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Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared.

Objectives: To identify the research landscape in terms of keywords, annual outputs, journals, countries, and institutions and explore the hot topics and prospects regarding adapted sport research., Materials and Methods: Publications designated as "article" on adapted sport retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection. VOSviewer 1.6.11, Citespace, and Bibliometrix in R Studio were applied for the bibliometric analyses., Results: A total of 1887 articles were identified. Over the past two decades, athletic performance, sociology/psychology, and rehabilitation were extensively investigated. Basketball, soccer, and swimming were the three most focused adapted sports. Researchers showed a growing interest in submitting their studies to sport science, rehabilitation, and sociological journals. Adapted sport research was more common in developed countries and regions. The UK contributed most publications accounting for about 20% of the total publications., Conclusions: With the growth of publications concerning adapted sport, the bibliometric analysis presented an overview of collaboration, trends, and hotspots in the field.

Background and purpose of the study. Coordination abilities are a key element in the successful execution of technical basketball skills. In this context, developing appropriate comprehensive training programs that do not harm health is a critically important task. The purpose of the study is to analyze the impact of aerobics training on the coordination abilities of basketball players at the initial training stage. Materials and methods. The study involved 11-year-old basketball players (n=30). The tests used included: movement in a defensive stance; dribbling (with direction changes and cone dribbling); static balance (standing on one leg); and passing the ball to a target. The Student's t-test was used to compare the results of different training methods. Results. Significant improvements were observed in all tests within the experimental group: the time for movement in a defensive stance decreased from 15.18±0.4 to 12.86±0.40 seconds (p0.05). Conclusions. Aerobics training significantly improves the coordination abilities of young 11-year-old basketball players without compromising their health. The results of the study demonstrated the effectiveness of aerobic exercises in developing the skills necessary for the successful execution of technical basketball maneuvers. The absence of significant changes in the control group confirms the advantages of incorporating comprehensive training programs that include aerobics.

Purpose: Since the foot is vital for maintaining stability and posture, knowing the difference between dominant and non-dominant knees can help reduce the risk of knee injury. Basketball players with dynamic knee valgus (DKV) following fatigue application were the subjects of the current study, which compared the angle and pattern of knee valgus in dominant and non-dominant feet. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, our selection process involved choosing 27 basketball players with a knee dynamic valgus pattern (mean age=20.77±3.06 years, mean height=188±9 centimeters, and mean weight=79.68±18.35 kilograms) in a non-random, targeted manner. To assess the knee valgus angle in the frontal plane, we performed imaging using a digital camera positioned at 366 centimeters and a height of 105 centimeters relative to the subject. Furthermore, the subjects performed three countermovement jumps. Data were analyzed using “KINOVEA” software, version 0.9.5. In this study, players engaged in a 40-minute basketball game, conducted under regulations and including all scheduled rest periods. Results: No significant difference was observed between the pre-test and post-test in the dominant foot initial contact valgus variable (P=0.900), non-dominant foot initial contact valgus variable (P=0.134), dominant foot maximum flexion valgus variable (P=0.237), and non-dominant foot maximum flexion valgus variable (P=0.188), according to the results of the paired t-test for within-group comparison of the study’s mean variables. Furthermore, no statistically significant difference was observed in the first contact valgus between the dominant and non-dominant foot prior to the test (P=0.485) or between the two groups after the test (P=0.066). However, a significant difference was found in the maximum flexion valgus between the dominant and non-dominant foot before the test (P=0.012) and after the test (P=0.018), indicating that the dominant foot had a greater valgus angle than the non-dominant foot in both instances. Conclusion: The current study’s results indicate that functional exhaustion, as employed in this investigation, does not raise the knee valgus angle; however, among basketball players, the dominant foot’s valgus angle was larger than the non-dominant foot. Therefore, the basketball players’ dominant foot is probably more vulnerable to non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries.

Purpose: As the only means of scoring in basketball, shooting or throwing is regarded as one of the essential skills that govern the game’s success. When it comes to improving muscle performance in a variety of sports, variable resistance training (VRT) also known as resistance band training is one of the effective training methods. Objectives: To examine the impact of an eight-week variable resistance training (VRT) on performance and fitness measures in young collegiate basketball players. Materials and Methods: Thirty male collegiate basketball players in the age group of 18–30 years were included in this comparative study and randomly divided into two groups, group A and group B with 15 players in each group. Group A received VRT using resistance bands, whereas group B received training with free weights. Both groups received routine basketball training as well. Ball release speed, jump height, upper limb performance speed, and shooting accuracy were measured with radar gun, vertical jump test, plate tapping test, stationary free throw shooting test, and dynamic shooting test. For eight weeks, both groups underwent training thrice a week for 60 min each day for eight weeks. Result: Significant differences were seen in VRT group P < 0.05. The experimental group improved in the following areas: ball release speed (up 9.13%), lower limb power (up 24.96%), speed of upper limb performance (up 8.24%), and accuracy (29.52%). Conclusion: Variable resistance training using resistance bands can be adapted as a regular training in basketball game along with conventional basketball drills for enhancement of skill performance variables in basketball players.

