads, dam structural behavior presents the time-varying nonlinear characteristics. To forecast the dam structural behavior (displacement, stress, seepage, etc.), the models monitoring dam safety are often built according to the prototype observations on dam safety. However, the modeling process is usually fulfilled with the offline and static pattern. As time goes on, the fitting and forecasting ability of built static model will decline gradually. The article is focused on the support vector machine (SVM)-based model monitoring dam safety. The methods are studied to advance the adaptability of SVM model and reduce the modeling time. By implementing the impact analysis for SVM parameters and input vector, the optimization method of SVM parameters and input vector is presented to enhance the efficiency of building the SVM-based static model monitoring dam safety. To describe dynamically the time-varying mapping relationship between dam structural behavior (effect-quantity) and its cause (influence-quantity), the way is developed to update in real time above model by making the most use of new observations. The displacement of one actual dam is taken as an example to verify the modeling efficiency and forecasting ability. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Using models helps students learn from a “whole systems” perspective when studying the cell. This paper describes a model that employs guided inquiry and requires consensus building among students for its completion. The model is interactive, meaning that it expands upon a static model which, once completed, cannot be altered and additionally relates various levels of biological organization (molecular, organelle, and cellular) to define cell and organelle function and interaction. Learning goals are assessed using data summed from final grades and from images of the student’s final cell model (plant, bacteria, and yeast) taken from diverse seventh grade classes. Instructional figures showing consensus-building pathways and seating arrangements are discussed. Results suggest that the model leads to a high rate of participation, facilitates guided inquiry, and fosters group and individual exploration by challenging student understanding of the living cell.

We measure the gains from a trade cost reduction in a model with dynamic accumulation of factors. We show that the tight link between import intensity and gains from trade that exists in static models breaks down along transition paths in dynamic models. When trade costs are reduced, the need to accumulate factors temporarily shifts spending from consumption to investment. Import intensity may rise or fall along the transition path, depending on the relative import intensity of consumption and investment. Calibrating the model to the U.S. economy, we find that investment is more import intensive than consumption, so that import intensity is falling along the transition path even as consumption is rising. Therefore, while higher import intensity is associated with higher consumption when comparing steady states (as in static models), it is associated with lower consumption along a given transition path. We also consider the case of endogenous firm creation as another form of investment and factor accumulation, and again find a negative relationship between consumption and import intensity along the transition path.

Originality/value These findings have significant contribution to the literature by comprehensively clarifying and critically analyzing the current state of profitability among the Islamic banks in GCC regions.

This paper uses the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) from 1979 to 2007 to estimate within-period lifecycle-consistent labor supply elasticities of US females in a two-stage budgeting framework. The paper combines a variety of econometric approaches to estimate unobserved effects panel data models with censoring, selection and endogeneity. The paper finds evidence of substantial upward bias in estimated wage elasticities from pooled panel models which do not account for unobserved effects, as fixed effects and correlated random effects (CRE) specifications yield smaller elasticities. Estimates are also somewhat sensitive to using a lifecycle-consistent specification versus a standard static model. The lifecycle-consistent wage elasticity from a CRE model with instrumental variables is 0.56 on the extensive margin and 0.31 on the intensive margin for an overall wage elasticity of 0.87. The standard static model, on the other hand, yields a wage elasticity of 0.46 on the extensive margin and 0.13 on the intensive margin for an overall elasticity of 0.59.

Plog has suggested that psychographics are determinants of travel patterns and preferences. However, given that satisfaction is an important factor determining revisit intention, this study questioned Plog's static model of psychographics. We proposed that allocentrics could have high revisit intentions if they are satisfied. Thus, this study attempted to verify whether Plog's psychographics are static or dynamic. Revisit intentions were compared among psychographics at different satisfaction levels, and the results showed that the revisit intention of allocentrics did not differ from psychocentrics when satisfied. The results provide evidence that psychographic segmentation may not be static, especially when satisfaction is considered. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Background: The in vivo mechanistic static model (IMSM) and the physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model are two approaches used to predict the magnitude of drug–drug interactions (DDIs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of IMSM and to compare IMSM with the PBPK approach implemented in Simcyp. Methods: The predictive performances of IMSM were evaluated on a panel of 628 DDIs. Subsequently, the IMSM and PBPK approaches were compared on a set of 104 DDIs. Results: The IMSM yielded 85% of predictions within 1.5-fold of the observed value on the 628 DDIs panel. The predictive performances of IMSM were better than those of the PBPK approach (median fold error 1 vs 0.86 on 104 studies; p = 0.02). Conclusion: The IMSM approach is an alternative tool for metabolic DDIs prediction.

Since the middle of the 1990s, a considerable number of books and articles have been published by traditional Orthodox and ultra-Orthodox Jewish women. This article explores the ideas and rhetorical strategies of some of these books and articles as representative of an established religious genre and as signs of an authentic search for new definitions of Orthodox femininity. The quest for traditional Orthodox/ultra-Orthodox femininity seems to proceed in two general directions. The first follows the lines of religious gender essentialism, while the second disrupts the idyllic stability associated with traditional concepts of complementary gender roles. The latter transforms Judaism's static model of inter-gender relations into a dynamic process which is to culminate in the establishment of gender equality in the messianic age. The essentialist approach, which presents spirituality as women's innate gift, seems to offer the perfect strategy for dealing with the theological and practical problems faced by O...

