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Trilogi University with the community ‘Kampung Ramah Lingkungan’ (KRL) Seroja Kahuripan have conducted underweight prevention services in Cibitung Wetan Village, Pamijahan, Bogor. This service activity aims to educate importance of nutritious food, train in creating greenhouses and hydroponic installations, cultivate vegetable crops and their processing to increase the food value as prevention of underweight. The method was carried out in several stages: 1) The preparation and coordination; 2) Implementation; and 3) monitoring and evaluation. Based on the data, it was known that 13,69% of children aged 0–23 months are observed with underweight with body weight far below the standard and 34,44% of children are approaching as underweight. Efforts to prevent underweight were carried out by strengthening the identity of partners, the construction of greenhouse and hydroponic installation as well as training in vegetable cultivation carried out by the team so that partners can be independent in providing nutritious food. The yields of vegetables and their processed products in form of nuggets and jerky have provided food value added increasement to partners. As a result, increasement in the number of partner members from 15 to 54 people, the formation of a group logo as identity reinforcement, the construction of greenhouse facilities and hydroponic installations series, increasement of partner’s knowledges and skills in hydroponic cultivation and crops processing, and increasement partner’s awareness of underweight issue. The results of partner’s satisfaction questionnaire showed that 85% were very satisfied with the program and they hoped for sustainable and further fostering.

A food value of carrot roots is determined by a content of such chemical composition components as dry substance, ascorbic acid, carotene and other. The carrot value is also determined by its ability to be stored for a long time. The research aim was to study a food value change of different carrot sorts at storage open in boxes. The research gives an ability to search a carrot sort, suitable for long storage, and also to search arrangements for better preservation of carrot nutritiousness at storage. It has been established, that the dynamics and intensity of losses of the roots’ food value depends on sort peculiarities. Thus, during 7.5 months of storage sorts Daryna, Shantane KL and Nant Kharkiv lost from 0.92 to 4.12 % of dry substance. The content of total sugar decreased by 0.16 and 0.77 % of its initial content in sorts Daryna and Nant Kharkiv, whereas Shantane demonstrated the content increase at the end of storage by 0.29 %. The same tendency was observed also by changes of the content of monosaccharides and saccharose. The content of ascorbic acid and carotene during storage varied from increase to decrease. At the end of storage losses of ascorbic acid and carotene were 1.43–1.93 and 3.42–4.26 mg/100 g respectively. The content of nitrates at the end of storage in Daryna roots remained at the initial level – 202 mg/kg of the humid mass, in Shantane and Nant Kharkiv it decreased by 18 and 26 % respectively. At that it must be noted, that the processes of nutritiousness changes were more intensive in Daryna and Nant Kharkiv roots. In Shantane the carrot roots content changes of chemical composition components were slower.

In order to expand the range of flour confectionary for healthy nutrition, documentation on new gingerbread products with increased food value was developed in 2017-2018. They are Prune gingerbread (kovrizhka) and gingerbread (pryanik) "Zabava", "Fantaziya", "Vdokhnovenie". The nutrition value of new gingerbread products is defined by the content of medium rye flour, sunflower oil, prunes, dried apricots, cocoa powder which enrich the products with many micronutrients necessary for a human body such as food fibers, mineral substances, vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Prune gingerbread exceeds the production analog (Tula gingerbread) in the content of food fibers (3.6%), vitamin E (2.9 mg%) and vitamin B1 (0.11 mg%) by 2.25; 4.1 and 1.37 times, respectively. It also has more mineral substances (K, P, Ca, Mg, Fe) in comparison with the control - 2.0; 1.3; 1.4; 2.4; 1.4 times, respectively. Energy value of Prune gingerbread is 8.8% lower than that of the production analog (Tula gingerbread). In 100 grams of Prune gingerbread and gingerbreads "Zabava", "Fantaziya", "Vdokhnovenie" there are from 2.9 to 4.0 g of polyunsaturated linoleic acid that satisfy the minimum body need a day. Gingerbreads "Zabava", "Fantaziya", "Vdokhnovenie" exceed the production analog (gingerbreads “Festivalnye”) in the content of mineral substances (K, Ca, Mg, P, Fe) in total – by 46.4; 98.4; 45.0%, respectively; in food fibers – by 1.7-2.2 times; in vitamin E – by 1.9-2.0 times. New gingerbread products are functional as they contain 26.4-36.4% of average daily body need in PUFA and 29.0-37.0% of vitamin E. Gingerbreads 'Zabava' and 'Fantaziya' contain respectively 17.0 and 20.0% of average daily body need in food fibers and 15.7% – in iron.

There is considerable interest in Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) as a potential treatment for overweight/obesity. Inhibitory Control Training (ICT: also known as motor response training) and Evaluative Conditioning (EC) are two popular paradigms which rely on associatively learned responses (unhealthy food - > inhibition, or unhealthy food- > negative stimulus, respectively) through repeated cue-response contingencies. Both ICT and EC have demonstrated some effectiveness for reducing food intake, value and/or choice, when administered in the laboratory and online. However, studies have been criticised for inconsistencies in design (e.g. use of inadequate control groups) which makes it difficult to draw robust conclusions. In two pre-registered, online studies our aim was to examine active ICT (study 1: N = 170) and EC (study 2: N = 300) in multiple groups where the cue- > response contingencies were systematically varied (100%, 75%, 50%, 25%), before examining food-cue valuations and hypothetical food choice. In both studies varying the cue- > response contingencies did not lead to significant changes in food-cue devaluation following training. ICT did not substantially influence hypothetical food choice, whereas there was weak evidence that EC reduced choice for unhealthy foods, compared to a control group with 50% cue-response contingencies. Taken together both studies provide limited evidence for online CBM as a viable psychological treatment – at least through the mechanism of food-cue devaluation or changes in healthy and unhealthy food choice. Future research is needed to investigate the factors that contribute towards successful CBM training to critically evaluate the potential for these strategies within interventions.