Purpose: Past research supports the hypothesis that the position of basketball players affects their susceptibility to injury; however, there is disagreement among researchers regarding which positions are at greater risk of injury. The current study compares the lower limb joint angles in basketball players with dynamic knee valgus deficiency across different positions. Methods: In this study, 27 basketball players with dynamic knee valgus deficiency were purposefully selected in three groups as follows: Guards (mean age=19.77±2.68 years, mean height=1.77±0.04 cm, and mean weight=63.40±5.10 kg), forwards (mean age=20.22±2.90 years, mean height=187±0.04 cm, and mean weight=76.80±2.94 kg ) and centers (mean age=22.33±3.27years, mean height=1.99±0.04 cm, and mean weight=98.84±18.42 kg), within the age range of 16 to 26 years. The anthropometric characteristics of the players, including height, weight, shoulder width, hip width, anterior superior iliac spine distance, lower limb length, Q angle, knee width, and ankle width, were measured. To evaluate the lower limb angles in the sagittal and frontal planes, imaging was performed using two digital cameras at a distance of 366 cm and a height of 105 cm relative to the subject, and the subjects performed three countermovement jumps. The analysis was conducted using the Kinovea software. To compare the mean variables of the study, mixed-design analysis of variance (2×3), one-way analysis of variance, and the Bonferroni post hoc tests were utilized. All hypothesis tests were conducted at a significance level of P≤0.05. Results: There was no significant difference in the initial contact angle of the hip joint (P=0.537), maximum hip flexion (P=0.891), initial contact angle of the knee joint (P=0.264), maximum knee flexion (P=0.321), initial contact angle of the ankle joint (P=0.116), and maximum ankle flexion (P=0.393) among the three groups. Additionally, there was no significant difference in the initial contact angle of the knee joint in dominant (P=0.059) and non-dominant (P=0.490) legs, as well as in the maximum knee flexion in dominant (P=0.872) and non-dominant (P=0.552) legs. Conclusion: No significant differences were observed in the lower limb joint angles among the three groups of guards, forwards, and centers. Therefore, different basketball positions may not be a significant risk factor for non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries.

Background The 3-point shot plays a significant and pivotal role in the historical context of basketball competitions. Visual attention exerts a crucial influence on the shooting performance of basketball players. This study aims to investigate the eye movement characteristics exhibited by high-level basketball players while executing 3-point shot at varying exercise intensities, as well as explore the correlation between these eye movement characteristics and 3-point field goal percentage. Methods A total of twenty highly skilled female basketball players were recruited as participants for this study. During the experiment, the participants wore an eye tracker to record their eye movement data while executing 3-point shot at varying exercise intensities (low, moderate, and high). The collected eye movement data was analyzed using Tobii Pro Lab software. Additionally, the participants’ exercise intensity was monitored by wearing Polar Team Pro sensors. Results The average number of fixations during the execution of a 3-point shot at three exercise intensities exhibited statistically significant differences in the front, bottom, top left, and bottom right. Moreover, notable disparities were observed in the average fixation duration for the front, bottom, and bottom right. The average total number of fixations and fixation duration in the moderate intensity shot were comparatively lower than those observed in the low and high intensity shots, while the average number of fixations and percentage of fixation duration on the front were relatively higher compared to those in the low and high intensity shots. Under varying intensities, there were no significant differences observed in the average number of fixations and the 3-point field goal percentage each AOI; however, a significantly positive correlation was found between the front average fixation duration and the 3-point field goal percentage. Conclusion During the execution of a moderate intensity 3-point shot, the player’s fixation is focused and stable, their information search strategy is efficient, and their information processing is precise. Variations in exercise intensity result in changes to both the information search strategy and degree of processing. Fixating on the front has a positive impact on 3-point field goal percentage.

