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In 2013, it was reported that pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) could be applied to obtain a systemic anti-inflammatory effect. Patients with chronic pain and patients with an inflammatory condition from other disciplines could potentially profit from this finding. At that time, intravenous application was used, but since then, it became clear that it could be applied transcutaneously as well. This procedure was named RedoxPRF. This can be used both for regional and for systemic application. Recently, the basic element of the mode of action has been clarified from the analysis of the effects of PRF on a standard model of muscle injury in rats. The objective of this paper is to present a hypothesis on the mode of action of RedoxPRF now that the basic mechanism has become known. Cell stress causes an increased production of free radicals, disturbing the redox equilibrium, causing oxidative stress (OS) either directly or secondarily by other types of stress. Eventually, OS causes inflammation and an increased sympathetic (nervous) system activity. In the acute form, this leads to immune paralysis; in the chronic form, to immune tolerance and chronic inflammation. It is hypothesized that RedoxPRF causes a reduction of free radicals by a recombination of radical pairs. For systemic application, the target cells are the intravascular immune cells that pass through an activated area as on an assembly line. Hypothesis conclusions: 1. RedoxPRF treatment works selectively on OS. It has the unique position of having a point of engagement at the most upstream level of the train of events. 2. RedoxPRF has the potential of being a useful tool in the treatment of inflammatory diseases and possibly of stage 4 cancer. 3. In the treatment of chronic pain, RedoxPRF is an entirely new method because it is different from ablation as well as from stimulation. We propose the term "functional restoration". 4. Controlled studies must be conducted to develop this promising new field in medicine further.

Abstract The RNA binding protein Human Antigen R (HuR) has been identified as a main regulator of the innate immune response and its inhibition can lead to beneficial anti-inflammatory effects. To this aim, we previously synthesized a novel class of small molecules named Tanshinone Mimics (TMs) able to interfere with HuR-RNA binding, and that dampen the LPS-induced immune response. Herein, we present a novel series of TMs, encompassing thiophene 3/TM9 and 4/TM10, furan 5/TM11 and 6/TM12, pyrrole 7b/TM13, and pyrazole 8. The furan-containing 5(TM11) showed the greatest inhibitory effect of the series on HuR-RNA complex formation, as suggested by RNA Electromobility Shift Assay and Time-Resolved FRET. Molecular Dynamics Calculation of HuR − 5/TM11 interaction, quantum mechanics approaches and Surface Plasmon Resonance data, all indicates that, within the novel heteroaryl substituents, the furan ring better recapitulates the chemical features of the RNA bound to HuR. Compound 5/TM11 also showed improved aqueous solubility compared to previously reported TMs. Real-time monitoring of cell growth and flow cytometry analyses showed that 5/TM11 preferentially reduced cell proliferation rather than apoptosis in murine macrophages at immunomodulatory doses. We observed its effects on the innate immune response triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in macrophages, showing that 5/TM11 significantly reduced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines as Cxcl10 and Il1b.

Abstract Imidazole moieties exhibit a broad range of biological activities, including analgesic, anti-depressant, anticancer, anti-fungal, anti-tubercular, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, and antifungal properties. In this study, we explored the use of Schiff base for the synthesis of new imidazole derivatives as anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving agents. A series of eight novel imidazole analogues (2a–h) were prepared in three steps with excellent yields. All compounds were characterized using IR, NMR, and mass spectral data. Their analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated using hot plate and paw oedema methods. Compound 2 g (1-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2-(3-nitrophenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole) showed significant analgesic activity (89% at 100 mg/kg b.w.), while compounds 2a (2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole) and 2b (2-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1-(2-chlorophenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole) exhibited good anti-inflammatory activity (100% at 100 mg/kg b.w.), comparable to diclofenac salt (100% at 50 mg/kg b.w.). Molecular docking studies were conducted using Schrödinger software version 2021-2, employing the OPLS4 force field for both receptor and ligand preparation. The results were visualized using molecular visualization software such as PyMOL. These studies revealed that compound 2g exhibited the highest binding affinity with the COX-2 receptor (−5.516 kcal/mol). Compound 2g formed three conventional hydrogen bonds with residues GLN-242 (bond length: 2.3 Å) and ARG-343 (bond lengths: 2.2 Å & 2.4 Å). This binding affinity was comparable to that of Diclofenac salt, which showed the highest binding affinity of −5.627 kcal/mol with the COX-2 receptor. Diclofenac salt formed two conventional hydrogen bonds with the residues ARG-344 (bond length: 2.0 Å) and TRP-140 (bond length: 1.7 Å). Later, molecular dynamic simulations confirmed the stable binding affinity of compound 2g with the protein. Furthermore, other compounds also demonstrated potential binding to the receptor-binding pocket region. The anti-inflammatory potential of the synthesized compounds was evaluated using the carrageenan-induced rat hind paw oedema model, while the analgesic potential was assessed using the hot plate method. These evaluations were conducted in comparison with Diclofenac sodium, serving as the standard compound. However, compound 2g stood out for its superior analgesic activity, as confirmed by in-vivo examination. These findings suggest that these novel imidazole derivatives have potential as anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents.

Abstract We aimed to determine the chemical profile and unveil Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan standardized extract effects on inflammatory cytokines expression and key proteins from immunoregulating signaling pathways on LPS-induced THP-1 monocyte. Using the RT-PCR and Luminex Assays, we planned to show the gene expression and the levels of IL-8, IL-1β, and IL-10 inflammatory cytokines. Key proteins of NF-κB and MAPK transduction signaling pathways (NF-κB, p-38, p-NF-κB, and p-p38) were detected by Simple Western. Using HPLC-ESI-MSn (High-Performance Liquid-Chromatography) and HPLC-HRESIMS, we showed the profile of the extract that includes an opus of flavonoids, including the catechins, quercetin, kaempferol, and the proanthocyanidins. Cell viability was unaffected up to 250 µg/mL of the extract (LD50 = 978.7 µg/mL). Thereafter, the extract's impact on the cytokine became clear. Upon LPS stimuli, in the presence of the extract, gene expression of IL-1β and IL-10 were downregulated and the cytokines expression of IL-1β and IL-10 were down an upregulated respectively. The extract is involved in TLR-4-related NF-κB/MAPK pathways; it ignited phosphorylation of p38 and NF-κB, orchestrating a reduced signal intensity. Therefore, Anadenanthera colubrina's showed low cytotoxicity and profound influence as a protector against the inflammation, modulating IL-1β and IL-10 inflammatory cytokines gene expression and secretion by regulating intracellular NF-κB and p38-MAPK signaling pathways.

