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This study aimed to determine the effect of 0.2 mT magnetic field exposure on metals (Al, Pb, Cd and Cu) containing media, to proteolytic index of Bacillus sp., protease activity and cell morphology of Bacillus sp. This study consisted of three stages. The first stage was a proteolytic test on solid media containing milk. The second stage was the production of protease enzymes in liquid media. The third stage was Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis on a culture treatment known as protease enzyme activity. The results showed that the largest proteolytic index on CuCl2 metal ion content of magnetic 0.2 mT magnetic field for 10 minutes increased the value of the largest proteolytic index was 4.33. While in the ion solution containing CdCl2, Bacillus sp. culture did not grow. In the production of enzymes in the liquid medium, the highest enzyme activity (0.140 U/ ml) was produced on a medium containing AlCl3 and exposed to magnetic fields. The SEM analysis also proved that the supplementation of AlCl3 increased cell length by 2.38 and 2.78 times longer than control without magnetic field and for magnet field, respectivelly.

Introduction: Heart failure is a prevalent world wide. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers are widely prescribed. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the two drugs in heart failure patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods: This meta-analysis was performed on research articles on the drugs of heart failure patients in PubMed, ProQuest and EBSCO database published between 2008-2018. Pooled odds ratio (OR) are calculated using fixed and random effects models. Data were processed using Review Manager 5.3 (RevMan 5.3).Results: From total 209 articles, 10 studies met the criteria for systematic review. Meta-analysis result showed that there were no difference effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors versus angiotensin receptor blockers in heart failure patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (RR = 1.73 [95% CI 0.88-3.40], p=0.11). Heterogeneity test for studies (Pheterogeneity = p = 0.334) and Begg’s test (p = 0.180).Conclusion: This analysis confirmed there were no difference effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) versus angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in heart failure patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

The incidence of lower extremity artery disease (LEAD) has increased worldwide in the last decade. Its severity has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Atherosclerosis is believed as the main cause of LEAD. Monocytes and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) are the hallmarks of atherosclerosis. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) plays a role in suppressing the activation of monocytes. The monocyte to HDL ratio (MHR) has been reported as a marker of coronary artery disease complexity. However, this marker has not been investigated to assessthe LEAD severity. The study aimed to investigate the association between MHR and LEAD severity. This was an analytic observational study using a cross-sectional design. Patients were selected from the Vascular Disease Registry in Dr.Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta from January 2016 – January 2019. The blood sample was drawn at one day prior, on the day, or one day after duplex ultrasound performed. The duplex ultrasound was then interpreted based on the duplex ultrasound score. Patients were classified into two groups according to the score i.e. severe (score ≥ 8) and nonsevere (score< 8). Where as, the MHR was classified into two groups according to the cut-off point i.e. high (≥ 14.51) and low (< 14.51). The Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis and pvalue

Objective: To determine diametral tensile strength and water absorption ability of Carbonate-apatite blocks fabricated from gypsum precursors (CaSO4) through a dissolution-precipitation method, with different solution molarities and immersion times. Material and Methods: Thirty-six CaSO4 gypsum specimens with 6 mm diameter; 3 mm height (Group A for diametral tensile strength) and 36 specimens of 6 mm diameter; 3 mm thickness (Group B for water absorption ability) were used. Each group was divided into 4 group treatments of: 1) dissolution-precipitation in solution of 0.5mol / L Na 2 CO 3 + 0.5mol / L Na 3 PO 4 for 48 hours and 72 hours; 1mol / L Na 2 CO 3 + 1mol / L Na 3 PO 4 for 48 hours and 72 hours. The C-Ap blocks were then tested using ATR-FTIR spectrometer to identify the formation of C-Ap functional groups. Furthermore, Group A specimens were tested for diametral tensile strength using Universal Testing Machine, and Group B specimens were tested for water adsorption ability using an analytical balance by measuring initial and final weight after immersion in saline solution at 37 o C for 24 hours . Results: The formation of carbonate-apatite (C-Ap) in groups with solution molarity of 1 mol/L for 48 hours and 72 hours resulted in a lower diametral tensile strength and water absorption ability than the groups with a 0.5 mol/L solution . Conclusion: Solution with different molarities and dissolution-precipitation duration affect the formation of carbonate-apatite blocks.

The effects of cadmium concentration (0, 2.5 and 5 mg L−1) on melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), melanophore index (MI), and melanophore number (MN), as well as a microscopic examination of scal...

