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Objective: To assess the attitude of primary care (PCPs) and specialized care (SCPs) physicians towards the general set of patients with dyslipidemia, particularly those with cardiovascular risk factors., Design: Observational, descriptive, multi-center study based on a survey., Location: Different healthcare regions in Spain., Participants: 1,402 PCPs, and 596 SCPs., Main Measurements: Physician's profile, routine practices in the management of patients with dyslipidemia., Results: 84.3% took the global cardiovascular risk into account when prescribing the treatment. Target LDL-C concentration in patients without cardiovascular risk factors was <130mg/dL and <160mg/dL for 51.9% and 29.0% of physicians, respectively. In smokers and patients with hypertension or diabetes, the LDL target was <100mg/dL for 49-55% of physicians, whereas in patients with cardiovascular complication, ischemic cardiopathy or stroke, target LDL-C was <70mg/dL in 71-88% of them. First-line treatment for patients without cardiovascular risk factors was atorvastatin (66%), whereas in patients with diabetes, kidney disease or metabolic syndrome, most physicians (80-89%) used pitavastatin. SCPs showed a greater trend than PCPs to establish a LDL-C target of <70mg/dL in patients with previous stroke (77.5% vs 66.8%) or coronary disease (92.1% vs 80.6%) (P<.0001), as well as to prescribe a combined treatment in patients not achieving the target LDL-C concentrations (58.1% vs 50.2%, P=.0013)., Conclusions: Although CVR assessment is generally accepted, there is broad disagreement in defining the objectives of LDL-C. Most often than PCPs, the SCPs consider more ambitious targets for LDL-C and the association of lipid-lowering drugs., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: An altered serum lipid profile and lipoprotein levels are major modifiable risk factors for hypertension. Apolipoprotein A1 and B100 (ApoA1 and ApoB100) are the chief structural proteins of High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) and Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C), respectively. The level of ApoB in the serum represents overall atherogenicity, whereas the level of ApoA1 can indicate total antiatherogenicity. Aim: To evaluate the serum levels of ApoA1 and ApoB in the first-degree relatives of individuals with essential hypertension. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the Clinical Biochemistry laboratory in association with the Department of General Medicine at SCB Medical College and Hospital, Cuttack, Odisha, India, from February 2018 to March 2019. It consisted of 165 participants: group I included hypertensive patients (n=55); group II included first-degree relatives of the above hypertensive patients (n=55); and group III included non hypertensive healthy age-matched controls (n=55). The waist-hip ratio, Blood Pressure (BP), fasting plasma glucose, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C, ApoA1, ApoB, and the ApoB/ApoA1 ratio were all measured. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 25.0. Results: The mean age of subjects in groups I, II, and III was 49±8.3, 38±5.2, and 37±5.4 years, respectively, with males constituting 56% and females 44% of the total participants. The ApoA1 levels were lowest in group I (104.9±16.3 mg/dL) and highest in group III (117.4±7.3 mg/dL). The serum ApoB levels and the ratio of ApoB/ApoA1 were highest in group I (104.2±14.1; 1.1±0.64 mg/dL) and lowest in group III (60.9±18.2; 0.5±0.15 mg/dL). A highly significant negative correlation (r=-0.40, p

Abstract Previous studies have reported that a potential association between exposure to outdoor light at night (LAN) and diseases. However, there is no evidence regarding the impacts of outdoor LAN exposure on lipid metabolism in humans. This study aims to evaluate the associations between outdoor LAN exposure and the prevalence of dyslipidemia, using a nationwide sample of 10,894 adults aged ≥ 45 years from 150 investigated sites across China in 2011–2012. Outdoor LAN exposure was assessed by using satellite imaging data. The prevalence ratio (PR) was calculated. The present study found that a per-quintile LAN exposure was positively associated with the prevalence of high LDL-cholesterol (PR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.04–1.16), high triglyceride (PR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.03–1.12), low HDL-cholesterol (PR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.08–1.16), and dyslipidemia (PR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.03–1.09). The fifth quintile of LAN exposure was associated with a significantly increased prevalence of dyslipidemia (PR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.07–1.35) compared with the first quintile of exposure. Long-term exposure to outdoor LAN was positively associated with dyslipidemia prevalence. Public policies aimed at reducing light pollution at night, guided by the spatial distribution patterns, could lessen the adverse effects.

Abstract This study investigates the prevalence of dyslipidemia and its association with disease activity in children with Juvenile Dermatomyositis (JDM). A retrospective chart review of 142 JDM patients who had fasting lipid profiles was conducted. Clinical, and laboratory indicators of disease activity at the time of lipid assessment were obtained. JDM patients displayed a high prevalence (72%) of abnormal or borderline fasting lipid profiles, particularly involving HDL and triglycerides. Treatment-naïve patients exhibited the most significant dyslipidemia, with significantly lower median HDL levels compared to those on medication (30 vs. 49 mg/dL, p

Abstract This study aimed to compare the serum lipid profiles between tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) in the long-term treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). We analyzed data from treatment-naïve CHB patients administered with TDF or TAF, collected from electronic medical records between May 2017 and September 2022. Serum lipid indices, including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and their ratios (TC/HDL, LDL/HDL), were assessed at baseline, and at 48 and 96 weeks. Propensity score matching (PSM) adjusted for baseline differences between groups. From 2344 patients initially screened, 418 were included for the 48-week analysis (265 on TDF, 153 on TAF) and 292 for the 96-week analysis (238 on TDF, 54 on TAF). At 48 weeks, comparing the serum lipid indicators between the pre- and post-treatment, TDF significantly reduced TC and TC/HDL, whereas TAF induced widespread dyslipidemia, characterized by elevated levels of TC, TG, LDL, LDL/HDL, and TC/HDL, and reduced HDL (P

Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of Semaglutide (a GLP-1 receptor agonist) in obese patients with and without Type-II Diabetes Mellitus. Methods This observational analytic cohort study was conducted in a private medical institute in Karachi Pakistan; from August 2022 to January 2023. A total of 65 obese individuals >18 years of age, with or without T2D were included. Semaglutide was started with an initial dose of 0.25 mg with an increase in dose to 0.5 mg, 1 mg and 2 mg with gap of 4 weeks between each dose escalation. Patients were kept on the maximally tolerated dose, not exceeding 2 mg/week. Patients were evaluated on the first and second follow-up at 3 and 6 months respectively, for the same parameters as noted at the initial visit, along with documentation of any adverse effect. Results Out of 65 patients, 49.2% were female and 50.8% were male. Mean age was 49.16 ± 14.20 years. 47.7% of the patients had hypertension, 46.2% had diabetes mellitus, 35.4% had dyslipidemia and 13.8% had ischemic heart disease. All patients were using 0.5 mg of semaglutide after three months, however by six months 33.8% were using 1 mg, and 24.6% were on 2 mg, whereas 40% decided to adhere to 0.5 mg and only 1.5% decided to reduce the dose to 0.25 mg due to adverse effects. Patients reported start of the first adverse effect by 3.44 ± 2.27 weeks of starting the drug. By the end of three months, 55.4% of patients in our study reported adverse effect, which declined to 34.5% by the end of six months, and the majority being mild to moderate and the most frequent side effects were gastrointestinal in origin. There was no significant difference in side effect profile in between those with and without diabetes mellitus. The average weight loss was 5.81 ± 2.64 kg and 9.86 ± 3.54 kg after three and six months respectively and the amount of weight loss was almost equal in those with and without T2D. A significant decline was observed in the average HbA1c levels, body mass index (p =

Aim. To study the features of lipid metabolism disorders in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), depending on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and smoking factor. Materials and methods. The study included 142 ACS patients (mean age – 59.66 ± 0.78 years). All the patients were divided into two groups according to GFR. Group I comprised 57 individuals with GFR

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a widespread global epidemic that affects individuals across all age groups and presents a significant public health challenge. Comprising various cardio-metabolic risk factors, MetS contributes to morbidity and, when inadequately addressed, can lead to mortality. Current therapeutic approaches involve lifestyle changes and the prolonged use of pharmacological agents targeting the individual components of MetS, posing challenges related to cost, compliance with medications, and cumulative side effects. To overcome the challenges associated with these conventional treatments, herbal medicines and phytochemicals have been explored and proven to be holistic complements/alternatives in the management of MetS. Thymoquinone (TQ), a prominent bicyclic aromatic compound derived from Nigella sativa emerges as a promising candidate that has demonstrated beneficial effects in the treatment of the different components of MetS, with a good safety profile. For methodology, literature searches were conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar for relevant studies until December 2023. Using Boolean Operators, TQ and the individual components of MetS were queried against the databases. The retrieved articles were screened for eligibility. As a result, we provide a comprehensive overview of the anti-obesity, anti-dyslipidaemic, anti-hypertensive, and anti-diabetic effects of TQ including some underlying mechanisms of action such as modulating the expression of several metabolic target genes to promote metabolic health. The review advocates for a paradigm shift in MetS management, it contributes valuable insights into the multifaceted aspects of the application of TQ, fostering an understanding of its role in mitigating the global burden of MetS.

