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Malignancy may lead to sarcoidosis, which is referred to as sarcoid reaction. This reaction is believed to be a host immune response to the release of soluble antigens from cancer cells. Studies have shown strong 2'-deoxy-2'-[F-18]fluoro-D-glucose (F-18 FDG) uptake in sarcoid reaction and in true sarcoidosis. Therefore, in patients with malignancy, sarcoid reactions can mimic metastasis or recurrence on F-18 FDG positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). Herein, we report the case of a 58-year-old woman with a history of left breast cancer whose FDG PET/CT evaluated at 3 months after adjuvant chemotherapy presented hypermetabolic lymphadenopathy in the right supraclavicular and right mediastinal areas. We interpreted these as metastases because the involved lymph nodes were intensely hypermetabolic and appeared newly. Pathologic evaluation of the excised lymph node revealed noncaseating chronic granulomas without malignant cells, indicating a sarcoid reaction. After appropriate steroid therapy, both the size and metabolic activity of the lymphadenopathy substantially decreased. Most sarcoid reactions present as bilateral hilar and peribronchial lymphadenopathies. Our patient presents an atypical example that a sarcoid reaction can also present in a unilateral pattern, making its diagnosis challenging. When interpreting FDG PET/CT images, considering that the sarcoid reaction pattern can vary is crucial.

Ultrasonography is the most commonly used and most effective imaging modality in thyroid cancer imaging. It is the most successful method for evaluating primary tumor and local disease. I-131 scintigraphy is also a useful method in evaluating the whole body, but lacks anatomical detail. The absence of radioiodine uptake in 30-40% of patients also reduces the reliability of the test. These imaging methods alone are insufficient, especially in advanced stage and aggressive thyroid cancer subtypes. In this article, the additional roles, advantages and limitations of the several other imaging techniques, which are used for thyroid cancer staging and follow-up, will be discussed.

The aim of this procedure guideline is the standardization of I-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy, F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose, F-18 fluoropheniylalanine, Ga-68 DOTA peptide positron emission tomography/computerized tomography imaging protochols in pediatric neuroblastoma patients.

F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (F-18 FDG) PET/CT plays an increasing role in the diagnostic workup of large vessel vasculitis (LVV); however, information on the relationship between immunosuppressive drugs and vessel wall uptake is limited. In 94 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of LVV, the vessel wall-to-liver ratio (VLR) was assessed in eight vessel segments. Patients were grouped according to intake of immunomodulatory drugs (Group 1, prednisone; Group 2, prednisone + methotrexate; and Group 3, prednisone + others) and compared to treatment-naïve individuals. A total of 54/94 (57.4%) were treated with immunomodulatory drugs (Group 1, 29/49 (53.7%); Group 2, 9/54 (16.7%); Group 3, 11/54 (20.4%); and Group 4, 5/54 (9.3%)), whereas the remainder received no therapy (40/94 (42.6%)). The mean VLR of the arterial segments correlated significantly with the hematopoietic organs (r ≥ 0.22, p ≤ 0.05), c-reactive protein (r ≥ 0.25, p ≤ 0.05), and prednisone dosage (r ≥ −0.4, p ≤ 0.05). Relative to treatment-naïve patients, a significantly lower VLR was recorded in 5/8 (62.5%) of the investigated vessel segments in Group 1 (p ≤ 0.02), in 6/8 of the vessel segments in Group 2 (75.0%, p ≤ 0.006), and in 7/8 of the segments in Group 3 (87.5%, p ≤ 0.05). In LVV, the F-18 FDG uptake in vessel wall as a marker of inflammatory activity was attenuated by immunomodulatory drugs, which provides a foundation for future serial monitoring of treatment efficacy.