Effects of cadmium on serum osmolality, ion levels and hematological parameters of tilapia (Orechromis niloticus) were evaluated at different salinities. Serum osmolalities (SOs) in fish unexposed to Cd (0 mg l�1) and exposed to 2.5 mg Cd l�1 were not significantly different at salinities of 0, 5 and 10 g l�1, while at 15 g l�1, SO was significantly higher than at 0, 5 and 10 g l�1. Levels of Na+ and Cl� in serum at salinities of 5, 10 and 15 g l�1 were not significantly different; but were significantly higher than those at 0 g l�1 with and without Cd. In media without Cd, the lowest level of K+ in serum occurred at 15 g l�1 salinity, whereas levels of K+ at 0, 5 and 10 g l�1 were not significantly different. The levels of K+ in Cd-exposed fish at all salinities were not significantly different. At 0 g l�1 salinity, hemoglobin, red blood cells, and hematocrit in Cd-exposed fish were significantly lower than controls. At salinities of 5, 10 and 15 g l�1, levels in control and Cd-exposed fish were not significantly different indicating that higher salinity prevented Cd-induced osmotic imbalance and hematological alterations. © 2018, © 2018 Nature Research Centre.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of sub-lethal lead concentrations on serum osmolality, Na+ and Cl− levels, and hematological parameters in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) at different salinity levels. The serum osmolalities (SO) were not significantly different at any of the salinity levels in the control fish, while in Pb-exposed fish the SO increased with increasing salinity. The concentrations of serum Na+ and Cl− in both the control and Pb-exposed fish increased with increasing salinity. The levels of red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Ht) in the control fish were not significantly different at any of the salinity levels. Meanwhile, the levels of RBC, Hb, and Ht in Pb-exposed fish increased with increasing salinity levels. The levels of RBC (at 0 and 5 ppt) and Ht (at 0, 5 and 10 ppt) in Pb-exposed fish were lower than in the control fish. The levels of Hb in Pb-exposed fish were lower than in the control fish at all salinity levels. The levels of WBC in the control fish increased with increasing salinity, while its levels in the Pb-exposed fish decreased with increasing salinity. The levels of WBC in the Pb-exposed fish were higher than in the control fish at 0 and 5 ppt.

This study evaluated the effect of different salinity levels on the physiology of East Java strain tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by measuring the serum osmolalities (SO), ion levels and hematological parameters. Their SOs above the external medium (hyper-osmotic) at 0 and 5 ppt, becoming iso-osmotic at 10 ppt and hypo-osmotic at 15 ppt. The concentrations of serum Na+, K+, Cl− and Ca2+ in fish acclimated in 0 and 5 ppt were not significantly different. The levels of Na+, Cl– and Ca2+ in fish exposed to 10 and 15 ppt were higher than those in fish acclimated at 0 and 5 ppt. In contrast, the levels of K+ in fish exposed to 10 and 15 ppt were lower than those in fish exposed to 0 and 5 ppt. The levels of red blood cell, hematocrit and hemoglobin of fish exposed to salinity of 0, 5, 10 and 15 ppt were not significantly different. The levels of white blood cell increased significantly at fish exposed to 10 and 15 ppt. These data provide useful information for future reference and farming practice.

Simple Summary Copper is an essential element for the aquatic organisms for a number of biological processes. However, it may be toxic at high concentrations. The present study revealed that the levels of Cu in gills of all Cu-exposed tilapia significantly increased during the first few days, and then gradually decreased, matching the control at D4-D5. The concentration of metallothionein (MT) and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the gills of Cu-exposed fish were in line with the accumulated Cu. The increase of MT, SOD, and CAT during the first few days might be the adaptive response of the animal to Cu toxicity. MT binds the elevated Cu, while SOD and CAT scavenge the increased free radicals due to the increasing level of Cu. Cu does not affect the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in gills of fish, which suggests the SOD, CAT and MT as antioxidant defense systems were able to completely scavenge the increased free radicals. Abstract In the present study, we investigated the effects of waterborne copper (Cu) on the levels of metallothionein (MT) and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in gills of cichlid fish Oreochromis niloticus. The Cu concentrations in gills were measured using an atomic absorption spectrometer. The sandwich-ELISA was used to measure MT, SOD, CAT, and MDA. The Cu concentrations in gills of fish that were exposed to 1, 5, and 10 mg Cu/L were significantly increased at day 1 (D1), then gradually decreased starting from D2, and reaches the similar value with the controls at D5. A similar tendency has been observed in the MT levels in the gills. All of the Cu-exposed fish showed the highest level of MT on D1, and then decreased at D3 and a plateau at D4 and D5. The levels of SOD and CAT in gills in all Cu-exposed fish showed a similar pattern: increased significantly at D1, then gradually decreased starting from D2, and increased again at D4 and D5. The levels of MDA in gills of all Cu-exposed fish showed no significant difference. The indifference levels of MDA in gills of all Cu-exposed fish suggested the antioxidant defense systems (SOD and CAT) combined with the induction of MT were able to completely scavenge the increased ROS.