Contains fulltext : 228835.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Food value chains (FVC) have become an important framework for the assessment of interventions to improve nutritional outcomes during the past decade, and recent literature indicates considerable agreement about FVC importance and potential impact pathways. Despite the usefulness of the FVC framework, the majority of studies reviewed provide only conceptual models or descriptive analyses of linkages with nutrition, limiting their usefulness for quantitative assessment of intervention impacts. Fewer than five studies of 113 reviewed measure the impacts of FVC interventions on nutritional outcomes or provide study protocols for that purpose. In addition to randomized controlled trials, comparative analysis and systems modeling methods will provide relevant evidence about the effectiveness of FVCs for improvement of nutrition. 23 december 2020 8 p.

Subjective value for food rewards guide our dietary choices. There is growing evidence that value signals are constructed in the brain by integrating multiple types of information about flavour, taste, and nutritional attributes of the foods. However, much less is known about the influence of food-extrinsic factors such as labels, brands, prices, and packaging designs. In this mini review, we outline recent findings in decision neuroscience, consumer psychology, and food science with regard to the effect of extrinsic factors on food value computations in the human brain. To date, studies have demonstrated that, while the integrated value signal is encoded in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, information on the extrinsic factors of the food is encoded in diverse brain regions previously implicated in a wide range of functions: cognitive control, memory, emotion and reward processing. We suggest that a comprehensive understanding of food valuation requires elucidation of the mechanisms behind integrating extrinsic factors in the brain to compute an overall subjective value signal.

Short sleep has been linked to adolescent obesity risk, but questions remain regarding the dietary mechanisms by which this occurs. We tested whether mildly shortening sleep influences how rewarding and appealing healthy adolescents find several kinds of foods. Eighty-eight healthy adolescents completed a within-subjects crossover sleep experiment comparing 5 days of Short Sleep (6.5 hour sleep opportunity) vs. 5 days of Healthy Sleep (9.5 hour sleep opportunity). Following each condition, adolescents completed measures of food appeal and reinforcing value of food across five food types: sweets/desserts, fruits/vegetables, lean meats/eggs, fast food entrees, and processed snacks. Adolescents averaged 2.2 hours/night longer sleep periods in Healthy Sleep vs. Short Sleep. We observed a significant interaction of experimental order with sleep condition on three of four primary outcomes related to the appeal and reinforcing value of foods (p’s.05). This study provides evidence that restricting adolescents’ sleep opportunity to 6.5 hours (compared to sleeping a healthy amount) increases the appeal and reinforcing value of a variety of foods, but this may occur only under protracted short sleep. Increased food reward may be one mechanism linking chronically shortened sleep with obesity risk in adolescence.

The influence of flaked einkorn (Tiriticum monococcum L.) used as ingredient in production of biscuits on some of their chemical, biological active compounds and In vitro starch digestion. The biscuits were produced from whole einkorn flour to which 30 %, 50 %, 70 % and 100 % einkorn flakes were added at the expense of the einkorn flour. It was found from the results with increase flaking einkorn in biscuits increase: moisture, total fats and proteins contend in the biscuits and decreases ash and total carbohydrates. Form the results for biological active compounds with increase flaking einkorn in biscuits, decreases total polyphenols and increase total carotenoids and antioxidant activity. In vitro starch digestion showed that when biscuits contend more then 30 % of einkorn flour reduces the body's ability to break down the starch contained in biscuits.

The influence of probiotic «Monosporin» on the growth performance of piglets using feed rations varying degrees of balance. Is defined nutrients of basic ratio which is used at the farm, and normalized by the inclusion of corn bran and premix «Tekro». It is shown that the use of the basic diet with probiotic live weight of piglets increased by 1.3% and the average daily weight gain of animals – by 1.7–2.3% over the control. By using normalized diet with probiotic preparations value of body weight and daily weight gain of young pigs increased by 13.2–18.7% and 19.4–39.2% respectively. Comparison of productivity indices of piglets who consumed diets normalized without probiotics and with probiotic, indicates a an increase of 3.0–6.5% and 7.5–11.7% in favor of the latter. Along with the increase of animal growth performance using normalized diets with probiotic preparation «Monosporin» costs of fodder units per 1 kg of gain is reduced by 25.3%. The results indicate that the effect of the use of probiotics is associated with the fact that increases the digestibility of feed, improving their digestibility, it activates the body's metabolism, stimulates the synthesis of amino acids, vitamins, enzymes and antibiotic substances that suppress pathogens and increase the overall resistance of the animal organism to viral diseases and various adverse (stressful) factors. In assessing the cost efficiency of using normalized ration with the addition of premix TM «Tekro» and probiotic «Monosporin» shows that in complex their application the best result is observed: the level of profitability of 47.7%, and the profit from the sale of 1 head – 185.09 UAH. While the profitability of pork production of using probiotic together with the basic feed ration is 7,8%.