AbstractObjectives The differences in sporting environments between open and closed skill sports impose unique demands on athletes’ cognitive and motor capabilities. Our study aims to investigate and compare cognitive function and Heart Rate Variability (HRV) among individuals involved in different sports, namely basketball, swimming, and a sedentary non-sports group.Materials and methods The study consisted of three groups, namely basketball players, swimmers, and sedentary individuals, with each group comprising twenty-six participants. HRV was assessed with the help of PowerLab. Cognition was assessed using the Ebbinghaus Memory Procedure Test (EMT), Go/No-Go Task (GNG), Color Stroop task, Trail Making Test (TMT), and Letter Cancellation test (LCT).Results The results of the Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) analyses indicated that there was significance between the groups. However, no significant differences were observed between swimmers and basketball players in cognitive functions and HRV measures. Overall, the sport group outperformed the sedentary group. Specifically, basketball players and swimmers completed LCT and TMT faster than the sedentary group (p = 0.044 and p

Background and Aim: Each team discipline presents a specific physiological and anthropometric profile because of some particular needs and functions. The primary aim of the study was to analyze the vertical jump power (squat jump, countermovement jump, and countermovement jump with arm swing), Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability test (CKCUES test), throwing ball velocity, and handgrip strength among volleyball, basketball, and handball players, and the secondary aim was to find out the correlation of handgrip strength with all these parameters. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study where 75 university male volleyball (Group A, n = 25), basketball (Group B, n = 25), and handball (Group C, n = 25) players participated. Throwing ball velocity was measured with SRA3000 Radar Gun, vertical jump power was assessed by force platform (Kinematic Measurement System), and handgrip strength was measured by using a digital handheld dynamometer (CAMRY EH101). Results: By using SPSS version 21, one-way analysis of variance and Pearson correlation were found. Group A showed significantly higher scores in handgrip strength, vertical jump power, and CKCUES test as compared to Group B and Group C. Handgrip strength showed a positive correlation with throwing ball velocity, vertical jump power, and CKCUES test (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Significant differences in fitness and strength parameters were found among all the groups, and there was a positive correlation of handgrip with upper- and lower-limb strength. These findings will empower the coaches for objective selection of players on the basis of strength and fitness baselines as well as better understanding of injury risks.

Aims: Deep sense plays a significant role in sensory control feedback, joint stability, coordination and balance. Despite the important role of vision and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation on functional skills in athletes, a few studies have been conducted in this regard. This study aimed at investigating the effects of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation exercises on dynamic visual acuity and performance of young female basketball players. Instrument & Methods: In this is semi-experimental study, 34 young basketball players were randomly classified into two intervention and control groups. In the intervention group, the participants were involved the program of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation. Moreover, in the control group, the participants performed their own daily routine exercises. Harrison Basketball Skills was used for measuring the sport performances. Also, dynamic visual acuity was measured by the PowerPoint. The SPSS software (version 23) was used for statistical analysis. Findings: The results implied that PNF exercises resulted in a significant increase in the Sport performance and dynamic visual acuity in the intervention group. A statistically significant difference was observed in the Sport performance and dynamic visual acuity between the intervention and control groups before doing the exercise protocol. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation can be used to enhance the performance and dynamic visual acuity in basketball players and other dynamic sports.

Purpose: This investigation aimed to compare the effect of neuromuscular, strength, and combined training on dynamic balance and sports performance, including power, sprint, and agility in female basketball players. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 42 female professional basketball players (age: 19-25 years) were assigned to three groups of Neuromuscular (NM), Strength (ST), and Combined training (CM), and one control group. The Multivariate Analysis of the Variance (MANOVA) was used to compare between-groups data. Dynamic balance and performance measurements (vertical jump, agility, and sprint) of athletes were assessed before and after six weeks of intervention by Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), Sargent vertical jump device, Shuttle Run device, and sprint 27-meter test. Results: Results of the MANOVA showed all between-group differences for dynamic balance, sprint, and agility were only significant between the control group and NM, ST, and CM groups (P≤0.05). In addition, the CM group was significantly different compared to the NM and ST groups (P≤0.05). Balance and high jump within-group differences showed a significant increase in the NM, ST, and CM groups in the high jump variable (P≤0.05). For sprint and agility, within-group results showed a significant decrease in the NM, ST, and CM groups (P≤0.05). Besides, the larger effect size was seen in the combined group for all variables. Conclusion: It seems that neuromuscular, strength, and combined training is similarly effective in improving the balance and functional performance of female basketball athletes and there is not a significant difference between them.