Background: In 2019, the International Olympic Committee published the first Olympic and Paralympic Model Formulary (OPF), which defined the standardised set of medications required at every Olympic and Paralympic Games for the treatment of athletes. This study aimed to test the OPF to determine whether it meets the clinical needs of the athlete population with respect to medications used for pain and/or inflammation (PI), and to present a revised set of essential PI medications for the OPF based on prevalence of athlete use. Medication-use data of athletes at the Tokyo 2020 and Beijing 2022 Olympic Games (n = 6155) from three sources were used to establish prevalence of PI medicine use and to revise the OPF: (i) doping control forms, (ii) pharmacy dispensing reports, and (iii) injection declaration forms. This revised list was further validated through (iv) medication importation declarations by teams (n = 156), and (v) survey of team physicians (n = 382). Results: Overall prevalence of PI medication use was 36.7%, with higher use by female athletes (female: 44.1%; male: 30.0%; p < 0.001), with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs being the most used class (27%). Use of medications with safety risks were identified, including nimesulide, piroxicam and metamizole. A revised list of 48 PI medications was recommended for the OPF. Conclusion: The research led to a revised set of essential medications for the treatment of pain and inflammation to be available for athletes at the Olympic Games, which would lead to a 7% improvement in the numbers of athletes who could have their exact PI medication requirements met by the OPF. Key Points: Medicines are provided at the Olympic Games for prescribing to athletes by international team physicians, with those most commonly prescribed being for treatment of pain and inflammation due to musculoskeletal sports injury. This study presents an optimal list of 48 essential medicines for the treatment of pain and inflammation to be available at every summer and winter Olympic Games, selected based on prevalence of athlete use, avoidance of harms, and reflecting the preferred treatment options of international team physicians. The results of this study will inform the selection of medicines to be available through the medical services within the athlete villages and competition venues at future Olympic Games. The implementation of this formulary is expected to result in 7% more athletes having access to their preferred choice of treatment for pain and inflammation due to sports injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Medication use in living kidney donor (LKD) candidates may have important implications for evaluation and donation care. We sought to characterize LKD candidate medication use through medication histories conducted at nephrologist evaluation and transplant pharmacist preoperative visits. Methods: This retrospective single‐center cohort study included adult LKD candidates evaluated for donation between October 1, 2019 and October 1, 2021. Scheduled and as‐needed medications for each candidate were abstracted from pre‐donation medication histories collected at the evaluation visit with the nephrologist and the preoperative visit with the transplant pharmacist, if approved for donation. Medication histories from each visit were compared with each other and evaluated by therapeutic class frequency. Results: Among 213 LKD candidates (112 approved for donation and 101 declined for donation), 198 (93.0%) candidates were taking at least one prescription medication, over‐the‐counter agent, or dietary supplement. Antidepressants and antihypertensives were the most common prescription agents used among candidates, with antihypertensives more common among declined donors (20.8% vs. 10.7%, p = 0.042). Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs were more commonly identified at the evaluation visit of approved candidates compared to the preoperative visit (29.5% vs. 0.9%, p < 0.001) and dietary supplements were more commonly identified at the preoperative visit compared to the evaluation visit (49.1% vs. 59.8%, p = 0.023). Conclusions: The frequency of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs decreased greatly between the evaluation and preoperative visit, likely reflective of discontinuation pre‐donation. Characterizing medication use among candidates evaluated for LKD donation may assist donor programs with developing more targeted patient medication education. Nearly all LKD candidates were taking a medication or dietary supplement pre‐donation. Transplant pharmacists are uniquely positioned to perform medication reconciliations and can also offer guidance to other team providers on best practices for this process. A better understanding of medication patterns in this population may also aid with further developing care guidelines for LKD evaluation and pre‐/postoperative LKD care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune chronic inflammatory illness that affects the whole body and is characterized by non-articular involvement and inflammatory arthritis. It often develops by an interaction between genes and environmental factors. Objectives: This research was designed to investigate the effect of the imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines on patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in comparison, with healthy controls. Methods: Two groups (One"hundred) of patients with Rheumatoid arthritis (66female, 34 male) and 50 healthy control group (28female, 22 male)) were chosen in this study to investigate the effect of some laboratory parameters such as cytokines IL1, IL4, IL6, and IL20 measured by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)on patients visiting health institutions in the Al-Anbar Governorate / Iraq. The results of the laboratory tests of patients who had symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis were compared with the laboratory test results of healthy people for comparison. Results: The results indicated that the level of the cytokine IL1 increased significantly in the rheumatoid arthritis patient group (23.24 pg/mL) when compared with the group of healthy people (3.48 pg/mL). The results showed that the level of cytokine IL6 significantly increased in the rheumatoid arthritis patient group (50.66 pg/mL) compared to the healthy group (3.36 pg/mL). The results of cytokine IL20 significantly increased in the rheumatoid arthritis patient group (46.03 pg/mL) compared to the healthy group (15.02 pg/mL). The cytokine IL4 level showed a significant increase within the rheumatoid arthritis patient group (51.95 pg/mL) compared with the healthy people group (9.09 pg/mL). Conclusion: The levels of cytokines IL1, IL4, IL6, and IL20 increased significantly in the rheumatoid arthritis patient group compared to the group of healthy people.

Objective(s): Utilization of doxorubicin (DOX) as a chemotherapy medication is limited due to its cardiotoxic effects. Carnosic acid exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, besides cytoprotective effects. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability of carnosic acid to protect rat hearts and the MCF7 cell line against cardiotoxicity induced by DOX.Materials and Methods: The study involved the classification of male Wistar rats into seven groups: 1) Control 2) DOX (2 mg/kg, every 48h, IP, 12d), 3-5) Carnosic acid (10, 20, 40 mg/kg/day, IP, 16d)+ DOX, 6) Vitamin E (200 mg/kg, every 48h, IP, 16d)+ DOX 7) Carnosic acid (40 mg/kg/day, IP, 16d). Finally, cardiac histopathological alterations, ECG factors, carotid blood pressure, left ventricular function, heart-to-body weight ratio, oxidative (MDA, GSH), inflammatory (IL-1β, TNF-α), plus apoptosis (caspase 3, 8, 9, Bcl-2, Bax) markers were evaluated. DOX toxicity and carnosic acid ameliorative effect were evaluated on MCF7 cells using the MTT assay.Results: DOX augmented the QRS duration, QA, RRI, STI, and heart-to-body weight ratio, and reduced HR, LVDP, Min dP/dt, Max dP/dt, blood pressure, boosted MDA, TNF-α, IL1-β, caspase 3,8,9, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, decreased GSH content, caused fibrosis, necrosis, and cytoplasmic vacuolization in cardiac tissue but carnosic acid administration reduced the toxic effects of DOX. The cytotoxic effects of DOX were not affected by carnosic acid at concentrations of 5 and 10 μM.Conclusion: Carnosic acid as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant substance is effective in reducing DOX-induced damage by enhancing antioxidant defense and modifying inflammatory signal pathway activity and can be used as an adjunct in treating DOX cardiotoxicity.

Aim: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors are used in patients resistant to conventional treatments for rheumatologic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthropathy (SpA). Agents used for treating rheumatic diseases affect hematological parameters. In this study, we evaluated hematological parameters in patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases who started anti-TNF treatment at our center. Material and Methods: A total of 109 patients diagnosed with RA, SpA without psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and PsA who applied to the İnönü University Rheumatology Clinic and started TNF inhibitor treatment were included in the study. The patients' diagnoses, demographic data such as age and gender, and laboratory parameters (white blood cell, eosinophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil counts, hemoglobin, platelet (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV) ratio, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, monocyte/lymphocyte ratio and eosinophil/lymphocyte ratio) at the beginning of treatment and at the first month of treatment were recorded. Results: The rheumatic inflammatory patients included in our study comprised 29 RA, 16 PsA, and 64 spondyloarthritis without PsA patients. Seventy-seven patients were female (70.6%), and 32 were male (29.4%), with a mean age of 46 (18-78). When all patients were evaluated together, a statistically significant decrease in white blood cell, neutrophil, and PLT counts, a statistically significant increase in hemoglobin, lymphocyte, and eosinophil counts, and a statistically significant decrease in neutrophil to lymphocyte and monocyte to lymphocyte ratios with an increase in MPV and mean platelet volume to platelet count were observed at the 1st month of treatment. No complications related to laboratory changes were observed, and no patient discontinued treatment. Conclusion: Although there were changes in hematological parameters in patients receiving TNF inhibitor treatment in our study, we believe that regular hemogram monitoring should be performed at regular intervals in patients undergoing anti-TNF treatment, despite the absence of any complications in our study, as cases of severe cytopenia and eosinophilia have been reported in the literature following TNF inhibitor treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims Despite short-acting β2-agonist (SABA) overuse being associated with poor asthma outcomes, data on SABA use in South Korea is scarce. Herein, we describe prescription patterns of SABA and other asthma medications in patients from the South Korean cohort of the SABA use IN Asthma (SABINA) III study. Methods This study included patients with asthma aged ≥ 12 years, who had ≥ 3 consultations with the same healthcare provider, and medical records containing data for ≥ 12 months prior to the study visit. Patients were classified by investigator-defined asthma severity (per 2017 Global Initiative for Asthma recommendations) and practice type (primary or specialist care). Data on disease characteristics, asthma treatments, and clinical outcomes in the 12 months before the study visit were collected using electronic case report forms. Results Data from 476 patients (mean age, 55.4 years; female, 63.0%) were analyzed. Most patients were treated by specialists (83.7%) and had moderate-to-severe asthma (91.0%). Overall, 7.6% of patients were prescribed ≥ 3 SABA canisters (defined as over-prescription). In patients prescribed SABA in addition to maintenance therapy, 47.4% were over-prescribed SABA. Most patients (95.4%) were prescribed a fixed-dose combination of an inhaled corticosteroid and a long-acting β2-agonist as maintenance therapy. Although asthma was well-controlled/partly-controlled in 91.6% of patients, 29.6% experienced ≥ 1 severe asthma exacerbation. Conclusions SABA over-prescription was reported in nearly 50% of patients prescribed SABA in addition to maintenance therapy, underscoring the need to align clinical practices with the latest evidence-based recommendations and educate physicians and patients on appropriate SABA use.

