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Antecedentes: Se ha descrito la reparación de hernias ventrales y alguna otra cirugía intestinal de manera simultánea. Caso clínico: Se describe el caso de una hernia ventral compleja con pérdida de dominio, en un paciente masculino en estatus de colostomía. Se realizó infiltración de toxina botulínica más neumoperitoneo progresivo preoperatorio previo al acto quirúrgico, durante el cual se realizó restitución mecánica del tránsito intestinal y hernioplastia ventral exitosamente. Conclusiones: En pacientes seleccionados, la reparación de la hernia ventral compleja, previo manejo con neumoperitoneo preoperatorio y restitución del tránsito intestinal, puede realizarse en un solo procedimiento quirúrgico, considerando las condiciones clínicas del paciente y la experiencia del cirujano.

The effect of 1% and 2% proportions of L-lysine on the oxidation process of soybean oil, performed at 70 °C under stirring conditions, has been studied by 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. This technique allows one to monitor the generation and further evolution of a wide variety of oxidation products (hydroperoxides, epoxides, aldehydes, keto-dienes and hydroxy-derivatives), providing a comprehensive view of the oxidation process. The addition of lysine considerably delays the degradation of the oil acyl groups and the generation of both primary and secondary oxidation compounds, while preserving the oil content of γ-tocopherol for longer, especially at the highest enrichment level. A diminution in the maximum concentration reached by some types of secondary oxidation products is also observed in the lysine-enriched samples. This is particularly noticeable for aldehydes, whose concentration is markedly reduced, above all that of the toxic oxygenated α,β-unsaturated ones, probably due to their reaction with lysine. Therefore, the ability of lysine to extend the shelf life of soybean oil is proved in this work, as well as its feasibility as a potential antioxidant for use in lipidic foods. These findings could also contribute to a better understanding of the antioxidant effect of proteins.

The purpose of this study is to analyse and compare the level of digital competence of higher education teaching staff in research work through the use of ICT resources. For this purpose, an ex post facto design was employed together with an instrument composed of 30 items classified into seven dimensions: digital skills, digital ethics, digital flow, anxiety towards ICT, quality of ICT resources, intention to use ICT, and ICT integration. The sample consisted of a total of 1704 higher education teachers from all over Spain. The results showed that, overall, there were no significant differences in the level of digital competence of teaching staff between the two genders. However, significant differences were found in the following dimensions: digital skills, digital ethics, ICT anxiety, quality of ICT resources, and intention to use ICT. These findings highlight the urgent need for university institutions to propose training plans to improve the digital competences of their teaching and research staff in those dimensions that have been found to be deficient.

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is considered a complex plasma-circulating particle with subfractions that vary in function, size, and chemical composition. We sought to test the effects of HDL, and HDL subfractions on insulin secretion and cholesterol efflux in the β-cell line MIN-6. We used total HDL and HDL subfractions 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, and 3c, isolated from human plasma, to test insulin secretion under different glucose concentrations as well as insulin content and cholesterol efflux in the insulinoma MIN-6 cell line. Incubation of MIN-6 cells with low glucose and total HDL increased insulin release two-fold. Meanwhile, when high glucose and HDL were used, insulin release increased more than five times. HDL subfractions 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, and 3c elicited higher insulin secretion and cholesterol efflux than their respective controls, at both low and high glucose concentrations. The insulin content of the MIN-6 cells incubated with low glucose and any of the five HDL subclasses had a modest reduction compared with their controls. However, there were no statistically significant differences between each HDL subfraction on their capacity of eliciting insulin secretion, insulin content, or cholesterol efflux. HDL can trigger insulin secretion under low, normal, and high glucose conditions. We found that all HDL subfractions exhibit very similar capacity to increase insulin secretion and cholesterol efflux. This is the first report demonstrating that HDL subfractions act both as insulin secretagogues (under low glucose) and insulin secretion enhancers (under high glucose) in the MIN-6 cell line.

The effect of enriching virgin flaxseed oil with dodecyl gallate, hydroxytyrosol acetate or gamma-tocopherol on its in vitro digestion is studied by means of proton nuclear magnetic resonance and solid phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The extent and pattern of the lipolysis reached in each sample is analyzed, as is the bioaccessibility of the main oil components. None of the phenolic compounds provokes inhibition of the lipase activity and all of them reduce the lipid oxidation degree caused by the in vitro digestion and the bioaccessibility of oxidation compounds. The antioxidant efficiency of the three tested phenols is in line with the number of phenolic groups in its molecule, and is dose-dependent. The concentration of some minor oil components such as terpenes, sesquiterpenes, cycloartenol and 24-methylenecycloartenol is not modified by in vitro digestion. Contrarily, gamma-tocopherol shows very low in vitro bioaccessibility, probably due to its antioxidant behavior, although this increases with enrichment of the phenolic compounds. Oxidation is produced during in vitro digestion even in the presence of a high concentration of gamma-tocopherol, which remains bioaccessible after digestion in the enriched samples of this compound. This work has been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO, AGL2015-65450-R, AEI/FEDER-EU) and by the Basque Government and its Departments of Universities and Research (EJ-GV, IT-916-16).

