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Background A plethora of reactive cellular responses emerge immediately after a traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) and may influence the patient’s outcomes. We investigated whether serum concentrations of neuron-specific enolase, interleukin-6, glial-derived neurotrophic factor, and neurotrophic growth factor reflect the acute-phase responses to different etiologies of SCI and may serve as predictive biomarkers of neurologic and functional outcomes. Methods Fifty-two patients were admitted to the intensive care unit after SCI due to traffic accidents, falls, and firearm wounds and had blood samples collected within 48 hours and 7 days after SCI. Thirty-six healthy subjects with no history of SCI were included as controls. Neurologic and functional status was evaluated on the basis of American Spinal Injury Association and Functional Independence Measure scores over a period of 48 hours and 6 months after SCI. Results Serum NSE increased significantly 48 hours and 7 days after SCI compared with controls, while interleukin-6 increased only at 48 hours. In contrast, the neurotrophic growth factor level significantly decreased 48 hours and 7 days after SCI. Serum glial-derived neurotrophic factor level did not differ from control at any time point. Also, there was no significant difference in biomarker concentrations between the etiologies of SCI or the level of spinal injury. There were no correlations between biomarker levels at 48 hours with neurologic or functional outcomes 7 days and 6 months after SCI. Conclusions Our results suggest expansive axonal damage coupled with an acute proinflammatory response after SCI. However, in our study biomarker concentration did not correlate with short- or long-term prognosis, such as survival rate or sensory and motor function.

The aim of this study was to assess the association between anhedonia and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a well-characterized community sample of individuals with a current depressive episode. This is a cross-sectional study with young adults aged 24-30 years old. Depressive episode and the presence of anhedonia was assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview - Plus version (MINI Plus). The MetS was assessed using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP/ATP III). The sample included 931 subjects, being 22 had depression without anhedonia, whereas 55 had depression with anhedonia. MetS was more prevalent among subjects with depression and anhedonia (43.6%) when compared to individuals without anhedonia and population control group. Moreover, subjects with depression and anhedonia have a significant increase of levels of glucose, triglycerides, total-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, as well as significant decreased in the HDL-cholesterol level. The present study showed that individuals with depression and anhedonia present higher prevalence of MetS. Our study suggests that the use of the concept of anhedonia may contribute to a better understanding of the complex relationship between depression and metabolic syndrome.

Objective The aim of this study was to verify the serum GDNF levels in individuals with anxiety disorder (AD) in a population-based study. Methods This was a cross-sectional study population-based, with people aged 18 to 35. AD's assessment was performed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I). Serum GDNF was measured by ELISA using a commercial kit. Results The prevalence was 3.3% for post-traumatic stress disorder, 6.7% for panic disorders, 17% generalized anxiety disorder, 5.1% for obsessive- compulsive disorder and 7.5% for social phobia. Serum GDNF levels was higher in individuals with panic disorders (p = 0.013), generalized anxiety (p = 0.035), obsessive- compulsive disorder (p = 0.005) and social phobia (p = 0.004), when compared to individuals without ADs. Only post traumatic stress disorder is not associated with serum GDNF levels (p = 0.119). Conclusion In this paper, we observed increased serum levels of GDNF in individuals with anxiety disorders, suggesting that this biomarker can be used as a putative marker for AD's. The knowledge of the physiological changes related to anxiety disorders can provide a better understanding of AD's pathogenesis, as well as, mechanisms involved in the progression of this condition.

Objectives: This work aims to assess changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in women after the practice of a specific short duration 10-session aquatic physical therapy protocol in patients with fibromyalgia (FB). Methods: Case–control study. Thirteen women diagnosed with FB and 11 controls with the same age group, 35–55 years. Patients were evaluated according to the visual analog scale of pain and the fibromyalgia impact questionnaire (FIQ). All were subjected to a short protocol totaling 10 sessions of 40 min twice a week for five weeks. Heart rate and pain were monitored. BDNF levels were measured using enzyme immunoassay. Results: A statistically significant increase in BDNF values was noted in patients with FB between the pre- and post-10th session assessments (mean of 35.52–41.96; p = 0.041). Conclusion: BDNF values may present fluctuations during a short duration moderate aerobic exercise protocol, when measured and analyzed in a longitudinal design. Further studies with a more frequent BDNF evaluation could help in understanding its behavior more accurately and are warranted.

Motivation: Bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ) has a difficult diagnosis, so the main objective of this article is to propose the use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to classify (diagnose) groups of patients with BD or SZ from a control group using sociodemographic and biochemical variables. Methods: Artificial neural networks are used as classifying tool. The data from this study were obtained from the array collection from Stanley Neuropathology Consortium databank. Inflammatory markers and characteristics of the sampled population were the inputs variables. Results: Our findings suggest that an artificial neural network could be trained with more than 90% accuracy, aiming the classification and diagnosis of bipolar, schizophrenia and control healthy group. Conclusion: Trained ANNs could be used to improve diagnosis in Schizophrenia and Bipolar disorders.