In continuing search on the biological activity of the organotin compounds we are working with, We here reported the synthesis and the antifungal activity test of three organotin(IV) complexes of dibutyltin(IV) dibenzoate (3), diphenyltin(IV) dibenzoate (6) and triphenyltin(IV) benzoate (9). These three compounds were prepared by the reaction of dibutyltin(IV) dichloride (1), diphenyltin(IV) dichloride (4), and triphenyltin(IV) chloride (7) via dibutyltin(IV) oxide (2), diphenyltin(IV) oxide (5), and triphenyltin(IV) hydroxide (8) with benzoic acid. The product obtained in each step was characterized by UV, IR and NMR spectroscopies and also microelemental analysis. The antifungal activity test was carried out against Fusarium oxysporum strain. The results showed that the inhibition zone shown by these organotin(IV) benzoate were found by far much more active compared to the free benzoic acid, the starting materials 1, 4, 7, and the intermediate products, 2, 5 and 8. The inhibition zone of each of the compounds tested was compared with the control where the fungus alone was grown in the media. The results showed that triphenyltin(IV) benzoate (9) was the most active compound against the fungus and the minimum inhibitory concentration obtained was about 0.7 mM.

Malocclusion or improper teeth arrangement is the most common problem in the field of orthodontics. If the malocclusion is not corrected, it will promote more serious problems, such as bleeding gums, tooth decay, cavities, difficulty breathing and other problems. Currently, the most common technique used to cure the malocclusion is using treatment of orthodontic brackets. Normally, orthodontic brackets can be produced by machining, metal injection molding and investment casting processes. In the previous research, orthodontic brackets have been successfully produced using investment casting process. The investment casting is selected, since the technology was developed well in Indonesia which is shown by existing number of investment casting industries. However, surface roughness of the bracket produced by investment casting is still high, valued at 0.91 μm. On the other hand, surface roughness of the commercial orthodontic bracket is 0.53 μm. In this current work is focused on surface modification of investment casting brackets by using electropolishing. The best result shows that the surface roughness of cast brackets achieve up to 0.44 μm. It shows that opportunity to fabricate orthodontic brackets domestically is applicable.

This research was purposed to understand the effect of 0.2mT magnetic field exposure treatment for 10 minutes toward medium components to the production of protease in Bacillus sp. That magnetic field exposure treatment was given to 8 medium components namely Milk, Yeast, NaCl, KH2PO4, MgSO4, (NH4)2SO4,Agar and Aquadest. Data from Qualitative Proteolytic Activity test on Bacillus sp. indicated that in all treatment, the bacteria were able to produce the enzyme. The highest Proteolytic Index (IP) from all those treatments came from the magnetically exposed KH2PO4 which was 7.17 at the 10th incubation hour. Treatment of exposure to magnetic fields is also given to the liquid medium. Quantitative data of enzyme activity showed that the best incubation time of protease production by Bacillus sp. is the 24th incubation hours with result of 0.031 U/ml. Exposure of 0.2 mT magnetic field for 10 minutes to the NaCl component in Mendel's fluid medium yielded the highest protease activity of 0.067 U/ml.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter are the most common cardiac arrhythmias associated with atrial septal defects (ASD) in adult patients. The incidence could be as high as 52% in patients ages 60 years or more.Patient with congenital heart disease who developed atrial arrhythmias had a >50% increased stroke risk. Nevertheless, studies regarding the pathophysiological mechanism underlying the high incidence of atrial fibrillation in adult patients with ASD remain relatively few. We reported a female 46 years referred to Sardjito hospital with chest discomfort and palpitation. ECG showed atrial flutter, 90 beat per minute, incomplete RBBB, RAD and RVH. Transthoracal echocardiography shown ASD left to right shunt with diameter 1.2 -1.8 cm, LA, RA and RV dilatation, with normal systolic function. From right heart catetherization, the result is ASD High Flow Low Resistance, with pulmonary hypertension (mPAP 44 mmHg).The consequences of left to right shunt across an ASD is RV volume overload and pulmonary overcirculation. Atrial arrhytmia are a common result of long standing right side heart volume and pressure overload. The idea of combining ASD closure and arrhythmia intervention is another approach to consider.