Introduction: Dyslipidemia comprises disorders of lipoprotein metabolism, which is usually characterized by increased plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), or reduced plasma level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Dyslipidemia is commonly found in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients causing an increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Many studies done previously show variable prevalence of dyslipidemia (68 to 85 %) in known diagnosed patients of T2DM (with unknown history of onset), however, only limited studies have been done for finding prevalence of dyslipidemia in newly detected T2DM patients. AIM: This study is a cross-sectional observational study done in a tertiary care hospital in Mumbai (India), aiming to study prevalence and pattern in newly detected T2DM patients. The secondary objective is to compare the prevalence and pattern of dyslipidemia in newly detected T2DM patients with non-diabetic controls. Material and Method: For this, 100 newly detected T2DM patients were chosen along with 100 cases of age & gender-matched non-diabetic controls. Their clinical profile and lipid profile of both groups were observed and compared. Result: Results showed higher prevalence of dyslipidemia in newly detected T2DM patients (64%) which was significantly more than the control group (32%). Moreover, the pattern of dyslipidemia showed greater mean levels of TC, TG, and LDL and low mean levels of HDL in T2DM patients compared to the control group. Conclusion: These findings show that there is an increased risk of Dyslipidemia in new onset T2DM patients.

Abstract Current data suggest that oxidative stress may play an important role in the occurrence of acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), as chorioretinal integrity may be affected by disruption of the patient’s metabolic redox balance, indicating the need for biomarkers. In addition to oxidative stress, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) dysfunction due to dyslipidemia can also lead to many types of physical discomfort. However, little is known about the pathophysiology of the disease resulting from oxidative stress and HDL dysfunction in CSC. The aim of this study was to investigate whether serum oxidative stress and HDL functionality markers have an impact on CSC disease. The case series of this study included 33 consecutive patients with treatment-naïve acute CSC. Thirty-five healthy volunteers of similar age were included in this study as non-CSC controls. Serum samples of the participants were taken and routine lipid values, serum Total Antioxidant Status (TAS), Total Oxidant Status (TOS), Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein (ox-LDL), and Paraoxonase (PON1) levels were measured quantitatively. Serum oxidative stress index (OSI) was then calculated. Serum Ox-LDL, TOS and OSI levels in the acute CSC group, consisting of patients who had never been treated before and had no other disease, were statistically significantly higher than the control group. Conversely, serum PON1 and TAS levels were lower in CSC than in the control group. The relationship between CSC and deterioration in serum redox balance and decrease in PON1 activity, an important marker of HDL functionality, was demonstrated for the first time through this study. According to the literature, serum levels of these biomarkers, which identify acute/chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, have not been measured before in CSC disease. Finally, it is conceivable that redox balance and HDL functionality may be important in the diagnosis and treatment of the acute phase of CSC.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes is associated with obesity and dyslipidemia, which are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved indications for statins are being broadened due to their lipid-lowering and pleiotropic effects; statins are currently among the most widely used drugs in patients with and without diabetes. Aim: To evaluate the role of atorvastatin at different doses in the development and progression of glucose intolerance or diabetes in albino rabbits. Materials and Methods: An in-vivo experimental study on rabbits was conducted over a total duration of eight months in the Department of Pharmacology at SCB Medical College, Cuttack, Odisha, India. The animals were divided into five groups of six rabbits each. Atorvastatin at 4 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg was calculated based on human doses corresponding to 80 mg and 40 mg, respectively. Both doses were administered to non diabetic rabbits, and 4 mg/kg atorvastatin was administered to alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits orally for six months daily. Diabetes was induced in two groups of rabbits by administering 100 mg/kg alloxan monohydrate in a 5% (w/v) solution in sterile saline intravenously. Rabbits with stabilised moderate diabetes, characterised by a fasting blood glucose level above 200 mg/dL (at least one month after alloxan injection), were used for the experiments. The effect of atorvastatin on glucose tolerance was assessed by determining Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) and Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. The results were compared with those of normal and diabetic control rabbits and statistically analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Repeated Measures ANOVA (RMANOVA), followed by appropriate post-hoc analysis. Results: Atorvastatin at a high dose resulted in a 26.74% increase in FBS and a 20.50% increase in HbA1c; at the standard dose, it produced a 21.3% increase in FBS and a 17.99% increase in HbA1c, respectively. The diabetic group receiving high doses also showed a significant increase in FBS (11.7%) and HbA1c (10.25%). The increase in blood glucose parameters was significant in the high-dose group from the fourth month of statin therapy and in the standard-dose group at six months of therapy. Conclusion: The study revealed that atorvastatin at both doses significantly contributed to the initiation and progression of glucose intolerance in diabetic and non diabetic rabbits.

Background/Aims Achieving rapid reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels below 55 mg/dL in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) can be challenging with statins alone. This single-center, retrospective study aimed to assess the impact of single-dose injection of evolocumab 140 mg on LDL-C levels during the peri-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) period in patients with AMI. Methods A total of 95 patients with AMI who underwent PCI were divided into the evolocumab (n = 50) and non-evolocumab (n = 45) groups. Results The percentage change of LDL-C level at 1–3 weeks from baseline was 78.4 ± 13.4% reduction in the evolocumab group versus 45.6 ± 22.6% in the non-evolocumab group, with a mean difference of −33.5% between the groups (95% CI: −42.6 to −24.5%; p < 0.001). The achievement rate of LDL-C levels below 55 mg/dL at 1–3 weeks was significantly higher in the evolocumab group than in the non-evolocumab group (97.7% vs. 60.0%, p < 0.001). Conclusions Patients with AMI who received single-dose injection of evolocumab 140 mg during the peri-PCI period had a significantly greater LDL-C reduction and higher proportion of patients achieved the target LDL-C level in the early phase AMI than those who did not receive evolocumab.

Background Cardiovascular disease, mainly atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, is the first cause of death for urban and rural residents in China. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol is the pathogenic risk factor of ASCVD. Objective By establishing a new outpatient model for blood lipid management, to analyze the awareness rate of abnormal blood lipids in patients before and after the establishment of the new model, the proportion of rational drug use, patient compliance, and medication compliance rate. Methods From September 1, 2023 to February 28, 2024, has established a comprehensive outpatient model for managing blood lipid abnormalities based on scientific research projects by integrating medical resources. The model takes the outpatient service of "patients with dyslipidemia" as the carrier, and collaborates with specialized doctors and general practitioners to standardize the management of dyslipidemia patients, optimize the consultation and follow-up process, effectively screen the population with dyslipidemia, diagnose hyperlipidemia patients, and provide correct treatment methods. Results The model of patients with dyslipidemia included in the management of chronic diseases has shifted from a dispersed model to a comprehensive, standardized, and centralized management of lipid management outpatient services, and the number of patients managed has significantly increased compared to before. The proportion of standardized medication for first-time patients in our blood lipid management outpatient department has increased from 25.3% (147/580) to 30.3% (242/798), the proportion of adherence to medication has increased from 32.7% (190/580) to 41.6% (332/798), and the compliance rate of medication has increased from 15.8% (92/580) to 22.5% (180/798) (P

Dyslipidemia constitutes an essential risk factor for atherosclerotic disorders. From employing diverse types of blood lipid indicators as markers for risk prediction to subsequently applying low-density lipoprotein cholesterol as the primary lipid-lowering target in both primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases, relevant research and clinical practices indicate that the dyslipidemia management system grounded on hierarchical medical care is a significant measure for effective blood lipid control and efficient reduction of cardiovascular diseases. Continuously optimizing the prediction model for cardiovascular diseases, enhancing the construction of the medical consortium specializing in dyslipidemia disorders, and promoting the dyslipidemia management and control system based on hierarchical medical treatment will facilitate elevating the overall prevention and treatment level of dyslipidemia in China, and mitigate the health menace of cardiovascular diseases for Chinese residents.