Objective To assess the differences in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and their components in young adults with bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) in a current depressive episode. Methods This was a cross-sectional study with young adults aged 24–30 years old. Depressive episode (bipolar or unipolar) was assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview – Plus version (MINI Plus). The MetS was assessed using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP/ATP III). Results The sample included 972 subjects with a mean age of 25.81 (±2.17) years. Both BD and MDD patients showed higher prevalence of MetS compared to the population sample (BD = 46.9%, MDD = 35.1%, population = 22.1%, p Conclusion Metabolic components were significantly associated with the presence of depressive symptoms, independently of the diagnosis.

Objective Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) may be related to brain injury. S100B protein and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) have been investigated as potential biochemical markers of neural cell injury in animals and humans. This study aimed to investigate the association between POCD, brain injury and serum concentrations of S100B and NSE after periodontal surgery in aged dogs. Study design Prospective observational animal study. Animals A total of 24 male and female dogs undergoing periodontal surgery. Methods Dogs were separated into two groups based on age: control group, 10 dogs ≤ 8 years and aged group, 14 dogs > 8 years. Cognitive function was measured preoperatively and on the seventh postoperative day using the Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Rating scale and the Age-Related Cognitive and Affective Disorders scale. S100B protein and NSE serum concentrations were measured before and immediately after the surgery. Results POCD was not observed after surgery in the present study. Serum concentrations of S100B and NSE were increased postoperatively in the control group but not in the aged group (p = 0.04 and 0.03, respectively). Preoperative S100B serum concentrations were significantly higher in the aged group (p = 0.01). Conclusions There was no association between POCD and high concentrations of S100B and NSE in dogs. However, increased postoperative serum concentrations of S100B and NSE were found in the control group after surgery, an effect that may indicate neural damage. Clinical relevance The results suggest that anesthesia and oral surgery are associated with higher postoperative serum concentrations of S100B and NSE in dogs ≤ 8 years old, which may indicate neural damage. Serum concentrations of S100B were elevated in aged dogs before anesthesia, a finding that might be related to chronic preoperative brain damage.

To assess circadian preference among a community sample of people with bipolar disorder, major depression and without any mood disorders. Secondly, we investigated the association of circadian preference with cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and oxidative stress assessed by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), uric acid and Protein Carbonyl Content (PCC).A cross-sectional study nested in a population-based sample. Caseness was confirmed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. A sample of 215 participants, in whom we measured circadian preferences, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, TBARS, uric acid, PCC. Biological rhythms were evaluated using the Biological Interview of Assessment in Neuropsychiatry.Bipolar group presented a higher alteration in biological rhythms (40.40±9.78) when compared with the major depression group (36.35±9.18) and control group (27.61±6.89) p0.001. Subjects with bipolar disorder who were active at night and had a day/night cycle reverse showed decreased levels of IL-6 (t, 44=2.096; p=0.042), (t, 44=2.213; p=0.032), respectively. In the bipolar disorder group subjects who presented day/night cycle reverse had lower TBARS levels (t, 41=2.612; p=0.013). TNF-α were decreased in subjects more active at night with bipolar disorder.Lower serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α and TBARS were associated with evening preference in bipolar disorder group. These findings suggest that chronotype may alter the levels of interleukins and oxidative stress levels in bipolar and healthy subjects. A better understanding of the role of circadian preferences in levels of interleukins and oxidative stress are needed.

Fanny Helena Martins Salles,1 Pedro San Martin Soares,1 Carolina David Wiener,1 Thaise Campos Mondin,1 Paula Moraes da Silva,1 Karen Jansen,1–3 Luciano Dias de Mattos Souza,1 Ricardo Azevedo da Silva,1 Jean Pierre Oses1–3 1Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Department of Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; 2Translational Psychiatry Program, 3Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) Medical School, Houston, TX, USA Abstract: Nerve growth factor (NGF) is an important member of the neurotrophin family and its alteration has been associated with psychiatric disorders. Functionality consists of the activities that an individual can perform, as well as their social participation, which is an important factor in analyzing the carrier living conditions of subjects with psychiatric suffering. Several studies have evaluated functionality in bipolar disorder; however, no studies have evaluated the functionality in other mental disorders. There are also few studies investigating the association between functionality and the biological bases of mental disorders. This study aimed to evaluate the serum NGF levels in psychiatric patients and to verify a possible association between the serum neurotrophic levels and functionality. This was a cross-sectional study with a convenient sample obtained from the Public Mental Health Service from the south of Brazil. The final sample was composed of 286 patients enrolled from July 2013 to October 2014. Data was collected using a sociodemographic questionnaire, and the diagnosis was confirmed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I) and a Functioning Assessment Short Test. The serum NGF levels were determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistic 21.0 software. NGF serum levels were increased significantly in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder compared with patients with no obsessive–compulsive disorder (P=0.015). An increase in serum NGF levels in generalized anxiety disorder patients was observed compared with patients with no generalized anxiety disorder (P=0.047). NGF was negatively associated with autonomy (P=0.024, r=–0.136), work (P=0.040, r=–0.124), and cognition (P=0.024, r=–0.137), thereby showing that changes in serum levels of NGF are associated with functionality in mental disorders. Keywords: NGF, mental disorders, functional impairment