Background The shooting aiming point is very important in basketball because it may affect the field goal percentage (FG%). The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of shooting aiming point practice on FG% and to search for new training methods for shooting improvement in basketball. Methods A total of 24 expert basketball players and 24 amateur basketball players participated in the shooting task of Experiment 1. The participants in the two groups wore an eye movement instrument while shooting the ball. The shooting techniques included free throws, 45° direct shots and 45° bank shots to verify the differences in shooting aiming points between expert basketball players and amateur basketball players. Forty-eight amateur basketball players participated in the teaching experiment of Experiment 2. Twenty-four participants participated in routine teaching, and 24 participants had shooting aiming point practice for nine weeks to verify the difference in FG% between the two groups. The shooting aiming points of the participants were assessed immediately after shooting. Results Experiment 1 found that expert basketball players used shorter fixation duration, fewer fixation numbers and more reasonable (simple and efficient) fixation distributions than amateur players. Moreover, expert basketball players took the front edge of the hoop as the aiming point, and amateur players took the central or back edge of the hoop as the aiming point; the FG% of the expert group (83.47%) was significantly higher than that of the amateur group (34.86%) (P 0.05). After 9 weeks of shooting aiming point training, the FG% of the intervention group (36.39%) was significantly higher than that of the control group (30.14%) (P

Basketball is among the most popular sports in the world, and its related industries have also produced huge economic benefits. In recent years, the application of artificial intelligence (AI) technology in basketball has attracted a large amount of attention. We conducted a comprehensive review of the application research of AI in basketball through literature retrieval. Current research focuses on the AI analysis of basketball team and player performance, prediction of competition results, analysis and prediction of shooting, AI coaching system, intelligent training machine and arena, and sports injury prevention. Most studies have shown that AI technology can improve the training level of basketball players, help coaches formulate suitable game strategies, prevent sports injuries, and improve the enjoyment of games. At the same time, it is also found that the number and level of published papers are relatively limited. We believe that the application of AI in basketball is still in its infancy. We call on relevant industries to increase their research investment in this area, and promote the improvement of the level of basketball, making the game increasingly exciting as its worldwide popularity continues to increase.

Introduction and purpose. Many athletes obtain popularity during their time in sports, but what they do after the end of their professional careers is something that is rarely well known. It has to be stated that a sports career is a specific activity because it starts early in life, lasts relatively short, and the greatest successes usually occur when non-athlete peers are just starting to climb the steps of a typical professional career. Some former athletes do great after they retire from sports, but there are also many of those who have difficulties finding themselves in a new for them reality. The article aims to present how the level of education of former athletes’ affects their subsequent professional careers. Material and method. The study involved 301 former basketball players who previously played in 4 top leagues in Poland. The dependent variables in this study are the most common in the literature on the subject indicators of career success, such as earnings and job satisfaction. In turn, the independent variable is the level of education. In addition, the study considered whether the represented sports level influences the acquisition of education. Results. It turns out that those players who played in the top league finished their sports careers later and thus earned longer on basketball. However, more players from the lower leagues have higher education, and they are now more satisfied with their work. Conclusions. It may not be easy to combine professional sports at the highest level with studying. But the results of the research show that in the case of basketball, many athletes graduate from university. What is more, former players with higher education are usually very satisfied with their current job. In conclusion, it can be stated that former basketball players do well in their second careers, compared to the national average.

Introduction/Objective. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in concentrations of urea, creatinine, uric acid, proteins, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), and salivary amylase in saliva samples collected before, immediately after, and 30 minutes after physical activity performed during basketball and mixed martial arts (MMA) training. Methods. Twenty-two athletes, 11 basketball players and 11 MMA fighters, 18 men and four women, aged 15–24 years, participated in the study. Saliva samples were collected using sterile saliva containers (Salivette®) from all participants before training (sample 1), immediately after (sample 2), and 30 minutes after training (sample 3). The levels of all investigated biomarkers were measured spectrophotometrically using a biochemical analyzer. Results. Statistically significant differences were present among samples 1, 2, and, 3 in the concentrations of urea, AST, and CK in samples collected from MMA fighters (Friedman test). Among three samples taken from basketball players, the significant differences were not observed for the analyzed parameters. When concentrations of all diagnostic markers were compared between basketball and MMA independently for samples 1, 2, and 3, statistically significant differences (Mann–Whitney U-test) existed in concentrations of urea, uric acid, proteins, and AST. Conclusion. Based on the results of the present study, the influence of the exercise on the levels of salivary diagnostic markers, such as urea, AST, and CK, is more evident during MMA than basketball training. Saliva composition of MMA fighters and basketball players differ in terms of levels of urea, uric acid, proteins, and AST.