Plant compounds such as flavonoids, terpenoids, polyphenols, enzymes, and alkaloids are used as reducing agents in eco-friendly titanium dioxide nanoparticle manufacturing. In the current investigation, titanium oxide was converted into titanium dioxide nanoparticles with the application of a lemon extract. Amazingly, the process was also cheap, eco-friendly, and easy to implement. Seeing the white fluid change to a pale yellowish white allowed us to visually confirm that the nanoparticles had been successfully created. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy were employed for further characterization. Nanoparticles of titanium dioxide were measured to be between 30 and 45 nm in size. In the DPPH assay, a titanium dioxide nanoparticle concentration of 50 L was shown to be optimal for antioxidant activity. The results of the bovine serum albumin denaturation experiment validated the green produced nanoparticles' dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effect. Consequently, the green synthetic titanium dioxide nanoparticles have great potential as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant in future medicinal applications.

Background: Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) has long been used as a traditional medicine. The primary active component of turmeric is curcumin. It has potential anti-inflammatory effects and high antioxidant activity. Curcumin contained in turmeric has been reported as an effective treatment for Oral lichen planus (OLP). OLP is a chronic autoimmune, inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa associated with systemic disease. This disease involves the skin and mucous membranes (mucocutaneous) of stratified squamous epithelium. Purpose: This narrative review conducted on Google Scholar, PubMed, Research Gate, and ScienceDirect databases aims to study the effectiveness of curcumin contained in Turmeric (C. longa L.) in OLP treatment. Review: OLP is a condition of the oral mucosa that is a chronic autoimmune mucocutaneous disease. As many as 0.5% to 2.2% of cases of OLP occur in the adult population. Systemic and topical corticosteroid drugs are usually used to treat OLP. However, the use of these drugs has many side effects, so it needs searching for a new active substance to treat OLP. Curcumin is a hydrophobic polyphenol extracted from the rhizome of the herb Curcuma longa (turmeric), which has a low molecular weight. The repeated use of steroids can cause side effects that cause atrophy of the mucosa and candidiasis. One natural product that is superior to corticosteroids is curcumin. This is due to curcumin’s anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and chemopreventive properties in several diseases. Conclusion: This review suggests that OLP treatment using curcumin in Turmeric (C. longa L.) is effective because curcumin exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticarcinogenic activities, as well as immunomodulatory properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diaphragm disease (DD) is a rare condition that is associated with the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. It is characterized by multiple diaphragm-like septa that cause a narrowing of the small bowel lumen. The diagnosis of this disorder can be challenging due to its rarity and its non-specific symptoms, which often suggest other, more probable diseases. We report the case of a 16-year-old boy who presented with iron-deficiency anemia that did not respond to iron supplementation. Despite undergoing endoscopy and computed tomography (CT) enterography, the cause of his condition could not be identified. Capsule endoscopy was attempted, but due to technical difficulties, images could not be obtained. Two years later, the patient's symptoms persisted, prompting further investigation. CT enterography revealed a foreign body in the distal ileum, which was identified as the previously administered capsule. Diagnostic laparoscopy with intraoperative endoscopy was performed to retrieve the capsule. This procedure also revealed multiple short-segment strictures causing luminal narrowing and ulcerations. These were confirmed by histopathology to be lesions associated with DD.

OBJECTIVE: To elaborate anti-inflammatory and antioxidant role of turmeric in management of osteoarthritis. METHODS: In this review article, we focused on the anti-inflammatory properties of Turmeric, documented by randomized controlled trials and review articles published from 2011-2020 in PubMed. Out of 34 articles found, 27 were excluded on the basis of animal/in-vitro studies, with insufficient data, not related to turmeric and osteoarthritis, and non-randomized controlled trials. Studies taken into consideration were of shorter durations ranging from 4 weeks to 4 months. Finally, seven studies were shortlisted which highlighted the importance of turmeric as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Five studies compared turmeric with Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) while two compared its affects with placebo. RESULTS: The review results exhibit anti-inflammatory & anti-oxidant properties of curcumin to minimize wear & tear of articular cartilage. It limits progression of disease and reduces the requirement of analgesics, thus protects from potential adverse effects. The p-value of

Hygrophila schulli which is known as “Neermulli’’ in the vernacular is an herbaceous plant native to Sri Lanka. Ancient medicinal literature suggests the use of H. schulli whole plant or its parts for the treatment of different communicable and non-communicable diseases including diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis. Active constituents and secondary metabolites including alkaloids, tannins, steroids, proteins, flavonoids, and glycosides are identified to possess antimicrobial, antitumor, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anthelmintic, nephroprotective, antidiabetic, anticataract, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, hematopoietic, diuretic, antiurolithiatic, antipyretic, neuroprotection, and anti-endotoxin activities. In this review, we reviewed clinical studies, patents, and analytical studies from the earliest found examples from 1886 to the end of 2021. We critically analyzed and attempt to summarize the information based on bioactivities and chemical composition of H. schulli plant extracts which will be of future use for researchers in this field.

Herein we describe the antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibiofilm, anti-inflammatory and wound-healing potential of aqueous and polysaccharide extracts from three widely appreciated mushrooms: Agrocybe aegerita, Laetiporus sulphureus and Agaricus bisporus. Moreover, we present their detailed phenolic, polysaccharide and protein profiles and ATR-FTIR spectra. The study found that polysaccharide extracts (PEs) from mushrooms had higher total and β-glucan levels than aqueous extracts (AEs), with A. aegerita showing the highest content. L. sulphureus had a higher total protein content, and A. aegerita AE had the highest phenolic content. Our results indicate that all the tested extracts have high potential regarding their bioactive properties, with A. aegerita being the most promising one. Namely, the antibacterial activity assay showed that the development of the skin-infection-causing agent, Staphylococcus aureus, was inhibited with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 4.00 mg/mL and minimal bactericidal concentration of 8.00 mg/mL, while the results regarding wound healing showed that, over the course of 24 h, the A. aegerita extract actively promoted wound closure in the HaCaT keratinocyte cell line model. The anti-inflammatory activity results clearly showed that when we used S. aureus as an inflammation-inducing agent and the A. aegerita aqueous extract in treatment, IL-6 levels reduced to the level of 4.56 pg/mL. The obtained data suggest that the tested mushroom extracts may serve as a source of bioactive compounds, with potential applications in the cosmeceutical, pharmaceutical and food industries. Furthermore, potential skin preparations carefully crafted with mushroom extract may help restore the skin’s barrier function, decrease the probability of staph infections and minimize skin irritation.

Background: Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) is still a health problem, especially in developing countries. CSOM with cholesteatoma is a dangerous type. Cholesteatoma in CSOM sufferers can cause various complications. Therefore, alternative therapies are needed, such as green tea leaf extract. Green tea leaf extract can be an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, but its effectiveness in treating CSOM has not been studied before, so research is needed.. Purpose: This research aimed to determine the effect of green tea leaf extract that could reduce viability and migration in cholesteatoma fibroblast of CSOM. Methods: This research was an in vitro experiment with a post-test-only control group design. The sample for this research was cholesteatoma fibroblast cells obtained from the isolation of patients with CSOM. The method used is Hoechst staining for viability and scratch techniques for cell migration with eight groups of cholesteatoma fibroblasts consisting of a negative control group (DMEM+FBS), DMEM group, two positive control groups dexamethasone (10 µM and 100 µM), and four green tea leaf extract group (10 µg/ml, 40 µg/ml, 80 µg/ml, and 160 µg/ml). Data analysis used One-Way ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis tests. Results: The results showed that the highest average cell viability was in the negative control group (165.33), and the lowest was in green tea leaf extract at a dose of 160 µg/ml (70.88). Cell migration at 72 hours showed that in the negative control group, there was faster closure of the scratch area (97,78%) and the slowest closure on green tea leaf extract at a dose of 160 µg/ml (13,81%). Conclusion: Green tea leaf extract can reduce the viability and migration in cholesteatoma fibroblast of CSOM. It shows the potential of green tea extract as an alternative to prevent cholesteatoma.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of Ascorbic acid in relieving pain and inflammation following surgical removal of the third molar. Study Design: Quasi-experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jan to Mar 2023. Methodology: Sixty participants who required surgical extraction of the impacted third molar were included and segregated equally into two groups. Group-A received Amoxicillin with Clavulanic acid (625 mg) thrice a day and Metronidazole (400 mg) twice daily, while Group-B received Amoxicillin with Clavulanic acid (625 mg) thrice daily, Ascorbic acid (500 mg) twice daily and Metronidazole (400 mg) twice daily. Both the groups received Naproxen Sodium as per requirement (550 mg). Pain, trismus, facial swelling, and requirement of analgesic consumption were evaluated on the seventh post-operative day. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in reducing the intensity of pain (p