Forgotten for centuries, they now appear more up-to-date than ever: the Memory Theatres of the 16th and 17th century. Created to revitalize the scholastically stifled memory culture of the Middle Ages and to counteract the sensory deprivation of the dawning age of print, Memory Theatres have been rediscovered by information designers and artists who develop strategies of staging data as an alternative to storing them like dead objects. The lecture will discuss the Memory Theatre of Giulio Camillo (1480–1544) and the causes for its manyfold comebacks in the digital era. The most remarkable of these causes is the inventive momentum of performative media installations. The visual strategies by which the historic Memory Theatres stimulated the imagination of their visitors find their echoes in computer art that could point the way for future models of visualising and staging information. They give examples of how to oppose the static model of 'storage and retrieval' with performative ways of knowledge present...

Phillipe Martin [5] had developed a simple, but extremely impressive model of economic development analyzing the interaction between agglomeration and regional income inequality. The essential philosophy of Martin’s static model had been translated into a dynamical model, where it can be shown that the interdependence between agglomeration and income disparities satisfies the conditions of the Lotka-Volterra model, thus implying regular and phase-shifted cycles. By introducing the dynamics of innovation, the simple two-dimensional model will be extended to a model similar to that developed by Chiarella [3].

Much of the literature on international environmental agreements (IEAs) uses static models, although most important transboundary pollution problems involve stock pollutants. The few papers that study IEAs using models of stock pollutants do not allow for the possibility that membership of the IEA may change endogenously over time. In this paper we analyse a simple infinite-horizon version of the static model of self-enforcing IEAs, in which damage costs increase with the stock of pollution, and countries decide each period whether to join an IEA. Using a quadratic approximation of the value function of the representative country we show that there exists a steady-state stock of pollution with corresponding steady-state IEA membership, and that as the stock rises towards steady state the IEA membership falls. Moreover, we find that the greater is the cost of damage, and hence the greater are the potential gains from cooperation, the smaller is the membership of a self-enforcing IEA.

In an influential paper, Baily (1978) showed that the optimal level of unemployment insurance (UI) in a stylized static model depends on only three parameters: risk aversion, the consumption-smoothing benefit of UI, and the elasticity of unemployment durations with respect to the benefit rate. This paper examines the key economic assumptions under which these parameters determine the optimal level of social insurance. A Baily-type expression, with an adjustment for precautionary saving motives, holds in a very general class of dynamic models subject to weak regularity conditions. For example, the simple reduced-form formula derived here applies with arbitrary borrowing constraints, endogenous insurance markets, and search and leisure benefits of unemployment. A counterintuitive aspect of this result is that the optimal benefit rate appears not to depend on (1) any benefit of UI besides consumption-smoothing or (2) the relative magnitudes of income and substitution effects in the link between UI benefits and durations. However, these parameters enter implicitly in the optimal benefit calculation, and estimating them can be useful in testing whether the values of the primary inputs are consistent with observed behavior.

This paper presents a simple static model of a world economy with two countries, two goods, and two representative agents. Initial endowments are the source of each good. Given that the endowments of the two goods across the two countries are asymmetric, the countries have an incentive to trade. Under certain conditions, it is possible that a onetime increase in a good of one country may be called an endowment shock that reduces the welfare of its trading partner. This endowment shock is the equivalent of manna from heaven.

We prove that every continuous-time model in which all consumers have time-homogeneous and time-additive utility functions and share a common probabilistic belief and a common discount rate can be reduced to a static model. This result allows us to extend some of the existing results on the representative consumer and risk-sharing rules in static models to continuous-time models. We show that the equilibrium interest rate is lower and more volatile than in the standard representative consumer economy, and that the individual consumption growth rates are more dispersed than is predicted from the first-order conditions.

This paper analyzes a dynamic lobbying model in which two antagonistic lobbies compete with each other for a prize over two time periods that are linked through status quo bias. The attacker has to decide whether to attempt an attack on the status quo already in the first period or whether to wait. We identify how the attacker’s behavior in the dynamic model differs from that in a comparable static model. Two antagonistic effects are the “option value effect” that is similar to the real option effect in the theory of investment decisions under uncertainty; and a “defender discouragement effect” that often makes change cheaper to achieve than in a comparable static model.

From the point of view of Landscape Archaeology we try to show the genealogy and development of a cultural landscape in a galician little village. Our research définies several spatial patterns built by the different societies which inhabited the area of San Pedro de Cereixa from the Recent Prehistory to nowdays. In the second part of our research we get inside the mental universe of the traditional peasant community who endowed this landscape with sense. This cosmovision is not a static model but a cultural product of a historical process that embraces a mixture of continuities and ruptures, popular believes and the imposition of a official religion and a civilization of customs by the Church[gl] Este artigo recolle a análise arqueohistórica do proceso de conformación dunha paisaxe cultural a escala local, como é a parroquia de S. Pedro de Cereixa (Pobra de Brollón, Lugo). Partindo da Arqueoloxía da Paisaxe reconstruímo-las diferentes estratexias de construcción do espacio social empregadas polas sucesivas formacións socioculturais que ocuparon a zona dende a Prehistoria Recente deica a actualidade. Na segunda parte achegámonos ó patrón de racionalidade manexado pola comunidade campesina que construíu e dotou de sentido á paisaxe rural tradicional. Para acadar este obxectivo, desenvolvemos unha aproximación interdisciplinar coa angueira de maximizar tanto as aportacións de diferentes tendencias historiográficas (Historia Rural, Antropoloxía Histórica, Microhistoria) como a potencialidade da utilización conxunta de diversas ferramentas metodolóxicas, nomeadamente o baldeirado de fontes documentais secundarias, a enquisa etnográfica, a análise iconográfica e a Historia Oral.