Background: Basketball is one of the best aerobic-predominant exercises and the most important muscle used in this sport is the gastrocnemius muscle. This muscle plantar flexes the ankle when the knee is extended to maintain the balance and to stabilize the body during vigorous movements. Furthermore, the gluteus, quadriceps, hamstrings, and calves may get activated when running up and down the court and jump in the air when doing basketball training. This study was conducted to compare the gastrocnemius muscle strength in basketball and non-basketball players. Methods: This analytical study was to measure the gastrocnemius muscle strength in basketball (n=16) and non-basketball (n=16) players, using hand-held dynamometer (HHD). Gender, weight, height, Body Mass Index (BMI) and maximal gastrocnemius muscle strength were recorded and compared between groups. The study was conducted from August to October 2013 in the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran. Results: The maximal gastrocnemius muscle strength showed no significant differences both in basketball and non-basketball players for females and males with p-value 0.092 and 0.711, respectively. Conclusions: There is no significant difference in gastrocnemius muscle strength between basketball and non-basketball players in males as well as in females. Presumably, there are other muscles that take parts to develop leg power by doing the right weight-training exercises.

Abstract Objective The present study determined the pattern of presentation and severity of patellar tendinopathy (PT) and its relationship with selected biomechanical variables in elite athletes. Methods The study involved 98 elite Nigerian basketball and volleyball players aged between 18 and 35 years. Clinical tests and ultrasound imaging were used to divide the participants into symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. Standard procedures were used to assess the quadriceps angle (Q-angle), tibial torsion, ankle dorsiflexion, hamstring flexibility, and foot posture. The Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment Questionnaire, Patellar Tendon (VISA-P) was used to assess the severity of the symptoms. The statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and a post hoc analysis and Pearson correlation with significance level set at p < 0.05 were also performed. Results Significantly lower sit-and-reach scores (p = 0.01), increased foot posture index score (p = 0.01) and reduced ankle dorsiflexion range (p = 0.03) were found in participants of both sexes with symptomatic PT. Higher Q-angles (p = 0.02) in males and tibial torsion angles (p = 0.001) in females were also found in the symptomatic PT groups. Symptom severity was significantly higher in the group with clinical symptoms only (p = 0.042), and it was significantly correlated with hamstring flexibility in both males (r = -0.618) and females (r = -0.664). Conclusion Reduced hamstring flexibility, increased foot pronation and reduced ankle dorsiflexion range were significant in participants with symptomatic PT.

The objective of research was to implement and to find out the result of need analysis, to develop early product (prototype) by implementing and finding out the result of expert and field tests, and to implement product effectiveness test in order to find out the result of cutting movement-based medium shoot skill practice model in 15-18 year age group player. The method employed in this study was “research and development” one. Borg and Gall said that there are 3 (three) main procedures in research and development: firstly, need analysis; secondly product development, and thirdly, product effectiveness test stages. Techniques of collecting data employed in this study were interview, questionnaire, and basketball shooting test. From the result of research conducted through interviewing the basketball coach in Karanganyar Regency, it can be seen that the basketball medium shoot skill level of 15-18 year age players still tends to be low and there has been no specific guidance concerning the cutting movement-based basketball medium shoot practice form in basketball club. In the second stage, the product development was divided into two: product development and trial. The product developing stage was conducted using expert test, from which it can be found the result of cutting movement-based basketball medium shoot practice model development product with feasibility score of 88.04% belonging to valid category for field test with some notes. Field test stage was divided into two groups: small-scale test with 10 players being the subject and large-scale test with 20 players, with the score of 80.92% and 87.69% for small- and large-scale tests, respectively. It indicates that the development product is feasible with valid criteria for the next stage. The third stage was effectiveness test conducted with 30 players being the subject divided into two groups: experiment (product) and control groups. The total variance score for each of groups based on this test was 56.90 for experiment and 45.58 for control groups. The final conclusion was that experiment group had better result improvement than control group, meaning that the use of cutting movement-based basketball medium shoot practice model development product improved the medium shooting skill of 15-18 year age male group player in Karanganyar Regency more effectively and efficiently.