Pericardial effusion associated with malignacy has poor prognosis. The prompt identification of etiology is mandatory, such that timely management can be performed and survival can be increased. However, difficulty in etiology determination is commonly encountered. In this case, we report female patient with relapse stage IV breast cancer who develop massive pericardial and bilateral pleural effusion. The similar characteristics were found in both effusion fluids, however the identification of etiology was not similar. Metastatic cells were found in pleural effusion, whereas they were absent in pericardial effusion.

Surface roughness and microstructure play important role on orthodontic bracket quality. Therefore, orthodontic brackets need to have smooth surface roughness to reduce the friction and bacterial adhesion. Microstructure of orthodontic brackets also determine the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. There are two methods to produce orthodontic bracket, investment casting and metal injection molding. The purpose of this study is to observe the surface roughness and microstructure of orthodontic bracket which were made from two different fabrication methods. To produce orthodontic bracket with metal injection molding method, 17-4 PH stainless steel feedstock was injected to the orthodontic bracket mold using injection molding machine. After injection, the binder was eliminated with solvent and thermal debinding. Solvent debinding process was conducted with hexane at 50 °C on magnetic stirrer for 1.5 hours. Thermal debinding process was conducted at 510 °C with 0.5 °C/min heat rate and 120 min hol...

The use of resin composites as posterior restoratives has markedly increased over the past decade. The patients demand for better esthetics, concerns related to possible mercury toxicity from amalgam and improvements in resin composite materials have significantly contributed the popularity of these materials. Early problems related to composites included excessive wear, less of anatomic form, post operative sensitivity, secondary caries and marginal leakage. Marginal adaptation still remains an unavoidable problem for composite restoration, especially at the gingival wall of cervical or Class II restoration. In an attempt to improve marginal sealing, many techniques and lining materials have been designed. To reduce stress generated by polymerization shrinkage, applying and curing of resin composites in layers is often recommended. Using a thick adhesive layer or low-viscosity resin may, due to its elastic properties, serve as a flexible intermediate layer and compensate for the polymerization stress created in resin composite. Flowable composites were created by retaining the same small particle size of traditional hybrid composite but reducing the filler content and allowing the increased resin to reduce the viscosity of the mixture. Flowable composites were introduced in 1996 as liners, fissure sealants and also in tunnel preparations. They have been suggested for Class I, II, III and V cavity restorations, preventive resin restorations and composite, porcelain and amalgam repairing. Their usage as a liner under high filled resins in posterior restorations has been shown to improve the adaptation of composites and effectively achieve clinically acceptable results. This article attempts to give a broad characteristics of different types of flowable composites.

Suatu penelitian intervensi analitik telah dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengevaluasi cost-effectiveness terapi pasien rawat jalan hipertensi di empat rumah sakit (RS) di Kota Yogyakarta. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode grafik scatter-plot; aksis-X dan aksis-Y menunjukkan selisih tekanan darah (TD) dan biaya antar kelompok. Pemberian umpan balik TD diberikan kepada dokter spesialis perlakuan sebanyak empat kali setelah informed consent, sementara dokter kontrol menjalani terapi secara alamiah. Pasien dari dokter subjek >18tahun, menerima antihipertensi, Askes *, ≥4 kali kunjungan, dan ≥1 kali TD sistolik (TDS) ≥140mmHg diikutkan penelitian. Data terapi, TD, dan biaya terapi pasien dikumpulkan selama 8 bulan secara prospektif sejak intervensi pertama dari catatan medik pasien dan klaim pembayaran RS kepada Askes. Seluruh biaya terkait hipertensi dan kardiovaskular dengan perspektif RS diikutkan analisis. Data diperoleh dari rekam medik dan klaim biaya terapi oleh RS kepada PT. Askes. Hipotesis: proporsi pasien di kuadran kanan grafik mencapai ≥90%. Kuadran kanan menunjukkan TDS perlakuan lebih baik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pasien perlakuan (n=379) dan kontrol (n=266) tidak berbeda bermakna untuk umur, jender, TD, dan jumlah antihipertensi. Pasien perlakuan memiliki TD diastolik lebih baik, biaya antihipertensi per kunjungan lebih tinggi (p 0,05). Proporsi pasien kuadran kanan sebesar 56,2%. Analisis subgrup pada perempuan, tanpa umur 80–90tahun, TDS final≤160mmHg, rerata TDS ≤150mmHg, dan antihipertensi 1–3 item diperoleh proporsi kuadran kanan 66,9% tetapi belum mencapai 90%. Pemberian umpan balik TD kepada dokter meningkatkan proporsi pasien di kuadran kanan meskipun belum mencapai proporsi yang diharapkan. *Askes pada saat sekarang ini sudah berubah menjadi Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional oleh BPJS Kata kunci: Biaya terapi, cost-effectiveness, hipertensi, umpan balik tekanan darah kepada dokter The Effect of Blood Pressure Feedback Intervention to Doctors on the Change of the Hypertensive Patient Therapy Cost An analytical intervention study has been done with the aim to evaluate the therapy cost-effectiveness among the hypertensive ambulatory patients at four hospitals in Yogyakarta city. The study was done with the scatter-plot method; x-axis and y-axis were for the difference of blood pressure and therapy cost between groups respectively. Blood pressure feedback intervention was delivered monthly for four times to the specialists in the intervention group since the informed-consent approval. The control specialists preceded the natural practice. The included patients were the specialist’s subjects with the following criteria: >18 years, “Askes” -insured, ≥4 visits, and ≥1 visit with systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥140mmHg. The medication profile, BP level, and therapy cost profile were collected prospectively for eight months since the first intervention from medical record and the hospital claim to Askes. All hypertensive and cardiovascular therapy cost with the hospital perspective were included in the analysis. Hypothesis: the patient proportion in the right quadrants of the graph reached ≥90%. The right quadrants of graph indicated lower mean SBP of intervention group. The result showed that the intervention (n=379) and control (n=266) groups were similar for age, gender, BP, and items of antihypertensive medicine. The intervention group had only improved diastolic BP and higher antihypertensive medicine cost (p 0.05). Patients in the right quadrant were 56.2%. Sub-group analysis for female only, without 80–90 years, final SBP ≤160mmHg, and mean ≤150mmHg, and 1–3 antihypertensive items resulted 66.9% of right-quadrant patients but it was lower than 90%. Feedback intervention improved the proportion of patients in the right-quadrants of the graph though it was lower than the expected proportion. Keywords: Blood pressure feedback to physicians, cost effectiveness analysis, cost of therapy, hypertension