Background The low sensitivity of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for the evaluation of metastatic lymph nodes (LNs) is mainly due to the partial volume effect in patients with rectal cancer. This retrospective study evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of F-18 FDG PET/CT with optimal cut-off values of the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), according to LN size, for the evaluation of regional LN in rectal cancer patients. Methods This study included 176 patients with rectal cancer who underwent F-18 FDG PET/CT for initial staging. Patients were classified based on the long-axis diameter of the regional LN on CT images as small (≤ 7 mm; n = 118) and large (> 7 mm; n = 58) LN groups. The optimal cut-off value of SUVmax was determined for each group, using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Areas under the curve (AUC) were compared by C-statistics using two methods: the cut-off value of SUVmax optimized according to LN size, and a fixed SUVmax cut-off value of 2.5. Results The optimal cut-off values of SUVmax for the small and large LN groups were 1.1, and 2.1, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of F-18 FDG PET/CT using the optimal cut-off values were 90.6, 70.9, and 76.3% in the small LN group, and 68.6, 78.3, and 72.4% in the large LN group. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of F-18 FDG PET/CT using the fixed cut-off value were 18.8, 100, and 78.0% in the small LN group, and 51.4, 87.0, and 65.5% in the large LN group. The AUC was significantly higher using the optimal cut-off values than the fixed cut-off value (0.808 vs. 0.594, p = 0.005) in the small LN group, but not in the large LN group (0.734 vs. 0.692, p = 0.429). Conclusions Application of the lower cut-off value of SUVmax improves the diagnostic performance of F-18 FDG PET/CT for the evaluation of small regional LNs in patients with rectal cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40644-018-0165-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background: To evaluate the impact of HIV infection on tumor burden and therapy outcome following treatment with chemotherapy in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma.Methods: A total of 136 patients with classical Hodgkin lymphoma were studied (mean age +/- SD = 32.31 +/- 1.39 years, male = 86, female = 50). Advanced disease (stage III and IV) was present in 64% of patients. HIV infection was present in 57 patients while 79 patients were HIV-negative. Baseline F-18 FDG PET/CT was obtained in all patients. SUVmax, MTVand TLG were determined on the baseline scan to evaluate for tumor burden. All patients completed a standard regimen of adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine (ABVD). After a median period of 8 weeks (range = 6 to 17 weeks), a repeat F-18 FDG PET/CT scan was obtained to evaluate response to therapy using Deauville 5-point scoring system.Results: The HIV-positive and HIV-negative groups were similar with regards to age and disease stage. The groups were heterogeneous with respect to gender (p = 0.029). The SUVmax, MTV and TLG of lesions were not significant different between the two groups. Complete response was seen in 72.8% of the study population. Presence of HIV infection was associated with higher rate of treatment failure with 40.4% of the HIV-positive patients having treatment failure while only 17.7% of the HIV-negative patients had treatment failure (p = 0.0034). HIV infection was a significant predictor of response to chemotherapy. Effects of SUVmax, MTV, TLG and Ann Arbor stage of the disease were not statistically significant as predictors of therapy outcome. In a multiple logistic regression, presence of HIV infection still remained an independent predictor of therapy outcome in the presence of other factors such as SUVmax, MTV, TLG and the Ann Arbor stage of the disease.Conclusions: HIV infection is not associated with a higher tumor burden in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma. HIV infection is, however, a strong predictor of poor therapy outcome in patients treated with standard regimen of ABVD.