AbstractBackground: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly utilized to reduce pain, inflammation, and fever. This study aimed to assess patterns of use and awareness of NSAID-related side-effects in an adult Jordanian. And the associations with sociodemographic factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study among a representative sample of 604 adults >18 years. A validated, self-administered questionnaire was used to collect basic sociodemographic data from the participants, as well as information regarding NSAID use. Results: Most respondents were NSAID users (65.7%), female (53.4%) and under 50 years of age (74.5%). Overall, 42.6% had been prescribed NSAIDs by a physician. Male gender and smoking were negatively correlated with NSAIDs use (multivariable odds ratio [OR]: 0.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.4–0.8, p = 0.001 and OR: 0.6, 95% CI 0.4–0.8, p = 0.003). In contrast, the Ministry of Health Insurance was associated with NSAIDs use with OR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1–2.6, p = 0.03. Overall, 65.1% were aware of kidney NSAID-related side-effects and 22.4% were aware of the increased risk of asthma and allergy. Conclusion: Despite the high frequency of NSAID use in the Jordanian general population, there is limited knowledge of their side-effects as well as drug interactions. This is cause for concern, particularly as many participants reported having been prescribed NSAIDs by physicians without adequate patient safety education.

Aim. To analyze the anti-inflammatory efficacy of Regasthym Gastro (alpha-glutamyl-tryptophan) in the treatment of patients with chronic atrophic gastritis according to endoscopic and morphometric studies. Materials and methods. As part of a double-blind placebo-controlled study, the results of gastroscopy and histological (morphometric) studies were retrospective analyzed in 80 patients diagnosed with chronic atrophic gastritis associated with Helicobacter pylori in exacerbation: 43 patients took Regasthym Gastro, 37 patients placebo. The conclusions of the gastroscopy were structured in the form of a standardized scale, which included an assessment of criteria in points (from 0 to 3): thickness of folds, hyperemia, edema of the gastric mucosa, the signs of atrophy, metaplasia; the severity of the erosive process. The sum of points according to all criteria was used to assess the dynamics of the inflammatory process: positive dynamics; lack of dynamics; the pathological process is progressing. The results of the endoscopic examination were compared with morphometry data (the number of inflammation pool cells per 1 mm2 of gastric mucosa). Statistical processing of the results was carried out using the Statistica 12 application software package. Results. According to the gastroscopy, before therapy, hyperemia of the gastric mucosa was present in 82.5%, edema in 53.8%, erosion in 17.5%, signs of metaplasia in 12.5% of patients. After therapy with the investigated drug a statistically significant decrease in the severity of edema of the gastric mucosa (p=0.008), the total set of signs of acute inflammatory process (p=0.006), a decrease in the proportion of outcomes with negative dynamics of the inflammatory process (p=0.038) was revealed. Statistically significant (p0.05) correlations were found between gastroscopy data of inflammation and the number of neutrophil, eosinophil granulocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes per 1 mm2. Conclusion. Regasthym Gastro contributes to a significant decrease in the severity of the inflammatory process according to the evaluation of the results of gastroscopy and morphometry. It is possible to recommend the inclusion of this drug in the complex therapy of chronic gastritis to increase the effectiveness and reduce the risks of progression of inflammation.

Zhumeria majdae Rech. F. & Wendelbo. traditionally has been used in several remedies, as a carminative agent especially for children, as an antiseptic agent, and it is used in treating diarrhea, stomach irritations, headaches, colds, convulsions, spasms, dysmenorrhea, and healing wounds. According to clinical studies, it is highly effective for reducing inflammation and pain, treating bacterial and fungal infections, morphine tolerance, morphine dependence, withdrawal syndrome symptoms, convulsions, and diabetes. The goal of this review is to find therapeutic opportunities by analyzing the traditional uses and pharmacological effects of the chemical constituents of Z. majdae.The information on Z. majdae in this review was gathered from scientific databases or search engines (PubMed, Wiley Online Library, Scopus, SID, Google Scholar, and Microsoft Academic). The literature cited in this review dates from 1992 to 2021. Several bioactive components including linalool, camphor, manool, and bioactive diterpenoids are presen in different parts of Z. majdae. Various properties were observed such as antioxidant, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, larvicidal, anticonvulsant, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties. Also, the effect of Z. majdae on morphine tolerance, morphine dependence, and withdrawal syndrome as well as its toxicology has been established. Although there are in vitro and animal studies on several pharmacological effects of Z. majdae, the lack of clinical studies is significant. Therefore, further clinical trials should be performed to confirm the in vitro and animal findings.

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is one of the leading causes of death in cardiovascular disease. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is an important method for the treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD), and it has greatly reduced the mortality of ACS patients since its application. However, a series of new problems may occur after PCI, such as in-stent restenosis, no-reflow phenomenon, in-stent neoatherosclerosis, late stent thrombosis, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, and malignant ventricular arrhythmias, which result in the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) that seriously reduce the postoperative benefit for patients. The inflammatory response is a key mechanism of MACE after PCI. Therefore, examining effective anti-inflammatory therapies after PCI in patients with ACS is a current research focus to reduce the incidence of MACE. The pharmacological mechanism and clinical efficacy of routine Western medicine treatment for the anti-inflammatory treatment of CHD have been verified. Many Chinese medicine (CM) preparations have been widely used in the treatment of CHD. Basic and clinical studies showed that effectiveness of the combination of CM and Western medicine treatments in reducing incidence of MACE after PCI was better than Western medicine treatment alone. The current paper reviewed the potential mechanism of the inflammatory response and occurrence of MACE after PCI in patients with ACS and the research progress of combined Chinese and Western medicine treatments in reducing incidence of MACE. The results provide a theoretical basis for further research and clinical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of plants for medicinal purposes continues to expand rapidly across the world. Up to 80% of the world’s population is estimated to rely heavily on herbal medicines for their primary health care. Graptophyllum pictum leaves (GPL) have long been used as herbal medicine for several diseases or health conditions. However, until now, there have been only limited studies regarding laboratory experiments and the pharmacological effects of GPL. Purpose: To summarize the phytopharmacology aspect of GPL used for medical and dental purposes. Review: Based on the 36 articles included, GPL is widely used in medicine and dentistry, such as for treatment of hemorrhoids, periodontitis, and candidiasis, due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antifungal properties. However, the current research study designs are still in vitro and in vivo experiments. Continuing experiments and clinical tests are needed to explore the essential use of the GPL. Conclusion: GPL can be used for medical and dental purposes due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly-used medications, and ailments such as arthritis or heart disease, require long-term use of these drugs, which can induce gastroenteropathy with bleeding and ulcers. This study investigated the associations between efficacy, safety, and gastrointestinal symptoms linked to rebamipide and proton pump inhibitor administration in patients requiring long-term NSAID use. Methods This study was a multi-center, randomized, open-labeled, pilot design. Results Thirty-three patients were included. Of these, 15 were included in the study group and 18 were in the control group. NSAID-induced gastric ulcers, which were the primary outcome of this study, did not occur in either the study or control group. Changes in the number of small bowel erosions and ulcers were −0.6 ± 3.06 in the study group and 1.33 ± 4.71 in the control group. The number of subjects with mucosal breaks (defined as multiple erosions and/or ulcers) was three (20%) in the study group and six (40%) in the control group (p = 0.427). No serious adverse events occurred in either group. However, dyspepsia and skin rashes occurred in six patients (31.58%) in the study group and 13 (65%) in the control group (p = 0.036). Conclusions Although statistically significant differences were not generated, possibly as a result of the small sample size, mucosal breaks observed via capsule endoscopy revealed that rebamipide was likely to be more effective than lansoprazole in preventing small intestine damage caused by NSAIDs. Furthermore, fewer side-effects emerged with rebamipide.