Background The 2010 Child Nutrition reauthorization called for the independent evaluation of innovative strategies to reduce the risk of childhood hunger or improve the food security status of households with children. Objective The research question was whether the Packed Promise intervention reduces child food insecurity (FI-C) among low-income households with children. Design This study was a cluster randomized controlled trial of 40 school districts and 4,750 eligible, consented households within treatment and control schools. Participants/setting Data were collected at baseline (n = 2,859) and 2 follow-ups (n = 2,852; n = 2,790) from households with children eligible for free school meals in participating schools in 12 rural counties within the Chickasaw Nation territory in south central Oklahoma in 2016 to 2018. Intervention Each month of the 25-month intervention, for each eligible child, enrolled households could choose from 5 types of food boxes that contained shelf-stable, nutritious foods ($38 food value) and a $15 check for purchasing fruits and vegetables. Main outcome measures The primary outcome was FI-C. Other outcomes included household and adult food security, very low food security among children, and food expenditures. Statistical analyses performed Differences between the treatment and control groups were estimated by a regression model controlling for baseline characteristics. Results The Packed Promise project did not significantly reduce FI-C at 12 months (29.3% prevalence in the treatment group compared with 30.1% in the control group; P = 0.123) or at 18 months (28.2% vs 28.7%; P = 0.276), but reduced food insecurity for adults by 3 percentage points at 12 months (P = 0.002) but not at 18 months (P = 0.354). The intervention led to a $27 and a $16 decline in median household monthly out-of-pocket food expenditures at 12 and 18 months, respectively. Conclusions An innovative intervention successfully delivered nutritious food boxes to low-income households with children in rural Oklahoma, but did not significantly reduce FI-C. Improving economic conditions in the demonstration area and participation in other nutrition assistance programs among treatment and control groups might explain the lack of impact. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04316819 ( http://www.clinicaltrials.gov ). Funding/Support This article is published as part of a supplement supported by the US Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service.

OBJECTIVES: • to explore how and through what multi-level pathways the Ebola outbreak impacted the nutrition sector in Sierra Leone; • to investigate the barriers and facilitating factors to implementing effective response strategies during the nutrition response; • to develop an improved preparedness and nutrition response framework for consideration during future outbreaks of this nature. METHODS: This qualitative study had an iterative and emergent design. In-depth interviews (n = 42) were conducted over two phases by purposively sampling both key informants (n = 21; government stakeholders, management staff from United Nations agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGO), and informants (n = 21; community members, Ebola survivors, front-line workers) until data saturation was reached. Multiple analysts worked collaboratively in a team-based coding approach to identify key themes and sub-themes using Dedoose software. Findings are presented as both salient quotations and tables/figures to illustrate the results. RESULTS: The Ebola outbreak and related response strategies, especially movement restriction policies, disrupted nearly every aspect of the food value-chain in Sierra Leone. Through production, storage and processing, distribution, transport and trade, and retailing, salient themes emerged across interviews with Government, United Nations, and NGO stakeholders, as well as community-level participants about the serious effects of the outbreak on food and nutrition. Data suggest that the effects of the outbreak had an aggregate negative effect on key pillars of food security as well as infant and young child feeding practices. Food-based response efforts were highly accepted, although sharing and selling of food assistance was reported by front-line workers and community members alike. CONCLUSIONS: Infectious diseases such as Ebola have far-reaching effects that are not just directly bio-medical in nature but also indirectly impacting health through the entire food value-chain from agriculture agricultural disruption to individual nutritional status. A food value-chain approach therefore may offer a viable framework from which to position nutrition preparedness and response efforts for infectious disease outbreaks in other similar food insecure settings. FUNDING SOURCES: UNICEF West and Central Africa Regional Bureau. SUPPORTING TABLES, IMAGES AND/OR GRAPHS

Cannabinoid CB1 antagonists are widely known to reduce motivation for food, but it is not known whether they induce satiety or reduce reward value of food. It may therefore be necessary to compare effects of altered satiety and reward food value in the same appetitive task, and determine whether CB1 antagonism produces a behavior pattern similar to either, both, or neither. A fine-grained analysis of fixed-ratio 10 (FR10) responding for palatable food initially included number and duration of, and between, all lever presses and food tray entries in order to differentiate the pattern of suppression of prefeeding from that caused by reducing the reward value of the pellets with quinine. Discriminant function analysis then determined that these manipulations were best differentiated by effects on tray entries, pellet retrieval latencies, and time of the first response. At 0.5 mg/kg, AM 6527 produced similar effects to reducing reward value, but at 1.0 and 4.0 mg/kg, effects were more similar to those when animals were satiated. We conclude that AM 6527 both reduced reward value and enhanced satiety, but as dose increased, effects on satiety became much more prominent. These findings contribute to knowledge about the behavioral processes affected by CB1 antagonism.

The purpose of this study was to analyze meal management behaviors for Korea dietary acculturation among multicultural families in Korea. The study compared differences in meal management behaviors among 90 multicultural families. Results of the study were as follows: cultural adaptation to Korea got higher with increasing age; marriage immigrants with longer marriage duration and with children showed higher cultural adaptation to Korea. Regarding food value of marriage immigrant women, `eating favorite food` was the highest in the 20s, while `satisfaction with Korean dietary lifestyle` was high in Chinese and in those with longer residency. Most of them replied `myself` for the meal manager of their multicultural family. When surveyed on major difficulties in Korean meal management, existence of children showed significant difference for `cooking`, and period of residency and existence of children made significant difference for `taste`. In conclusion, meal management behavior of multicultural families was influenced by socioeconomic factors. Further research is needed for more quantitative analysis and understanding of the effect of dietary patterns on nutritional status and quality of life in multicultural families.