Nuclear medicine imaging can provide important complementary information in the management of pediatric patients with neurological diseases. Pre-surgical localization of the epileptogenic focus in medically refractory epilepsy patients is the most common indication for nuclear medicine imaging in pediatric neurology. In patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, nuclear medicine imaging is particularly useful when magnetic resonance imaging findings are normal or its findings are discordant with electroencephalogram findings. In pediatric patients with brain tumors, nuclear medicine imaging can be clinically helpful in the diagnosis, directing biopsy, planning therapy, differentiating tumor recurrence from post-treatment sequelae, and assessment of response to therapy. Among other neurological diseases in which nuclear medicine has proved to be useful are patients with head trauma, inflammatory-infectious diseases and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.Nükleer tıp görüntüleme nörolojik hastalığı olan çocukların klinik yönetimine sağladığı önemli bilgiler ile katkı yapmaktadır. Medikal tedaviye dirençli epilepsi hastalarında cerrahi tedavi öncesinde epileptojenik odağın belirlenmesi pediyatrik nörolojide nükleer tıp görüntülemenin en sık endikasyonudur. Temporal lob epilepsisinde nükleer tıp görüntüleme özellikle manyetik rezonans görüntüleme bulguları normal olduğunda veya bulgular elektroensefalografi bulguları ile uyumsuz olduğunda yararlıdır. Beyin tümörü tanılı pediyatrik hastalarda nükleer tıp görüntüleme tanıda, biyopsi yerinin belirlenmesinde, tedavinin planlanmasında, rezidü/rekürren tümör ile tedaviye bağlı değişikliklerin ayırıcı tanısında ve tedaviye yanıtın değerlendirilmesinde kullanılır. Nükleer tıp görüntülemenin yararlı olduğu gösterilen diğer nörolojik hastalıklar arasında kafa travması, enflamatuvar- enfeksiyöz hastalıklar ve hipoksik-iskemik ensefalopati yer alır.

Background: The accurate interpretation of 18-F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) images requires knowledge of the normal patterns, intensities, and frequencies of FDG distribution in the whole body. Aims: In this study, we aimed to evaluate distribution patterns, frequencies, and intensities of visible physiological FDG cord uptake in patients with no known abnormality in this region on PET/CT. Methods: A total of 113 patients (71 men, 42 women; mean age 57.2±14.2 y; range 24 to 88 y) who had been investigated by FDG PET/CT were studied retrospectively. For each scan, spinal cord was visually assessed for FDG uptake, and its intensity was semiquantitatively graded on a 3-point scale as grade 0 (no visible uptake), grade 1 (mild uptake), or grade 2 (moderate uptake). Results: Mild or moderate FDG cord uptake was observed in 82 patients (82/113; 72.6%). In most of the cases uptake was observed in all cervical (72/113; 63.7%), thoracic 11-12 (66/113; 58.4%), and lumbar 1 (24/113; 21.2%) vertebral levels of the cord. Conclusions: Visible mild FDG uptake in the spinal cord is a common finding in PET/CT imaging. No significant association with age or sex was observed. Such physiological uptake can appear mostly at the cervical and T11-L1 vertebral levels. At these levels, moderate uptake is also frequently encountered. However, in the upper thoracic regions, only mild uptake is observed. © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

Background Breast lesions closer than 2 cm to the chest wall are difficult to position in the field of view of dedicated breast PET (db-PET) systems. This inability to detect such lesions is a significant limitation of these systems. The primary objective of this study was to determine if modifications to the design of the imaging table and detector used for a db-PET system would enable improved visualization of breast tissue close to the chest wall. All studies were performed on a commercially available db-PET system (Mammi-PET). A central square section of the imaging table, containing the standard 180-mm circular aperture, was modified such that it could be removed and replaced by thinner sections with a larger aperture. Additional changes were made to the cover plate of the detector array and the patient mattress. A total of 60 patients were studied. After administration of F-18 FDG, 30 patients were imaged with a 220-mm-diameter aperture and the standard aperture, and 30 patients with a 200-mm aperture and the standard aperture. On all scans, the length of breast tissue in the field of view was measured as the greatest extent of tissue from the nipple back to the posterior edge of the breast. Image quality and patient comfort were recorded. Results Averaged over both breasts, relative to the standard aperture, the increase in breast length was 12.5 + 7.7 mm with the 220-mm aperture, and 12.3 + 6.5 mm with the 200-mm aperture (p