Background: Dyslipidemia and hard exudates of the retina have an intricate association. Increased lipid levels cause increased hard exudates. Many studies found dyslipidemia as an independent risk factor for the development of hard exudates in maculopathy. Objectives: The objective of this study was the association between dyslipidemia and the presence of hard exudates among focal maculopathy patients with and without hard exudates. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital-based case–control study. This study included 60 patients with focal maculopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) with hard exudates. Sixty patients with Focal maculopathy in type 2 DM without hard exudates were taken as control. Results: Dyslipidemia was significantly seen (P < 0.05) in cases compared to participants. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and very LDL-C were significantly higher in cases compared to controls. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) had the opposite outcome. HDL-C was significantly lower in cases compared to controls. Conclusion: Dyslipidemia was a strong risk factor for the formation of hard exudates in the macula. An increase in lipid levels increased the hard exudates concentration in the macula and retina.

Background: Although highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has improved immunologic and virologic outcomes, as well as the quality of life of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients, it has worsened a wide range of metabolic derangements associated with HIV/AIDS. A wide range of lipid abnormalities and dysglycemia have been reported in patients on HARRT. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, a tertiary hospital in southeast Nigeria. A fasting venous blood sample was used to check for fasting plasma glucose. Results: Fasting blood glucose was significantly higher in HARRT-exposed individuals (P < 0.01). This is also true for total cholesterol and triglycerides (P < 0.01). High-density lipoprotein (HDL) was significantly higher in HAART-naïve individuals while low-density lipoprotein was higher in the control group. Comparing HAART-exposed patients and HAART-naïve patients, significantly more HAART-naïve patients had lower HDL (abnormal), P = 0.04, odds ratio = 1.57, 95% confidence interval, 1.01–2.45. HAART-naïve patients had higher rates of abnormal results, except for fasting plasma glucose. Conclusion: HAART-exposed and HAART-naïve HIV/AIDS patients have a high level of dyslipidemia compared with normal HIV-negative patients, and this effect is more pronounced in male patients than female patients. There should be increased surveillance for metabolic derangements in these patients at the time of diagnosis and recruitment into the HAART program. There is a need for the treatment of dyslipidemia in such patients.

Objective·To explore the effects of hypertension and dyslipidemia on cognitive function in the elderly.Methods·A dynamic population cohort was established by using prospective cohort study methods. In 2019, a complete cohort was selected from residents aged 65 and above who voluntarily participated in a free physical examination program in a community in Shanghai, serving as the baseline cohort. In 2022, 512 community-dwelling elderly aged 67 to 93 were randomly selected from the same community as the follow-up cohort for the study. The collected date included residents′ health records, various physical examination measurements, and Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) scale scores.Results·Of the 512 cases that were followed up, the valid sample size was reduced to 495 after data cleaning. According to the baseline and follow-up cognitive assessments and changes, the cases were categorized into three cognitive groups: the improvement group, the normal group, and the decline group. The prevalence of hypertension in the decline group was 43.14% higher than that in the improvement group and 24.39% higher than that in the normal group (66.67% in the decline group vs 23.53% in the improvement group, P=0.011; 66.67% in the decline group vs 42.28% in the normal group, P=0.040). Total cholesterol (TC) in the improvement group was lower than that in the normal group [improvement group (4.38±1.04) mmol/L vs normal group (5.11±1.12) mmol/L, P=0.009]. Additionally, TC in the decline group in 2022 was higher than that in 2019 [paired difference (0.46±0.87) mmol/L, 95% CI 0.08‒0.84, P=0.021]. LDL-Ch in the improvement group was lower than that in the normal group [improved group (2.51±0.92) mmol/L vs normal group (3.07±1.00) mmol/L, P=0.024], and their HDL-Ch in 2022 was higher than that in 2019 [paired difference (0.16±0.20) mmol/L, 95% CI 0.06‒0.26, P=0.005]. The results of multinomial Logistic regression showed: TC in the improved group was lower than that in the normal group [β=4.12, OR=61.64, 95% CI 1.52‒2494.07, P=0.029] and the decline group [β=5.88, OR=357.35, 95% CI 4.54‒28149.75, P=0.008]; the TAG [β=1.85, OR=6.34, 95% CI 1.05‒38.43, P=0.045], LDL-Ch [β=5.61, OR=274.06, 95% CI 3.65‒20567.57, P=0.011], and hypertension [β=1.90, OR=6.69, 95% CI 1.53‒29.16, P=0.011] in the decline group were higher than those in the improvement group; the age of the decline group was greater than that of the normal group [β=0.08, OR=1.08, 95% CI 1.00‒1.16, P=0.041], and the education level was lower than that of the normal group [β=1.22, OR=3.39, 95% CI 1.28‒8.94, P=0.014].Conclusion·Low TC and LDL-Ch and high HDL-Ch are beneficial to cognitive improvement. Conversely, hypertension, high TC, high TAG, high LDL-Ch, low education level, and advanced ages are risk factors for cognitive decline.

Abstract Background Dyslipidemia is an imbalance of lipid profiles. It increases the chance of clogged arteries and may cause heart attacks, strokes, and other circulatory disorders. Dyslipidemia affects the general population, but its severity is higher in diabetic populations. As a result, the chance of dyslipidemia-associated morbidity and mortality is highest in diabetic patients. In Ethiopia, around 2 to 6.5% of the population live with diabetes, but their lipid profiles are inconsistent across the studies. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of diabetic dyslipidemia and its predictors among people with diabetes in Ethiopia. Method A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted. The searches were carried out in MEDLINE via PubMed and OVID, EBSCO, Embase, and other supplementary gateways such as Google and Google Scholar, for articles published up to June 2023. The articles were searched and screened by title (ti), abstract (ab), and full text (ft). The quality of the eligible studies was assessed by the Newcastle–Ottawa scale. The heterogeneity was detected by the Cochrane Q statistic test and the I-squared (I 2) test. Then subgroup analysis and meta-regression analysis were used to identify the source of the variations. A random or fixed-effect meta-analysis model was used to estimate the overall pooled prevalence and average effects. The publication bias was assessed by the funnel plot asymmetry test and/or Begg and Mazumdar’s test for rank correlation (p-value

Objective(s): Obesity is a metabolic syndrome that leads to many chronic diseases worldwide. In this study, we investigate the antihyperlipidemic activities of chitosan nanoparticles (CH NPs) on silymarin (SIL) as a carrier in the drug delivery system that can improve some biochemical parameters and hormones in the model of hyperlipidemic rats receiving a high-fat diet (HFD). Materials and Methods: Physicochemical characterization of silymarin-loaded chitosannanoparticles (CH-SIL NPs) was done by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and drug loading efficiency (LE). Diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats were treated with SIL (15 mg/kg/day) and CH-SIL NPs(15 mg/kg/day) for twelve weeks orally daily. The body weight loss (BW), food consumption, serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG) in serum, serum insulin, cortisol, testosterone, and brain neuropeptide Y (NPY), Y1 and Y5 receptor mRNA expression were analyzed. Results: A significant reduction in BW and food consumption from 417 ± 16 g and 33 ± 1.03 in group HFD to 338 ± 10 g and 17.33 ± 1.02 in group CHS+HFD was observed, respectively. This data revealed that CH-SIL NPs improved hyperlipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperglycemia, reduced serum cortisol, and down-regulated NPY and Y1R with a significant increase in HDL and testosterone hormones compared to the control group. Conclusion: The developed Sil-loaded CH NPs were good agents for improving efficacy. It is the first report of the proposed weight loss mechanism of SIL CH NPs, thereby providing information about the anti-hyperlipidemic and antihyperglycemic effects of silymarin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles, a natural food with proper effects against metabolic disorders in case of hyperlipidemia that may lead to obesity and up-regulation of brain NPY.