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein and the phenolic antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butyl-hydroxytoluene (BHT, additive E-321) on the oxidation reactions taking place during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of fresh and oxidized cod liver oil. Likewise, the potential degradation of BHT under these conditions and transformation into different metabolites was addressed. The technique employed to study the nature and amount of lipid secondary oxidation products, as well as the BHT-metabolites of low molecular weight, present in the digestates was studied by Solid Phase Microextraction followed by Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS). Based on the abundances of 90 volatile compounds detected in the headspace of the digestates, it could be observed that both BSA and BHT had a clear antioxidant effect. In the conditions of this study, the former showed to be more effective than the latter, specially in the case of oxidized oil digestion. In addition, it was highlighted that BHT notably degraded during digestion of oxidized oil. As consequence, the main volatile metabolites 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one (BHT-OH), 2,6- di-tert-butyl-2,5-cyclohexadien-1,4-dione (BHT-Q) and 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-benzaldehyde (BHT-CHO) increased.; Ikerketa honen helburua da behi-seroalbumina proteinak (BSA) eta 2,6-di-tert-butil-hidroxitolueno (BHT, E-321 gehigarria) antioxidatzaile fenolikoak bakailao-gibel olio fresko eta oxidatuaren in vitro digestioan gertatutako oxidazio erreakzioetan duten efektua aztertzea. Halaber, kondizio horietan gerta daitekeen BHTren degradazioa eta hori hainbat metabolito bihurtzea ere aztertu zen. Lipidoen oxidazio-produktu sekundarioen izaera eta kantitatea zein BHTren pisu molekular baxuko metabolitoak aztertzeko erabilitako teknika hau izan zen: Fase Solidoko Mikroerauzketa eta ondoren Gas- Kromatografia/ Masa-Espektrometria (SPME-GC/MS). In vitro digestioaren ondoren jasotako digestatoen buru-gunean aurkitutako 90 konposatu lurrunkorren ugaritasunetan oinarrituz, BSAk eta BHTek efektu antioxidatzaile argia zutela ikusi zen: lehena izan zen bietan eraginkorrena lan honen kondizioetan, batik bat oxidatutako olioaren digestioan. Bestalde, oxidatutako olioaren digestioan zehar BHT modu nabarmenean degradatu zela ikusi zen. Horren ondorioz, 2,6-di-tert-butil-4-hidroxi- 4-metil-2,5-ziklohexadien-1-ona (BHT-OH), 2,6-di-tert-butil-2,5-ziklohexadien-1,4-diona (BHT-Q) eta 3,5-di-tert-butil- 4-hidroxi- benzaldehidoa (BHT-CHO) metabolito lurrunkor nagusien handitzea gertatu zen.

Lan honen helburua liho-olioaren urdail-hesteetako in vitro digestioan d,l-alfa-tokoferolaren gehitzeak (200, 2000 eta 20000 ppm) konposatu lipidikoen hidrolisian eta oxidazioan duen efektua aztertzea zen. Horretarako, protoi erresonantzia magnetiko nuklearra (1H NMR) teknika erabili zen. Jatorri sintetikoko E bitamina honen gehikuntzak ez zuen efekturik izan lipolisian, baina oxidazioa areagotu zuen, dosi-mendeko modu batean. Hau kate poliasegabeen degradazioaren eta oxidazio-konposatuen sorreraren handipenek nabarmendu zuten. Ikerlan honen kondizioetan, alfa-tokoferolaren presentziak aldehidoen eta hidroxi edo keto taldeak dituzten dieno konjugatuen sorreran lagundu zuen.; The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of linseed oil enrichment with d,l-alpha-tocopherol (200, 2000 and 20 000 ppm) on the hydrolysis and oxidation undergone by lipidic components during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Proton Nu-clear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) was the technique employed. Although the addi-tion of this synthetic form of vitamin E did not affect lipolysis, the advance of oxidation reactions increased in a concentration-dependent manner. This was evidenced by the in-crease of polyunsaturated chains degradation and of oxidation compounds generation. Under the conditions of this study, the formation of aldehydes and of conjugated dienes having a hydroxy or a keto group was favoured in the presence of alpha-tocopherol.

The effect of smoking using liquid smoke flavourings on the hydrolysis and oxidation of European sea bass lipids during in vitro digestion was investigated. The techniques used were 1H NMR and SPME-GC/MS. The former proved that liquid smoking does not influence the extent of lipolysis, but prevents those lipid oxidation reactions that occur during in vitro digestion of unsmoked samples, giving rise to cis,trans-conjugated dienes associated with hydroperoxy/hydroxy groups. SPME-GC/MS corroborated the results obtained by 1H NMR in relation to the antioxidant effect of smoking under gastrointestinal conditions. Smoked sea bass digests showed lower abundances of volatile oxidation markers derived from omega-3 and omega-6 lipids than unsmoked ones. Moreover, the lowest values were found in the digests of sea bass samples smoked with the flavouring showing the highest phenolic content. For the first time, the bioaccessibility of smoke flavouring components was evidenced, some of them well-known for displaying antioxidant activity.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and low serum concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) are common coexisting metabolic disorders. ABCA1 variants have been shown to be associated to these conditions. We sought to test the combined effect of two ABCA1 gene common variants, rs2422493 (− 565C > T) and rs9282541 (R230C) on HDL-c levels and T2D risk. Path analysis was conducted in 3,303 Mexican-mestizos to assess the specific contributions of rs2422493 and rs9282541 ABCA1 variants, insulin resistance, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and age on HDL-c levels and T2D risk. Participants were classified into four groups according to their ABCA1 variants carrier status: (i) the reference group carried wild type alleles for both ABCA1 variants (−/−), (ii) +/– were carriers of rs2422493 but non-carriers of rs9282541, (iii) −/+ for carriers of rs9282541 but not carriers of rs2422493 and (iv) carriers of minor alleles for both SNPs (+/+). Principal components from two previous genome-wide association studies were used to control for ethnicity. We identified significant indirect effects on T2D risk mediated by HDL-c in groups −/+ and +/+ (β = 0.04; p = 0.03 and β = 0.06; p

Little is still known about both the effect of amino acids on the oxidation course of edible oils and the modifications that the former may undergo during this process. Bearing this in mind, the objective of this work was to study the evolution of a system consisting of soybean oil with 2% of l-lysine under heating at 70 degrees C and stirring conditions, analyzing how the co-oxidation of the oil and of the amino acid affects their respective evolutions, and trying to obtain information about the action mechanism of lysine on soybean oil oxidation. The study of the oil progress by H-1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (H-1 NMR) showed that the presence of lysine noticeably delays oil degradation and oxidation products generation in comparison with a reference oil without lysine. Regarding lysine evolution, the analysis by H-1 NMR and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry of a series of aqueous extracts obtained from the oil containing lysine over time revealed the formation of lysine adducts, most of them at the epsilon position, with n-alkanals, malondialdehyde, (E)-2-alkenals, and toxic oxygenated alpha beta-unsaturated aldehydes. However, this latter finding does not seem enough to explain the antioxidant action of lysine. This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO AGL 2015-65450-R), by the Basque Government (EJ-GV, IT-916-16) and by the Agriculture Department of the Basque Government (PA19/02).