Objective: Extracranial bone metastases from astrocytoma are rare and frequently detected as part of multiorgan metastases. It is extremely rare for astrocytoma to have extracranial bone metastases alone. The importance of whole-body fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) imaging in evaluating extracranial metastasis (ECMs) has not been described effectively due to the rarity of this event. The purpose of our case report is to emphasize the role of FDG PET/CT in the assessment of tumor recurrence and extracranial bone metastases from anaplastic astrocytoma. Methods and materials: A 25-year-old woman was firstly admitted with a 4-month history of progressive blurred vision, and 2-month history of intermittent headache. Presurgical MRI imaging revealed a large mass in the left trigone of lateral ventricle. Subsequently, she underwent tumor resection, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. A final pathological diagnosis of anaplastic astrocytoma (WHO III) was made. Nearly 12 months after the surgery, the follow-up brain MR imaging revealed a contrast-enhanced lesion in the site of operative region. Whole-body FDG PET/CT imaging was performed to evaluate the situation. Results: Postoperative brain FDG PET/CT showed an abnormal focal FDG uptake corresponding to the contrast-enhanced lesion in the operative area, suggesting a tumor recurrence. Whole-body FDG PET/CT also showed multiple FDG-avid osteosclerotic lesions in the body. It was highly suggestive of extracranial bone metastases. A subsequent open bone biopsy of FDG-avid lesion in right iliac crest was performed. Histopathological and immunohistochemical findings indicated characteristic of glioma. The patient died 1 month later, nearly 13 months after the initial diagnosis. Conclusions: ECMs from anaplastic astrocytoma are extremely rare but they do occur. Whole-body FDG PET/CT imaging with inclusion of brain was valuable in differentiating tumor recurrence from radiation necrosis and in detecting uncommon extracranial bone metastases from anaplastic astrocytoma, which were closely related to prognosis of this disease.

Background Pheochromocytomas (PCC) and paragangliomas (PGL) are neuroendocrine tumours arising from pluripotent neural crest stem cells and are associated with neurons of the autonomic nervous system. PCCs/PGLs are often hereditary and multifocal, and their biologic behaviour and metabolic activity vary making imaging of these tumours challenging. The imaging gold standard has been I-123 MIBG complemented by CT or MRI. PGLs being neuroendocrine tumours express somatostatin receptors enabling imaging with Ga-68 DOTA-coupled peptides such as DOTATATE. Imaging with F-18 FDG also provides additional information regarding metabolic activity and biologic aggressiveness of these tumours, or, in some situations, reflecting metabolic reprogramming of these tumours. We report our experience using both Ga-68 DOTATATE and F-18 FDG PET/CT imaging in patients with PGLs and PCCs. Methods This was a retrospective review of 23 patients with proven PGL/PCC who underwent both DOTATATE and FDG PET/CT. Seven patients also had I-123 MIBG SPECT/CT and 1 patient had I-124 MIBG PET/CT. Lesional intensity and patterns of uptake were analysed. Results DOTATATE and FDG were positive at most sites of disease (96.2 % vs 91.4 %), although uptake intensity was significantly higher on DOTATATE with a median SUV of 21 compared to 12.5 for FDG (p

International audience; Two [(18)F]fluoroalkyl substituted amino acids differing only by the presence or absence of a methyl group on the α-carbon, (S)-2-amino-7-[(18)F]fluoro-2-methylheptanoic acid ((S)-[(18)F]FAMHep, (S)-[(18)F]14) and (S)-2-amino-7-[(18)F]fluoroheptanoic acid ((S)-[(18)F]FAHep, (S)-[(18)F]15), were developed for brain tumor imaging and compared to the well-established system L amino acid tracer, O-(2-[(18)F]fluoroethyl)-l-tyrosine ([(18)F]FET), in the delayed brain tumor (DBT) mouse model of high-grade glioma. Cell uptake, biodistribution, and PET/CT imaging studies showed differences in amino acid transport of these tracer by DBT cells. Recognition of (S)-[(18)F]15 but not (S)-[(18)F]14 by system L amino acid transporters led to approximately 8-10-fold higher uptake of the α-hydrogen substituted analogue (S)-[(18)F]15 in normal brain. (S)-[(18)F]15 had imaging properties similar to those of (S)-[(18)F]FET in the DBT tumor model while (S)-[(18)F]14 afforded higher tumor to brain ratios due to much lower uptake by normal brain. These results have important implications for the future development of α-alkyl and α,α-dialkyl substituted amino acids for brain tumor imaging.