Relevance. The leading position in mortality throughout the world is occupied by cardiovascular diseases, caused be atherosclerosis process. Statins used to be the gold standard of lipid-lowering therapy for a long time due to their high efficacy, optimal tolerance and safety. Nowadays it has been proved that statins reduce low-density lipoprotein levels in high doses by more than 50 %, in medium doses for about 30–49 %. However, often achieving the target level of lipoproteins is not possible due to a variety of reasons, what became a motivation for creating new drugs. The evidence base for the newest lipid-lowering drugs, some of which have already been approved for clinical use according to the publications in the scientific databases Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science for last 10 years. Main results of the most significant clinical trials of drugs’ effectiveness and safety are described including medicines: alirocumab, inclisiran, bococizumab, pelacarsen, mipomersen, bempedoic acid, lomitapide, evinocumab and also methods of therapeutic lipoprotein apheresis. Dyslipidemia pathogenetic points are considered like inhibition of proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9, suppression of genes synthesizing lipoprotein (a) by antisense oligonucleotides, cholesterol synthesis suppression by inactivation of adenosine triphosphate-citrate lyase enzyme; the action of microsomal inhibitors of triglyceride transfer protein. Conclusion. Searching for new lipid-lowering rational regimens is still ongoing, therefore it is necessary to carefully analyze effectiveness and safety profile for the newest drugs. Some of them like inhibition of proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 are actively used in medicine today, while others, the most promising, will be in the future. Ensuring of atherogenic lipoproteins complete control will subsequently make a significant contribution to the primary and secondary cardiovascular diseases prevention, which will save many human lives.

Abstract Metabolic syndrome (MetS) poses a significant public health challenge globally, including in Ethiopia, with risks for both mothers and children. Unfortunately, there is limited data on MetS in pregnant Ethiopian women. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with MetS in this population. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a systematic random sampling technique. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire adapted from the World Health Organization Steps Survey Tool for Non-communicable Diseases. About five ml of fasting peripheral blood samples were collected from each participant. The Beckman Coulter DXC 700 AU clinical chemistry analyzer was employed for lipid profile and glucose analysis. Subsequently, data were inputted into Epi Data and later exported to SPSS Version 20 for further analysis. Bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were carried out, with a predefined level of statistical significance at p

Objectives: Dyslipidemia has currently become a major health challenge that still opens for safer and more effective modes of treatment. The plant Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. (pandan) has been indicated to contain active ingredients that interfere with the pathological pathway of dyslipidemia. The aim of the study was to test the effects of pandan leaves ethanol extract on lipid and proinflammatory profiles in a rat dyslipidemic model. Methods: Dyslipidemia was induced by administration of high-fat feed for 8 weeks. Treatments (vehicle, the reference drug simvastatin at 1.8 mg/kg, and extract at 200, 300 or 600 mg/kg) were given for 4 weeks following the completion of induction. Results: Significant post-treatment decreases in total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglyceride levels in groups receiving all doses of extract and simvastatin were observed. Similar results were also found in regards to proinflammatory cytokines levels. Pandan extracts significantly lowered the concentrations of IL-6, TNF-α, and NFκB p65. Characterization of metabolite contents of the extract confirmed the presence of the previously suggested active alkaloids pandamarilactonine-A and B. Conclusion: Taken together, results of the present study implied the ameliorating effects of pandan leaves ethanol extract in dyslipidemic condition which is potential for opening an avenue in combating this essential component of metabolic disorder.

Abstract Coronary artery disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It occurs due to a combination of genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Premature coronary artery disease (PCAD) is a neglected clinical entity despite the rising number of cases worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the risk factors of premature coronary artery disease. In this study, we searched articles that had studied the risk factors of premature coronary artery diseases from January 2000 to July 2022 in Saudi Arabia in Web of Science, Pub Med, Scopus, Springer, and Wiley databases. The final analysis is based on seven articles. The smoking prevalence was 39%, diabetes mellitus 41%, hypertension 33%, overweight and obesity 18%, family history of coronary artery disease (CAD) 19%, dyslipidemia 37%, and the prevalence range of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was 33.8–55.0%. The results revealed a mortality prevalence of 4% ranging from 2 to 8% which is similar to the prevalence in older patients which was 2–10%. Smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, family history of CAD, dyslipidemia, and overweight/obesity are significantly and positively associated with premature coronary artery diseases. The health authorities should design and implement an intensive and effective prophylactic plan to minimize the subsequent impact of PCAD on the young population. In addition, early diagnosis of PCAD has great value in providing timely treatment, managing the patients, and minimizing the burden of the disease.

Abstract Current evidence suggests that non-traditional serum lipid ratios are more effective than traditional serum lipid parameters in predicting vascular diseases, and both of them are associated with dietary patterns. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and atherogenic indices using traditional serum lipid parameters (triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol (LDL–c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL–c)) and non-traditional serum lipid ratios (atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), Castelli's index-I (CRI_I), Castelli's index-II (CRI_II), the lipoprotein combination index (LCI), and the atherogenic coefficient (AC)). Basic information from the Ravansar Non-Communicable Diseases cohort study was utilized in the present cross-sectional observational study. The study included 8870 adults aged 35–65 years. A validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to measure DII. We compared the distributions of outcomes by DII score groups using multivariable linear regression. The difference between DII score groups was evaluated by the Bonferroni test. The mean ± SD DII was − 2.5 ± 1.43, and the prevalence of dyslipidemia was 44%. After adjusting for age, sex, smoking status, alcohol consumption status, physical activity, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting blood sugar (FBS), body mass index (BMI) and socioeconomic status (SES), participants in the highest quartile of DII had a greater risk for CRI_I (β = 0.11, CI 0.05, 0.18), CRI_II (β = 0.06, CI 0.01, 0.11), LCI (β = 0.11, CI 288.12, 8373.11), AC (β = 0.11, CI 0.05, 0.17) and AIP (β = 0.06, CI 0.02, 0.10). Moreover, according to the adjusted logistic regression model, the risk of dyslipidemia significantly increased by 24% (OR: 1.24, 95% CI 1.08–1.41), 7% (OR: 1.07, 95% CI 0.94, 1.21) and 3% (OR: 1.03, 95% CI 0.91, 1.16) in Q4, Q3 and Q2 of the DII, respectively. Finally, diet-related inflammation, as estimated by the DII, is associated with a higher risk of CRI-I, CRI-II, LCI, AC, and AIP and increased odds of dyslipidemia.

Aim. To evaluate the relationship of hypercholesterolemia (HCE) with clinical, instrumental, and laboratory parameters in osteoarthritis (OA) in a multicenter, cross-sectional study. Materials and methods. The study included 183 patients aged 40–75 years, with a confirmed diagnosis of stage I–III OA (ACR) of the knee joints, who signed an informed consent. The mean age was 55.6±10.7 years (40 to 75), body mass index was 29.3±6.3 kg/m2, and disease duration was 5 [1; 10] years. For each patient, a case record form was filled out, including anthropometric indicators, medical history, clinical examination data, an assessment of knee joint pain according to VAS, WOMAC, KOOS and comorbidities. All patients underwent standard radiography and ultrasound examination of the knee joints and laboratory tests. Results. HCE was detected in 59% of patients. Depending on its presence or absence, patients were divided into two groups. Patients were comparable in body mass index, waist and hip measurement, and disease duration but differed significantly in age. Individuals with elevated total cholesterol levels had higher VAS pain scores, total WOMAC and its components, an overall assessment of the patient's health, a worse KOOS index, and ultrasound findings (reduced cartilage tissue). HCE patients showed high levels of cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, STX-II, and COMP (p0.05). However, after stratification by age, many initial intergroup differences became insignificant, and differences in the WOMAC pain score persisted. Conclusion. The results of the study confirmed the high prevalence of HCE in OA patients (59%). Patients with OA and increased total cholesterol have more intense pain in the knee joints.

Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in China and the world as a whole, and lipid metabolism disorder is the key factor for this disease. A comprehensive understanding of the prevalence of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents can contribute to the early prevention of dyslipidemia in adulthood. Objective To systematically evaluate the status quo of the prevalence of dyslipidemia in Chinese children and adolescents. Methods Cross-sectional studies on the morbidity rate of dyslipidemia among Chinese children and adolescents and published from January 2015 to July 2023 were retrieved from databases of CBM, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library. Processes of literature screening, data extraction and risk bias analysis were performed by two researchers. A meta-analysis was performed by taking advantage of Stata 17.0. Results 34 cross-sectional studies were collected and a total of 134 438 children and adolescents were involved. Results of the meta-analysis indicated that the overall morbidity rate of dyslipidemia in Chinese children and adolescents was 19% (95%CI=16%-21%), and the morbidity rates of high cholesterol (TC), high triacylglycerol (TG), high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were 6% (95%CI=5%-7%), 9% (95%CI=6%-12%), 4% (95%CI=3%-5%) and 10% (95%CI=7%-13%) respectively. Regarding time distribution, the detection rate of dyslipidemia was fluctuant and showed a decreasing trend; the detection rate of high TC and high LDL-C showed an increasing trend in general, but it fell slightly in 2023; the detection rate of high TG and low HDL-C fluctuated greatly: the detection rate of high TG gradually decreased from 2018 to 2022 and rebounded slightly in 2023. The results of subgroup analysis showed that, concerning age, the overall morbidity rate of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents and that of high TC showed an ascending tendency with the increasing of age (10% and 2% for those aged from 3 to 6, 17% and 10% for those aged from 7 to 11, and 27% and 14% for those aged from 12 to18), the morbidity rate of lowered HDL-C was higher among 12-to-18-year olds (20%) than among 7-to-11-year olds (9%), and the morbidity rate of high TC among 3-to-6-year olds (9%) was higher than that among 7-to-11-year olds and 12-to-18-year-olds (4% and 3%) (P

Purpose Meteorin-like (Metrnl) is a novel adipokine which is highly expressed in adipose tissue and has a beneficial effect on glucose and lipid metabolism. High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is well recognized to be inversely associated with cardiovascular events. However, the relationship between serum Metrnl levels and HDL-C in the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the association of serum Metrnl with HDL-C levels in T2DM. Materials and Methods Eighty participants with T2DM were included in this cross-sectional study. They were divided into two groups according to HDL-C levels: Group1 (lower HDL-C group): HDL-C < 1.04 mmol/L; Group2 (higher HDL-C group): HDL-C ≥ 1.04 mmol/L. Serum Metrnl levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results As compared with lower HDL-C levels groups, serum Metrnl levels were significantly higher in the group with higher HDL-C. Binary logistic regression analysis showed serum Metrnl levels were positively associated with HDL-C group after adjustment with sex, age, body mass index (BMI), mean arterial pressure (MAP), fasting blood glucose (FPG), triglyceride (TG). Furthermore, serum Metrnl levels were inversely correlated with insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR). HDL-C levels were lowest in the group with the lowest Metrnl levels group and remained positively associated with Metrnl after adjustment for sex, age, BMI, TG, and HOMA-IR by using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Conclusion Serum Metrnl levels were positively associated with HDL-C levels in patients with T2DM.This suggests that increasing serum Metrnl levels maybe a candidate for improving lipid metabolism and preventing cardiovascular events in T2DM. Registry and the Registration No. of the Study/Trial The study was registered in the Chinese clinical trial registry (ChiCTR- 2100047148).

Cardiovascular disease remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, with elevated LDL cholesterol being a critical risk factor. Statins have long been the cornerstone of lipid-lowering therapy, but many patients fail to reach target LDL cholesterol levels due to statin intolerance or insufficient response, even when combined with ezetimibe. Recently, the lipid-lowering drug class has been expanded with the introduction of bempedoic acid, a novel agent that inhibits ATP-citrate lyase. Recent studies have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of bempedoic acid in reducing LDL cholesterol levels in patients with hypercholesterolemia, paving the way for its inclusion in clinical guidelines. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the latest evidence regarding bempedoic acid and its emerging role in lipid management. Despite the widespread use of statins, many patients fail to achieve target LDL-C levels due to statin intolerance or insufficient response. This comprehensive review explores the emerging role of bempedoic acid, a novel lipid-lowering agent that inhibits ATP-citrate lyase, in the management of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk reduction. Bempedoic acid, approved by the FDA in 2020, offers a unique mechanism of action that complements existing therapies. As a prodrug activated specifically in the liver, it avoids muscle-related side effects commonly associated with statins. Clinical trials have demonstrated its efficacy in reducing LDL-C levels, particularly in patients with statin intolerance or those requiring additional LDL-C lowering beyond maximally tolerated statin therapy. The review synthesizes data from multiple phase 3 clinical trials, including CLEAR Wisdom and CLEAR Outcomes, which have shown significant LDL-C reductions with bempedoic acid monotherapy and in combination with other lipid-lowering agents. Notably, bempedoic acid not only lowers LDL-C but also reduces high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels, suggesting potential anti-inflammatory effects. Safety profiles from these trials indicate that bempedoic acid is generally well-tolerated, with minimal muscle-related adverse events. However, slight increases in serum creatinine and uric acid levels have been observed, warranting monitoring in certain patient populations. Recent updates to clinical guidelines, including the 2024 European Society of Cardiology guidelines on coronary heart disease, now recommend bempedoic acid for specific patient groups. These include statin-intolerant patients not achieving LDL-C goals on ezetimibe alone, and those not reaching targets on maximum tolerated statin doses combined with ezetimibe. This review concludes that bempedoic acid represents a significant advancement in lipid-lowering therapy, offering a valuable option for patients with hypercholesterolemia, particularly those with statin intolerance or requiring additional LDL-C reduction. As research continues, bempedoic acid's role in reducing cardiovascular events and its long-term safety profile will be further elucidated, potentially reshaping the landscape of dyslipidemia management and cardiovascular risk reduction.

The prevalence of DM is currently increasing all over the world, including Russia. Kidney damage develops in about one third of patients with type 1 diabetes and in half of patients with type 2 diabetes. Renal tissue and microcirculatory bed damage in patients with DM is associated with the impact of several factors, the most significant are: age, heredity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, prolonged uncompensated hyperglycemia. Despite the numerous researches of DN etiopathogenesis, the mechanisms of its formation and progression have not been fully studied. This review contains updated information about metabolic disorders development in cells and interstitial renal parenchyma. Significant attention is devoted to the glomerular hypertension formation as the cause of glomerular damage and nephrons progressive loss. Understanding of these phenomena essence is the key to development effective treatment methods and prevention of DM complications.

