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Partial nephrectomy is gaining, nowadays, more interest in oncologic kidney surgery. This type of surgery requires the good knowledge of vascular renal anatomy to make it safe and to guarantee good functional and oncological outcomes. This paper exposes the clinical implication of the arterial renal anatomy in nephron-sparing surgery. This is a cadaveric study of 71 human kidneys performed at Charles Nicolle mortuary. The right and left kidneys with surrounding tissues were removed en bloc with the adjacent part of the aorta and inferior vena cava, cleared and studied. Colored resin was injected in each artery, vein, and urinary ducts, with a specific color code for each structure. Corrosion technique was used to eliminate the surrounding tissue, leaving only the colored resin matrix. The Ternon anatomic classification of the inferior polar artery, based on its emergence point was used. Multiple renal arteries were noted in 9.85% of casts. Anterior and posterior division of main renal artery was found in 95.7% of cases. Posterior segmental artery crossed posteriorly the upper caliceal infundibulum and the renal pelvis in 93% of cases. The upper renal pole was vascularized by an apical segmental artery in 16.9% of cases and a superior polar artery in one case (1.4%). The mid pole of the kidney was supplied by a unique anterior branch and a single posterior branch in 40% of cases. Inferior polar artery was found in 52 casts (73.23%). Type I of Ternon was found in 6 casts (11.53%), Type II in 25 cases (48.07%), Type III in 19 cases (36.53%), Type IV in 2 cases (3.84%), and type V in 13 casts (25%). Renal vascular anatomy presents large variations. Good knowledge of the segmental arterial anatomy of the kidney is a primordial to a safe partial nephrectomy. Good preoperative vascular mapping can be of great help for the surgeon.

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most important infectious diseases, particularly in the world. Amongst the genitourinary organs, prostatic TB is less common. We report an 68 year old patient, immunocompetent who presented obstructive and irritative symptoms of the lower urinary tract. A history of pulmonary tuberculosis was not present. The digital rectal examination was suspicious and PSA was a normal. The biopsy results did not reveal any malignant lesions but the transurethral resection of the prostate performed for voiding purposes showed prostatic tuberculosis. A very good clinical and biological improvement was observed after chemotherapy anti-tuberculosis.

Human hydatid disease is still endemic in pastoral and rangeland areas, with temperate climate, mainly in the southern shore of the Mediterranean, particularly in the Maghreb countries. Renal localization is rare although it is the most frequent site of the urinary tract. Its clinical evolution remains silent for long time, and the diagnosis is often elusive for years. Renal hydatid cysts may pose a problem of differential diagnosis. Our case concerns a renal hydatidosis misdiagnosed as a xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, treated by total nephrectomy.

Introduction and importance Crossed fused renal ectopia is a rare congenital condition that might pose some diagnostic and therapeutic challenges to clinicians. We report a patient with a non-functional crossed fused ectopic left kidney that obstructed the orthotopic kidney in a rarely observed situation. Case presentation A 68-year-old male presented a right flank pain with fever. The diagnosis of right obstructive pyelonephritis was dressed, after biological and radiological investigations. The obstacle was a crossed ectopic left kidney in its inferior variety. The ectopic kidney was non-functional as result of an obstructive ureteral calculus. The patient had right ureteral stenting with a double-J catheter. Three months later, left nephrectomy was performed by lumbotomy. Per operative difficulties were mainly the infiltration of peri renal fat, the anarchic vascularization and the multiple small pedicles of the ectopic kidney that was also malrotated with the hilum facing anteriorly. Postoperative recovery was uneventful and the patient left the hospital after three days. Clinical discussion Crossed Fused renal ectopy is rare. As shown in this case, the ectopic kidney might cause damage to the orthotopic kidney, by compression to urinary ducts. Surgery is the main treatment option. Some difficulties related to aberrant vascularization and possible malrotation is to preview. Conclusion Crossed fused renal ectopia is uncommon renal anomaly, mostly asymptomatic. However, it may be responsible of some complications, sometimes severe. Surgery can be delicate due to vascular complexity., Highlights • Crossed renal fused ectopy is rare and asymptomatic congenital condition. Association to other malformations is possible. • The ectopic kidney may be responsible of the obstruction and the mal function of the orthotopic kidney. • This is the first case to be reported in literature. • Surgery might be difficult due to aberrant vascularization and possible malrotation of the kidney.

Scrotal calcinosis is a rare benign pathology and its etiology is still discussed. The main complaint is mostly aesthetic. The treatment of extended forms is a one-staged excision. The aim of our study was to study clinical and anatomopathological aspects and report our surgical management of a case of diffuse scrotal calcinosis. We report a case of 24-year-old patient who consulted for painless scrotal nodules lasting for 2 years. Scrotal calcinosis diagnostic was based on clinical examination. The treatment was a one-staged scrotal excision taking all nodules and the plasty of the scrotum. The diagnosis was confirmed by a histopathological examination of surgical specimen.