In recent years, there has been a technological revolution affecting all areas of life, including health. Following this trend, a series of electronic devices called wearable technology have emerged with the aim of improving the quality of people’s life. These devices are made up of tools that help to prevent the development of chronic diseases and fight against the aging of society by monitoring the vital signs of users. Despite the advantages of using these devices from medical and health points of view, it is necessary to know the opinion of users regarding their use. For this reason, this study has been proposed. The purpose of this study is to analyse the perceptions of the subjects involved in the research regarding the acceptance of wearable devices, taking into account variables, such as age and gender. To this end, a nonexperimental, ex post facto design has been composed that combines descriptive and inferential techniques, with a sample of 606 patients and relatives belonging to a public health centre in the community of Madrid.

Unravelling the relationship between food and health requires a more in-depth knowledge of the various changes occurring in the gastrointestinal tract during digestion and which may ultimately affect the nutritional quality and safety of ingested food lipids before absorption into the bloodstream. In this context, this review deals with the oxidation process of food lipids under digestive conditions and the studies carried out on this topic using different digestion models: in vitro, in vivo or ex vivo, static or dynamic, and including one, two and/or three digestive phases (oral, gastric and duodenal). These studies have contributed to clarifying the occurrence and extent of lipid degradation under such a particular environment, many of them also highlighting the factors affecting the advance or delay of the oxidation of dietary lipids during digestion, like: food lipid content, unsaturation degree and initial oxidative status; the presence in the food bolus of compounds showing antioxidant activity (polyphenols, tocopherols…) either added or naturally present; the presence in the food bolus of proteins (including iron or not); food technological or culinary processings (salting, smoking, cooking…), among others. Likewise, the methodologies employed to study lipid oxidation under digestive conditions are also summarized and future research perspectives are discussed.

The objective of this work was to study the influence of several factors, especially fat and phytosterols concentration, on the behavior of margarine under thermo-oxidative conditions. For this purpose, margarines with similar compositions in acyl groups, but differing in the concentration of both fat and phytosterols, were heated at 180°C. The changes in the main components of margarine lipids and the formation of new compounds throughout the thermal treatment were monitored by (1)H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. The results show that the presence of high concentrations of phytosterols seems to have an antioxidant effect, since it slows down the thermo-oxidation rate of margarine and, consequently, the generation rate and concentrations of secondary oxidation products such as some aldehydes, epoxides and alcohols. The oil-water ratio also seems to have an important effect on margarine behavior, in such a way that the lower the fat concentration is, the higher its thermo-oxidation rate.

The changes provoked by in vitro digestion in the lipids of olive oil enriched or not with different phenolic compounds were studied by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and solid phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS). These changes were compared with those provoked in the lipids of corn oil and of virgin flaxseed oil submitted to the same digestive conditions. Lipolysis and oxidation were the two reactions under consideration. The bioaccessibility of main and minor components of olive oil, of phenolic compounds added, and of compounds formed as consequence of the oxidation, if any, were matters of attention. Enrichment of olive oil with antioxidant phenolic compounds does not affect the extent of lipolysis, but reduces the oxidation degree to minimum values or avoids it almost entirely. The in vitro bioaccessibility of nutritional and bioactive compounds was greater in the olive oil digestate than in those of other oils, whereas that of compounds formed in oxidation was minimal, if any. Very close quantitative relationships were found between the composition of the oils in main components and their in vitro bioaccessibility. These relationships, some of which have predictive value, can help to design lipid diets for different nutritional purposes. This work has been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO, AGL2015-65450-R, AEI/FEDER-EU) and by the Basque Government and its Departments of Universities and Research (EJ-GV, IT-916-16).

The performance of commercial non-enriched and lycopene-enriched extra-virgin olive oils (EVOO) during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion was studied in order to elucidate potential benefits of lycopene addition. Samples were analyzed before and after digestion by Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) and Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS). EVOO samples differed in both main (oleic and linoleic acyl groups) and minor components (phenolic and oxidation compounds). Regardless of the presence of lycopene, all the samples reached a high degree of lipolysis and showed high stability towards oxidation under digestion conditions. Rather than oxidation reactions, the hydroperoxides initially present in the oil were reduced to more stable hydroxides. Likewise, hydroxy-diene isomerization from cis,trans to trans,trans occurred. Hence, the presumed antioxidant effect of lycopene was not noticed during in vitro digestion of EVOO. Similar experiments carried out with a more polyunsaturated oil (sunflower oil) indicated that lycopene slowed down the advance of oxidation slightly. However, in the case of EVOO, its initial quality prevailed over the slight antioxidant effect exerted by lycopene at the concentration present in commercial samples, determining the oxidation compound profile of the digests.

The aim of this study is the analysis of the in vitro digestion of corn oil, and of the effect of its enrichment with three levels of gamma- and alpha-tocopherol, by using, for the first time, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and a solid phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS). The attention is focused on the hydrolysis degree, the degradation of oil’s main components, the occurrence of oxidation reactions and main compounds formed, as well as on the bioaccessibility of oil’s main components, of compounds formed in the oxidation, and, of gamma- and alpha-tocopherol. The lipolysis levels reached are high and show a similar pattern in all cases. The oxidation of corn oil components during in vitro digestion is proven, as is the action of gamma-tocopherol as an antioxidant and alpha-tocopherol as a prooxidant. In the more alpha-tocopherol enriched samples, hydroperoxy-, hydroxy-, and keto-dienes, as well as keto-epoxy-monoenes and aldehydes, are generated. The bioaccessibility of the oil’s main components is high. The compounds formed in the oxidation process during in vitro digestion can also be considered bioaccessible. The bioaccessibility of alpha-tocopherol is smaller than that of gamma-tocopherol. The concentration of this latter compound remains unchanged during the in vitro digestion of the more alpha-tocopherol enriched oil samples. This work has been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO, AGL2015-65450-R, AEI/FEDER-EU) and by the Basque Government and its Departments of Universities and Research (EJ-GV, IT-916-16).