Background: QT Dispersion (QTd) is known as a spatial dispersion indicator during myocardial repolarization, and elongation of QTd is related with ventricular arrhythmia event and sudden cardiac death in ischemic heart disease. The increase of QTd happens in coronary heart disease during myocardial ischemia induced by treadmill test. There is no research linking changes of the QTd (?QTd) on exercise test with the severity of coronary lesions in patients with suspected stable coronary artery disease. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between QTD changes on exercise test with the severity of coronary lesions in patients with stable coronary artery disease and to determine discriminatory value of QTD changes based on the degree of coronary lesions. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study in Dr. Sardjito Hospital using data from January 1, 2012. Patients with positive exercise test result, already performed coronary angiography and meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria included in the study. QTd changes during exercise test were measured and Syntax scores were assessed based on the results of coronary angiography. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the relationship between two variables. Results: There were 76 patients with average of 56.647.41 years old, with 54 male subjects (71.1%). The most frequent risk factor were hypertension, there were 57 subjects (75%), followed by 32 subjects of dyslipidemia (42.1%), 27 subjects of DM (35.5%), 24 smoker (31.6%), and 2 subjects with family history of CHD (2.6%). Subjects with high Syntax score were 30 subjects (39.5%) and the low Syntax score were 46 subjects (60.5%). In this research, there was positive relationship with medium strength (r=0.531, p

The objective of present study is to evaluate the impact of different salinities on the levels of CAT, GSH and MDA of the gills of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Nile tilapia was treated by exposure to salinities concentration 0 �, 5 � and 10 �. Research models were weakened and sacrificed, then took the left and right sides of the gills. The result of gills homogenity was centrifuged for supernatan, then supernatan was proceed with testing levels of CAT, GSH and MDA by ELISA assay methods. The levels of CAT in gills were significantly higher at 10 � than at 5 � and 0 �. The levels of GSH in gills were significantly higher at 0 � than 5 �. The levels of GSH in gills at 5 � and 10 � salinities were not significantly different. The levels of MDA in gills at salinity 10 � and 5 � were higher than in control gills at 0 � salinities. This occurs because the salinity of 10 � salinity was optimal for live of fish tilapia. In conclusion, salinity impact the increasing of CAT, GSH, and MDA levels in gills of Nile tilapia. © 2017 Author(s).

The prawn Macrobrachium sintangense is likely to be subjected to occasional exposure to combined metal and saline stressors in its natural environment. This research evaluated the acute toxicity (96 h LC50) of cadmium (Cd) on the prawn M. sintangense, with respect to the osmoregulatory capacity (OC) of prawns and to document histological changes in the gills after exposure to sublethal Cd concentrations at different salinities. The 96 h LC50 of Cd to M. sintangense decreased with increasing salinity. The 96 h LC50 values were 89.12 (72.53–109.50), 681.26 (554.20–837.46) and 825.37 (676.99–1006.27) μg CdL−1 at 0, 10 and 20 ppt, respectively. The OC of prawns exposed to 30 μg CdL−1 at 0 ppt and to 300 μg CdL−1 at10 ppt decreased significantly compared with that of control prawns exposed to 0 and 10 ppt respectively. Swelling, hyperplasia and necrosis of gill lamellae resulting in the loss of marginal canals were observed in the gills of prawns exposed to 30 μg CdL−1 at 0 ppt and to 300 μg CdL−1 at 10 ppt fo...

