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Mitchell, a sociologist, comments on a companion paper on in vitro fertilization by Peter Singer and Deane Wells. He criticizes the failure of Singer and Wells to consider the deleterious effects on society and on the children of artificial reproduction involving donated sperm or ova and accuses them of placing the desire of the individual to have a child above the good of society and of future generations. Singer, in a brief response, defends his utilitarian argument that reproductive technologies should be available to all. He does not consider knowledge of one's genetic identity to be a crucial issue, pointing out that the child's alternative is no existence at all.

Abstract This study dealt with factors affecting agonistic communication in rhesus monkeys. Definitions were given for various postures, facial expressions, and vocalizations. The data revealed that such communications depended at least upon the following factors: 1. Age Dominance displays (yawning, threats) increased with age while fear grimaces and vocalizations decreased with age. 2. Sex Dominance displays occurred more often and fear grimaces and vocalizations less often in males than in females. Crook tail should be used with caution as a measure of dominance, at least in subadult rhesus monkeys. The average duration of crook tail seemed to be a more relevant index of dominance than the frequency of crook tail. 3. Rearing Motherless mothering and peer deprivation depressed displays of dominance, while rotated mothering increased dominance displays. Repeated separation produced submissive and dependent behavior; however, calls for social contact (coos) were emitted much more frequently in these animals. This vocalization change was probably a product of social learning. 4. Social stimulus Displays of dominance and submission were dependent upon the nature (i.e., size, age, hostility) of the social partner. 5. Adaptation to the social partner Dominance related behaviors decreased and calls for friendly contact increased as the animal became more familiar with a strange social partner.

8 isolate monkeys were compared in a follow-up study to 8 sophisticated controls in brief cross-sectional pairings with 12 stimulus strangers: 4 adults, 4 age-mates, and 4 juveniles. The isolates were characterized by infantile disturbance, less environmental orality, more fear, more aggression, less sex, less play, and bizarre ritualistic movements. 12-mo. isolates were fearful and nonaggressive but threatened many attacks. 6-mo. isolates were fearful and physically aggressive. The 12-mo. isolates demonstrated practically no positive social behavior. Conclusions are: (a) 6 mo. of social isolation during the first year has negative effects on social behavior up to puberty, (b) abnormal aggression appears in 3-yr.-old 6-mo. isolates, and (c) 12 mo. of isolation suppress or delay this aggression.

Adolescent monkeys having punitive mothers for the first three months of life display more aggression and less social exploration than adolescent monkeys having non-punitive mothers.

To deal with the confusion surrounding clinical acceptability of specific oral contraceptive preparations, a single set of forms for use in clinical research, together with a set of definitions, was recommended. Senior representatives of major pharmaceutical companies engaging in clinical trials in the United Kingdom were invited to cooperate. The Family Planning Research Unit of the University of Exeter was requested to provide facilities for meetings which began in 1972. An agreed set of forms has been designed and set of definitions has been developed to make the collection and interpretation of data more efficient. Organizations carrying out oral contraceptive clinical trials are invited to contact this unit. Forms, definitions, and further information will be provided on request.