2,6-Di-tert-butyl-hydroxytoluene (BHT, E-321) is a synthetic phenolic antioxidant which has been widely used as an additive in the food, cosmetic, and plastic industries for the last 70 y. Although it is considered safe for human health at authorized levels, its ubiquitous presence and the controversial toxicological data reported are of great concern for consumers. In recent years, special attention has been paid to these 14 metabolites or degradation products: BHT-CH2 OH, BHT-CHO, BHT-COOH, BHT-Q, BHT-QM, DBP, BHT-OH, BHT-OOH, TBP, BHQ, BHT-OH(t), BHT-OH(t)QM, 2-BHT, and 2-BHT-QM. These derived compounds could pose a human health risk from a food safety point of view, but they have been little studied. In this context, this review deals with the occurrence, origin, and fate of BHT in foodstuffs, its biotransformation into metabolites, their toxicological implications, their antioxidant and prooxidant properties, the analytical determination of metabolites in foods, and human dietary exposure. Moreover, noncontrolled additional sources of exposure to BHT and its metabolites are highlighted. These include their carryover from feed to fish, poultry and eggs, their presence in smoke flavorings, their migration from plastic pipelines and packaging to water and food, and their presence in natural environments, from which they can reach the food chain.

A study of the various chemical reactions which take place during fish in vitro digestion and the potential effect of fish salting on their extent is addressed for the first time. Farmed European sea bass fillets, raw, brine-salted or dry-salted, were digested using a gastrointestinal in vitro model. Fish lipid extracts before and after digestion were analyzed by 1H NMR, and the headspace composition of the digestates was investigated by SPME-GC/MS. During digestion, not only lipolysis, but also fish lipid oxidation took place. This latter was evidenced by the generation of conjugated dienes supported on chains having also hydroperoxy- and hydroxy-groups (primary oxidation compounds), by the increase of volatile secondary oxidation products, and by the decrease of the antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butyl-hydroxytoluene (BHT). Likewise, esterification and Maillard-type reactions also occurred. Salting, and especially dry-salting, enhanced all these reactions, except for lipolysis, during digestion.

The extent of cod liver oil hydrolysis and oxidation during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion was investigated by Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) and Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS). These techniques evidenced the degradation of polyunsaturated ω-3 and ω-6 lipids and, for the first time, that of vitamin A, naturally present in cod liver oil. Cis,trans-conjugated dienes associated with hydroperoxides, as well as monoepoxides, cis,trans-2,4-alkadienals, 4-hydroperoxy- and 4-hydroxy-2-alkenals, and several vitamin A derived metabolites were generated. Moreover, the effect of the addition of the synthetic antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butyl-hydroxytoluene (BHT) at 20 and 800ppm was tackled. Both techniques showed BHT to be efficient in limiting oxidation reactions during digestion, almost inhibiting them at 800ppm. Therefore, the simultaneous intake of antioxidants with cod liver oil should be considered, in order to increase polyunsaturated lipid and vitamin A bioaccessibility and avoid formation of toxic oxidation compounds like oxygenated alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes.

Few in vitro studies have tackled the effect of alpha-tocopherol on lipid oxidation during digestion, and discrepant results have been reported. As a result, the aim of this study was to elucidate whether the addition of alpha-tocopherol enhances or slows down the advance of oxidation that occurs during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of polyunsaturated lipids. For this purpose, commercial sunflower and flaxseed oils (as models of omega-6 and omega-3 rich lipid systems, respectively) were in vitro digested in the absence or in the presence of this tocol at different concentrations (0.02%, 0.2% and 2%). Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) and Solid Phase Microextraction followed by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) were used to investigate in detail potential differences among the digests regarding lipolysis and oxidation level. Alpha-tocopherol addition did not affect the advance of lipolysis, whereas lipid oxidation was enhanced in a dose-dependent manner. In this regard, the increased degradation of polyunsaturated lipids and greater generation of primary and secondary oxidation products observed at higher concentrations of alpha-tocopherol confirmed this observation. Among the formed oxidation products, hydroperoxy-, hydroxy- and keto-dienes, as well as oxygenated alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes are worth mentioning. The in vitro bioaccessibility of added tocopherol was estimated to be very low, suggesting a notable transformation under the assayed conditions. Further in vivo studies are necessary to confirm this prooxidant activity of alpha-tocopherol during gastrointestinal digestion.

The effect of the presence of ovalbumin and soy protein isolate on lipolysis and oxidation taking place during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of slightly oxidized sunflower and flaxseed oils was addressed. The extent of lipolysis, the molar proportions of acyl groups/fatty acids after digestion, and the oxidation products formed were studied by Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. The presence of proteins provoked a higher hydrolysis in triglycerides, a lower decrease of polyunsaturated chains, and a lower generation of oxidation compounds (conjugated dienes in chains having also hydroperoxy/hydroxy groups, epoxides and aldehydes); the formation of hydroxides was clearly favoured over that of hydroperoxides. Study of headspace composition by Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry confirmed that oxidation advanced to a lesser extent in the presence of protein. Thus, amino acids/peptides released during digestion may show antioxidant properties, affecting not only the extent of lipid oxidation, but also reactions pathways.

Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ( 1 H NMR) was used to study micro-wave cooked European sea bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ) fillets, along five different points of their in vitro digestion: after oral digestion, after gastric digestion and subsequent increasing of the pH to 5.0, and after 90 and 180 min of duodenal digestion. During the gastric phase, the appearance of broad signals in different spectral regions, typical of amino acid protons, provided evidence for the expected release of unstructured fragments of denatured proteins, whilst smaller peptides, with sharper signals in the same spectral regions, were becoming visible only after duodenal digestion. Prior digestion, the spectral features of trichloroacetic acid extracts, from raw and cooked fish fillets, have been analysed to assess whether a significant protein hydrolysis or metabolite release ( e.g. , amino acids, organic acids, saccharides, and nucleotide derivatives) already occurred during cooking, by comparing the spectral profiles of these extracts. No significant differences among the molecular profile of both extracts were found. The present study demonstrates the suitability of NMR spectroscopy to follow the kinetics of fish fillets digestion under in vitro conditions simulating human digestion.