Despite the availability of statins and lifestyle modifications, many patients with Dyslipidemia struggle to achieve optimal low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) control. PCSK9 inhibitors offer a promising new therapeutic option with superior LDL-C lowering efficacy compared to statins. However, data on their real-world use, particularly in Iran, is limited. This study aims to address this gap by investigating the one-year effects of evolocumab on lipid profiles and potential cardiovascular outcomes in Iranian patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH).This single-center, prospective study evaluated evolocumab effectiveness in lowering LDL-C in 50 Iranian adults with FH. Participants with a documented LDL-C > 190 mg/dL on existing cholesterol medications (excluding PCSK9 inhibitors) and a clinical FH diagnosis was included. After baseline assessments (medical history, demographics, lipid profile), evolocumab was administered subcutaneously every two weeks for one year. Follow-up assessments at year one measured changes in LDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides. The study enrolled 50 participants with an average age of 55 years old (range 35-80 years).Treatment with evolocumab led to significant improvements in lipid profiles at all follow-up points compared to baseline. On average, LDL-C levels decreased by 105.24 mg/dL, triglycerides decreased by 59.20 mg/dL, and HDL-C levels increased by a modest but significant 4.5 mg/dL after one year(p0.05). However, a significant interaction emerged between baseline lipid levels and their corresponding reductions, suggesting greater improvement in patients with higher baseline values(p

Objective. Spondyloarthritis is a family of inflammatory diseases subdivided into those affecting the spine, called axial spondyloarthritis, and those involving peripheral joints, such as psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Several studies have reported differences in clinical manifestations, outcomes, and treatment responses between male and female PsA patients. The aim of our review was to evaluate if differences may also be identified in the context of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and diseases. Methods. Patients with PsA have a higher CV risk than the general population. The increased CV risk associated with PsA is likely caused by the complex interplay of traditional CV risk factors, chronic systemic inflammation, and side effects related to the use of certain anti-rheumatic drugs. Results. Sex differences in CV risk factors in PsA patients, according to several studies, are controversial. However, the few studies that reported sex-stratified estimates did not find differences in the risk of stroke and myocardial infarction between sexes. The same also holds true for CV mortality. These mixed results may be related to the different study designs and case definitions, as well as genetic and geographical variability across the investigated populations. Conclusions. In conclusion, our review suggests that the evaluation of sex-gender aspects of CV comorbidities in PsA should be a central step in the context of personalized medicine in order to prevent and treat properly associated comorbidities.

Background:Cherry angioma (CA) is a common lesion among adults and elderly people. Both CA and dyslipidemia have vital common areas, such as their effect on elderly people at a certain age and their interaction with the vascular system. Therefore, we have found it to be an interesting topic for our research to investigate the connection between CA and dyslipidemia.Objectives:The motivation of this project is to investigate the association between CA and dyslipidemia among a sample of Iraqi patients.Materials and Methods:A total number of 104 Iraqi people were selected (39 male and 65 female); 52 of them were affected with CA, and the other 52 were healthy controls. For the purpose of assessing lipid profile, we used Beckman Coulter/Olympus—AU480 Chemistry Analyser was used in measuring fasting serum lipid profile parameters, including triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (Tch), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C).Results:The results showed a significant difference between patients with CA and control subjects in TG, CHOL, and LDL. The mean levels of the TG, total CHOL, and LDL were significantly higher in cases with CA compared to a group of controls, in which the differences were significant for TG, total CHOL, and LDL (P-value = 0.000). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the mean level of HDL (P-value = 0.059). additionally, there was no significant difference in levels of lipid value regarding ages and sex distribution between patients with CA and controls (P-value > 0.05).Conclusion:Based on its outcomes, the study proposed that dyslipidemia could play a vital role in the pathogenesis of CA lesions. Hence, dyslipidemia treatments may represent an effective means for CA therapy.

Abstract This study aimed to explore the link between various forms of obesity, including body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), and the risk of dyslipidemia among Chinese residents. We selected the study population through a multi-stage random sampling method from permanent residents aged 35 and older in Ganzhou. Obesity was categorized as non-obesity, general obesity, central obesity, or compound obesity according to established diagnostic criteria. We employed a logistic regression model to assess the relationship between different types of obesity and the risk of dyslipidemia. Additionally, we used the restricted cubic spline model to analyze the association between BMI, WC, and the risk of dyslipidemia. The study included 2030 residents aged 35 or older from Ganzhou, China. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was found to be 39.31%, with an age-standardized prevalence of 36.51%. The highest prevalence of dyslipidemia, 58.79%, was observed among those with compound obesity. After adjusting for confounding factors, we found that the risk of dyslipidemia in those with central and compound obesity was respectively 2.00 (95% CI 1.62–2.46) and 2.86 (95% CI 2.03–4.03) times higher than in the non-obese population. Moreover, the analysis using the restricted cubic spline model indicated a nearly linear association between BMI, WC, and the risk of dyslipidemia. The findings emphasize the significant prevalence of both dyslipidemia and obesity among adults aged 35 and above in Ganzhou, China. Notably, individuals with compound obesity are at a substantially increased risk of dyslipidemia. Therefore, it is crucial to prioritize the use of BMI and WC as screening and preventive measures for related health conditions.

Abstract Hypercholesterolemia (HC) induces, propagates and exacerbates cardiovascular diseases via various mechanisms that are yet not properly understood. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in the pathomechanism of these diseases. To understand how circulating or cardiac-derived EVs could affect myocardial functions, we analyzed the metabolomic profile of circulating EVs, and we performed an in-depth analysis of cardiomyocyte (CM)-derived EVs in HC. Circulating EVs were isolated with Vezics technology from male Wistar rats fed with high-cholesterol or control chow. AC16 human CMs were treated with Remembrane HC supplement and EVs were isolated from cell culture supernatant. The biophysical properties and the protein composition of CM EVs were analyzed. THP1-ASC-GFP cells were treated with CM EVs, and monocyte activation was measured. HC diet reduced the amount of certain phosphatidylcholines in circulating EVs, independently of their plasma level. HC treatment significantly increased EV secretion of CMs and greatly modified CM EV proteome, enriching several proteins involved in tissue remodeling. Regardless of the treatment, CM EVs did not induce the activation of THP1 monocytes. In conclusion, HC strongly affects the metabolome of circulating EVs and dysregulates CM EVs, which might contribute to HC-induced cardiac derangements.

Abstract Vitamin D (VitD) is a naturally occurring, fat-soluble vitamin which regulates calcium and phosphate homeostasis in the human body and is also known to have a neuroprotective role. VitD deficiency has often been associated with impaired cognition and a higher risk of dementia. In this study, we aimed to explore the relationship between levels of VitD and cognitive functioning in adult individuals. 982 cognitively healthy adults (≥ 45 years) were recruited as part of the CBR-Tata Longitudinal Study for Aging (TLSA). Addenbrooke’s cognitive examination-III (ACE-III) and Hindi mental status examination (HMSE) were used to measure cognitive functioning. 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels were measured from the collected serum sample and classified into three groups— deficient (

Abstract Background Metabolic disorders (MetDs) have been demonstrated to be closely linked to numerous diseases. However, the precise association between MetDs and pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) remains poorly understood. Method Summary statistics for exposure and outcomes from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for exposures and outcomes were obtained from the BioBank Japan Project (BBJ) Gene–exposure dataset. The 14 clinical factors were categorized into three groups: metabolic laboratory markers, blood pressure, and the MetS diagnostic factors. The causal relationship between metabolic factors and PTB were analyzed using two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR). Additionally, the direct effects on the risk of PTB were investigated through multivariable MR. The primary method employed was the inverse variance-weighted (IVW) model. The sensitivity of this MR analysis was evaluated using MR-Egger regression and the MR-PRESSO global test. Results According to the two-sample MR, HDL-C, HbA1c, TP, and DM were positively correlated with the incidence of active TB. According to the multivariable MR, HDL-C (IVW: OR 2.798, 95% CI 1.484–5.274, P = 0.001), LDL (IVW: OR 4.027, 95% CI 1.140–14.219, P = 0.03) and TG (IVW: OR 2.548, 95% CI 1.269–5.115, P = 0.009) were positively correlated with the occurrence of PTB. TC (OR 0.131, 95% CI 0.028–0.607, P = 0.009) was negatively correlated with the occurrence of PTB. We selected BMI, DM, HDL-C, SBP, and TG as the diagnostic factors for metabolic syndrome. DM (IVW, OR 1.219, 95% CI 1.040–1.429 P = 0.014) and HDL-C (IVW, OR 1.380, 95% CI 1.035–1.841, P = 0.028) were directly correlated with the occurrence of PTB. Conclusions This MR study demonstrated that metabolic disorders, mainly hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia, are associated with the incidence of active pulmonary tuberculosis.