The purpose of this study was to assess the disruption in biological rhythms and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in individuals with depressive episode. This was a cross-sectional, population-based study with a representative sample of 905 young adults. Current depressive episode were confirmed by a psychologist using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI)-Plus. Self-reported biological rhythms were assessed using the Biological Rhythms Interview of Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (BRIAN). MetS was defined using modified NCEP/ATPIII criteria. Significant main effects of current depressive episode (p

Depression is a serious condition that is associated with great psychic suffering and major impairments on the patient's general health, quality of life, and social and occupational activities. In some cases, it may lead to suicide. Regardless of the innumerous research works that have already addressed depression in wide and specific facets, there is still a lot to grasp in order to effectively help preventing and treating depression. This work presents data from a randomized clinical trial that sought to evaluate the effectiveness of two brief psychotherapeutic for Depression: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Supportive-Expressive Dynamic Psychotherapy (SEDP). This was a convenience sample composed of 46 individuals that were evaluated using a structured diagnostic interview and then randomly allocated to the SEDP group. We examined baseline and post-intervention serum levels of the Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-α) in addition to the severity of depressive symptoms according to the Outcome Questionnaire - 45.2 (OQ-45.2) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results show that serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels, as well as the scores from the OQ-45.2 and the BDI significantly decreased after 16 sessions of SEDP (p < 0.001), except for the Interpersonal Relationship domain from the OQ-45. Despite the reduction of serum cytokines levels and OQ-45 and BDI scores, they were only significantly correlated regarding the social role domain from the OQ-45. Nonetheless, our data suggests an effective role of brief psychodynamic psychotherapy in the reduction of depressive symptoms and serum inflammatory levels that are associated with depression.

Background Cocaine abuse is capable of activating the innate immune system in the CNS resulting in deregulation of homeostasis between pro and antiinflammatory cytokines. The aim of this study was to investigate serum levels of pro and antiinflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and IL-10 respectively, in cocaine users from a young population-based sample. Methods This is a case–control study nested in a cross-sectional population-based survey, with individuals of 18 and 35 years old. Two groups were selected: 24 healthy controls and 12 subjects who reported cocaine use. Serum IL-6 and IL-10 were measured by ELISA using a commercial kit. Results There was a statistically significant increase in IL-6 (p = 0.037) and decrease in IL-10 (p = 0.007) serum levels, between cocaine users and the control group. There was also an increase in the ratio IL-6/IL-10 (p = 0.013) among cocaine users individuals, when compared to the control group. Conclusions Our results suggest that cocaine users showed an activation of the immune system when compared a control group, demonstrating a disruption in the balance of pro and antiinflammatory cytokines. Thus, peripheral cytokines may represent a putative biomarkers for cocaine users, contributing to the development of diagnosis and effective treatments.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi mensurar a prevalência e os fatores associados à prática de atividade física de lazer, bem como verificar a associação desta com o uso de substâncias lícitas em uma amostra populacional de adultos jovens. Estudo transversal de base populacional com adultos jovens de 18 a 35 anos de idade, residentes da zona urbana da cidade de Pelotas-RS (Brasil). A seleção amostral foi realizada por conglomerados, sendo constituída por 1953 indivíduos, dentre 82 setores censitários sorteados. A prática de atividade física foi avaliada por meio do Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ). Para a análise estatística utilizou-se a regressão de Poisson. A prevalência de jovens ativos em atividade física de lazer foi de 25,3% e esteve associada a ser do sexo masculino, ter entre 18 e 23 anos de idade, pertencer ao maior tercil do indicador econômico nacional e não fazer uso diário de tabaco. Sabendo-se da importância da atividade física de lazer para a saúde, os incentivos para esta prática devem ser focados nos grupos de mulheres, de maior idade, de estratos econômicos inferiores e que fazem uso de tabaco.

Objective The aim of this study was to assess if cytokines levels (IL-6 and IL-10) are related to major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD), in a population-based study. Methods This was a cross-sectional study population-based, involving 1037 people aged 18–35. MDD, BD, anxiety and suicide risk were assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Serum IL-6 and IL-10 were measured by ELISA using a commercial kit. Results The total sample comprised 1034 young adults, being 14.4% with MDD and 13.7% with BD. MDD and BD groups showed significantly higher serum IL-6 levels (p ≤ 0.001) and IL-10 levels (p ≤ 0.001) when compared to healthy control group. No correlation was found between serum IL-6 and IL-10 levels in health control group (p = 0.830; r = − 0.008), non-suicide risk (p = 0.337; r = 0.032) and non-anxiety disorder (p = 0.375; r = 0.031). Covariance analysis showed that mood disorders alone, increase both interleukin levels (IL-6, p = 0.019; and IL-10, p = 0.026), whilst the interaction of mood disorders and suicide risk or anxiety disorders did not. Conclusion Our results suggest that inflammatory dysregulation may be involved in the physiopathology of mood disorders and serum IL-6 and IL-10 levels are putative biomarkers for these disorders.