The study aimed to assess the effect of the blood pressure (BP) feedback intervention to physicians on the improvement of the blood pressure control of hypertension subjects. The study was done with controlled repeated intervention design. The adult hypertensive non-hemodialysis subjects from 4 Indonesian hospitals were included as intervention and control subjects. Outcomes were measured as the improvement of systolic BP (SBP). The subjects in intervention (n=385) vs. non-intervention (n=271) groups had similar age and proportion of males (p>0.05); proportion of cardiovascular comorbid 78.7% vs. 91.5% (p

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of immersion time in artificial salive on the flexural strength of provisional crown and bridge (p-c&b) materials. Materials and Methods: Two types of p-c&b materials were used in this study: Light polymerized p-c&b material (Revotek LC) and autopolymerized p-c&b material (PerfecTemp II). A total of 100 specimens were fabricated and measured according to ISO 4049/2000. A stainless steel mould was used to prepare 2mmx2mmx25mm bar shaped specimens. All materials were dispensed and manipulated according to the manufacturers' instructions. The specimens were divided into 5 groups (n=10). Each specimen of the first group was measured immediately after preparation. The second, third, fourth and fifth groups were immersed in artificial saliva at 37ºC in an incubator for 1 hour, 1 day, 7 days, and 14 days, respectively. Flexural strength was tested by Universal Mechanical Testing Machine Shimadzu in a 3-point bending test. The repeated ANOVA and Post-Hoc Bonferroni test were used to compare the continuous variables between the groups. Results: The results showed flexural strength of Revotek LC were higher than PerfecTemp II at first and second group. However, flexural strength of PerfecTemp II was higher than Revotek LC at third, fourth, and fifth group. The highest flexural strength of Revotek LC was achieved in 1 hour immersion, whereas PerfecTemp II achieved the highest value in 7 days. Conclusion: Flexural strength of p-c&b materials were influenced by immersion time in artifical saliva and the type of p-c&b materials.DOI: 10.14693/jdi.v17i1.108

Hyperglycaemia is common in patients with acute myocardial infarction with and without diabetes mellitus. There is a positive relationship between hyperglycaemia at thetime of event and highly incidence of mortality and morbidity after acute myocardial infarction. Consequently, understanding the possible mechanisms through which hyperglycaemia worsens the prognosis of acute myocardial infarction, as well as effectiveness of its control during acute myocardial infarction, seems to be a great relevance. This study to investigate wether a relationship exists between blood glucose level on admission and cardiac events in non diabetic patients after an acute myocardial infarction. Method,  a cohort prospective observational study was done on acute myocardial infarction’s patients who were hospitalized in ICCU DR Sardjito’s hospital from March 2002 until October 2004. Subject who met inclusion and exclusion criteria were divided into 2 groups, the group in which blood glucose level onadmission was ≤ 140 mg/dl and the group with bloodglucose on admission was > 140 mg/dl. Cardiac events as well as mortality, cardiac failure, reinfarction and cardiogenic shock were observed for 6 months. There were 95 subjects, 93 males and 2 females.

A blood monitoring system based on NMR method has been designed on constructed. This set-up of equipment used magnetic permanent, radio frequency (RF), receiver coil (RC), function generator (FG), amplifier which included the filter, as well as the oscilloscope digital storage. The background of this research was based on the sensitivity of NMR signal. The signal must be separated from signals background. This method was done by adjusting the frequency on FG, which was connected to radio frequency (RF) coil, on empty sample. Subsequently, NMR signal was received by RC, and that signal could be shown on oscilloscope at resonance condition. The true frequency on NMR signal was Larmor frequency, and the other was background. The two variables of this experiment were the position of RF coil and the location temperature (20 up to 30oC). In conclusion, the resonance frequency of NMR signal (as Larmor frequency) was 4.7 MHz (at static magnetic field of 1,600 gauss) and it could be separated from background signals (3.4 and 6.2 MHz), and that signal was almost constant to room temperature. The equipment was used for sample testing. It gave systole/diastole data of 110/70 mmHg (on sphygmomanometer) that was similar to 17/9 mV (on NMR signal). ABSTRAK Telah dikembangkan alat pemantauan tekanan darah berdasar prinsip NMR.