Background. Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma (SPTCL) is a rare form of cutaneous lymphomas, accounting for less than 1% of cases of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (F-18 FDG) positronemission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) findings of SPTCL before and after treatment were rarely reported. Case report. We report a case of SPTCL in which F-18 FDG PET/CT showed increased FDG accumulations in numerous subcutaneous nodules without extracutaneous disease. Contrast-enhanced CT during F-18 FDG PET/CT showed multiple minimally enhancing nodules with an infiltrative pattern in the subcutaneous layer throughout the body. Follow-up F-18 FDG PET/CT after three cycles of CHOP chemotherapy showed a complete metabolic remission of the lesions. Conclusions. F-18 FDG PET/CT is suggested to be useful in assessing the disease activity, extent and treatment response in SPTCL.

We present the pattern of metabolic brain abnormalities detected in patients undergoing whole body (WB) F-18 flurodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) examination for non-central nervous system (CNS) malignancies. Knowledge of the PET/CT appearance of various intracranial metabolic abnormalities enables correct interpretation of PET scans in oncological patients where differentiation of metastasis from benign intracranial pathologies is important and improves specificity of the PET study. A complete clinical history and correlation with CT and MRI greatly helps in arriving at a correct imaging diagnosis.

Objective: Many radiopharmaceuticals have been evaluated extensively in both preclinical and clinical studies as potential diagnostic agents to identify the sites of infection. There is a definite role of FDG-PET in diagnosis, extent of assessing the disease, evaluation of treatment response and disease activity in patients with infections and inflammation. The aim of the study, the process of formation and development of infection and inflammation is monitored using (18 F) 2’-deoxy-2-fluoroD-glucose (F-18 FDG) by Positron Emission Computed Tomography (PET-CT). Methods: In this study, sterile abscess was induced by using turpentine and infected abscess was induced by using Staphylococcus aureus atcc 25923 strain on rats. In the abscess formation on rats, three grups rats were used as sterile, infected and control grups. There were examined male White Wistar Rats, the clinical healthy animals were 150-220 gr body weight. Bacterial strain and rat model for abscess formation for infected abscess formation on rats (n=7), S. aureus 0.5 ml 107 CFU/ml was inoculated in the right arm of the rats as subcutaneous. For sterile abscess formation on rats (n=7) 0.2-0.4 ml turpentine (sigma-aldrich) was injected into the right arm of the rats as subcutaneous. In control group (n=6), 0.5 ml 0.9% NaCl was injected into the right arm of the rats as subcutaneous. First day imsaging was acquired 24 hours after inoculation of S.aureus and turpentine. 1 mCi 18F-FDG was injected intravenously via the tail vein. Prior to 18F-FDG injection, rats fasted at least 4 hours and well hydrated. Imaging was done using PET-CT (PHILIPS Gemini TF), beginning 1 hour following injection of 18F-FDG IV in the first day and at intervals of 24 hours for five days. First day imaging was performed 1. hour after IV injection of 18F-FDG to obtain optimum imaging time. PET/CT images were visually and semiquantitatively assessed. For semiquantitative analysis of the PET images, a region of interest (ROI) was drawn around the abscess area in the right arm and the noninfected contralateral for control as background. Results: SUVmaxs were obtained from the images for evaluation glucose meatabolism of infection and inflammation detected by 18F-FDG, PET/CT. A soft tissue infection developed in the right arm site of the rats within 24 hours after bacterial inoculation. Swelling and redness of the abscess area was apparently seen in all rats. Abscess in rats were visualized by 18F-FDG, PET/CT. The higher abscess/ background rate was seen 1. hour than 2. hour after injection 18F-FDG. Imaging time was chosen as 1. hour post injection 18F-FDG for the following days. In the first day of the formation of S.aureus abscess SUVmax was about 3.9±0.9 while SUVmax was 1.5±0.2 in the control site. In sterile abscess, SUVmax of the first day was 2.2±0.8, while the SUVmax was 1.3±0.5 for control site. First day 2. hours following the injection of 18F-FDG SUVmax values were 2.8±0.6 for infected abscess, 1.2±0.09 for infected abscess control site and 1.9±0.9 for sterile abscess, 1.3±0.3 for sterile abscess control site. Conclusion: Steril and infected abscess differantiation can be evaulated by imaging with 18F-FDG PET. The rate of SUV(max) explores the correlation between sterile abscess and infected abscess. 18F-FDG PET is also useful technique to understand the extent of the infection and inflammation process. In addition 18F- FDG PET imaging method has rapid diagnosis and local availability of equipment and labeled agent.