The purpose of this study was to determine anthropometry and dominant physical conditions to determine the achievement of 12-16 year old basketball athletes. This study used a population of basketball players aged 12-16 years in basketball clubs in Solo Raya, which numbered 60 players. The sampling technique in this study used a purposive sampling technique. The technique of collecting data uses tests and measurements. Factor analysis in this study was carried out using the SPSS version 20.0 program with KMO and Bartlett's Test. The results showed that after analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis with KMO and Bartlett's Test, the dominant anthropometric factors had an effect on basketball games, namely arm range, height, length of leg, leg length, foot length, weight, and width of the foot. While the dominant physical condition factors influence basketball games, namely arm power, leg power, speed and agility. There are two factors in physical conditions which are included in the category of weak or less dominant after the athlete 12-16 years are flexibility in the box, and hand eye coordination.

The purpose of this study are: 1) Facilitate and clarify basic basketball technique training material with the video tutorial media. 2) Know how to develop video tutorial based learning media on basketball shooting material that fits the needs and characteristics of students. 3) Know the effectiveness of video tutorial based learning media on basketball shooting material to improve basic basketball techniques. 4) Knowing how much the effectiveness of tutorial video-based learning media on basketball shooting material increases knowledge, understanding students to improve their basic basketball skills. This research was conducted at MAN 1 Ponorogo. The type of research design used is one group pretest-posttest design for one group. This research uses development research methods with a design model of procedural development. This research produced a product in the form of a DVD video tutorial for learning basic shooting techniques in basketball games. The steps for developing video tutorials are: 1) Research and Data Collection, 2) Planning, 3) Product Draft Development, 4) Initial Field Trials, 5) revisions, 6) Small Field Trials, 7) Dissemination and Implementation. The results showed that there was a considerable difference between the pre test and the post test. Namely the pre test value has an average of 72.9, while the post test has an average of 78.1. This means that learning outcomes increase significantly from 72.9 to 78.1. Based on the results above it can be concluded that the product development of video-based learning media based on basketball shooting techniques developed by researchers can improve the ability of basic basketball shooting skills in MAN 1 Ponorogo in class XI students.

Imagery training in a technical training program influence the student’s achievement. This type of training has not been applied especially in Male Students of Extracurricular Program in Senior Secondary State School 4 Pekanbaru. The purpose of this study is to find out: 1) The difference in influence between technical training program with imagery training and technical training program without imagery training on the accuracy of basketball free throw 2) The difference in the accuracy of Basketball free throw between students who have high intelligence and the ones who have low intelligence. 3) Effect of interaction between imagery training in technical training program and students’ intelligence on the accuracy of Basketball free throw. This reseach used The 2x2 Factorial Experimental Design Method. The data were collected through Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) test and the Basketball free throw test. The data were analyzed by using Variance Analysis techniques (ANAVA) with 2 x 2 factorial design at α = 0.05. If the value of F obtained (Fo) is significant, then it is further analyzed by using the Newman-keuls range test. The results of the research as follows : 1) There is an influence between technical training programs with imagery training and technical training programs without imagery training on the accuracy of Basketball free throws. 2) There is a difference in the accuracy of Basketball free throw between students who have high and the ones who have low intelligence. 3) There are interactions between imagery training in technical training program and the students’ intelligence on the accuracy of Basketball free throw. Keywords: Imagery Training, Accuracy, Basketball

Purpose: Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury is among the most prevalent knee injuries among young athletes, aged 15-25 and occurs in 70% through a noncontact mechanisms. Medial Knee Displacement (MKD) is the key risk factor of ACL injury in basketball athletes. The present study investigated the effect of an MKD corrective exercises program on knee kinematics during Drop Vertical Jump (DVJ), and its performance in male basketball players. Methods: The study participants consisted of 32 male basketball players (Mean±SD age: 20.8±1.7 years, weight 74.0±5.2 kg, height 183.9±5.0 cm, body mass index 21.86±1.19 kg/m2, and experience 8.75±1.42 years) with MKD during Double Leg Squat (DLS) test. The subjects were randomly placed into two groups (training, n=16, control, n=16). Training group participated in 10 sessions of the corrective exercise program. Pre-test and post-test assessments included knee kinematic during DVJ and performance test (Y balance and hop) in the dominant leg. Results: The analysis of covariance test results revealed that the effects of the Pre-test, as well as the effects of groups on the post-test variables in the training group, were statistically significant (P