Aim The aim of this study was to identify biomarkers associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) and conversion from MDD to bipolar disorder (BD) in an outpatient sample of women. Methods This was a longitudinal study including women diagnosed with MDD and aged 18 to 60 years. The follow-up was 3 years. The diagnosis was performed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus. Blood collection was just performed in the first phase. Serum interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, and nerve growth factor (NGF) levels were measured using a commercial immunoassay kit. Results We included 156 women. The conversion rate from MDD to BD was 15.4% (n = 24). NGF serum levels were increased in patients who converted to BD compared to the remitted MDD group and current MDD group (P = 0.013). The Bonferroni post-hoc test for multiple comparisons revealed significant differences for higher NGF levels in patients who converted to BD compared to patients with current MDD (P = 0.037). Interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor serum levels did not differ among the groups. Conclusion Our results suggest that NGF might be a useful biomarker associated with early detection of conversion to BD, helping clinicians in the clinical diagnosis.

Objective: To correlate neurotrophic factors – brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and beta-nerve growth factor (beta-NGF) – and severity of depressive symptoms in patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) undergoing cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, participants were selected by convenience and received 16 sessions of CBT. The outcomes of interest were severity of depressive symptoms and changes in neurotrophic factor levels after CBT. The differences between variables before and after treatment (deltas) were analyzed. Results: Patients had significant changes in symptom severity after treatment. No significant associations were found between Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) scores and any independent variable. No correlations were observed between BDNF or GDNF levels and BDI scores before or after treatment, although there was a trend toward significant differences in beta-NGF levels. Conclusion: BDNF, beta-NGF, and GDNF were not influenced by the effects of CBT on depressive symptoms.

Objective: To evaluate the serum leptin levels in cannabis smokers. Methods: This was a cross-sectional population-based study of participants between the ages of 18 and 35 years. The data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire covering sociodemographic data and the use of psychoactive substances. Leptin levels were measured using a commercial ELISA kit. Results: Of the 911 participants, 6.7% were identified as cannabis smokers and had significantly lower leptin levels (p = 0.008). When stratified by gender, there was a significant decrease in leptin levels among male smokers (p = 0.039). Conclusion: Cannabis smoking was linked to leptin levels in men, suggesting that the response to biological signals may be different between men and women.

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a common psychiatric disorder characterized by long-term worry, tension, nervousness, fidgeting, and symptoms of autonomic system hyperactivity. The neurobiology of this disorder is still unclear, although it has been shown consistently that the environment and the genetic profile could increase its risk. We examined whether a polymorphism in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene, which plays a role in neuroplasticity and memory, could increase the vulnerability to this disorder.In our study, 816 participants from a population-based study were genotyped by qPCR for the BDNF functional variant rs6265 (Val66Met) and the BDNF serum levels were measured by ELISA.Our results showed a significant association between the Met allele and risk for GAD (P=0.014), but no differences were observed in the serum levels of BDNF according to diagnosis (P=0.531) or genotype distribution (P=0.197). However, after stratification according to the GAD diagnosis, the Met allele was associated significantly with an increase in serum BDNF levels compared with the Val/Val genotype in GAD participants (F=3.93; P=0.048). The logistic regression analysis confirmed the independent association of Met allele as a risk factor for development of GAD after adjusting for confounder variables (β=0.528; 95% confidence interval: 0.320-0.871; P=0.012).These results suggest that BDNF could be involved in the neurobiology of GAD and might represent a useful marker associated with the disease.

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of childhood trauma in cytokine serum levels of individuals with MDD. Methods This was a cross-sectional study population-based, with people aged 18 to 35. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I) measured to current major depressive disorder (MDD). To evaluate traumatic experiences during childhood, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) was applied. Serum TNF- α, IL-6 and IL-10 levels were measured by ELISA using a commercial kit. Results The total sample comprised 166 young adults, of these: 40.4% were subjects with MDD and childhood trauma and 59.6% were diagnosed with MDD without childhood trauma. In relation to serum interleukin levels, subjects with childhood trauma showed a significantly higher serum IL-6 (p = 0.013) and IL-10 levels (p = 0.022) to compare no childhood trauma. Subjects with childhood trauma was observed positive correlation between serum IL-6 and physical abuse (r = 0.232, p = 0.035) and emotional abuse (r = 0.460, p ≤ 0.001). Moreover, IL-10 were positive correlation with physical abuse (r = 0.258, p = 0.013). TNF- α was not associated with childhood trauma. Conclusion Childhood maltreatment may result higher inflammation dysregulation in individuals with depression than individuals that no has childhood maltreatment.