The article comprehensively reviews epidemiological indicators, risk factors, pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic criteria, and contemporary management principles of metabolic syndrome in pediatric practice. The study relies on the extensive analysis of literature sources retrieved from electronic databases such as PubMed, UpToDate, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, MedLine, and Elsevier. The literature review highlights the escalating prevalence of metabolic syndrome as an urgent medical and social concern among children and adolescents, primarily attributed to the global epidemic of childhood obesity. The article not only outlines key findings but also presents recommendations from international medical societies concerning screening strategies, diagnostics, and therapeutic approaches for the individual components contributing to metabolic syndrome in childhood. The review also focuses on pivotal studies exploring alternative therapies targeting the principal pathogenic factors of the disease. In conclusion, the authors emphasize the pressing issue of the absence of standardized criteria for diagnosing metabolic syndrome in children, highlighting the imperative role of a multidisciplinary team of specialists in the effective management of this pathology in pediatric practice.

Adiponectin is secreted by adipose tissue, associated with lipoprotein (LP) metabolism, down-regulated­ in insulin resistance states, and reduced in individuals suffering from obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Phospholipids and cholesterol are the main components of cell membranes and play a critical role in storage and secretory adipocyte functions. N-stearoylethanolamine (NSE) is a minor lipid affecting cell membrane lipids’ composition. Our study aimed to investigate plasma levels of adiponectin and cholesterol of low- and high-density LP (LDL and HDL) and adipocyte cholesterol-phospholipid (Chol-PL) composition of different age rats with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and insulin resistance and their changes under NSE administration. Our study demonstrated that chronic dietary fat overloading leads to obesity accompanied by impairment of glucose tolerance, a manifestation of dyslipidemia, and changes in plasma adiponectin levels in rats from two age groups (10-month-old and and 24-month-old). Prolonged HFD led to a reduction in plasma adiponectin levels and the growth of adipocyte cholesterol content in rats of different ages. A significant increase in plasma LDL-Chol level and main adipocyte PLs (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin, and lysophosphatidylcholine) was observed in younger rats, whereas not detected in elder animals after dietary fats overloading. The decrease in the content of anionic phospholipids (phosphatidylinositol + phosphatidylserine) was also detected in 10-month-old HFD rats compared to the control animals. NSE administration positively affected the normalization of adiponectin levels in both age HFD groups. It significantly impacted the reduction of LDL-Chol levels and the growth of HDL-Chol concentration in the blood plasma of 10-month-old rats as well as PL-composition of young HFD rats and anionic PL restoring in 24-month-old rats. The positive effect on investigated parameters makes NSE a prospective agent for treating diet-induced and age-related metabolic disorders threatening cardiovascular diseases.

Background: Health professionals despite having a fair knowledge of staying fit and healthy lose their productive hours and lives to lifestyle diseases. An early identification of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and understanding of its lifestyle correlates can play a pivotal role in its prevention. Aim and Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence and associated lifestyle-related risk factors of MetS in medical students. Material and Methods: The study was an institution-based, cross-sectional, and non-interventional study. A total of 300 MBBS students of all three professional years constituted the study population. Sociodemographic variables and lifestyle-related risk factors were recorded, followed by anthropometric assessment, blood pressure measurement, and required laboratory investigations. International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria were used for MetS. Results: The prevalence of MetS in the current study was found to be 9.0%. Lower level of HDL-C emerged to be the most common parameter (57.37%) followed by abdominal obesity (25.6%) and raised triglycerides (18%). MetS increased as one progressed through the various academic years of medical training. Prevalence of MetS among male students (12.4%) was significantly higher than their female counterparts (4.1%). Frequency of eating > 7 times/week of fast food/ junk food [OR 1.75 (1.196- 1.306)], habit of watching screen while eating food [OR 1.78 (0.872-0.892)], >3 drinks (30 ml alcohol per drink) per month [OR 1.73 (1.068-1.170)] were found to be significant risk factors. Conclusion: Considering the high prevalence of MetS among medical students and its association with various lifestyle risk factors, it is imperative that health education, screening, early detection, lifestyle interventions and framing of new health policies are given careful consideration to manage the rising trend of MetS among them.

Background: It is estimated that around 17.9 million people die each year of cardiovascular disease. High LDL is an important risk factor for coronary artery disease. Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) is the primary apolipoprotein of chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, and LDL. Increased Apo B levels and LDL levels are known to cause atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. Aim and Objectives: To measure LDL and Apo B levels of adult people and to calculate the prevalence of high ApoB and LDLin Coimbatore region. Material and Methods: This was a study done for a period of 3 months in 500 people attending a tertiary hospital in Coimbatore, Tamilnadu. Patients on statins, critically ill patients, pregnant women, and lactating women were excluded. ApoB and LDL levels were measured and the percentage of increased levels of the same was calculated. Results: Out of 500 people studied, 52.87% of the population had high LDL. About 45.76% of the males and 56.49% of the women had high LDL. Out of the study subjects, 4.33% of the people had high ApoB level. Pearson's correlation revealed 'r' value as 1, thereby indicating a positive correlation between ApoB and LDL. Conclusion: This study showed that around 50% of study subjects had high LDL levels and 4% had high ApoB levels, and there was a positive correlation between the two.

Abstract Background Atherosclerotic vascular diseases are a leading global cause of morbidity and mortality. Dyslipidemia, a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, remains poorly understood among adult cardiac patients in in the study area. This study aims to determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia and identify associated factors in this population. Methods Hospital-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted from May to August 2021. A total of 319 participants (153 cardiac cases, 166 healthy controls, aged ≥ 18) were included in the study. Socio-demographic, anthropometric, behavioral, and clinical data were collected using the WHO STEPS survey instrument through systematic sampling. Overnight fasting blood samples were obtained, and serum lipid profiles were analyzed using a COBAS 6000 analyzer. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 20.0, employing bivariable and multivariable logistic regression. Statistical significance was set at p

Background Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among Chinese residents, hypertension, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia are important risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Therefore, China proposes to implement the co-management of these three diseases. At present, there is a lack of relevant research on the three diseases comorbidities of the Kazakhs in Xinjiang. Objective To investigate the prevalence and status of dyslipidemia, hypertension and diabetes comorbidities among Kazakhs, and explore the related factors. Methods Kazakh residents over 18 years old from Dure Town and Tuerhong Township with large populations mainly consist of Kazakh in Fuyun County, Altay Prefecture, Xinjiang from March to June in 2022 were selected to conduct the cross-sectional study. Patient information was collected through questionnaires (general information, history of smoking, alcohol consumption, and diseases), physical examination (waist circumference, hip circumference, height, weight, blood pressure, heart rate, etc.), and laboratory tests (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and fasting blood glucose, etc.). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the factors related to dyslipidemia, hypertension and diabetes comorbidities among Kazakhs. Results A total of 4 835 Kazakh residents were included, 48.2% (2 231/4 835) and 51.8% (2 504/4 835) were male and female respectively, with an average age of (45.8±12.7) years. The standardized prevalence of dyslipidemia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus were 37.9%, 21.1% and 4.0%, respectively. The standardized prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and hypertriacylglycerolemia in the dyslipidemic population was 24.1%, 24.8%, 10.0% and 7.3%, respectively. The standardized prevalence of comorbidities was 11.8%. Univariate Logistic regression analysis showed that gender, age, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, heart rate, marital status, and education level were correlated with the comorbidities (P

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common metabolic disorder affecting insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, or both, resulting in hyperglycemia. As it progresses, almost all systems including cardiovascular, nervous, renal, etc. are involved eventually manifesting as several health-related complications. As all the systems of the human body work in harmony with each other, development of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and setting in of chronic inflammatory states evidenced by the rise in inflammatory markers are interrelated. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to establish the correlation of the inflammatory markers, serum ferritin and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and dyslipidemia in patients of type 2 DM. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand. A total of 80 male patients of type 2 DM aged between 40 and 60 years with blood HbA1c level of more than 6.5% were included in the study. Results: The inflammatory markers hs-CRP and ferritin were found to be positively correlated with HbA1c, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol but negatively correlated with high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Conclusion: Estimation of serum ferritin and hs-CRP can detect the ongoing inflammatory and free radical-mediated damages in diabetic patients at an early period before the development of diabetic-related complications such as atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction.