Betel leaf extract gel contains tannin, a chromogenic agent that causes extrinsic discoloration of the tooth enamel. This study aimed to determine the effect of betel leaf extract gel on color changes in the tooth enamel. Eighteen extracted premolar teeth were divided into three groups (n = 6 each) based on the concentration of the betel leaf extract gel: 15%, 25%, and 35%. Color measurements were performed before application, and after 5, 15, and 26 applications (equivalent to 1, 3, and 6 months of application, respectively). The discolorations were calculated using the CIE L*a*b* formula. Statistical analysis revealed significant changes in color on the enamel surface among the 5, 15, and 26 gel applications at all three concentrations. Thus, duration of application of the betel leaf extract gel has a significant effect on color change of tooth enamel.

Following plaque rupture, activated platelet will induce subsequent inflammatory process including neutrophil recruitment. In vitro study demonstrated an interaction between neutrophils and platelets via a mechanism involving CD40-CD40 ligand. However, whether this mechanism exists in the clinical setting remains unknown. Fifty-four patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and 25 with unstable angina of pain onset ofor = 24 h were enrolled consecutively. Acute myocardial infarction was diagnosed from three diagnostic criteria, i.e., anginal pain, electrocardiogram ST-T changes, and cardiac enzyme elevation. Unstable angina was diagnosed in patients without elevated cardiac enzymes. Peripheral venous blood was drawn at admission for routine blood count and soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) measurement. Neutrophil count was determined by an automated blood cell counter. Circulating sCD40L was measured using a standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Neutrophil count was significantly higher in AMI as compared with unstable angina (P0.001), whereas circulating sCD40L did not significantly differ. Despite marked elevation, no correlation was observed between neutrophil count and circulating sCD40L in AMI. Interestingly, we observed a strong and positive significant correlation between neutrophil count and circulating sCD40L level (r = 0.607, P = 0.002) in unstable angina. Circulating sCD40L is associated with neutrophil count and may mediate interaction between neutrophils and platelets in acute coronary syndrome, particularly in unstable angina.

Dual antiplatelet therapy has been proven effective to reduce recurrent cardiovascular eventin patients with coronary artery disease and recommended as standard therapy for acute coronary syndrome and patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention. The adverse clinical occurrence in patients who taking aspirin and clopidogrel associates with antiplatelet non responsiveness, in addition to repetitive bleeding incident in such a way that platelet reactivity and genetic polymorphisms investigation rises intense interest. Resistance to antiplatelet or antiplatelet non responsiveness means a phenomenon in which antiplatelet drug fails to deliver pharmacological target and it is determined by platelet function measurement. Recent laboratorymethods have been developed to diagnose antiplatelet resistance, but none of them was considered as standard tool since its wide inter-individual variability and poor correlation between them. The mechanism of antiplatelet resistance is not fully understood, multifactorial, involving pharmaco dynamic and pharmacokinetic of the drugs. This review is aimed to comprehend theantiplatelet resistance mechanism and provide crucial information on managing patients who take dual antiplatelet treatment with adverse clinical events.Keywords: antiplatelet resistance; mechanism; laboratory measurement; management

The surface of a restoration can be affected by toothpaste containing abrasive agents and the stiffness of toothbrush bristles. Objective: To identify the effect of toothbrush bristle stiffness on nanohybrid surface roughness. Methods: Sixteen nanohybrid specimens were separated into two groups. The first group was brushed using soft-bristle toothbrushes, and the second group was brushed using medium-bristle toothbrushes. Media such as aqua bides was used for brushing in both groups. Brushing was done 3 times for 5 minutes. Surface roughness was measured initially and at 5, 10, and 15 minutes using a surface roughness tester. Results: The results, tested with One-Way ANOVA and Independent Samples t Test, demonstrated that after brushing for 15 minutes, the soft-bristle toothbrush group showed a significantly different value (p < 0.05) of nanohybrid surface roughness. The group using medium-bristle toothbrushes showed the value of nano hybrid surface roughness significant difference after brushing for 10 minutes. Conclusion: Roughness occurs more rapidly when brushing with medium-bristle tooth brushes than when brushing with soft-bristle toothbrushes.

