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Abstract Background Patient safety practices are crucial in healthcare as they aim to reduce harm, medical errors, and ensure favorable outcomes for patients. Therefore, this study aims to examine the attitudes towards patient safety among undergraduate medical students in Jordanian medical schools. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among undergraduate medical students. Participants completed the Attitudes to Patient Safety Questionnaire- III (APSQ-III), which examines students’ attitudes in 26 items distributed in nine domains. Results are represented as mean ± standard deviation for all participants and subgroups. Results Our study included 1226 medical students. They reported positive attitudes toward patient safety with a mean score of 4.9 (SD ± 0.65). Participants scored the highest score in “Working hours as error cause” followed by “Team functioning”. Gender, academic-year, and first-generation student status had a significant association with certain patient safety domains. Females scored significantly higher than males in four domains, while males scored higher in one domain. First-generation medical students had a significantly lower score for “Professional incompetence as error cause”. Interestingly, pre-clinical students recorded more positive attitudes in “Patient safety training received” and “Disclosure responsibility” domains. Conclusion Undergraduate medical students in Jordan demonstrated positive attitudes towards patient safety concepts. Our study provides baseline data to improve current educational programs and enhance the patient safety culture among medical students. Additional studies are needed to delve into actual attitudes toward patient safety and to assess how educational programs contribute to the cultivation of this culture.