Our aim was to assess the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components in patients with controlled Graves’ disease (GD).

Abstract Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a known risk factor for gestational hypertension which further progress toward conditions like proteinuria, dyslipidemia, thrombocytopenia, pulmonary edema leading to Preeclampsia (PE). Pregnancy can be a challenging time for many women, especially those diagnosed with GDM and PE. Thus, the current prospective study investigates the association of OGTT glucose levels with systolic and diastolic blood pressure and lipid profile parameters in pregnant women diagnosed with GDM and PE. A total of 140 pregnant women were stratified into GDM (n = 50), PE (n = 40) and controls (n = 50). Two hour 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed for screening GDM. Biochemical parameters analysis of OGTT, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (Tg), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), urinary albumin and creatinine were tested to find urinary albumin creatinine ratio (uACR). Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA followed by post hoc test and regression analysis. Among the studied groups, GDM and PE groups showed no significant difference in age and increased BMI. Increased 2 h OGTT & TC in GDM group; elevated uACR, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, Tg, HDL-C, LDL-C in PE group was observed and differ significantly (p

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Metabolic syndrome and its components are established risk factors for type-2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. The Objectives of the current study were to assess the mean values of cardiometabolic risk factors and anthropometric parameters among the teaching faculty of Allama Iqbal Medical College and Jinnah Hospital Lahore (AIMC/JHL). To investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components. METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2022 to July 2023 at AIMC/JHL. Faculty members (n=115), aged 30-60, were recruited by convenience sampling from basic and clinical departments. Metabolic syndrome was defined by ATP-III criteria. Means of quantitative variables were compared by student t-test. Chi-square was used to determine associations between nominal variables. RESULTS: Mean values of arterial blood pressure were significantly higher in males than females. Fasting hyperglycemia was present in 38.3% of participants. Decreased HDL, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, and central obesity were found in 65.2%, 24.3%, 34.8%, and 74.8% of participants, respectively. The prevalence of low HDL and central obesity was significantly higher among females; however, hypertriglyceridemia and hypertension were more prevalent among males. A significant correlation (r=0.241) was observed (p=0.009) between age and waist circumference. Pre-metabolic syndrome and metabolic syndrome were present in 38.3% and 43.5% of participants, respectively. CONCLUSION: An alarmingly high prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components was observed among healthcare professionals who endeavor to treat similar diseases. This irony underscores the need for increased awareness and routine screening of metabolic syndrome among healthcare professionals

Background: Cell adhesion molecules are protein entities that are located on the cell surface. The vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression is related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with dyslipidemia. Objectives: To determine the levels of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 in T2DM patients with dyslipidemia and to explore the relationship between VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 and the development of dyslipidemia in T2DM patients. Patients and methods: The study included 150 individuals with an age range of (35-55) years. Patients with diabetes for more than 5 years were excluded. Fifty healthy individuals constituted Group 1 (G1), fifty patients with T2DM constituted Group 2 (G2), and fifty T2DM patients with dyslipidemia constituted Group 3 (G3). Whole blood samples were drawn to measure HbA1c based on fluorescence immunoassay technology. The serum was separated to measure fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) by manual methods, while VCAM-1, and ICAM-1 were determined using the ELISA test. The study was conducted between November 2022 and April 2023 at the National Center for Diabetes Treatment and Research, Baghdad, Iraq. Results: Significantly higher levels of FSG and HbA1c were detected in G2 and G3 compared to G1, but non-significantly so when G3 was compared to G2. Significant higher levels of TG and TC levels were detected for G3 when compared to G1 and G2, but non-significantly so when G2 was compared to G1. HDL levels were significantly lower in G3 compared to G2 and G1, but non-significantly so when G2 was compared to G1. VCAM-1, and ICAM-1 were significantly higher in G2 compared to G1, and VCAM-1 level was significantly higher in G3 compared to G2. Non-significant differences in ICAM-1 levels were found between G3 and G2. Conclusion: VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 are potentially significant factors in the development of dyslipidemia in diabetes patients. They might serve as biomarkers to accurately predict the progression of cardiovascular disease.

Introduction The intricate relationship between obesity and chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression underscores a significant public health challenge. Obesity is strongly linked to the onset of several health conditions, including arterial hypertension (AHTN), metabolic syndrome, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hyperuricemia. Understanding the connection between CKD and obesity is crucial for addressing their complex interplay in public health strategies. Objective This research aimed to determine the prevalence of CKD in a population with high obesity rates and evaluate the associated metabolic risk factors. Material and Methods In this cross-sectional study conducted from January 2017 to December 2019 we included 3,901 participants of both sexes aged ≥20 years who were selected from primary healthcare medical units of the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) in Michoacan, Mexico. We measured the participants’ weight, height, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, glucose, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-c, LDL-c, and uric acid. We estimated the glomerular filtration rate using the Collaborative Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology (CKD-EPI) equation. Results Among the population studied, 50.6% were women and 49.4% were men, with a mean age of 49 years (range: 23–90). The prevalence of CKD was 21.9%. Factors significantly associated with an increased risk of CKD included age ≥60 years (OR = 11.70, 95% CI [9.83–15.93]), overweight (OR = 4.19, 95% CI [2.88–6.11]), obesity (OR = 13.31, 95% CI [11.12–15.93]), abdominal obesity (OR = 9.25, 95% CI [7.13–11.99]), AHTN (OR = 20.63, 95% CI [17.02–25.02]), impaired fasting glucose (IFG) (OR = 2.73, 95% CI [2.31–3.23]), type 2 diabetes (T2D) (OR = 14.30, 95% CI [11.14–18.37]), total cholesterol (TC) ≥200 mg/dL (OR = 6.04, 95% CI [5.11–7.14]), triglycerides (TG) ≥150 mg/dL (OR = 5.63, 95% CI 4.76-6.66), HDL-c

Background: Children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) are at high risk of metabolic disorders that may interfere with lipid metabolism and predispose to dyslipidemia. Objective: To detect the incidence of dyslipidemia and associated factors in children with IDDM in Diyala. Patients and Methods: This was a case-control study that included a total of 100 children with type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM) and 100 age- and gender-matched non-diabetic children who presented to the Pediatric Department/Al-Batool Teaching Hospital during the period from April 2022 to April 2023. Demographic data included the child's age, gender, weight, mother’s educational level, mother's job, child's educational level, school attendance, and physical activity. Clinical data included systolic and diastolic blood pressure, HbA1c, family history of illness, disease duration, type of insulin, and insulin dose. Fasting lipid profile and hemoglobin A1c investigations were done for the study groups, and the data were statistically analyzed. Results: The overall dyslipidemia in IDDM children and controls was 46% and 8%, respectively, with a highly significant difference. The mean age and weight in diabetic patients with dyslipidemia were 8.23±3.63 years and 28.96±13.31 kg, respectively, which was higher than that of normolipidemic diabetic patients (10.72±3.23 years and 34.22±12.14 kg, respectively) with significant differences. Furthermore, 28.26% of mothers of dyslipidemia-.diabetic patients were employed, compared with only 11.11% of normolipidemic-diabetic patients, a significant difference. A family history of DM was reported in 47.83% and 27.78% of dyslipidemic and normolipidemic diabetic patients, respectively, with a significant difference. Conclusion: The incidence of dyslipidemia among diabetic children in Diyala is 46%. Older age, increased body weight, and a mother’s job as an employer are significantly associated with the development of dyslipidemia in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients.

Background: The 2013 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines recommends statin treatment for all adult kidney transplant recipients (KTRs), except those aged