The evolution of the abundance of the different types of aldehydes, including those that are genotoxic and cytotoxic, oxygenated α,β unsaturated, in the headspace of extra virgin olive, sunflower and virgin linseed oils, submitted to frying temperature for prolonged periods of time, in a discontinuous industrial fryer, was analysed. Very close relationships were found between the abundance of the aldehydes in the three oils at a certain heating time and the original oil composition in the main components. The equations that related these parameters, which can be used for predictive purposes, show not only which acyl group each aldehyde comes from, but also its quantitative influence. This is the first time that the presence of 4-oxo-( E )-2-decenal, and 4-oxo-( E )-2-undecenal have been detected, not only in frying oils, but also in foods. Furthermore, the concentration of aldehydes such as 4-hydroxy-( E )-2-nonenal, ( E )-4,5-epoxy-( E )-2-decenal, 4-hydroxy-( E )-2-hexenal, and 4-oxo-( E )-2-nonenal have been determined simultaneously for the first time in these edible oils submitted to frying temperature. The fact that significant concentrations of these toxic compounds were found in some oils before the oil reached 25% of the polar compounds is a cause of concern for human health.

This article focuses on the impact of several experimental factors, including gastric acidification, intestinal transit time, presence of gastric lipase, sample/digestive fluids ratio, concentration and nature of the enzymes in intestinal juice, and bile concentration, on the extent of in vitro lipolysis when using a static model that simulates human digestion processes in mouth, stomach and small intestine. The study was carried out by Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR). This technique provides a complete molecular picture of lipolysis, evidencing for the first time, whether preferential hydrolysis of certain glycerides over others occurs. A lipolysis degree similar to that reported in vivo was reached by varying certain variables within a physiological range; among them, bile concentration was found to be crucial. The holistic view of this 1H NMR study provides information of paramount importance to design sound in vitro digestion models to determine the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of lipophilic compounds.

Although a wide variety of compounds are deposited during the smoking process, much more attention has been given to phenols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, even though phenols have an important role to play as food antioxidants, some PAHs have cytotoxic and mutagenic effects. In the present work, two fish species differing in composition (dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) and sardine (Sardina pilchardus)) were salted and cold-smoked. Two different smoking treatments were selected in order to compare phenol content and muscle antioxidant activity employing the ferric reducing power (FRAP) method. Both smoking treatments increased fish lipid oxidation stability compared with the salted muscle. The characterization of the volatile components of the headspace of the more intensely processed smoked products was carried out by SPME/GC/MS, which revealed the presence of typical phenol and carbonyl derivatives, as well as some oxidation products and PAHs of low molecular weight. PAH composition was further investigated by extracting and identifying the PAHs by GC/MS. Neither benzo(a)pyerene nor other high molecular weight PAHs were detected, naphthalene and its derivatives being the most abundant compounds in the smoked products. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.

Sunflower oil at a specific oxidation stage (when several oxygenated alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes are generated, mainly 4-hydroperoxy-trans-2-alkenals and 4-hydroxy-trans-2-alkenals), caused at 70 degrees C with aeration for 7 days, was administered intraperitoneally to rats. This oil was studied by means of solid phase micro-extraction followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) and by proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H-NMR). Oxidized sunflower oil (3 ml/kg/day) was administered to male Sprague-Dawley rats for 21 days. The control group was administered non-oxidized sunflower oil in the same volume and for the same duration as the experimental group. A significant decrease in the number of neural cells positively immunostained for TrkA receptor was detected in the frontal cortex of the experimental group, with respect to controls, suggesting both neuronal damage as well as a deficit in neuronal survival signalling at this level. This could lead to apoptosis of cholinergic neurons, which play a key role in memory and attention function. These results indicate that toxic substances present in the oxidized sunflower oil, among them 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE) and 4-hydroperoxy-trans-2-nonenal (HPNE), could disrupt survival signalling of frontal cortex cholinergic neurons, which could lead to apoptosis and neurodegenerative diseases. In the case of humans, this fact reinforces the necessity of avoiding the re-utilization of oxidized sunflower oil, in order to contribute to long-term neurodegenerative diseases prevention.

Objetivos Evaluar un programa integral de prevencion y tratamiento del tabaquismo en una empresa de electrodomesticos con 1.600 trabajadores. Material y metodos El programa incluyo restriccion para fumar con delimitacion de espacios para fumadores y oferta de deshabituacion tabaquica a los fumadores afectados. Las variables de estudio fueron: edad, sexo, dependencia a la nicotina (test de Fagerstrom), monoxido de carbono en aire espirado, cumplimiento del tratamiento y abstinencia en el consumo de tabaco a la semana, al mes, a los 3 (fin del tratamiento) y a los 6 meses. Se definio como exito la abstinencia mantenida en el consumo de tabaco desde el inicio del tratamiento. Resultados La prevalencia de tabaquismo era del 34,8%. Solicitaron tratamiento el 19,5% de los fumadores (un 77,4% eran varones y el 22,6%, mujeres). La media de edad (± desviacion estandar) era de 41,3 ± 10,3 anos. El valor medio de la dependencia a la nicotina fue de 5,3 ± 2,6 puntos y la media de monoxido de carbono en aire espirado de 35,6 ± 23,7 ppm. El cumplimiento del tratamiento fue bueno en el 80% de los casos. El indice de abstinencia fue del 57,5% a los 6 meses, lo que supone una reduccion de la prevalencia del 4%. Conclusiones Las intervenciones sobre el tabaquismo en el entorno laboral reducen la prevalencia y facilitan establecer restricciones del consumo en el lugar de trabajo. La empresa representa un escenario oportuno para realizar intervenciones dirigidas a la prevencion y tratamiento del tabaquismo.