Major depressive disorder has a heterogeneous etiology, since it arises from the interaction of multiple factors and different pathophysiological mechanisms are involved in the symptomatology. This study aimed to investigate the role of the cholinergic system in the susceptibility to stress and, consequently, in the depression-like behavior. C57BL/6 mice were treated with Physostigmine (PHYS), an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, and were submitted to the social defeat stress. For the behavioral evaluation of the locomotor activity, anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors the open field, elevated plus maze, sucrose preference, social interaction and forced swim were used. Hippocampus and prefrontal cortex samples were collected for evaluation of AChE activity, as well as blood samples for analysis of serum cortisol levels. Our results showed that 15 min after the injection of PHYS there was a significant inhibition of AChE activity in the hippocampus and in the prefrontal cortex. On the other hand, in the end of the experimental design, day 12, there was no difference in AChE activity levels. Inhibition of AChE and exposure to the stress led to an increase in cortisol levels. Animals that received PHYS and were exposed to stress showed less social interaction and greater learned helplessness, anhedonia and anxious-like behavior. Taken together, our findings suggest that increasing the cholinergic tone shortly before stress induction impacts on the ability to cope with upcoming stressful situations, leading to a depressive-like state.

To evaluate the serum levels of IL-6 and IL-10 anti-inflammatory interleukins in individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a population-based study. This is a paired study nested in a cross-sectional population-based study. All individuals who presented PTSD and did not present major depressive disorder, diagnostic by interview--Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview were selected. From these, 41 healthy controls were matched by sex and age. Serum levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were measured by the ELISA, using commercial kits. The group of individuals with PTSD showed a significant increase in the serum levels of IL-6 and IL-10. Our results suggest that individuals with PTSD may present an activation of the immune system, which may lead to neuroinflammation.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of alcohol abuse and/or dependence in a population-based sample of young adults and assess the prevalence of comorbid mood disorders, anxiety, and suicide risk in this population. Methods: This cross-sectional, population-based study enrolled 1,953 young adults aged 18-35 years. The CAGE questionnaire was used to screen for alcohol abuse and/or dependence, with CAGE scores ≥ 2 considered positive. Psychiatric disorders were investigated through the structured Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Results: Alcohol abuse and/or dependence was identified in 187 (9.60%) individuals (5.10% among women and 15.20% among men). Alcohol abuse and/or dependence were more prevalent among men than women, as well as among those who used tobacco, illicit drugs or presented with anxiety disorder, mood disorder, and suicide risk. Conclusion: These findings suggest that alcohol abuse and/or dependence are consistently associated with a higher prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities, could be considered important predictors of other psychiatric disorders, and deserve greater public heath attention, pointing to the need for alcohol abuse prevention programs.

Major depressive disorders (MDD) and suicide are significant public health concerns. Recent studies have been demonstrated that alterations in Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) can be associated with this psychiatric disorders, MDD and suicide. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate differences in serum levels in individuals with MDD and with or without suicide attempt (SA), from a population-based sample. This was a paired cross-sectional study nested in a population-based study. The psychopathology screen was performed with the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). The total population of the sample consisted of 147 subjects distributed in three groups: 49 healthy controls, 49 subjects with MDD and 49 subjects with MDD and SA (MDD + SA). The BDNF serum levels were significantly reduced in subjects with MDD and MDD + SA compared to the healthy controls. However, there were no significant differences between the MDD and MDD + SA groups with respect to BDNF serum levels. These results suggest that SA did not interfere in the serum levels of BDNF, indicating that this neurotrophin may be related to the diagnosis of MDD and not to suicide attempt.

A group of 11 women (18-29 years old) in the first episode of depression was evaluated before and after cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Depressive scores, assessed by Hamilton Rating Scale (HRSD), and serum IL-6 levels significantly decreased after the seventh session. These results suggest that CBT reduced both depressive symptoms and the inflammatory state in women.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of psychoeducation in serum levels of BDNF, NGF and GDNF in young adults presenting bipolar disorder (BD). This is a randomized clinical trial including 39 young adults (18-29 years) diagnosed with BD through the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-CV). Participants were randomized in two treatment groups: usual treatment (medication) and combined intervention (medication plus psychoeducation). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and severity of manic and hypomanic symptoms was evaluated through the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). The serum levels of trophic factors were measured with an ELISA kit. In both intervention groups, there was an improvement in depressive symptoms significantly between baseline and post-intervention. In the combined intervention, GDNF serum levels increased significantly from baseline to post-intervention. However, there were no differences in BDNF and NGF serum levels. In the usual treatment group, no changes were observed in serum levels of GDNF, BDNF, and NGF the post-intervention in individuals. Our data suggests that only combined intervention was effective in improving depressive symptoms and increasing GDNF levels in a sample of young adults with bipolar disorder.

