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OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to assess poultry farmers’ knowledge and practices regarding antibiotics, antimicrobial usage (AMU), and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and to identify the sociodemographic factors of inappropriate use of antibiotics in commercial poultry farms in Bangladesh. METHODS: A qualitative survey of 140 farmers in Bangladesh was conducted from March to May 2019. A logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with the inappropriate use of antibiotics. RESULTS: 47.1% of farmers were unable to explain antibiotics, 42.9% used antibiotics for preventive purposes, 4.3% used them as growth promoters, 25.7% used them as suggested by veterinarians, 42.9% used leftover antibiotics, 50% did not maintain antibiotics residual withdrawal period, and 98.6% did not know about AMR. In bivariable regression analysis, sex and primary occupation of poultry farmers, their knowledge about withdrawal periods for antibiotics, and no contact with veterinary surgeons (VS) were found to be significantly associated with the inappropriate use of antibiotics, while only ‘no contact with VS’ was identified in multivariable regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest an urgent need to improve understanding of antibiotics and AMR. Adequate supervision by veterinarians would ensure adherence to appropriate AMU patterns, and would limit the misuse of antibiotics and associated AMR development in farms.

The potential challenges encountered for setting up a robotic assisted surgical facility in developing country like India are many. We describe the initial hurdles and troubleshooting in establishing a facility of such kind. This experience might help to decrease initial hiccups in setting up such an innovative technology at other institutes.

As the size of web increases along with number of users, it is very much essential for the website owners to better understand their customers so that they can provide better service, and also enhance the quality of the website. To achieve this they depend on the web access log files. The web access log files can be mined to extract interesting pattern so that the user behaviour can be understood. This paper presents an overview of web usage mining and also provides a survey of the pattern extraction algorithms used for web usage mining.

Introduction: Male urethral reconstruction for anterior urethral stricture has become increasingly popular and effective. Little is known about its potential impact on subsequent sexual performance. Patients and Methods: Thirty-four patients of anterior urethral stricture disease were studied from January 2008 to November 2009. The data were collected before surgery and at a follow-up of 3 months after completing the treatment. Evaluation of sexual function was done using O’Leary’s Brief Male Sexual Function Inventory. Results: Patients were divided into two categories: 40 years of age. Younger patients had more improvement in ejaculatory function and overall satisfaction after surgery than elderly. Elderly males had lower sexual drive scores. Patients with traumatic stricture had significant improvement in ejaculation and overall satisfaction. Patients without history of prior optical internal urethrotomy or dilatations reported a significant improvement in their ejaculatory function and overall satisfaction. Conclusion: Erectile dysfunction is not significant after anterior urethral reconstruction. The improvement is most pronounced in ejaculation and overall satisfaction, which was mostly appreciated by younger men. A successful urethral reconstructive procedure leads to rehabilitation of the patient back into a healthy sexual life. Dorsomedial dissection of bulbar urethra should be limited and cautery use should be minimized in that area.

Inflammatory myopathies like dermatomyositis are associated with increased incidence of malignancies. This association has been commonly reported with malignancies of ovaries, gastro-intestinal tract, breast and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas but occurrence of dermatomyositis with bladder cancer has been rarely reported. We report a patient with carcinoma bladder who developed dermatomyositis while being treated for the bladder cancer.

Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) injury is a rare event during abdominal surgery. We report the first case of inadvertent injury of the superior mesenteric artery during surgery of a large malignant adrenocortical tumor with inferior vena cava thrombus. The cause of inadvertent injury was anatomical distortion of the great vessels due to the massive nature of the tumor. The case was managed successfully by immediate end-to-end anastomosis of the superior mesenteric artery.

We present a case of bicornuate uterine horns with complete cervico-vaginal agenesis and associated congenital uterovaginal fistula. The patient presented with cyclical hematuria, amenorrhea, and abdominal lump. The vagina was blind-ending. The cystoscopic examination during cyclical hematuria revealed bloody efflux through a small fistula on the posterior wall of the urinary bladder. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed bicornuate uterus and cervical agenesis. Hysterectomy and repair of the uterovesical fistula was done. The vagina was reconstructed using an amniotic mould. The report underlies the importance of MRI in diagnosing complexity of such rare anomalies. It also stresses for the need of hysterectomy if cervicovaginal agenesis is present.