There is growing evidence that repeated consumption of highly palatable, nutritionally poor “junk food” diets can produce deficits in cognition and behavioral control. We explored whether long-term junk-food diet exposure disrupts rats' ability to make adaptive choices about which foods to pursue based on (1) expected reward value (outcome devaluation test) and (2) cue-evoked reward expectations (Pavlovian-to-instrumental test). Rats were initially food restricted and trained on two distinct response-outcome contingencies (e.g., left press chocolate pellets, and right press sweetened condensed milk) and stimulus-outcome contingencies (e.g., white noise chocolate pellets, and clicker sweetened condensed milk). They were then given 6 weeks of unrestricted access to regular chow alone (controls) or chow and either 1 or 24 h access to junk food per day. Subsequent tests of decision making revealed that rats in both junk-food diet groups were impaired in selecting actions based on either expected food value or the presence of food-paired cues. These data demonstrate that chronic junk food consumption can disrupt the processes underlying adaptive control over food-seeking behavior. We suggest that the resulting dysregulation of food seeking may contribute to overeating and obesity.

Animals face the dilemma between exploiting known opportunities and exploring new ones, a decision-making process supported by cortical circuits. While different types of learning may bias exploration, the circumstances and the degree to which bias occurs is unclear. We used an instrumental lever press task in mice to examine whether learned rules generalize to exploratory situations and the cortical circuits involved. We first trained mice to press one lever for food and subsequently assessed how that learning influenced pressing of a second novel lever. Using outcome devaluation procedures we found that novel lever exploration was not dependent on the food value associated with the trained lever. Further, changes in the temporal uncertainty of when a lever press would produce food did not affect exploration. Instead, accrued experience with the instrumental contingency was strongly predictive of test lever pressing with a positive correlation between experience and trained lever exploitation, but not novel lever exploration. Chemogenetic attenuation of orbital frontal cortex (OFC) projection into secondary motor cortex (M2) biased novel lever exploration, suggesting that experience increases OFC-M2 dependent exploitation of learned associations but leaves exploration constant. Our data suggests exploitation and exploration are parallel decision-making systems that do not necessarily compete.

Capparis species, also known as Caper plants, are recognized as a potential source of valuable nutrients and biochemical compounds with physiological functions. The multiple biological activities including antibacterial, antifungal, hepatoprotective, anthelmintic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antihyperlipidemic as well as folk medicinal uses of Caper plants have been ascribed to the presence of functional bioactives, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, phytosterols, natural sugars, vitamins, and organic acids. In view of the high nutritional value and traditional food and folk medicinal uses of Capparis species, it is important to compile a comprehensive review on related aspects of these multipurposes plants. Hence, the present review manuscript focuses on the detailed profile of valuable nutrients and biochemical compounds as well as medicinal health functions and biological activities of selected species of Capparis, so as to explore their potential uses as ingredients of functional food and nutraceuticals and natural pharmaceutics.

Peanut sprouts are gaining increasing popularity as a potential source of functional food. The objective of this study was to investigate yield and food value of peanut sprouts of six Korean peanut genotypes (Daekwang, Akwang, Baekjung, Alogi, Pungan and Heugttangkong) from day 5 through 9. Functional compounds like polyphenol, flavonoid, and resveratrol contents were significantly (p

Regulatory frameworks for protein content claims in Canada and the United States are underpinned by the protein efficiency ratio and protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS), respectively, which are used to assess the protein quality of a given food. The digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) is a novel approach to measuring the protein quality of foods and is supported by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Methodological concerns about the PDCAAS are addressed by the DIAAS through introduction of the use of ileal amino acid digestibility coefficients and untruncated protein scores. However, before the DIAAS is widely adopted within regulatory frameworks, a comprehensive assessment is required. Accordingly, this review addresses the potential impact of the DIAAS on regulation, communication, and public health, as well as knowledge gaps, analytical challenges, and cost of implementation. A pragmatic approach to addressing protein quality is advocated by suggesting the use of conservative coefficients of digestibility that are derived from in vitro methods. Before adopting the DIAAS as a framework for supporting protein content claims, updated food-related regulations and policies should also be evaluated through a lens that anticipates the impact on consumer-facing nutrition communication, the adoption of dietary patterns that are nutritionally adequate, and a food value chain that fosters a spirit of food and nutritional innovation.

Ganoderma lucidum fungi had been analysed for the estimation of protein and fibre content by various spectrophotometric methods, in which it had been shown that various extracts of the concerned fungi could act as a good source of proteins and fibre. Also the Anti urolithiatic and Anti Arthritis Activity of Various extracts of Ganoderma lucidum had been carried out, in which the observed results show that the concerned fungi extracts posses a good effect against urolithiatic and arthritis. Among the various extracts it had been found that water extracts of the concerned fungi posses high Anti urolithiatic and Anti Arthritis Activity, as compared to other extracts of the concerned fungi. So efforts should be made to make use of these types of herbal and Ayurvedic medicines to overcome various types of ailments or diseases which effect human life from time to time, which are without side effects.