Objective To assess the association between peripheral levels of inflammatory cytokines and functional impairment in subjects with Bipolar Disorder (BD), Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and population controls. Methods This was a cross-sectional study with a matched sample of drug-free young adults with BD (n = 48), MDD (n = 48) and population controls (n = 48). Mood disorder was confirmed by a certified psychologist using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I). Functional impairment was assessed using the Functional Assessment Short Test (FAST). Serum levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were measured by ELISA. Results Peripheral levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were not significantly different between subjects with BD, MDD compared to controls. Higher levels of functional impairment were verified in subjects with BD and MDD compared to population controls (p ≤ 0.001). In addition, IL-6 and IL-10 levels were positively correlated with functional impairment in subjects with BD (IL-6: r = 0.349, p = 0.016; and IL-10: r = 0.351, p = 0.016). Conclusion Inflammatory dysregulation was associated with functional impairment among drug-free subjects with BD. This finding suggests that inflammatory dysregulation may be involved in the neuroprogression of BD.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) may be related to the systemic inflammatory response and an increase in serum markers of brain injury such as S100B protein and neuron-specific enolase (NSE). OBJECTIVE: The study aims to evaluate the association between POCD and serum levels of S100B and NSE after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG). DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Single university teaching hospital. PATIENTS: We investigated 88 patients undergoing CABG. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: Cognitive function was measured preoperatively, and at the 21st and 180th postoperative days (i.e. 6 months after surgery). S100B protein and NSE serum levels were evaluated preoperatively, after induction of anaesthesia, at the end of surgery and at 6 and 24 h after surgery. RESULTS: The incidence of POCD was 26.1% at 21 days after surgery and 22.7% at 6 months after surgery. Increased serum levels of S100B protein and NSE were observed postoperatively and may indicate brain damage. CONCLUSION: Although serum levels of S100B protein and NSE are both significantly increased postoperatively, our findings indicate that serum levels of S100B protein may be more accurate than NSE in the detection of POCD after CABG.

The relationship between obesity and suicide risk is still unclear with controversial research results. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between obesity and suicide risk for men and women in a population-based study of young adults. This is a cross-sectional population-based study that identified young adults between 18 and 35 years of age. Suicide risk was investigated through the structured clinical interview Mini. Weight and height were assessed, and participants were classified as normal-weight body mass index (BMI 30) or obese (BMI 30). The prevalence of obesity was of 19.9% of the total sample (n = 1953). Obesity was more prevalent among women and participants between 27 and 35 years of age. Suicide risk was present in 13.0% of the sample and more prevalent among women. In our study we found an association between obesity and suicide risk for women, but not for men. Obesity was associated with a higher prevalence of suicide risk in women. Given the strength of the relationship between BMI and suicide, identifying the mechanisms associated with obesity, especially for women, can lead to new insights into the prevention of suicide risk.

Background: Alcohol abuse is followed by neuroadaptive brain changes, in addition to inducing changes in the immune system. The objective of this study was to investigate the peripheral levels of proinflammatory (IL-6, and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines, as well the inflammatory balance in relation to alcohol use in subjects from a young population-based sample. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study nested in a population-based study of people aged 18–35 years, involving 629 participants. The CAGE questionnaire was used to evaluate Alcohol Use Disorder, and CAGE scores ≥ 2 were considered a positive screen for alcohol use disorder. Serum levels of IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α were measured by ELISA using a commercial kit. Results: There was as a statistically significant increase in IL-6 (p ≤ 0.001) and statistically significant decrease in IL-10 (p=0.017) serum levels in the Alcohol Use Disorder group when compared with subjects that did not abuse alcohol and that a CAGE score

Postpartum depression (PPD) is the most common psychiatric complication observed in women after they give birth. Some women are particularly sensitive to hormonal changes, starting in early menarche, thus increasing their vulnerability to psychological stressing agents that are triggered by environmental and physiological factors throughout their lives. Decreased serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels have been associated to different neuropsychiatric conditions and BDNF has been considered as a candidate marker for such dysfunctions. The goal of this study was to compare the levels of BDNF between mothers who suffer from PPD and healthy control mothers as well as to searching for associations between BDNF levels and the severity of PPD. This is a case–control study including 36 mothers with PPD and 36 healthy control mothers. PPD was defined according to the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Serum BDNF was assayed with the sandwich ELISA method. Results: Serum levels of BDNF were significantly lower in women with PPD than in control mothers (P ≤ 0.03). A significant negative correlation between BDI score and serum BDNF levels was observed (P ≤ 0.02 and r = −0.29). Our study demonstrated that low BDNF levels are associated with PPD. This result point out to the potential usage of BDNF in the screening of PPD, which could promote early treatment and, therefore, reduce the burden to the PPD women and to the health system.