Background and objectives: In recent years, exercise immunology studies have focused on key components of immune function, such as immune cells, immunoglobulins, and messenger molecules, as well as the effects of environmental and exercise factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of 8 weeks of selected training on serum levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, and motor performance in elite water polo players. Methods: For this purpose, 20 male water polo players (mean age: 23 years) were randomly divided into an experimental group (n=10, selected water polo training) and a control group (n=10, traditional water polo training). The selected water polo training was performed for 8 weeks, 6 sessions per week. The intensity of training was controlled using maximum heart rate (80-100%) and increased by 5% every week. Water polo performance tests included a record of 50 meters swimming, 100 meters high swimming, 200 meters’ breaststroke, 6 ×50 meters swimming, and 400 meters swimming. To evaluate the serum levels of IL-6 and IL-4, venous blood (5 ml) was taken in the pretest and posttest stages. The serum levels of IL-4 and IL-6 were measured by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mean values were compared using the t-test, at significant level of 0.05. Results: The selected water polo training significantly changed IL-4 levels in elite water polo players (p

Background: The active ingredients of ginger, such as gingerol, shogaol, zingerone, and paradol, are compounds that play a significant role in anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Previous studies that have been carried out using red ginger showed significant results on the severity of breast engorgement; however, these studies have not measured the decrease in levels of the hormone prostaglandin, which is an indicator of engorgement and pain. Previous studies have also shown the impracticality of the intervention. This study has made red ginger "param" (medicinal powder to rub on the body), but the param formulation needs to be tested. Purpose: Analyze the effectiveness of red ginger compress in preventing breast engorgement and reducing breast pain and prostaglandin hormone levels in postpartum mothers. Methods: This is experimental research with a post-test only with a control group design. Respondents in this study were postpartum mothers. Respondents were randomly allocated into two groups, control groups (n=15) and intervention groups (n=15). The intervention group receives red ginger compresses twice daily for five consecutive days. The variables observed were breast engorgement, breast tenderness, and levels of prostaglandins. Data were analyzed using the independent T-test and Mann-Whitney test. Results: There was an effect of a red ginger compress to prevent breast engorgement (p0.05). Conclusions: Red ginger compress effectively prevents breast engorgement and reduces breast pain, but not significant in reducing prostaglandin hormone levels.

Inflammation is considered a general protective reaction of localized tissue against injury, irritation, or swelling. Inflammation may be acute, which is part of the defensive response; or chronic, which may lead to the development of various diseases including cancer. Several pro-inflammatory genes play important role in the various cellular processes like cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and suppression of apoptosis. These pro-inflammatory genes include TNF-α, interleukins, chemokines, MMPs, cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, iNOS, Jak/STAT pathway, etc. All these genes are mainly regulated by the transcription factor NF-κB, which is found active in many types of neoplastic cells. Therefore, developing molecules that target pro-inflammatory genes or transcription factor is believed to be one of the good strategies for development of anti-cancer agents. Literature data suggest that many anti-inflammatory agents, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, statins, metformin, embelin, and some natural products, can interfere with the tumor microenvironment by inhibiting pro-inflammatory genes or transcription factors and increasing cell apoptosis. This review describes the link between inflammation and cancer, the role of pro-inflammatory genes and transcription factors in the development of tumor cells, and the use of anti-inflammatory agents in cancer.

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a well-known complication following total hip arthroplasty (THA), with an average incidence of 30%. Patients are classified according to Brooker’s staging system. In advanced stages (III and IV), HO may limit hip motion and cause intolerable pain. For these symptomatic stages, surgical excision is mandatory, usually combined with prophylaxis of recurrence with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and/or radiotherapy. We present the case of a 70-year-old woman who developed Stage IV HO after undergoing THA for left hip osteoarthritis. Surgical excision of the HO was performed eighteen months after THA, with adjuvant radiotherapy and indomethacin. After two years of follow-up, the patient had a good hip function with no recurrence of HO. Several authors have studied the effect of NSAIDs and radiotherapy in HO prophylaxis and in HO treatment but there is lack of reports concerning the combination of the two strategies with surgery in the postoperative period. We therefore report this successful case of post-THA HO treatment with surgical excision and post-operative radiotherapy and NSAIDs.

Nisin is a typical representative of class I bacteriocins belonging to subtype A1 lantibiotics. This lantibiotic is produced by gram-positive bacteria of the genera Lactococcus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Blautia. Currently, at least twelve natural variants of nisin are known. They differ in some physicochemical properties and biological activity. Nisin is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) and has been used as a food additive for seven decades. The current review presents the data from scientific reports over the past decade supporting the value of this lantibiotic as a therapeutic agent. Most research works demonstrate a high inhibitory potential of nisin against antibiotic-resistant bacteria when using alone and in combination with antibiotics. A number of studies prove the ability of nisin to modulate the composition of oral and intestinal microbiomes, to inhibit the growth of both bacteria causing infectious processes and bacterial pathogens associated with cancer. Nisin has been shown to have its own antitumor potential and to be able to enhance the therapeutic effect of chemotherapeutic drugs. There is convincing evidence of its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity. The reasons limiting its widespread application in clinical practice can be successfully eliminated via modern bioengineering technologies that improve the functional characteristics and stability of nisin in various physiological conditions.

Orchids are widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of a whole range of different health conditions, and representatives of the Neotropical subtribe Maxillariinae are not an exception. They are utilized, for instance, for their spasmolytic and anti-inflammatory activities. In this work, we analyze the literature concerning the chemical composition of the plant extracts and secretions of this subtribe's representatives published between 1991 and 2022. Maxillariinae is one of the biggest taxa within the orchid family; however, to date, only 19 species have been investigated in this regard and, as we report, they produce 62 semiochemicals of medical potential. The presented review is the first summary of biologically active compounds found in Maxillariinae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ERCP has been established as a golden diagnostic and therapeutic modality in various pancreatobiliary diseases, including gallstones and malignancy. On the other hand, ERCP is a relatively invasive procedure with radiation hazards and major complications. Among the major complications, ERCP-related pancreatitis has been reported in more than 14.7% of high-risk patients, which might lead to extended hospitalization and a substantial burden for both patients and physicians. Recent guidelines have defined the high-risk factors for ERCP-related pancreatitis. In addition, several outstanding studies have shown that rectal non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, aggressive hydration with lactated Ringer’s solution, and pancreatic stents can reduce ERCP-related pancreatitis in high-risk patients or all patients. A prevention algorithm for ERCP-related pancreatitis was provided based on advanced research.

Background/Aims: Previous studies have reported the protective effects of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) on gastric epithelial cells in some animal models, but the precise mechanisms are unclear. This study examined the effects of TUDCA on NF-κB signaling in gastric epithelial cells. Moreover, the protective effects of TUDCA in experimental gastritis models induced by ethanol and NSAID were evaluated and compared with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). Methods: After a pretreatment with TUDCA or UDCA, human gastric epithelial MKN-45 cells were stimulated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α to activate NF-κB signaling. A real-time PCR (RT-PCR) for human interleukin (IL)-1 mRNA was performed. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and immunoblot analyses were carried out. In murine models, after a pretreatment with TUDCA or UDCA, ethanol and indomethacin were administered via oral gavage. Macroscopic and microscopic assessments were performed to evaluate the preventive effects of TUDCA and UDCA on murine gastritis. Results: A pretreatment with TUDCA downregulated the IL-1α mRNA levels in MKN-45 cells stimulated with TNF-α, as assessed by RT-PCR. As determined using EMSA, a pretreatment with TUDCA reduced the TNF-α-induced NF-κB DNA binding activity. A pretreatment with TUDCA inhibited IκBα phosphorylation induced by TNF-α, as assessed by immunoblot analysis. TUDCA attenuated the ethanol-induced and NSAID-induced gastritis in murine models, as determined macroscopically and microscopically. Conclusions: TUDCA inhibited NF-κB signaling in gastric epithelial cells and ameliorated ethanol- and NSAID-induced gastritis in murine models. These results support the potential of TUDCA for the prevention of gastritis in humans.