Minor food crops, often known as “poor man's crops,” are currently neglected or underutilized and have become extinct or rare. These crops can, however, contribute substantially to nutritional security in poor communities as they contain essential and trace elements and thrive in harsh climatic and poor soil conditions and show tolerance to water stress, weeds, pests, and diseases. Genetic improvement for food value is therefore needed so as to minimize hunger, malnourishment, and underfeeding. This would be possible with regional and international cooperation for intensive studies, development, and extension.

Scientific evidence on the characterization of eating behavior indicates that food deprivation situations, such as fasting, the food value increases and alter the feeding pattern. Consequently food consumption increases and therefore caloric intake. The situation worsens when after a deprivation period the preferred foods are unhealthy or consumed in excess becoming tiggers for health problems (Capaldi, 1993; Gottschalk, Libby & Graff, 2000; Velez & Garcia, 2003). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fasting on caloric intake and changing food preferences. This study was conducted with the participation of 9 university students who were classified according to their Body Mass Index (BMI) into three groups: Low-weight, Normo-weight and Over-weight. At the baseline participants were exposed to eight different foods. Same participants during the experimental phase were exposed to a period of fasting, subsequently were exposed to the same foods and record their consumption. Results showed that caloric intake and food preferences were altered after the fasting condition, differential effects among participants were observed. Low-weight group increased their food consumption while Normal-weight and Over-weight groups decreased.

Herbs are naturally rich in bioactive herbiceuticals or plant products with food value to keep energy balance in the body and promise substantial therapeutic value in several diseases. Major herbs have specific active ingredient(s) with cancer therapeutic effects. Herbs are now part of nutrition supplements at nonprescription counters and their self- prescription has increased at large scale in hope of cancer prevention. The government agencies monitor and regulate the herbal use in cancer prevention and cancer management with update information of herbal side effects and safety to public. In present paper, different herbs are surveyed in the use of general health with an account of recommended poten- tial herbs in cancer prevention. The biochemical mechanism of cancer prevention in tissues by herbs is proposed. Broadly herbs are rich in alkaloids, flavones, antioxidants, xanthones, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, minerals and fibers. Most of the herbs are derived from plants and they act as regulatory biochemical metabolites either by direct intermediary metabolism or regulating cancer pathways and stimulating immunity. The focus of review is to introduce available herbs, herbal biochemical action and herbiceutical anticancer formula. The herbal anticancer formula may be prepared by using: antiproliferative herb extracts combined with vitamin supplement, lactate dehydrogenase enzyme inhibitor, palliative alkalizing sodium or potassium salts as mixture in liquid, paste or syrup form. Herbiceuticals from herbs are potential anticancer supplements if used with care and regulatory guidelines.

Nutraceuticals are natural and bioactive products with food value to keep energy balance in the body and promise substantial therapeutic value in several diseases. Major nutraceuticals are now part of nutrition supplements at nonprescription counters and their self-prescription is increased at large scale. The current literature suggests the nutraceutical use in most of cancer prevention and management. The biochemical mechanism of nutraceuticals is poorly reported and most of the literature indicates the success of nutaceuticals in experimental animals. Broadly nutraceuticals are antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, minerals and dietary fibers. Most of the nutraceuticals are derived from plants and animal origin and act as biochemical metabolites either by direct intermediary metabolism or regulating immunity.

Insects have played an important role as human food throughout history, especially in Africa, Asia and Latin America. A good example of edible insects is the mealworm, Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae), which are eaten in Africa, Asia, the Americas and Australia. This species is easily bred in captivity, requiring simple management. The bocaiuva (Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd) is an abundant palm tree found in the Brazilian Cerrado, providing fruits with high nutritional value. The aim of this work was to determine the chemical composition of T. molitor grown in different artificial diets with bocaiuva pulp flour. The nutritional composition, fatty acid composition, antioxidant activity, trypsin activity and anti-nutritional factors of larvae were analyzed. The results showed that mealworms grown on artificial diet with bocaiuva are a good source of protein (44.83%) and lipid (40.45%), with significant levels of unsaturated fatty acids (65.99%), antioxidant activity (4.5 μM Trolox/g of oil extracted from larvae) and absence of anti-nutritional factors. This study indicates a new source of biomass for growing mealworms and shows that it is possible to breed mealworms in artificial diet with bocaiuva flour without compromising the nutritional quality of the larvae.

The present study was carried out during the years 2008-2011 to document the ethnobotanical data on the traditional uses of Punjab, Pakistan. The data included local name, habit and habitat of these plants with special emphasis on their therapeutic uses against different human ailments. Various visits of the study area were made to interview the local elderly, knowledgeable people and herbal healers. A total of eighteen aquatic and semi-aquatic plants belonging to three monocotyledonous and fourteen dicotyledonous families were reported, having medicinal and food value as well as the uses making ropes, mats, baskets and as soil binders and ornamentals.Background: Aquatic and semiaquatic plants have a multiplicity of traditional and ethnopharmacological uses ranging from medicinal, famine food to fodder and others. Therefore, the present study was carried out during the years 2008-2011 to document the locally used medicinal, ethnobotanical and traditional data of aquatic and semiaquatic plants of the Punjab, Pakistan. Material and Method: Various visits of the study area were made to collect the data of these plants included local name, habit and habitat with special emphasis on their therapeutic uses against different human ailments. The local elderly, knowledgable people and herbal healers were also interviewed during the visits. Results: A total of thirty-four aquatic and semiaquatic plants were collected and out of these, eighteen plants belonging to the three monocotyledonous and fourteen dicotyledonous families were reported to medicinal and food value as well as found useful in making ropes, mats, baskets and soil binding. Conclusion: The wetland of Punjab (Pakistan) possesses a variety of medicinal plants that are being utilized against various human diseases, e.g. Respiratorical, dermatological, gastrontological, neurological and cardio-vascular diseases.