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of and factors associated with depression and stress with perceived quality of life and the salivary cortisol levels in Community Health Agent (CHA).Materials and MethodsCross-sectional descriptive study of CHAs in Pelotas-RS, Brazil. Data collection, including sociodemographic information and factors related to work and health. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) II was used to assess depressive symptoms, Inventory of Stress Symptoms Lipp (ISSL) was used for the analysis of stress and the WHOQOL-BREF was used to investigate quality of life. Salivary cortisol was quantified via ELISA test.ResultsThe assessments showed that 71.0% are in a state of stress resistance, 30.5% were in the alert state of stress and 32.8% were in the stress state of exhaustion. Depressive episodes (BDI≥12) were observed in 28.2%. The environmental domain had the lowest score for quality of life. We observed significantly higher salivary cortisol levels in CHAs with less than 1 year of service and with the lowest quality of life scores in the environmental subsection.ConclusionA high prevalence of stress and depression was observed in this sample of CHAs. In addition, the worst levels of quality of life were identified in the environmental subsection. Cortisol levels corroborate these findings regarding quality of life within the environmental domain and began working less than a year previously.

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is an important member of the neurotrophins group and their involvement in the pathophysiology of major depression disorder (MDD) and suicide risk (SR) has been recently suggested. The aim of this study is to evaluate the changes in NGF serum levels in individuals with MDD and with or without risk of suicide, in subjects from a young population-based sample. This is a paired cross-sectional study nested in a population-based study. Individuals were rated for MDD and SR by a diagnostic interview--Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I). The total population of the sample was comprised of 141 subjects distributed in three groups: 47 healthy controls, 47 subjects with current depressive episode without SR (MDD) and 47 subjects with current depressive episode and with SR (MDD + SR). NGF serum levels were significantly reduced in the MDD and MDD + SR groups when compared with controls (p ≤ 0.001). However, there were no differences in NGF levels between the MDD and MDD + SR groups (p = 1.000). These results suggest that reduced NGF serum levels can be a possible biomarker of MDD.

The diagnosis of alcohol use disorder is based on clinical signs and on the measurement of biological markers. However, these markers are neither sufficiently sensitive, nor specific enough, for determining the effects of alcohol abuse on the central nervous system. Serum neurotrophins are important regulators of neural survival, development, function, and plasticity and have been found to be reduced in alcohol use disorder. The aim of this study was to investigate the alterations in serum neurotrophin levels (brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF], glial-derived neurotrophic factor [GDNF], and nerve growth factor [NGF]) in alcohol use disorder in a young population, and thus possibly representing the early stages of the illness.This is a cross-sectional study, nested in a population-based study of people aged 18 to 35, involving 795 participants. The participants responded to the CAGE questionnaire, and a CAGE score of ≥2 was considered to be a positive screen for the abuse/dependence or moderate to severe alcohol use disorder. Serum BDNF, GDNF, and NGF levels were measured by ELISA.In the CAGE ≥ 2 group, GDNF (p ≤ 0.001) and NGF (p ≤ 0.001) serum levels were significantly increased, and the BDNF elevation was near a statistical significance (p = 0.068) when compared to the CAGE 2 group. A significantly positive correlation was observed only in the CAGE ≥ 2 group for BDNF/GDNF (r = 0.37, p 0.001) and GDNF/NGF (r = 0.84, p 0.001) levels. The correlation between the NGF and BDNF levels was significantly positive in both groups (r = 0.28, p 0.001 for the CAGE 2 group, and r = 0.30, p = 0.008 for the CAGE ≥ 2 group).These results suggest that elevated neurotrophins are candidate markers for the early stages of alcohol misuse.

Several biological factors have been recently related with major depression and bipolar disorder. The aim of our paper was to investigate the peripheral levels of the protein neuronal specific enolase (NSE), a putative marker of neuronal damage, comparing patients with major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder to control subjects. This is a case-control study nested in a cross-sectional population-based survey. Psychopathology screen was performed using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview 5.0 and blood samples were collected from 108 young adults. Three groups were selected, 36 healthy controls, 36 subjects with major depression disorder and 36 subjects with bipolar disorder. Serum levels of NSE significantly decreased (p = 0.002) in major depression disorder (2.19 ± 1.78 ng/mL) and bipolar disorder subjects (2.53 ± 2.61 ng/mL) compared to the control group (3.55 ± 2.19 ng/mL). In conclusion, peripheral neuronal specific enolase may be a useful marker drug-naive major depression disorder and bipolar disorder, but its pathophysiological significance and response to treatment should be further investigated.