Codonopsis Radix , commonly known as Dangshen in Chinese, is frequently used to treat deficiencies of spleen and lung Qi, gastrointestinal discomfort, fatigue, asthmatic breathing, sallow complexion, lack of strength, shortness of breath, deficiencies of both Qi and blood, as well as impairments to both Qi and body fluids in suboptimal health status. This review systematically expounds on the modern pharmacological studies related to the use of Codonopsis Radix in invigorating Qi and nourishing the body in recent years. The aim is to provide theoretical research and reference for the in-depth and systematic exploration and development of the applications of Codonopsis Radix in the fields of food and medicine. This study employs " Codonopsis Radix ," " Codonopsis ," and "Dangshen" as keywords to gather pertinent information on Codonopsis Radix medicine through electronic searches of classical literature and databases such as PubMed, Elsevier, Google Scholar, Wiley, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and Baidu Scholar. From previous studies, activities such as immune system modulation, gastrointestinal motility regulation, cardiac function revitalization, lung function improvement, blood circulation enhancement, aging process deceleration, learning and memory augmentation, fatigue resistance enhancement, and liver and kidney damage protection of Codonopsis Radix have been reported. Recognized as an important medicine and food homologous traditional Chinese herbal remedy for supplementing deficiencies, its mode of action is multi-elemental, multi-systemic, multi-organ, multi-mechanistic, and multi-targeted. Furthermore, the benefits of its tonic surpass its therapeutic value, establishing it as an extraordinary preventive and therapeutic medicine. With its long history of traditional applications and the revelations of contemporary pharmacological research, Codonopsis Radix exhibits great potential as both a therapeutic agent and a dietary supplement for further research in medicine, nutrition, and healthcare. [Display omitted] • Codonopsis Radix (CR): A food-medicine homology and immune booster for all ages. • CR's dual-use in medicine and food enhances body systems via multiple paths. • CR: Potential treatment for heart disease, COPD, Alzheimer's, and more. • CR improves spleen, gut flora, potentially treating spleen-stomach issues. • CR displays anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-aging and neuroprotective properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cichorium plants are particularly notable due to their remarkable therapeutic and medicinal properties, besides being used as food and conventional medication. Although Cichorium plants have been studied for their phytoconstituents and biological activities, there is limited knowledge about the constituents of the roots of C. bottae. A phytochemical study of the 90% MeOH extract of C. bottae roots resulted in the isolation of twelve compounds belonging to guaianolide sesquiterpene lactones, sesquiterpene lactone glucosides, and phenolic derivatives, of which two compounds designated as 9 α -hydroxycrepediaside B (1) and cichobotinal (2) were previously undescribed. The isolated compounds were assessed for their anti-inflammatory potential through the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and resultant decrease in nitric oxide generation in LPS-induced macrophages. Among the isolates, compounds 2 and 11 (8-deoxylactucin) inhibited iNOS activity with IC 50 values of 21.0 ± 4 and 6.8 ± 0.1 μM, respectively. The methanolic extract of C. bottae inhibited iNOS with an IC 50 of 10.5 ± 0.5 μg/mL. [Display omitted] • A phytochemical study of the MeOH extract of Cichorium bottae roots was conducted. • Twelve compounds of which two previously undescribed ones were isolated. • Compounds were screened for anti-inflammatory activity. • Two compounds reduced iNOS with IC 50 values of 17.0 ± 3 and 6.8 ± 0.1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Active pharmaceutical ingredients whose structure combines aromatic or heterocyclic fragments with pharmacophore carboxylic group are widespread on pharmaceutical market. The isolation of COX-NSAIDs complexes and following X-ray studies allowed to explain the key role of pharmacophore carboxylic group in the formation of enzyme-ligand interactions and the effect of its presence on the activity and selectivity. The introduction of selective COX-2-inhibitors to medicinal practice resulted in a significant decrease of side effects and complication frequencies. However, the problem of NSAIDs toxicity has not been solved. Thus, the search for the novel anti-inflammatory drugs using in silico methods and approaches including structural modification of known NSAIDs by “bioisosteric” replacements of aromatic and heterocyclic fragments with other structural elements with carboxylic group as the carrier of pharmacological effect, is a current trend of medicinal chemistry. The aim of present study is to purposefully search for anti-inflammatory agents among carboxyl-containing quinazolines and related heterocycles using in silico and in vivo methods, as well as to evaluate carboxylic group effect on the level of anti-inflammatory activity. Materials and methods. Quinazoline-4(3H)-ylidene)hydrazides of mono-(di-)carboxylic acids, 2-R-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazolines, 3-R-5-(2-aminophenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazoles, 5-carboxyalkyl[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazolines and 2-R-7-oxo-6,7-dihydropyrrolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline-4a(5H)-carboxylic acids were screened for their anti-inflammatory activity. MarvinSketch 20.19.0, AutoDock Vina and AutoDockTools 1.5.6, HyperChem 7.5, Discovery Studio were used for in silico research. “Drug-like” characteristics were evaluated using an online service. Prediction of toxicity and Ames mutagenicity of the studied compounds were performed in silico using Test software. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of the synthesized compounds was carried out on white Wistar rats (150–160 g of weight) using carrageenan induced paw edema model. Phlogogen (1 % aqueous solution of λ-carrageenan) was subplantarly injected in the dose of 0.1 ml in the rats’ hind right paw. The left one was used as a control. The studied compounds were intragastrically administered with atraumatic probe as water solution or finely dispersed suspension stabilized by Tween-80 in the dose of 10 mg/kg 1 hour before the injection of phlogogen. The reference drug Diclofenac sodium was administered intragastrically in a recommended for pre-clinical studies dose of 8 mg/kg. The paw volume was measured before the experiment and in 4 hours after phlogogen injection. The activity of these substances was determined by their ability to reduce the swelling compared with control group and was expressed in percentage. The experiments were carried out with respect to Bioethical rules and norms. Results. The search for anti-inflammatory agents among carboxylic-containing quinazolines and related heterocycles was theoretically substantiated using results of molecular docking, druglike criteria calculations and predicted parameters of toxicity. Experimental in vivo methods (“carrageenan” test) confirmed the anti-inflammatory activity of studied compounds and showed that (quinazoline-4(3H)-ylidene)hydrazides of dicarboxylic acids inhibit edema by 17.0–50.0 %, 2-carboxyalkyl-(phenyl-)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazolines – by 0.00–40.63 %, 2-(5-(2-aminophenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)alkyl-(phenyl-)carboxylic acids – by 2.43–49.65 %, 2-R-5-carboxyalkyl[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazolines – by 0.47–22.93 % and 2-R-7-oxo-6,7-dihydropyrrolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline-4a(5H)-carboxylic acids – by 0.94–17.16 %. Among them, there are compounds that compete with the reference drug “Diclofenac sodium”. The SAR analysis showed that both conformation of the molecule and the nature of the “pharmacophore” moiety (carboxyalkyl residue length) at the corresponding positions of the heterocycle have a significant effect on the anti-inflammatory activity. It was shown that the test compounds, according to molecular docking visualization data, have other enzyme-ligand interactions and probably a different mechanism of activity. Conclusions. The predicted affinity values, calculated “drug-like” criteria and toxicity parameters, visualization of the docking of studied molecules in active site of biological targets as well as experimental studies results showed that investigated compounds are promising in scope of purposeful search for anti-inflammatory drugs. The conducted in vivo screening of anti-inflammatory activity among carboxyl-containing quinazolines and related heterocyclic compounds allowed to detect series of substances that by the level of anti-inflammatory activity compete with reference-compound “Diclofenac sodium” on the carrageenan-induced paw edema model. Presented data may be considered as a theoretical basis for further structural modification of studied compounds aimed on elaboration of novel anti-inflammatory agents and evaluation of their activity mechanism (lipoxygenase inhibitors, phospholipase inhibitors, etc.).