Introduction/Objective. We determined the impact of antioxidant supplementation by GE132R on sports performance, oxidative stress markers, and muscle enzymes activities in professional female basketball players. Methods. Repetitive strength, explosive power, anaerobic endurance, and agility performance were measured before/after the 45-day supplementation period. The FORT (Free Oxygen Radicals Test) and FORD analysis (Free Oxygen Radical Defense) were assessed before/after basketball specific exercise bout, at the beginning/end of observational period. The grade of muscle damage was evaluated by aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Results. After supplementation period, significant difference was not recorded regarding the basic motor skills tests. Basketball specific exercise bout induced significant increase in FORT (p < 0.05) only at the beginning of supplementation period. Both FORT and FORD significantly decreased over the observational period (p < 0.001, p < 0.01, respectively). CK and LDH were remarkably lower at the end of observational period (p < 0.05), compared to the baseline. Conclusion. Exogenous supplementation with protective nutraceuticals such as those found in GE132R, could reduce acute/chronic oxidative stress and muscle damage, but had no effect on sport performance in basketball players. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. III 46001 and Grant no. III41027]

The purpose of this research is effect plyometric training program for 30 days in basketball game at explosive strength and agility at basketball players. In this research have participated 20 basketball players from control group (CG n=10) and in experimental plyometric - group (PG n=10) of age 15 + / - 6 months. There are thirteen (13) variables, 3 from anthropometry and 10 motor testes from explosive strength, repeating strength (iterative), flexibility and agility (Bal, B. et al...2011, Asadi, A., etl...2012; Andrejić, O. et la...2012). Plyometric training program is realized according to model of authors Poomsalood, S. Pakulanon, S. (2015). Data processing methods are applied by SPSS version 21.0 which apply the basic statistical parameters and methods for finding significant statistical differences will be the T-test. We may conclude the effect of plyometric-training program for 30 days can be achieved in increasing of explosive strength and agility to basketball players.

Introduction: One of the subcategories of studies about expertise is the study of visual skills involved in the performance of the expertise. Many researchers have tried to offer different solutions by comparing these skills among expert and near-expert players. The current study aimed to compare visual search behavior in skilled and near-skilled players at basketball jump shot. Materials and Methods: The participants were basketball players who were divided to skilled and near-skilled ones based on the years of playing and the league they play in. To record and collect research data, sensomotoric instruments (SMI) eye tracking glasses with 60 Hz sample rate were used. All participants performed some jump shot and data related with gaze behavior (number of fixations and fixation duration) were collected and compared using independent t test. Results: There was a significant different in number of fixations (P = 0.040) and no significant different in fixation duration between skilled and near-skilled participants. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it concluded that gaze behavior can be one of the distinguishing factors of different skill levels, which focus on it can help to improve the expertise performance in sport by identifying more important and effective factors in training.

Study-research deals with younger students of both sexes aged 13-14, who, besides attending classes of physical education and sports, also practice in basketball schools in the city of Pristina. The experiment contains a total of 7 morphological variables, while four tests of basic motion skills and seven variables are from specific motion skills. In this study, the verification and analysis of the correlation of morphological characteristics and basic and situational motor skills in both groups of both sexes (boys and girls) were treated. Based on the results obtained between several variables, valid correlations with high coefficients are presented, whereas among the variables are presented correlations with optimal values. The experimentation in question includes the number of 80 entities of both sexes; the group of 40 boys and the other group consisting of 40 girls who have undergone the tests for this study-experiment.