Vasculitis is defined as inflammation and necrosis with leukocytic infiltration of the blood vessel wall. Takayasu arteritis is a chronic inflammatory arteritis that primarily involves the aorta and its main branches. A 64-year-old female patient with a 2-month history of fever of unknown origin was presented to our clinic for F-18 FDG PET/CT imaging. Baseline PET/CT images demonstrated intense F-18 FDG uptake in the aorta, bilateral subclavian and brachiocephalic arteries consistent with Takayasu arteritis. After 2 months of immunosuppressive therapy, she was asymptomatic and follow-up FDG PET/CT scan showed almost complete disappearance of large vessels’ F-18 FDG uptake. FDG PET/CT is a sensitive technique for assessing presence of large-vessel vasculitis such as Takayasu arteritis, extent of large-vessel inflammation and disease activity after therapy. Conflict of interest:None declared.

In Alzheimer disease (AD), neuroinflammation is an important process related to the deposition of beta-amyloid plaques and the activation of microglia. The inflammatory process can occur in both the gray matter and the white matter. We evaluated glucose metabolism of the white matter in AD patients and compared the value with cognitive parameters of the patients. Eighteen AD patients and 18 healthy subjects underwent F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and F-18 florbetaben positron emission tomography (PET). After segmentation of the white matter in both PET images, the specific binding ratio (SBR) of the global and regional cerebral white matter was checked. We evaluated the differences in SBR of the global and regional white matter between AD patients and healthy subjects. Then, we assessed the correlation between SBR and cognitive parameters in AD patients. In F-18 FDG PET images, the global white matter SBR was significantly higher in AD patients than in healthy subjects. In the regional analysis, the white matter SBR was significantly higher for the frontal, temporal, and parietal areas in AD patients. In the correlation analysis with F-18 FDG PET, SBR was significantly correlated with the Global Deterioration Scale, Mini-Mental State Examination scores, and amyloid deposition. Glucose metabolism of the white matter was significantly higher in AD patients than in healthy subjects and it was related to the scores of cognitive parameters. We suggest that F-18 FDG PET, like 18-kDa translocator protein PET, could be used as an indicator of neuroinflammation; however, further research is needed for a direct comparison between the 2 tests.

Fronto-temporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a clinically and pathologically heterogeneous syndrome, characterized by progressive decline in behavior or language associated with degeneration of the frontal and anterior temporal lobes. Three distinct clinical variants of FTLD have been described. Despite the difficulties, accurate diagnosis is critical because the clinical management differs for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and FTLD. Positron emission tomography with fluro-deoxy-glucose (FDG-PET) typically shows sufficient abnormalities that can be used to improve the accuracy of distinguishing AD from FTLD in individual cases. Though temporo-parietal hypometabolism is sensitive in diagnosis of AD, it is less specific. The importance of evaluating the cingulate and anterior temporal cortices for arriving at a diagnosis of FTLD is stressed.