Introduction and importance Primary testicular lymphoma (PTL) is a variety of extra-nodal lymphoma taking origin from testis. It accounts 5% of all testicular tumors. Metastasis may occur in contralateral testis, bone, central nervous system and rarely in skin. Herein, we present the case of testicular diffuse large B-cell malignant lymphoma with cutaneous metastasis. Case presentation A 60-year-old male presented with swollen painless solid right testis, with homolateral inguinal nodes. Testicular tumors markers were within normal range. Right radical orchidectomy was performed. Histopathological examination concluded to the diagnosis of Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma. Four weeks later, the patient presented alteration of general condition and multiples cutaneous centimetric lesions located in the right inguinal region. Biopsy of this lesion confirmed the diagnosis of metastases from the testicular lymphoma. The patient deceased three days later, before starting further treatment. Clinical discussion Primary testicular lymphoma is a rare variety of testicular tumors. The prognosis is poor. Metastasis may occur in different sites such as contralateral testis, central nervous system, and skin. The prognosis is usually poor in the rare case of cutaneous metastasis. Conclusion Primary testicular tumor is an aggressive rare variety of testicular tumors with poor prognosis. Cutaneous metastasis is rarely reported. Cutaneous lesions should be explored and suspected to be malignant. Early treatment with rapid multidisciplinary management is the key for adequate approach., Highlights • Primary testicular lymphoma is rare, aggressive testicular tumor. • Skin metastasis is extremely rare, and if present, compromises the prognosis. • Diagnosis may be comforted by 18F-PET-CT. • Orchidectomy followed by chemotherapy is the recommended therapeutic options.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the prostate is rare and represents 0.5% to 1% of prostatic carcinomas. Transformation of prostatic adenocarcinoma into squamous cell carcinoma after LH-RH agonist intake has been reported in only 8 cases in the literature. To our knowledge, our case is the second pure squamous cell carcinoma observed after hormonotherapy and radiotherapy. We reported a case of a patient with prostatic adenocarcinoma treated by radical prostatectomy followed by radiotherapy. Eleven years later, he had a vesical recurrence of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Our patient had an endoscopic resection followed by injections of Triptorelin. Six months later, he developed a local recurrence of a squamous cell carcinoma.

Paraganglioma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor that arises from the autonomic nervous system. The urinary bladder paraganglioma accounts for less than 0.1% of bladder tumors. It remains a challenging entity to diagnose and treat due to its rareness and the lack of specific symptoms. Treatment modalities include transurethral resection and cystectomy (partial or total). The authors report a new case of an isolated paraganglioma of the urinary bladder in a 52-year-old female patient that underwent partial cystectomy. This case aims to remind the clinical, histological and therapeutic features of this rare tumor.

Human hydatidosis is endemic in regions with temperate climate where pastoral farming is common. It is frequent in the southern shore of the Mediterranean, particularly in the Maghreb countries. It remains asymptomatic for long period, and the diagnosis is often delayed. The most affected organs are the liver and lungs. Hydatic disease of the urinary tract is an unusual entity. Our case concerns multiple unusual locations of hydatic disease in the urinary tract, including renal, retrovesical and spermatic cord, associated with splenic and intraperitoneal locations. Coexistence of hydatic cysts in such locations of urinary tract has not been previously reported.

Introduction: Tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the non-placement of a nephrostomy tube at the end of the procedure. The benefits of a nephrostomy tube placement are numerous as it provides adequate renal drainage. It may also tamponade bleeding and allow for an easier second-look nephroscopy. However, these advantages are mostly theoretical, and the majority of authors consider the nephrostomy tube as a source of morbidity. Objectives: The aim of this report was to study the efficiency, safety, and morbidity of tubeless PCNL by comparing it to the standard technique. Methods: This is a unicentric retrospective study of 125 patients who had undergone PCNL for renal lithiasis. We divided the patients into two groups: the standard PCNL group (n = 74) and the tubeless PCNL group (n = 51). The rates of good outcomes, complications, duration of hospitalization, and the degree of postoperative pain were compared between these two groups. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in age, gender, history, and the number of stones treated. There were more staghorn stones in the PCNL group with nephrostomy (p = 0.007) and more pelvicalyceal stones in the tubeless group (p = 0.037). Patients who had the standard PCNL had larger stones (p = 0.008). Patients who had a tubeless PCNL had more postoperative infectious complications than the standard PCNL group (p = 0.042). No statistically significant differences were noted for other complications, good outcomes (p = 0.13), postoperative pain (p = 0.51), and duration of hospitalization (p = 0.16). Conclusion: According to the majority of authors, tubeless PCNL is considered a safe and efficient technique. It also provides advantages with less postoperative pain and duration of hospitalization. We believe that a selection bias may exist in most published work concerning routine nephrostomy tube placement.