The aim of this study was to determine the surface roughness changes of tooth enamel after brushing with charcoal toothpaste. Thirty specimens were brushed using distilled water (the first group), Strong® Formula toothpaste (the second group), and Charcoal® Formula toothpaste for four minutes and 40 seconds (equivalent to one month) and for 14 minutes (equivalent to three months) using a soft fleece toothbrush with a mass of 150 gr. The roughness was measured using a surface roughness tester, and the results were tested with repeated ANOVA test and one-way ANOVA. The value of the surface roughness of tooth enamel was significantly different (p

Amylase gene (ALP1) insertion in YCp 50 cloning vector was detected by Direct Screening PCR. Result of Direct Screening PCR showed one transformants which assumed have amylase gene insert. Characterization of the recombinant DNA by Stu1 and EcoR1 restriction enzymes indicated nucleotide sequence of insert gene. Digestion by BamHI, Cla1, and EcoRV restriction enzymes showed only one band that assumed size of insert gene is about 1500 bp. Gene expression showed that amylase enzyme activity by using Somogyi-Nelson method was 88.0265 Unit. This activity was 10% higher than transformant control ( Escherichia coli DH5α which content YCp50). Keyword : ALP1 gene, Direct screening PCR, gene expression

The objective of this study was to measure the copper (Cu) concentration in gills of juveniles Litopenaeus vannamei after exposure to Cu at sublethal concentrations, and to evaluate its effect upon the structure of gill tissue. The Cu concentration in gills of control shrimp was 0.075 mg/kg. Copper concentrations increased significantly by 147 %, 180 % and 205 % in gills of shrimp exposed to 0.675, 1.325 and 2.010 mg Cu/L, respectively. After exposure to 0.675 mg Cu/L for 15 days, gill tissue hyperplasia was observed, with a narrowing of the hemolymphatic lacunae. Necrosis and loss of hemolymphatic lacunae were observed at exposures of 1.325 and 2.010 mg Cu/L.

Objective: To measure the comorbid effect on blood pressure and therapy expenditure in 4 secondary care hospitals in Jogjakarta.Methods: We conducted an 8-month prospective pharmacoeconomic study with hospital perspective. All hypertensive outpatients, with Askes-insurance whose beneficiaries were governmental employees, with at least 2 moly visits at the index date were included. The subjects with malignancy, hemodialysis, and less than 4 visits were excluded. The expenditure comprised the cost for cardiovascular medicine, doctor, physical/laboratory test, emergency visit, and physiotherapy. We analyzed the expenditure change and sensitivity analysis with Anova-test, whereas the proportion of subjects with good controlled blood pressure with the chi-square test.Results: The eligible subjects (N=656) consisted of no comorbid (n=105), stroke (n=82), cardiovascular (n=209), diabetes mellitus/chronic kidney disease or DM/CKD (n=149), and combined comorbid (n=111) groups. The baseline blood pressure was similar to no comorbid (p>0.05), except for the diastolic blood pressure in a cardiovascular group. The stroke and cardiovascular groups had more subjects at mean systolic blood pressure lower than 140 mmHg with odds ratio (OR) 2.01 (CI95%:1.12-3.62) and 2.10 (CI95%:1.31-3.39) respectively than no comorbid group; but the mean blood pressure was not clinically different. The total therapy expenditure increased at 6.5% (pConclusion: The total therapy expenditure but not blood pressure was likely to be influenced by hypertension comorbidity. We suggest that preventing hypertension comorbidity has the benefit to reduce total therapy expenditure.

Acute coronary syndrome is a clinical condition of partial or total obstruction of blood flow in the coronary artery due to acute thrombus formation. Culprit vessel, coronary artery segment within which the site of origin of thrombus formation lies, is occupied by eroded or ruptured atherosclerotic plaque. Direct contact between circulating blood constituent and atherosclerotic plaque content owing to loss of endothelial cell barrier orchestrates the haemostasis events, i.e. thrombus formation and coagulation activation. Evolved within years of human life span, atherosclerotic undergoes three main steps: initiation, progression and finally complication (Libby, 2002). Atherosclerotic plaque development involves cellular and molecular interactions as well as blood flow dynamic alterations in the affected area. Although these steps affect all individual, some gather the risk factors to develop progression and complication of coronary atherosclerotic lesion faster and more prominent than others. Given the dynamic nature of these steps, understanding several mechanisms engage in every step will provide insight into therapeutic approach. Here, we review the last two steps of coronary atherosclerotic plaque development, with the focus in the role of platelets, anucleated cells being the target for therapeutic advancement in atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndrome.

Advances in modern dental materials provide patients and practitioners a number of choices from which to create a pleasing and natural looking restoration. This report outlines important features of many of the most popular direct restoratives, with an emphasis on safety and efficacy of each material. The article aims to help dentists to explain their patients the relative and conservative impact of various materials used in dental restoration. On the basis of current knowledge from laboratory and clinical studies, the alternatives discussed in this report, when properly applied, can provide the patient with a safe and effective treatment in the repair of decayed teeth.