Primary meningeal melanomatosis is a rare, aggressive variant of primary malignant melanoma of the central nervous system, which arises from melanocytes within the leptomeninges and carries a poor prognosis. We report a case of primary meningeal melanomatosis in a 17-year-old man, which was diagnosed with (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (F-18 FDG) PET/CT, and post hoc F-18 FDG PET/MRI fusion images. Whole-body F-18 FDG PET/CT was helpful in ruling out the extracranial origin of melanoma lesions, and in assessing the therapeutic response. Post hoc PET/MRI fusion images facilitated the correlation between PET and MRI images and demonstrated the hypermetabolic lesions more accurately than the unenhanced PET/CT images. Whole body F-18 FDG PET/CT and post hoc PET/MRI images might help clinicians determine the best therapeutic strategy for patients with primary meningeal melanomatosis.

PET-CT scan showed diffuse increased FDG uptake in the bone marrow in patient with pulmonary malignant fibrous histiocytoma who was referred to our clinic for preoperative staging. Recent chemotheraphy treatment, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor using was not there on patients medical history. Total leukocyte count was 51800/μL, with 92.1 % neutrophils, 0.7 % eosinophils, 4.3 % lymphocytes, and 2.8 % monocytes. Bone marrow biopsy was revealed a hypercellular marrow with no evidence of malignancy. It was diagnosed that diffuse bone marrow FDG uptake in our patient was due to leukemoid reaction.

F-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) Positron emission tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) has come to play an increasingly important role for the pre-surgical evaluation of drug resistant epilepsy and complements Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in the evaluation of grey matter heterotopias. This case illustrates the characteristic pattern of metabolic abnormality in diffuse band heterotopia (DBH) which is otherwise called double cortex syndrome. The presence of metabolic activity in the heterotopic inner cortical band and in the overlying true cortex gives rise to the 'double cortex' sign on FDG-PET, concurrent CT provides a good anato-metabolic coregistration.

Fluorine-18 fluoro-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography (F-18 FDG PET) is not sensitive modality for the diagnosis of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, FDG-PET imaging may be useful in the identification of extrahepatic metastases. We report an interesting image of HCC with solitary metastasis to sternum detected by F-18 FDG PET/CT.

We report the findings of [18F] fluoro-deoxy-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) performed in a 67-year-old female with suspicion of gastric carcinoma. Intense FDG uptake was noted in the thickened gastric wall. Subsequent laparotomy showed diffuse involvement of the gastric wall by signet ring cell adenocarcinoma. This report highlights FDG PET/CT pattern in linitis plastica of the stomach caused by primary signet cell adenocarcinoma.

We present a case of carcinoma cervix found to have a soft tissue lesion in retroperitoneal region with intense FDG uptake. However, this FDG uptake was false positive as the final diagnosis was retroperitoneal fibrosis.