Objetivo: Realizar un analisis descriptivo en los estudiantes de sexto curso de medicina espanoles respecto al consumo de tabaco. Material y metodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal cuya poblacion objetivo son los estudiantes de sexto curso de las facultades de medicina de Espana. Se utilizo un cuestionario de autocontestacion, anonimo, que se envio a los domicilios personales de los alumnos por correo ordinario. Para el analisis de las variables y sus relaciones se utilizaron tablas de contingencias, la prueba de la ?2, la prueba de la t de Student y el analisis de la varianza con un valor de p < 0,05 y el paquete estadistico SPSS. Resultados: Se consulto a 3.840 alumnos y se recibieron 1.340 cuestionarios (34,9%). El 27% de los alumnos son fumadores (el 8,7% fuma los fines de semana y el 18,3% a diario). El consumo medio de cigarrillos es de 10,54 ± 7,89 cigarrillos/dia, aunque es significativamente mas alto en los estudiantes varones que en las mujeres. La edad media de inicio en el consumo de tabaco fue de 17,20 anos. El 32,54% de los alumnos que fuma en la actualidad ha iniciado su consumo durante la licenciatura de medicina. El 76,3% de los estudiantes fumadores quiere dejar de serlo y el 56,6% refiere haberlo intentado alguna vez. Conclusiones: Resulta preocupante el elevado numero de alumnos que comienzan a fumar en las facultades de medicina, entre otras causas, por la falta de sensibilidad de estos centros frente a este problema de salud. Los fenomenos que ocurren en la poblacion general respecto al tabaquismo aparecen tambien en los estudiantes de medicina, como la incorporacion de la mujer al consumo de tabaco, la influencia de factores socioculturales o la ampliacion en la edad de inicio. Probablemente, la menor prevalencia de fumadores entre estos alumnos respecto a otras poblaciones se debe a que, en general, tienen mejores habitos de salud que la poblacion general y no fuman por la misma motivacion por la que eligieron cursar la licenciatura de medicina.

Objective To evaluate whether medical education influences the prevalence, awareness of, and attitudes to smoking of medical students in the first 3 years of their degree. Material and Methods In this descriptive longitudinal questionnaire-based study of university students, data for medical and veterinary students in their first 3 years were compared. Results Of the 226 registered first-year medical students, 181 (80%) returned the questionnaire. Of the 180 first-year veterinary students, 161 (89%) replied to the questionnaire. In the third year, 151 questionnaires from medical students and 139 from veterinary students were returned. There were no differences in age or sex between the 2 groups, and both had more women. The prevalence of smokers increased between the first year and the beginning of the third (from 20% to 31% among medical students and from 28% to 32% among veterinary students). An improvement in the awareness of smoking as a risk factor was observed for medical students, but no change in attitude was observed. Conclusions The influence of medical education on this health concern is limited as there is no reduction in the prevalence of smoking. Medical education also seems unable to change attitudes to smoking. More students relate smoking to risk factors for certain diseases, showing greater awareness of the health problems caused by smoking.

Objetivo Evaluar la influencia que ejerce una facultad de medicina en sus alumnos, durante el primer ciclo de la carrera, respecto a la prevalencia, los conocimientos y las actitudes hacia el tabaquismo Material y metodo Estudio longitudinal descriptivo mediante encuesta, en estudiantes universitarios, en el que se compararon los datos obtenidos en medicina y veterinaria durante el primer ciclo de la licenciatura Resultados En el primer curso, el numero de matriculados en medicina era de 226 y se realizaron 181 encuestas (80%); en primero de veterinaria la cifra era de 180 y se llevaron a cabo 161 encuestas (89%); en tercer curso se efectuaron 151 encuestas en medicina y 139 en veterinaria. Las 2 muestras no presentan diferencias respecto a la edad ni en la distribucion por sexo, y hay un predominio de mujeres en ambos grupos. En la evolucion de la prevalencia de fumadores desde el primer curso hasta principios de tercero, observamos un incremento (paso de un 20 a un 31% en el caso de medicina y de un 28 a un 32% en el caso de veterinaria). Se observa una mejoria en los conocimientos sobre el tabaquismo como factor de riesgo en los alumnos de medicina, pero en las actitudes no se objetivan cambios significativos Conclusiones La influencia de la facultad de medicina en este problema de salud es escasa. No ejerce cambios positivos en la prevalencia del tabaquismo. Respecto a las actitudes tampoco genera cambios; en cuanto a los conocimientos se observa un incremento de alumnos que relacionan el tabaquismo como factor de riesgo de determinadas enfermedades

Objetivo Evaluar la fiabilidad de una encuesta sobre tabaquismo en estudiantes de medicina en cuanto a la reproducibilidad de los resultados Metodo Se diseno una encuesta con 30 variables que median tres dimensiones (prevalencia, conocimientos y actitudes hacia el tabaquismo) y se asigno una clave individual a cada cuestionario. Se encuesto a los alumnos de primero de medicina de Zaragoza en el curso 1997–1998. Para valorar la fiabilidad de la encuesta se aplico un metodo test-retest, que consiste en realizar el mismo cuestionario a los mismos sujetos al cabo de un tiempo. Para medir el grado de concordancia test-retest se ha calculado el coeficiente kappa Resultados Se realizo la encuesta inicial (test) a los alumnos de primero de medicina en el momento de la matricula (181 encuestados) y a las 7 semanas se volvio a pasar el mismo cuestionario en el aula (retest) consiguiendo 43 cuestionarios. Las encuestas se emparejaron segun la clave, consiguiendo emparejar 35 de los casos. La mayoria de las variables que se refieren a las caracteristicas del tabaquismo, tales como prevalencia, cantidad de consumo, consonancia-disonancia, entre otras, presentan un grado de fiabilidad bueno. Las variables que miden el grado de conocimientos se valoran en su mayoria con un grado de fiabilidad aceptable, si bien hay tres en que esta es baja. Respecto a las variables que evaluan las actitudes, la mitad aproximadamente presenta un grado de fiabilidad aceptable y la otra mitad, una fiabilidad baja Conclusiones La encuesta evaluada tiene, en general, un grado de fiabilidad bueno; esto se refiere a la reproducibilidad de los resultados, es decir, a la probabilidad de que un individuo responda de igual forma a la pregunta planteada en dos momentos distintos. No obstante, algunas de las variables que miden actitudes hacia el tabaquismo presentan un menor grado de fiabilidad y esta situacion obliga a interpretar con prudencia los resultados obtenidos con dichas variables