This study was supported by grants from Zürcher Hochschulverein, Schweizerische Akademie für Naturwissenschaften, Stiftung Thyll-Dürr, and Stiftung Annemarie Schindler, to R.N. Understanding animal episodic-like memory is important for tracing the evolution of the human mind. However, our knowledge about the existence and nature of episodic-like memory in non-human primates is minimal. We observed the behaviour of a wild male chacma baboon faced with a trade-off between protecting his stationary group from aggressive extra-group males and foraging among five out-of-sight platforms. These contained high-priority food at a time of natural food shortage. In 10 morning and eight evening trials, the male spontaneously visited the platforms in five and four different sequences, respectively. In addition, he interrupted foraging sequences at virtually any point on eight occasions, returning to the group for up to 2 h. He then visited some or all of the remaining platforms and prevented revisits to already depleted ones, apparently based on his memory for the previous foraging episode about food value, location, and time. Efficient use of memory allowed him to keep minimal time absent from his group while keeping food intake high. These findings support the idea that episodic-like memory offers an all-purpose solution to a wide variety of problems that require flexible, quick, yet precise decisions in situations arising from competition for food and mates in wild primates. Postprint

Moringa stenopetala, locally called Haleko, is an indigenous vegetable tree native to southern Ethiopia and grown mainly for its food value. It is a drought tolerant and fast growing tree that has high nutritional value and the potential to alleviate malnutrition in the tropics. Millions of people in southern Ethiopia consume its leaves as a staple vegetable. It also has potential medicinal and industrial applications and significant economic contributions. Despite its actual and potential roles, M. stenopetala has been given little research and development attention. This paper reports actual and potential uses of Moringa stenopetala and highlights research gaps that need to be addressed in the future.

Algae and fungi have good prospects to be exploited as alternative sources of food. Both these groups of organisms are rich in food value, especially in their protein component. Their large-scale utilization may help to minimize food crises as well as malnutrition around the world.

Reducing food waste at all stages of the food value chain holds out considerable social, environmental and economic potential. With the global population estimated to reach 9.5 billion by 2075, mankind needs to ensure it has the food resources available to feed all these people. With current practices wasting up to 50 % of all food produced, it is important to promote sustainable ways to reduce waste. But to do so, it is important to understand the current situation regarding the food waste amounts. The aim of this article is to compare the situation regarding food waste in Latvia and food waste in foreign countries, as well as to identify factors that influence food wasting behaviour. The results are based on the research of theoretical guidelines, foreign research results and on the pilot research conducted in Latvia by the authors of the article in 2013, in which 610 respondents participated. The results of the pilot research show that the situation in Latvia is very similar to the situation globally.

Six yeast species, cultured on both glucose and acetate as carbon sources, and three dry yeast-based diets (Microfeast ® ) were compared as potential algae substitutes for feeding Sydney rock oyster spat. At the 80% substitution level, two of the dry yeast-based diets containing 7.6 and 21.5% total lipid gave 72 and 76%, respectively, of the dry spat weight gain obtained with the algae-fed control. Weight gains of 58–67% of that of the algae-fed control were also obtained with the following live yeast diets: Dipodascus capitatus and Candida utilis cultured on either glucose or acetate, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultured on glucose. There was a negative correlation between the increase in spat dry weight and nitrogen free extract ( r = −0.58; y = 30.34 − 0.26 x ; P r = 0.51; y = 6.10 + 0.31 x ; P

Este trabajo tuvo como objetivos: evaluar la eficiencia del uso de raciones líquidas y pastosas en la alimentación de los cerdos, la proporción agua-concentrado que proporcione un aumento significativo de peso y una mayor conversión alimenticia. Se utilizarón 40 cerdos cruzados de las razas Landrace, Yorkshire y Duroc, el ensayo tuvo una duración de 60 días, el número de tratamientos fue de 4, con 10 repeticiones cada uno, en donde se evaluaron relaciones agua-concentrado de 0:1; 0,5:1; 1:1; 2:1. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que el valor del alimento se mejoró cuando se suministró en forma húmeda. La ganancia de peso presentó una respuesta significativa (P

1. Throughout the war the food value of the dietaries investigated with one exception showed great constancy, temporary shortage of certain commodities being compensated for by the greater use of others, especially of flour.2. The food consumed was determined much more by the income and dietary habits of the families than by the restrictions imposed by rationing. The marked variations in the energy value of one dietary from time to time (normally a generous one) were directly caused by changes of income.3. The children of three families were markedly below the average in height and weight. As the energy available in the food of these families only averaged 40 per cent. above their basal requirements calculated according to age and body surface, it seems probable that the interruption of growth had been caused by an insufficient supply of food.4. A fourth family had at two periods of study an equally low intake of energy, but during the other two studies had at least 100 per cent. above the basal energy requirements. As the children were normal in development, growth was apparently unchecked by the temporary periods of food shortage.