We report the case of an 8-year-old boy with a parotid mass diagnosed to be a leiomyosarcoma. Considering the unresectable extent of the mass, the patient was subjected to radiotherapy. The patient developed distant metastasis following the course of radiotherapy and was put on chemotherapy. The child was lost to further follow up. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case in the English-language literature of such an entity in the pediatric age group.

An artificial neural network is useful for modeling enzyme release and estimation of myocardial infarction size (MIS). The backpropagation technique is used for adjusting the weights of the network with a measured enzyme activity in blood serum together with histologic value of infarction size (HIS). Once the weights of the interlayer connections are fixed, the network is used to estimate the MIS for unknown cases. With a proper choice of nonlinear function, the results are excellent. >

Endovascular management of intraparenchymal renal artery pseudoaneurysms is a reasonable and effective therapeutic technique. Endovascular management preserves the maximum amount of renal tissue and reduces the potential risk of nephrectomy. We present the case of an angiocatheter that became stuck in the renal artery following the injection of cyanoacrylate glue for angioembolization of an intrarenal pseudoaneurysm.

Pheochromocytoma of urinary bladder are rare tumors. They present with nonspecific clinical signs and symptoms, so imaging plays an important role in diagnosing and localizing the tumor. We present two cases of bladder pheochromocytoma, one of them presented with vague abdominal pain and the other with hematuria. Biphasic CT in both the cases showed hypervascular intravesical mass suggestive of bladder pheochromocytoma. The lesions were confirmed biochemically or on postoperative histopathology. A brief review of the imaging in bladder pheochromocytoma is also presented.

Renal cortical tissue from normal Wistar rats was studied by electron microscopy for arterial vessels. The tissue was fixed in 4% glutaraldehyde, post-fixed im 1% osmium tetroxide and embedded in Spurr's embedding medium. When an arterial vessel was found, ultra-thin ( ∼30nm ) sections were cut, stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, periodic acid with silver methenamine or silver tetraphenyl prophyrin sulphonate. Three types of arterial vessels were recognized: small artery, large arteriole and small arteriole. Each type demonstrated three layers consisting of endothelial cells, basement membrane and smooth muscle cells. The basement membrane with variable contents of elastic tissue appears to be the most valuable parameter for differentiating arterial vessels of different size. The proportion of elastic tissue in the basement membrane decreases in the following order: artery, large arteriole and small arteriole. Thus, a small artery has a thin basement membrane containing bulk elastic tissue; in contrast, a small arteriole has a more conspicuous basement membrane containing much less elastic tissue. In large arterioles, the basement membrane is of intermediate thickness and elastic tissue content. The concept of an ‘internal elastic lamina’ as a definitive layer of arterial vessels could not be supported by the results of this study.

A large number of mercury-resistant nitrogen-fixing bacteria were isolated by screening soil samples from agricultural farms of West Bengal, India. All of the samples were found to contain significant quantities of mercury. Twenty five of the pure isolates were identified to the generic level following Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 8th edition. These organisms were resistant to HgCl2, and a few of them were resistant to phenylmercuric acetate (PMA) as well. Their mercury resistance was also associated with antibiotic resistance properties. Growth of two mercury-resistant N2-fixing organisms was monitored in liquid media supplemented with HgCl2. The mercury volatilizing capacity of four mercury-resistant bacterial strains was also determined.

In continuation of our studies on Murraya exotica Linn. (Syn. M. paniculata) from which we reported mexoticin1 (1), hibiscetin heptamethyl ether,2 carbazole alkaloids, murrayazoline, mahanimbine and girinimbine,3 we now report the structure of a new antibiotic dimeric coumarin named mexolide (2) having an unusual cyclohexene system similar to that in cyclobissuberodiene4 [thamnosin5 (3)].