Objetivos El tratamiento del tabaquismo incluye diversas intervenciones terapeuticas que han demostrado ser eficaces, desde el consejo minimo hasta la atencion intensiva. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es conocer las caracteristicas que presenta la poblacion de fumadores que actualmente solicitan tratamiento de deshabituacion tabaquica en una unidad de tabaquismo Metodo Estudio descriptivo observacional. La poblacion objetivo fueron los fumadores que acuden a una unidad de tabaquismo para deshabituacion tabaquica. Se estudiaron las siguientes variables: sexo, edad, procedencia, estado civil, nivel de formacion, edad de primer consumo de tabaco y de consumo regular y tiempo transcurrido entre ambos, grado de dependencia a la nicotina (test de Fagerstrom), numero de cigarrillos-dia, numero de anos de fumador, consumo de otras sustancias con capacidad de originar adiccion (alcohol, cafeina, psicofarmacos, otras drogas), presencia de patologia concomitante, intentos previos de cesacion, motivos actuales de abandono y determinacion de monoxido de carbono en aire espirado. A todos los fumadores incluidos en la lista de espera se les realizo una historia de primer dia en la que se recogian las variables de estudio y se les incluia en un programa de deshabituacion tabaquica en grupo, mediante tratamiento multicomponente (farmacologico y terapia cognitivo-conductual) a lo largo de 3 meses. Se presentan los resultados como proporciones y medias con sus desviaciones estandar (DE) y sus intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95% Resultados Se estudio a 385 fumadores 239 [62%] varones y 146 [38%] mujeres, con una edad media de 43,05 anos (DE, 9,07). La dependencia media a la nicotina (test de Fagerstrom) fue de 6,05 (DE, 2,19); media de cigarrillos/dia, 25,9 (DE, 12,11); media de numero de anos de fumador, 25,3 anos (DE, 9,04), y media de monoxido de carbono, 39,30 (DE, 25,18). En cuanto a la presencia de patologia asociada, el 27,5% de los pacientes presentaba bronquitis cronica, y el 15%, factores de riesgo cardiovascular asociados. El 72% habia tenido intentos previos de cesacion; los motivos actuales para dejar de fumar eran la prevencion de enfermedades (38%), la conciencia de dependencia (20%) y el papel ejemplar para los hijos (10%) Conclusiones Actualmente los fumadores que acuden a una unidad de tabaquismo son adultos jovenes, en fase de preparacion, con alto grado de dependencia y con escasa prevalencia de sintomas. En un futuro se preve que la poblacion que solicite tratamiento especializado se modifique, con la incorporacion de fumadores con patologia o caracteristicas especificas

Objetivos El conocimiento del riesgo que supone para los no fumadores la inhalacion de aire contaminado con humo de tabaco ha motivado el desarrollo de intervenciones sobre tabaquismo en el medio laboral, aunque en nuestro entorno son todavia escasas. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es conocer la eficacia de una intervencion sobre tabaquismo entre los trabajadores de una empresa, segun los cambios existentes en la prevalencia pre y postintervencion en el grupo estudiado Metodo Se realizo una encuesta preintervencion sobre tabaquismo (prevalencia y actitudes) en una empresa de 640 empleados (el 92% varones y el 8% mujeres); a lo largo de los nueves meses siguientes se desarrollo la intervencion dentro de la empresa durante el horario laboral; posterior-mente se repitio la encuesta (postintervencion) con el objetivo de evaluar su efectividad basandose en los cambios existentes. Se realizo un estudio de datos apareados en los trabajadores que contestaron ambas encuestas Resultados Contestaron la encuesta preintervencion 388 empleados (60%), 357 varones (92%), 31 mujeres (8%); edad media, 48,4 (desviacion estandar [DE], 9,36). La prevalencia de tabaquismo fue del 55%, incluyendo fumadores a diario, esporadicos y de otras labores de tabaco; media de cigarrillos/dia, 17,86 (DE, 2,45); grado de dependencia a la nicotina (test de Fagerstrom), media, 3,3 (DE, 2,8) sobre 10. Contestaron la encuesta preintervencion 206 empleados (el 32% del total); en los trabajadores que contestaron ambas encuestas (83) mediante estudio de datos apareados se observo una disminucion de la prevalencia de fumadores del 4% y del numero de cigarrillos/dia (17,4 preintervencion y 16,4 postintervencion); estas diferencias no fueron estadisti-camente significativas Conclusiones El entorno laboral constituye un medio adecuado, infrautilizado en la actualidad, para realizar intervenciones sobre tabaquismo y contribuir asi a mejorar la salud de la poblacion trabajadora

Optimum experimental conditions for a quantitative 1 H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ( 1 H NMR) analysis of coal tar pitches are given. From the variety of sample concentrations studied, it was found that 3% in weight was the most suitable concentration for 1 H NMR experiments. The cut-off points were adjusted and the different types of hydrogen in the resultant regions were identified. The patterns used for both purposes were prepared according to the quali- and quantitative information given by Gas Chromatography (gc). Using these conditions, four coal tar pitches with different softening point were characterized. Some new parameters were defined with the aim of obtaining an important amount of more reliable information.