Publisher Summary Eating and diets in the developing world have been affected by major changes in food systems in the past few decades. Food supply and demand have both driven and been driven by these changes. While changing diets is a well-known consequence of economic growth and development, what is unique in current trends is the convergence with Western diets as well as the speed at which this transformation is occurring. Also of note is the increasing presence of the double burden of over- and undernutrition. This chapter first reviews the factors currently driving changes in food supply and demand and then discusses the impact of these on diet. Their impact on the dynamics between smallholder farmers and leading actors in modern food value chains is also examined. The implications for policy and government action are then discussed.

Tempeh is a greyish‐white product obtained by fungal fermentation of dehulled, hydrated, and partially cooked soybean cotyledons. It is free of cholesterol, a good source of vitamins and minerals, and is highly digestible. Tempeh can serve as an excellent substitute for animal protein products and it therefore holds promise to combat malnutrition in countries where proteins and calories are in short supply.

In the field of microbiology, the higher fungi, specifically the mushrooms, are considered one of the world’s greatest natural resources for being able to transform nutritionally valueless substances into high protein food. The abundance, therefore, of agricultural waste materials, such as straw, cotton waste, sawdust, com cobs and stalks, in countries considered inadequate in nutrition and food, offers great potential if mushroom production can be used to combat starvation and malnutrition. Mushrooms grow on these materials which are usually discarded, burned or neglected in the very countries where people hunger for good food (Quimio, 1995; Durrant, 2005). It is now common knowledge that this group of microorganisms can be visualized as an important source of protein (Braaksma and Schaap, 1996) and can contribute the maximum food value to human diet not only in the developing, but in the developed countries as well.

Food-allergic people need comprehensible, complete, reliable, and personalized information about food products. Today, such integrated information is not available mainly because of different interests of the stakeholders in the food value chain. Within this paper we introduce an approach to providing mobile assistance for product-specific on-site advice in a supermarket. A revenue-model is discussed and finally a prototype is introduced.

In general bacterial contamination of enteral feeding solutions is considered to be exogenous in origin. However, during feeding through catheter jejunostomy another source of contamination seems possible. We describe a patient in whom bacterial contamination of the feeding solution given through a catheter jejunostomy occurred frequently. Microbiological evaluation of several feeding samples showed that with this particular type of catheter enterostomy contamination was dual in origin. A not aseptic manipulation of the feed prior to administration led only to slight contamination. Most of the contamination however was endogenous — ie. ascending from the gut of the patient. In contrast to some previous studies, no clinical or laboratory deterioration could be observed in relation to the contamination. The food value of the feed expressed as the glucose concentration was significantly reduced after contamination with the causative organisms.

Summary A curd test has been developed whereby the degree of hardness of the curd of cows’ milk can be determined. By means of this test the dairy herd of the Utah Agricultural College has been classified on the basis of the curd character of the milk. This classification extends over a period of more than six months and includes cows in all stages of lactation. As a result of these studies it has been shown that each cow had an individual milk curd character that was fairly regular throughout her entire lactation period, but in general it hardened during the first part of the period to soften again toward the latter end of the normal lactation period. The curd tension of the harder curded milk was sometimes as much as 10 times as great as the curd tension of the softer curded milk. The individual difference in curd character was independent of breed and fat content of the milk. The Jersey breed as an average, however, had a much harder curded milk than the Holstein breed, yet some of the Jerseys had a softer curded milk than the harder curded Holsteins.

Summary These observations serve primarily as an additional item to the evidence which is being accumulated concerning vitamins and the food value of ice cream. 1.From the data presented in this paper it is concluded that an irradiated ice cream mix, prepared from winter cream, heals rickets in the white rat, whereas the non-irradiated product of the same batch of ice cream, fed at a maximum level of 8 per cent of the ration, does not produce a healing. 2.A variation of the temperature of the product during irradiation between 15.5° and 62.5°C. (60° to 145°F.), does not affect the activity of the material. 3.Freezing and low storage temperature do not affect the antirachitic value of irradiated ice cream for at least two months. 4.A definite correlation was not found between the inorganic blood phosphorus level and the degrees of healing as expressed in using the Shipley line technique, there being only a general accord between the two observations. There is no agreement between the results of the Shipley line test and the percentage of bone ash.

D URING the last decade considerable attention has been directed to the question of gpure food and its sanitary distribution .not only by reason of government inspection, but also because of an increasing public demand for pure food. For many years German officials have recognized the possible danger to public health from improperly prepared or handled sausages. French and English sanitarians have also recognized the importance of this question and have conducted some experimental work to ascertain the extent of the danger; but in the United States there seems to have been little or no work reported on sausages. The nature of sausages and the finely ground meats composing them have led to much speculation on the part of consumers as to the quality and kinds of meat that might be used. Sausages are pgpularly reputed to contain anything from good pork and beef down to horse, dog and cat meat, as well as bread, flour, and other starchy substances. The presence of partially decayed meat may be effectively covered up by high seasoning, salting and smoking as well as by preservatives. Probably the most common adulterant added to sausages is starch either in the form of old bread or corn starch. OstertAg* reports that in Germany it is customary to add 2 per cent. of starch to all "brllhwurst' and even as high as 5-8 per cent. The manufacturers prefer. not to consider this as an adulterant, but claim that it is added to bring the "combining power" of the sausage to a proper point so that less shrinkage will occur in cooking and more food value be retained. The custom of rapidly fattening hogs is said by Ostertag to produce a fat that cooks away more than does that in hogs more slowly fattened, and the small amount of starch added only restores the swelling capacity of the muscle albumin and is hence not considered an adulterant. The use of uncooked and visceral sausages, which are especially likely to contain pathogenic bacteria, has made the sausage problem in Germany of more importance than it is elsewhere. Lungs, spleen, liver and brains are often used in German sausages in large amounts. It is well known that pathogenic organisms are particularly likely to occur in the spleen and liver, while the keeping quality of the sausages are at the same time reduced by their use. Savaget classes the danger from sausage poisoning under three heads: 1. From toxins produced by the ordinary bacteria of decomposition. This poisoning is generally not severe. 2. From infection with members of