The present study aimed to determine whether any gender-related difference exists concerning oxidative stress parameters in a population of 231 subjects, and if these changes might be related to gender-associated differences in major depressive disorder (MDD) or bipolar disorder (BD) vulnerability. This is a case-control nested in a population-based study. The initial psychopathology screen was performed with the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview and the diagnostic was further confirmed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Blood samples were obtained after the interview and the oxidative stress parameters such as uric acid, advanced oxidation protein product (PCC) and lipid hydroperoxides (TBARS) were determined. Our results indicated a higher prevalence of MDD and BD in women when compared to men. In addition, significant gender differences were found in the levels of PCC (0.27 ± 0.27 vs. 0.40 ± 0.31 nmol CO/mg protein, men vs. women, respectively; P = 0.02) and uric acid (4.88 ± 1.39 mg/dL vs. 3.53 ± 1.02 mg/dL, men vs. women, respectively; P = 0.0001), but not in TBARS (0.013 ± 0.01 nmol/mg of protein vs. 0.017 ± 0.02 nmol/mg of protein, men vs. women respectively; P = 0.243). After sample stratification by gender, no association was found between oxidative stress parameters and clinical diagnosis of MDD and BD for women (P = 0.516 for PCC; P = 0.620 for TBARS P = 0.727 for uric acid) and men (P = 0.367 for PCC; P = 0.372 for TBARS P = 0.664 for uric acid). In this study, women seem more susceptible to oxidative stress than male. However, these gender-based differences do not seem to provide a biochemical basis for the epidemiologic differences in mood disorders susceptibility between sexes.

CONTEXTO: A depressão é um importante problema de saúde global e vem causando impacto negativo na vida dos indivíduos e na de suas famílias, além de elevar a demanda dos serviços de saúde. OBJETIVO: Verificar a prevalência de depressão e de fatores associados em indivíduos com idade superior a 14 anos que buscaram atendimento na atenção primária. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal em três Unidades Básicas de Saúde vinculadas à Universidade Católica de Pelotas. A depressão, os transtornos de ansiedade e o risco de suicídio foram avaliados por meio da Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), enquanto os fatores associados, como idade, gênero, vive ou não com o/a companheiro/a, escolaridade e uso de substâncias psicoativas, foram avaliados por meio de questionário sociodemográfico. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de depressão foi de 23,9% (n = 256), apresentando-se mais evidente nas mulheres, com 4 a 7 anos de escolaridade, de classe socioeconômica D ou E, que abusam ou são dependentes de álcool, com algum transtorno de ansiedade e com risco de suicídio (p < 0,050). CONCLUSÃO: Diante de tais resultados, salientamos a inserção de cuidados em saúde mental por meio de avaliações diagnósticas e de protocolos de atendimento que abarquem a depressão e suas comorbidades na atenção primária. BACKGROUND: Depression, an important global health problem, negatively impacts the lives of individuals and their families beyond simply increasing the demand for health services. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of depression and associated mental health issues in individuals older than 14 years of age seeking primary care. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in three primary care units involved with the Catholic University of Pelotas. Depression, anxiety disorders, and suicide risk were assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Factors such as age, gender, solitary living, education, and psychoactive substance use were evaluated using a sociodemographic questionnaire. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of depression was 23.9% (n = 256). Depression was more prevalent in women with only 4-7 years of education, in women who belong to socioeconomic class D or E, in those who abuse or are dependent on alcohol, or in women who showed an anxiety disorder or suicide risk (p < 0.050). DISCUSSION: Based on these findings, we emphasize the integration of mental health care into primary care through diagnostic evaluations and treatment protocols that cover depression and its comorbidities.

Background Early adverse experiences are associated with increased risk of developing psychiatric disorders, although little is known about the neurobiological mediators involved. The mechanisms by which early environmental influences may mediate vulnerability in the development of offspring await further investigation. The present study correlated the NGF, BDNF, IL-6 and cortisol levels of mothers with postpartum affective disorders (PPAD) with infant development. Methods A longitudinal study was performed with 152 pregnant women and their infants. Between 60 and 120 days after delivery, women were interviewed and provided biological samples for biochemical analysis, and the infants were examined for neurobiological-motor development. Results Overall, the mothers' history of affective disorders, PPAD and anxiety disorder were associated with infant motor development. Using an adjusted linear regression analysis, PPAD (p = 0.049), maternal anxiety disorder (p = 0.043), NGF level (p = 0.034) and infant cortisol level (p = 0.013) were associated with infant motor development. Using a factorial analysis of primary components, two components were retained. The psychological factor was characterized by a positive loading of a history of affective disorder, PPAD and anxiety disorder. For the biological factor, infant cortisol adhered negatively with infant motor development, but NGF was positively associated. The psychological factor had a negative association, but the biological factor had a positive association with infant motor development. Conclusions There are few studies that have focused on the relationship of biomarkers and infant neurodevelopment. Our study points that psychological and biological factors are associated with infant motor development, however the causal relationship between these factors is still to be defined.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating disorder and its pathophysiology is associated with deregulation of the immune system. We investigated the changes in circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines (specifically IL-6 and TNF-α) measured by the ELISA kit in two psychotherapeutic interventions for MDD: Narrative Cognitive Therapy (NCT) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). This is a randomized clinical trial including 97 individuals (18 to 29 years-old) with MDD. In CBT there was a significant difference in serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α, therefore indicating that CBT was more effective than NCT on serum levels proinflammatory cytokines.