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common musculoskeletal diseases worldwide, with pain, joint stiffness, fatigue associated with disability, and loss of physical activity. There is a need for an effective and safer alternative medication for the management of OA knee in elderly patients as the current medications possess severe risks to the patient compromising the quality of life. Methodology: The study design and setting were phase 3, randomized, open-label, multicentered, active-controlled parallel-group interventional trial conducted at secondary care centers in Puducherry. Fifty patients (50) patients with OA knee were enrolled as per study criteria and randomized to receive Joint Core™ and Jointace DN™ for 12 weeks. The outcomes were assessed using various pain scales and subscales, Short-Form Health-12 (SF-12) questionnaire, and inflammatory markers. The data obtained at baseline and weeks 4, 8, and 12 were compared and statistically analyzed. Results: Joint Core™ showed continuous reduction in the Visual Analog Scale pain scores at 4, 8, and 12 weeks and improvement in Western Ontario and McMaster Universities OA Index subscale and pain global assessment scales and good response rate in the Outcome Measures for Rheumatology Committee and OA Research Society International Standing Committee for Clinical Trials Response Criteria Initiative scores proving it to be efficacious in the treatment of OA knee compared to Jointace DN™. The safety assessed showed that Joint Core™ produces minimal gastrointestinal side effects and does not affect any organs as assessed by the laboratory parameters. Conclusion: Joint Core™ is effective and safe in the treatment of OA knee when compared to its comparator Jointace DN™. Joint Core™ can be an alternative treatment option in the patients with OA knee who are intolerant to diacerein-based combinations available to treat OA.

HIV-1 infection results in the activation of inflammasome that may facilitate viral spread and establishment of viral reservoirs. We evaluated the effects of the caspase-1 inhibitor VX-765 on HIV-1 infection in humanized NSG mice engrafted with human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells. Expression of caspase-1, NLRP3, and IL-1β was increased in lymph nodes and bone marrow between day 1 and 3 after HIV-1 infection (mean fold change (FC) of 2.08, 3.23, and 6.05, p

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a common clinical inflammatory bowel disease characterized by repeated attacks, difficult treatment, and great harm to the physical and mental health of the patients. The occurrence and development of UC were closely related to the physiological and pathological processes, such as intestinal inflammatory reaction, oxidizing reaction, and immune response. Treatment of ulcerative colitis using Western medicine is often associated with a number of limitations and adverse events. There is a long history of using traditional Chinese medicine in dealing with this medical condition. Commonly used traditional Chinese medicines for the treatment of UC include Caulis Sargentodoxae, Flos Lonicerae, Fructus Cnidii, etc. Additionally, classic prescriptions such as Gegen Qinlian Formulae and Zuojin Pills can also be used to treat UC. To enrich the traditional Chinese medicine theory, the cognitive theory and perspective of network pharmacology and bioinformatics research of cell signal transduction mechanism of UC are emerging rapidly. Modern pharmacological studies focus on underlying mechanisms for the management of UC with Chinese medicine monomers, single Chinese medicines, and traditional Chinese medicine formulations, alleviating the symptoms of UC, controlling the development of intestinal inflammation, and restoring intestinal function through the regulation of key molecular signaling pathways, including PI3K/Akt, NF- κ B, JAK/STAT, MAPK and Notch. By summarizing current research progressions, this review provides key references for the in-depth exploration of the mechanisms focused on signaling pathways for the clinical management of UC using traditional Chinese medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic syndrome (MetS), as a health-threatening factor, consists of various symptoms including insulin resistance, high blood sugar, hypertension, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and abdominal obesity that raise the risk of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular diseases are important causes of mortality among the world population. Recently, there has been a growing interest in using phytomedicine and natural compounds in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. The data was gathered by searching various standard electronic databases (Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed) for English articles with no time limitations. All in vivo, in vitro, and clinical studies were included. Elettaria cardamomum (cardamom) is a rich source of phenolic compounds, volatile oils, and fixed oils. Cardamom and its pharmacologically effective substances have shown broad-spectrum activities including antihypertensive, anti-oxidant, lipid-modifying, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-thrombotic, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, anti-obesity, and antidiabetic effects. This review aims to highlight the therapeutic effects of cardamom on MetS and its components including diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and high blood pressure as well as the underlying mechanisms in the management of MetS. Finally, it can be stated that cardamom has beneficial effects on the treatment of MetS and its complications.

Objective. The present study is aimed at investigating the biochemical and clinical effects of electroacupuncture in patients with sepsis. Methods. Patients with sepsis treated at Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine from July 2019 to December 2020 were included. Patients were randomly assigned to treatment with routine Western medicine (WM group) or treatment with Western medicine plus electroacupuncture based on Western medicine (EA group). Indices associated with immune function and clinical efficacy were determined before and at 3 and 5 days after treatment. Indicators of immune function included the percentage of T lymphocyte subsets, natural killer (NK) cells, and soluble programmed death protein 1 (sPD-1) levels. Indicators of clinical efficacy included infection-related indicators in whole blood; levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), and interferon-γ (INF-γ); and assessments using acute physiology and chronic health evaluation-II (APACHE-II) and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) scores. Results. Baseline data were not different between WM (N = 30) and EA groups (N = 30). At day 5 following treatment, the level of sPD-1 in the EA group was lower than that in the WM group. Proportions of CD3 + T lymphocytes, CD4 + T lymphocytes, and NK cells, the percentage of lymphocytes, and INF-γ levels in the EA group were significantly higher than those in the WM group. Compared with the WM group, the white blood cell count (WBC), percentage and count of neutrophils, ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes, and levels of CRP and TNF-α were significantly decreased in the EA group 5 days after treatment. The APACHE-II score of the EA group was significantly lower than that of the WM group 5 days after treatment. Conclusion. Electroacupuncture may regulate the immune function of patients with sepsis through the PD-1 pathway to achieve an anti-inflammatory state and improve clinical symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnopharmacological relevanceInhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) has been extensively reported to be anti-inflammatory in multiple animal models. Some anti-inflammatory traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) and a few natural compounds were also found to be inhibitory to sEH in vitro.Aim of the studyTo determine whether the active intergradient (AI) against sEH of anti-inflammatory TCMs in vitro is anti-inflammatory in vivo and the sEH inhibitory action of the AI contributes to its anti-inflammatory effect in vivo.Materials and methodsIn vitro inhibition assay of the sEH was conducted for the methanol and ethanol extracts of 27 anti-inflammatory TCMs. Two potent extracts were subject to further separation guided by bioassay to afford promising AI against sEH in vitro [Fr.5 of the crude ethanol extract of Rhizoma coptidis (FFCERC)]. Finally, the in vivo anti-inflammatory effect and sEH inhibitory potency of FFCERC was evaluated in a lipopolysacchride (LPS)-challenged murine model of acute systemic inflammation. The inflammatory status was characterized by the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and sEH inhibitory function was evaluated by the plasma levels of epoxyeicosantrienoic acids (EETs) and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs), which are the sEH mediated substrates and products, respectively.ResultsAt the concentration of 25µg/mL, the crude ethanol extracts of 6 TCMs including Herba Asari, Radix Polygalae, Fructus Amomi, Radix Astragali, Radix Scutellariae, and Rhizoma Coptidis were potent against sEH. The crude extracts of Herba Asari and Rhizoma Coptidis were selected for further separation to afford FFCERC as the most promising AI for in vivo evaluation. Oral administration of FFCERC attenuated the significant increase in TNF-α and IL-6 caused by LPS challenge in a dose-dependent manner. In parallel, oral administration of FFCERC shifted the changes in plasma levels of EETs and DHETs caused by LPS-challenge like a synthetic sEH inhibitor.ConclusionsA sEH inhibitory AI from Rhizoma Coptidis is anti-inflammatory and the inhibition of sEH contributes to this biological effect, indicating that sEH may be at least one of multiple therapeutic targets for relevant TCMs.

Objectives: COVID-19 associated coagulopathy and prophylactic anticoagulant therapy (PAT) are ongoing topics globally. Using PAT for anti-inflammatory effect may prevent thromboembolic events (TEEs). The objective of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory effects of PAT in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study in a tertiary pandemic hospital. Patients were divided into two categories according to their PAT therapy status (PAT (+) and PAT (-)) and into three categories according to clinical features (mild: group 1; moderate: group: 2; and severe: group 3). We then evaluated laboratory parameters and clinical courses. Results: We included 662 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in this study. Enoxaparin sodium was given to all patients as PAT therapy. TEE was developed in five patients in the PAT (+) group. Pulmonary embolism developed in 3/5 patients and deep venous thrombosis in 2/5 patients. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was detected in 54 patients in group 3. No statistically significant difference was found in 28-day mortality, development of DIC rates, intubation rates, and TEEs. Conclusions: The use of PAT in critically ill patients was not effective in reducing C-reactive protein, which is one of the biomarkers of inflammation.