The topic of sports dentistry has become an area of growing interest in the United States for both dentists and athletes who seek protection from orofacial injuries during recreational and competitive activities. Research indicates that many sports that do not require mouthguards should encourage the use of orofacial protectors for male and female participants. Sports such basketball, soccer, wrestling or any sport where the potential for dental trauma can occur, should consider the use mouthguards for the protection of the competitors. The American Dental Association described team dentists having three primary responsibilities that include performing preseason oral examinations, fabricating mouthguards for team members, and providing emergency dental care when necessary. Whether an athlete is grammar or high school age, collegiate, or professional, dental care must be available before, during, and after the competitive season. In addition to orofacial protection, sports dentistry is concerned with emergency treatment at the site of athletic competition and establishing mouthguard programs for athletes of all ages, gender, and sports. The Academy for Sports Dentistry, a national organization promoting mouthguard usage, is concerned with mouthguard testing and standards, legal considerations for team dentists, research, encouraging more dental professionals to become involved in mouthguard programs. More statistical research is needed in the area of sports dentistry in the United States. A national reporting system for sports related orofacial injuries would provide more accurate data in determining which sports should require mouthguard protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many authors emphasize the importance of warm-up. Warm-up in team games aims at enhancing the body adaptation to the physical activity and to activate physiological functions from the rest state to the active state. Warm-up brings many different benefits, for example: physiological, psychological, and preventive, regardless of the classification of the above. From a psychological standpoint, the warm-up is performed to create the body "alertness", activity and readiness, and a willingness to act effectively. It was found that the players who perform the correct warm-up are better mentally prepared than those who do not perform it. After a well performed warm-up, the athlete is self-confident and has a positive attitude to the match. It is believed that the warm-up can also be the way to relieve tension and anxiety and to increase concentration and motivation before the match. Warm-up also improves the emotional states and reduces fear of failure. It has been verified that the warm-up, performed under appropriate conditions, improves focus, visual perception, action accuracy, self-confidence, speed and responsiveness, speed of processing and decision making. From the physiological point of view, the warm-up is an activity that adapts the basketball player’s body to an effort. It is an important factor that affects the effect of participation in the competition. Data from the literature suggest that the warm-up individualization is necessary in terms of duration and intensity. There are two types of warm-ups: passive and active. Passive warm-up is the one that is performed by using hot showers, baths, saunas, and steam baths or by using energetics massage. Active warm-up requires a lot of commitment and determination from the athlete during exercises that prepare the body and muscles for an effort. The training measures used during this part of warm-up are the general exercises that improve strength, stretch, coordination, and technical-tactical activities, and activities with the ball or without it. The cognitive purpose of the paper: was to find and develop the best possible pre-match warm-up structures based on current literature. These data were used to determine a "model" (pattern) of optimal warm-up. The practical aim was to formulate guidelines for basketball coaches to develop the warm-up structures, taking into account the duration and proportion of dynamic and static exercises that prepare the body for play. The research material was 12 male players from the basketball team playing in the top tournaments in Poland and in the Tauron Basket League. 11 players were included in the play reliability study, because one of them did not participate in the play and it was impossible to determine his play effectiveness. The team was ranked in the top five of the 2014/2015 league table. The standardized observation method was used in the study. The method consisted in observing people with respect to the purpose of observation, taking into account strictly defined behavioral (reactions) categories the researchers were interested in. To evaluate the players’ effectiveness during the match, the original result sheet of the players’ performance based on the Superlak project was used. As a result of the research, no correlation between the type of warm-up performed by the respondents and the player’s reliability during the match was observed. According to authors, the results allow formulating the following conclusions: • In the Extra-class team, many of the competitors skip the general phase and performed only the specialist phase. There is a division based on the type of exercises (dynamic, static, ball). • Based on the observation made, the warm-up performed by the Extra-class basketball players did not match the warm-up model resulting from the literature recommendations and it did not affect the player's reliability and performance during the match. • As a practical proposal, trainers should use rational, highly personalized warm-up models.

Purpose: To investigate the reliability of Functional Movement Screen (FMS) in basketball players. A few studies have compared the reliability of FMS between raters with different experience in athletes. The purpose of this study was to compare the FMS scoring between the beginners and expert raters using video records. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. The study subjects comprised 15 elite boy basketball players. The subjects were randomly selected and each of them completed FMS tests. Three examiners (two beginners and one expert) watched the recorded video separately and scored the tests. We used the Kinovea video-analysis software for data analysis. The test-retest reliability was assessed using Intra-Class Correlation Coefficients (ICCs). Also inter-tester reliability of each test was computed using Fleiss’ kappa test. Results: The mean (SD) total FMS score for rater 1, rater 2, and rater 3 were 14.17(1.26), 14.17(1.94), and 13.67(1.67), respectively. There was no significant difference between examiners with respect to total FMS score (P=0.136). Half of the individual FMS components had perfect agreement, and rest were categorized as moderate to substantial agreement. The high and moderate values of ICC as 0.88~0.99 and 0.71~0.91 were observed for intra-rater and inter-rater reliability, respectively. Conclusion: The examiners reported FMS total scores similarly. The inter-rater reliability for the test components had strong agreement. This finding suggests that FMS can be used in the evaluation of the abnormal movement patterns of the athletes.

Background: Logical game is rarely used in sport program as a menu for athletes to prepare their condition in pre-match to improve their cognitive performance. The athletes who have good cognitive performance can think, analyze and solve the problem appeared. Griffith builds a method to improve the athletes’ performance by stimulating their cognitive resources. This study aimed to know the influence of pre-match logical stimulus in applying and developing strategy in basketball players. Methods: The subject of this study was the basketball team players of Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran; they were chosen by total sampling based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Then, they were divided into two groups randomly: control and exposed groups. Both groups will be compared based on the score of each item (in total of 17 items). The assessed items were technique and tactics in the game of basketball. This study was conducted in November 2012 for three weeks. The collected data were analyzed using paired-T test. Results: Score increased significantly (p