This paper discusses the influence of pitch composition on its thermal behaviour. The value of the approach consisting in the characterization of these materials by analysis of their volatile fraction is demonstrated. The pyrolysis of nine coal tar pitches was studied by thermogravimetric analysis (t.g.a.) and derivative thermogravimetry (d.t.g.). The coke yield was closely related to both the rate of weight loss and the temperatures at which the d.t.g. curve reached maxima. To obtain information about the influence of the structures present in pitches on their thermal behaviour, the composition of the volatile fraction (evaluated by gas chromatography) was considered. The degree of condensation and the relative proportions of the different kinds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in this fraction were related to important thermal parameters deduced through t.g.a. and d.t.g. High coke yields are associated with a highly condensed volatile fraction in which alternant peri-condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons predominate over non-alternant systems.

The infrared spectra from 650 to 4000 cm −1 and their semiquantative analysis for a coal tar pitch and extracts and residues obtained when this coal tar pitch was treated with organic solvents are discussed. This analysis supplies excellent information on the concentration of the several functionalities in the samples. The treatment with solvents provides carbonaceous materials with different concentrations of the same functionalities which can be very useful in the study of relationships between composition, properties, and behavior. The different aromaticity of the samples, in relation with the hydrogen, are discussed. A preponderance of aromatic hydrogens, distributed mainly in structures containing four neighboring aromatic C-H bonds, and an appreciable amount of hydrogens attached to saturated carbon atoms, even in the insoluble fractions, can be observed

Relationships between solvent extractive ability with coal tar pitches and Hildebrand's solubility parameter have been studied. In addition, taking into account Hansen's solubility parameter components, relationships between these and solvent effectiveness in coal tar pitch extractions have been studied. In this paper it is proved that organic solvents with a high solubility parameter dispersive component are the best coal tar pitch solvents, providing their polarity and their ability to give rise to hydrogen bonding interactions do not exceed certain limits.

The oxidation of lipids containing polyunsaturated omega-3 or omega-6 acyl groups, such as docosahexenoic, eicosapentenoic, linolenic, arachidonic, or linoleic groups, and of the corresponding fatty acids, generates among other compounds alpha,beta -unsaturated aldehydes supporting different functional groups containing oxygen, which can be named oxygenated alpha,beta -unsaturated aldehydes (OalphabetaUAs). These compounds can be produced in cells and tissues of living organisms or in foods during processing or storage, and from these latter can be absorbed through the diet. In the last few years, OalphabetaUAs are receiving a great deal of attention because they are being considered as possible causal agents of numerous diseases, such as chronic inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, adult respiratory distress syndrome, atherogenesis, diabetes, and different types of cancer. This review deals with the nature of the different kinds of OalphabetaUAs detected until now, their reactivity and consequent biological activity; the several pathways proposed for their formation; the current knowledge about the influence of both oxidative conditions and lipids nature in the rate of formation and yield of each kind of OalphabetaUAs in edible oils; the methods described until now to determine the presence in foods of some of these compounds, such as 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal, 4-hydroxy-trans-2-octenal, 4-hydroxy-trans-2-hexenal and 4-oxo-trans-2-hexenal; and finally, the levels found of some of them in several foods.

OBJECTIVES: To assess a comprehensive smoking prevention and treatment program in an electrical appliances company with 1600 employees. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The program included smoking restrictions with the designation of smoking areas and the offer of smoking cessation treatment for the smokers affected. Study variables were age, sex, nicotine dependence (Fagerstrom Test), carbon monoxide in expired air, adherence to therapy, and smoking abstinence at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months (end of treatment), and 6 months. Successful smoking abstinence was defined as continuous abstinence from the beginning of treatment. RESULTS: Smoking prevalence was 34.8% and 19.5% of smokers requested treatment (77.4% men and 22.6% women). Mean (SD) age was 41.3 (10.3) years. Mean score of nicotine dependence was 5.3 (2.6) and the mean quantity of carbon monoxide in expired air was 35.6 (23.7) ppm. Adherence to therapy was good in 80% of patients. Rate of abstinence was 57.5% at 6 months, signifying a 4% reduction in prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: Workplace smoking cessation programs reduce prevalence and facilitate the establishment of smoking restrictions at the worksite. Companies are convenient settings for the implementation of programs aimed at smoking prevention and treatment. Resultados de un programa integral de prevencion y tratamiento del tabaquismo en el entorno laboral OBJETIVOS: Evaluar un programa integral de prevencion y tratamiento del tabaquismo en una empresa de electrodomesticos con 1.600 trabajadores.

Objective To describe and analyze the smoking habits of sixth-year Spanish medical students. Material and methods The target population of this descriptive cross-sectional study was students completing their sixth year in Spanish medical schools. An anonymous, self-administered questionnaire was sent to the students' homes by ordinary mail. The relationships between the variables were analyzed using contingency tables, the χ 2 test, the Student t test, and analysis of variance with a significance level of P Results A total of 3840 questionnaires were distributed to students, and 1340 were returned completed (34.9%). Of the respondents, 27% were smokers (8.7% smoked only on weekends, and 18.3% were daily smokers). The mean (SD) number of cigarettes smoked per day was 10.54 (7.89). Consumption was significantly higher among men than among women. The mean age of initiation was 17.20 years. Of the students who were smokers, 32.54% stated that they had started smoking during their medical studies. The percentage of smokers who stated that they wanted to quit was 76.3%, and 56.6% said that they had already made at least one quit attempt. Conclusions It is cause for concern that a large number of students start smoking after they enter medical school. One of the reasons for this is the lack of concern about smoking as a health problem within medical schools. The smoking habits of medical students are affected by the same phenomena that affect those of the general public, such as the increase in the number of women smokers, the influence of sociocultural factors, and the increasingly broader age range of initiation. The lower prevalence of smoking among medical students with respect to other populations is probably due to the fact that, in general, these students have better health habits than the general public, and/or the reasons that led them to study medicine also make them disinclined to smoke.

To determine the prevalence and attitudes in a group of medical students between the fourth and sixth years of their studies.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of smoking in a group of pregnant women and to evaluate changes in tobacco habits and the response to medical advice during pregnancy.

To determine the prevalence and attitudes of fourth-year medical students towards tobacco and to sensitize future health professionals to the importance of being a non-smoker.