Introduction/Objective. Low-level laser therapy has been suggested as an alternative pain relief therapy in temporomandibular disorder patients. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of low-level laser therapy on reducing pain intensity in temporomandibular disorder patients, compared to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Methods. A total of 63 patients diagnosed with Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders were divided into two groups. In the first group of 35 patients, low-level laser therapy was applied three times a week, 15 treatment sessions during five weeks (wavelength: 780 nm; power density: 70 mW/ cm2; radiant energy: 4.2 J; energy density: 4.2 J/cm2; total treatment dose: 16.8 J/cm2). The second group included 28 participants subjected to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs therapy (ibuprofen) during two weeks (first three days 3 × 400 mg, remaining time 2 × 400 mg per day). Pain was evaluated using 100 mm visual analog scale, at the baseline, during therapy, two weeks and three months after treatments. Results. Statistically significant reduction of pain intensity was achieved in both low-level laser therapy and in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs therapy groups and remained steady in the follow-up period of three months (p < 0.01). Differences in visual analog scale scores between the observed groups were not statistically significant in each of the evaluation periods, (p = 0.375, p = 0.665, p = 0.52, respectively). Conclusion. The low-level laser therapy protocol applied in this research was efficient in reducing pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders.

Background. Ulcerative colitis (UC), a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, is characterized by abdominal pain, diarrhea, and mucopurulent bloody stool. In recent years, the incidence and prevalence of UC have been increasing consistently. Five-flavor Sophora falvescens enteric-coated capsule (FSEC), a licensed Chinese patent medicine, was specifically used to treat UC. This review was aimed to assess the effectiveness and safety of FSEC for the treatment of UC. Methods. Six electronic databases were searched from inception to March 2021. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing FSEC or FSEC plus conventional Western medicine with conventional Western medicine in participants with UC were included. Two authors screened all references, assessed the risk of bias, and extracted data independently. Binary data were presented as risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and metric data as mean difference (MD) with 95% CI. The overall certainty of the evidence was assessed by GRADE. Results. We included 15 RCTs (1194 participants, 763 in the FSEC group and 431 in the control group). The treatment duration ranged from 42 to 64 days. Twelve trials compared FSEC with conventional Western medicine, and two trials compared FSEC plus conventional medicine with conventional medicine. Another trial compared FSEC plus mesalazine with compound glutamine enteric capsules plus mesalazine. FSEC showed a higher clinical effective rate (improved clinical symptoms, colonoscopy results, and stools) (RR 1.12, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.20; 729 participants; 8 trials; low-quality evidence) as well as the effective rate of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndromes (RR 1.10, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.20; 452 participants; 5 trials; low-quality evidence) compared to mesalazine. There was no significant difference in the adverse events between FSEC and control groups. Conclusions. FSEC may show effectiveness in UC treatment compared to conventional medicine, and the use of FSEC may not increase the risk of adverse events. Due to the limited number of clinical trials and low methodological quality of the included trials, our findings must be interpreted with discretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and aspirin are the most frequently prescribed drugs worldwide, and their long-term use often leads to peptic ulcers (PUs) along with serious complications, such as bleeding and perforation. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a significant risk factor for developing NSAID-related PU and ulcer bleeding during long-term aspirin use. In a revised version of the Clinical Guidelines for Drug-induced Peptic Ulcer, two statements regarding H. pylori eradication are recommended. 1) Patients scheduled for long-term NSAID therapy should be tested and treated for H. pylori infection to prevent PU and its complications. 2) Patients with a history of PU receiving long-term low-dose aspirin (LDA) therapy should undergo treatment for H. pylori infection to prevent PU and its complications. On the other hand, unlike NSAID-naïve patients, the preventive effects of H. pylori eradication in chronic NSAID users are unclear. In addition, anti-ulcer drugs, such as proton pump inhibitors, may be necessary for maintenance therapy after H. pylori eradication in a subset of long-term LDA users, particularly if the patients are taking concomitant antiplatelet agents or anticoagulants.

The Korean guidelines for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced peptic ulcers were previously developed under co-work with the Korean College of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research and Korean Society of Gastroenterology at 2009. On the other hand, the previous guidelines were based mainly on a literature review and expert opinions. Therefore, the guidelines need to be revised. In this study, a guideline development committee for drug-induced peptic ulcers was organized under the Korean College of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research in 2017. Nine statements were developed, including four for NSAID, three for aspirin and other antiplatelet agents, and two for anticoagulants through de novo processes based on evidence-based medicine, such as a literature search, meta-analysis, and the consensus was established using the modified Delphi method. The primary target of this guideline was adult patients taking long-term NSAIDs, aspirin, or other antiplatelet agent and anticoagulants. The revised guidelines reflect the consensus of expert opinions and are intended to assist relevant clinicians in the management and prevention of drug-induced peptic ulcers and associated conditions.

Objective(s): Over the past 20 years, increasing interest in the use of medicinal plants as alternative or adjuvant treatments of several chronic diseases was observed. Accordingly, Nigella sativa or black cumin, a medicinal plant rich in bioactive compounds, has been used worldwide for food purposes or in traditional medicines. This paper aims to reveal N. sativa potential as adjunct treatment in cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and hematological malignancies, due to their increasing prevalence and difficult management in everyday life.Materials and Methods: Databases like PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar were used to search the literature data. Keywords like anti-inflammatory effect, anti-oxidant effect, antihypertensive effects, hypolipidemic effects and hematological malignancies were used in combination with N. sativa.Results: Because of its numerous pharmacological actions, but especially for its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated N. sativa positive effect against diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia, all of them associated to cardiovascular diseases progression. Also, it was proved to have marked anti-proliferative, cytotoxic, pro-apoptotic, and anti-metastatic effects, in both solid cancers and hematological malignancies.Conclusion: N. sativa used as complementary treatment to classical medications can improve the management of several chronic diseases

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Pain is a complex set of unpleasant sensory, emotional, and cognitive experiences that are relieved with synthetic and herbal remedies. Of course, medicinal plants are more important than chemical drugs due to fewer side effects. Solanum dulcamara is one of the most important medicinal plants used in traditional Iranian medicine to treat rheumatic and inflammation pains. The aim of this study was to investigate the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and acute toxicity effects of Solanum dulcamara stem in male mice. METHODS: In this experimental study, 84 male mice were used in 6 groups such as control and treated groups with essential oils of 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg. In pain assessment tests that included writhing (assessment of abdominal contractions), Tail Flick (assessment of tail jump duration), and formalin (assessment of pain associated with sole of foot), animals were given gavage or oral morphine (intraperitoneally) and naloxone (Intraperitoneally) with a dose of 300 mg/kg of essential oil. In the xylene test (to evaluate inflammation), the animals were divided into 5 groups: control, essential oil (oral) and dexamethasone (intraperitoneal). FINDINGS: Use of 300 mg/kg essential oil in writhing tests (decreased from 41 in control to 13) and tail flick (increased from 2.8±0.2 seconds in control group to 6.1±0.5 seconds) showed significant analgesic effect (p

Aim To investigate changes in bone and cartilage tissue during the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and paracetamol in experimental osteoarthritis and hypothyroidism by the markers CTX-I and CTX-II. Methods The experiments were performed on 75 white nonlinear rats of both sexes, which recreated osteoarthritis and hypothyroidism. Experimental osteoarthritis was performed by single intra-articular administration of monoiodoacetic acid solution in the knee joint and experimental hypothyroidism was reconstructed by enteral administration of a solution of carbimazole. After the formation of the experimental models on the 42nd day of the experiment, the animals were divided into 14 groups and drug administration began daily for 5 days. The quantitative level of markers of blood serum was performed by specific kits, which are based on ELISA on 42 and 47 days of the experiment. Results The degree of influence on degenerative-dystrophic processes in bone tissue, which was assessed by the level of the marker СTX-I in the serum of rats, the studied drugs were as follows: diclofenac sodium > ibuprofen > nimesulide = meloxicam > celecoxib > paracetamol. According to the degree of influence on degenerative-dystrophic processes in cartilage tissue, which were assessed by the level of marker СTX-II in the serum of rats, the studied drugs were as follows: nimesulide > celecoxib > meloxicam > ibuprofen > diclofenac sodium > paracetamol. Conclusion Determination of the levels of CTX I and СTX II allows the evaluation of the bone and cartilage condition in experimental osteoarthritis and hypothyroidism.