A 61-year-old non-smoking woman presented with low-grade fever of 1 year duration, which had remained undiagnosed after several first-line investigations. Intermittent non-productive cough and arthromyalgias were the only relevant complaints on history taking. Clinical examination was otherwise unremarkable. Laboratory findings only revealed increased C-reactive protein at 5 mg/dL. Of note, renal function tests, urinalysis and autoimmune serum tests (ANCA, FAN and anti-GBM antibodies) as well as serum and urinary calcium levels were all normal. Chest X-ray showed no hilar lymphadenopathy or significant parenchymal abnormality. F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT demonstrated intense tracer uptake not only in bilateral peripheral lung parenchyma (Figure 1—baseline, A1 and B1) but also in both kidneys (Figure 1—baseline, A2 and B2). Sarcoidosis was diagnosed by transbronchial lung biopsy with the presence of non-caseating epithelioid granuloma. Taking into account all these clinical elements, a kidney biopsy was deemed unethical. Three months after oral corticosteroid therapy (0.5 mg/kg/day methylprednisolone), a second F-18 FDG PET/CT showed a complete regression of both pathological lung (Figure 1—second scan, C3 and D3) and kidney foci, where only a physiological excretion of FDG was seen within the urinary tract (Figure 1—second scan, C4 and D4). [Note that the bilateral kidneys hypertrophy related to the disease (Figure 1—baseline, A2 and B2) also significantly decreased under treatment (Figure 1—second scan, C4 and D4)]. Fig. 1 Coronal slices of F-18 FDG PET (A and C) and fused PET/CT (B and D) tomography of a 61-year-old non-smoking woman presenting with low-grade fever of unknown origin. The figure compares two acquisitions performed respectively at Day 0 (baseline, A and ... Renal manifestations of sarcoidosis are most commonly due to hypercalciuria (with or without hypercalcaemia) and granulomatous interstitial nephritis (GIN) [1]. Glomerular disease, urinary tract involvement by retroperitoneal lymph node, and renal masses, the so-called pseudotumoral renal sarcoid, are rarer events [2]. Patients presenting with GIN have most often clear evidence of diffuse active sarcoidosis, although some patients present with isolated elevation of plasma creatinine level, and no or only minimal extra-renal manifestations. We report here an unusual presentation in the form of a clinically and biologically silent renal involvement in a patient with biopsy-proven pulmonary sarcoidosis, which was only revealed by FDG PET/CT. As mentioned for various other non-thoracic manifestations of the disease, F-18 FDG PET/CT is a promising non-invasive tool in this disorder, not only to assess the presence of active unexpected organ involvement, but also to monitor the response to glucocorticoid therapy [3]. Conflict of interest statement. None declared.

Primary testicular lymphoma (PTL) a relatively rare disease of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas occurring with a lesser incidence of 1-2% has a propensity to occur at later ages above 50 years. PTL spreads to extra nodal sites due to deficiency of extra cellular adhesion molecules. We present detection of multiple sites of extra nodal involvement of PTL by F-18 positron emission tomography/computed tomography study aiding early detection of the dissemination thus aiding in staging and management.

Detection of recurrence of tumors with conventional imaging like computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be difficult because of distorted anatomy and implants in situ. Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (F-18 FDG PET/CT has been shown to be very useful in detection of recurrent tumors with higher accuracy than conventional imaging method. Giant cell tumors of foot though rare have high recurrence potential after initial curative treatment. However, currently there is no literature addressing the role of F-18 FDG PET/CT in evaluation of these tumors. We report a case of post excisional recurrent giant cell tumor of foot diagnosed on F-18 FDG PET/CT. In addition, to detection of recurrence F-18 FDG PET/CT also aided in accurate management of the patient.

A 10-year-boy post-operative, post-radiotherapy case of left temporal glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) was referred for F-18 Flurodeoxyglucose (FDG) Positron emission tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) to rule out residual/recurrent disease 6 months following completion of therapy. The FDG scan 3 months following therapy had not shown evidence of viable residual or metastatic disease. The present scan showed a tiny focus of abnormal FDG accumulation in the region of the trigone of the left lateral ventricle which was best appreciated on the plain PET image. A correlative C-11 methionine study showed a well defined focus of abnormal tracer accumulation in the region of the left trigone. CECT and MRI done subsequently proved it to be a subependymal deposit. This case therefore demonstrates the possibility of subependymal deposits in GBM and the need for this possibility to be entertained during interpretation of the FDG study. It also highlights the advantage of labelled amino acids like C-11 methionine for clearly delineating subependymal deposits apart from the advantage for unequivocal interpretation of the PET study in recurrent brain tumors.

Penile cancer is a rare entity accounting for only 0.4% all male malignancies. Penile leiomyosarcomas are even rarer with only around 35 cases reported in literature. We report a rare case of penile leiomyosarcoma illustrating F-18 Fluorodeoxy glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) features and histopathology correlation.

F-18 fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in the thyroid and thymus is well reported in patients with Graves’ disease. Incidental skeletal muscle uptake has also been reported in other non-musculoskeletal (benign and malignant) pathologies. We report a patient of Graves’ disease showing symmetrical skeletal muscle uptake but no thyroidal or thymus uptake of FDG.