1. An investigation has been carried out on the food value of beef from steers and heifers. A very varied group was used, selected as being representative of the beef animals slaughtered in England in war time. The animals were from five breeds; ages varied from 1 to over 4 years, live weights from 6½ to 14 cwt. and dressing-out percentages from 50 to 62.2. The chemical composition of the beef varied widely. The fat from the edible meat, expressed as a percentage of the live weight, varied from 4·6 to 21·6 %, the protein from 6·1 to 7·4%, and the water from 22·8 to 27·4%. The ratio of fat to protein in the edible meat varied from 0·7: 1 to 3·4: 1.

In order to ascertain whether the synthetic fat, intarvin, composed of 17 carbon atom fatty acids, could be used by the body as a food, observations were made on two diabetic patients and four normal individuals. This was done in conjunction with work on dogs reported in another communication.1 It is the purpose of this paper to present the data obtained from feeding experiments on two of the normal individuals. The other two normals were unable to eat enough intarvin to yield results sufficiently conclusive for interpretation.Discussion.The diabetic patients were upon restricted diets for therapeutic reasons. These diets were insufficient in calories to maintain nitrogen equilibrium and weight. They were receiving insulin. Additions of 80 and 100 grams of intarvin showed no increase in ketone bodies and was followed by a lowering in nitrogen excretion. The period during which intarvin was given was for one patient five days, for the other ten days. The results are not decisive enough to make it worth whi...

Considerable quantities of the red rooted carrot, Kintoki variety, are grown in the western half of Japan. A search of the existing literature indicated that there has been nothing published dealing with the pigment content of such red rooted carrots.The carotene contents of the varieties grown in the United States have been reported by many workers (1, 4, 5, 6) but none have included a red rooted variety. FUJITA (2) presented data on pro-vitamin A in vegetables with contents of alpha-, beta-, gammacarotene and cryptoxanthin in carrot root (variety unspectified) as 3, 300, 6, 600, 80 and 60 micrograms per 100 grams fresh weight, respectively. The vitamin A value calculated from his data (13, 800 IU per 100 grams) has been used as the standard of food value of carrot in Japan.This paper reports the carotenoid contents of Kintoki compared with those of Kokubu, an orange rooted variety commonly grown in Japan.

Since the early experiments of Gudernatsch,1 who produced an acceleration of growth and a delay of metamorphosis of tadpoles fed upon fresh thymus tissue, several investigators have obtained diverse results by feeding thymus glands, either fresh or dried, to amphibian larvae. Uhlenhuth2, 3 found that when only thymus tissue was given to newly hatched urodeles, their growth was retarded. This was attributed to the particular food value of the thymus since the animals grew at a normal rate when other food was added to the diet. Contrary to the above observations, Kahn4 and Romeis5 found that thymus accelerated the growth of amphibian larvae. Swingle,6 however, fed fresh and powdered thymus to Rana larvae and observed no retardation or acceleration of growth or metamorphosis. The rather extensive literature has been covered in a brief review by Gudernatsch.7Asher and Ratti8 prepared a thymus extract, thymocrescin, which in their hands has produced marked acceleration of growth as well as a gonadotropic effect...

To find whether it would be desirable from a physiological standpoint to furnish some artificial food together with the colostrum during the first three days of life, the energy requirement of the newborn was ascertained by means of a respiration incubator.Series of cases from the wards of Bellevue Hospital show that the initial weight loss averages over 250 gm. and that this loss is increased by lengthening the interval of feedings and lessened by the supplementary feeding of a milk mixture similar to colostrum. The infants were able to take the extra feedings without any disturbances of digestion.Mr. Frank Gephart, of the physiologica1 laboratory, made analyses of five specimens of secondand third-day colostrum and found the utilizable heat value averaged 65 calories per 100 C.C. While the food value of the colostrum is great, our own observations and many reports from the literature show that the average amount of breast secretion is 14 C.C. on the first day, 77 C.C. on the second day, 173 C.C. on the ...

SUMMARYInfant feeds, to be safe, must be free from potentially pathogenic organisms but not necessarily sterile. In-bottle terminal heating is the preferred means of producing such feeds and the advantages and disadvantages of high and low pressure heating methods, including the effect upon the food value of the feeds, are discussed. The safety of a low pressure method in use in Princess Alexandra Hospital, Harlow is described. The choice of method of provision of safe feeds; terminal heating in a central milk kitchen or obtaining a commercial supply should be decided on economic grounds. Hospitals using such commercial supplies, however, should make provision for training mothers in the hypochlorite method of disinfection of bottles and teats and also ensure that their trainee nurses and midwives still receive adequate instruction in the hygiene of feed preparation.