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A potential therapeutic strategy to treat conditions brought on by the aberrant production of a disease-causing protein is emerging for targeted protein breakdown using the PROTACs technology. Few medications now in use are tiny, component-based and utilize occupancy-driven pharmacology (MOA), which inhibits protein function for a short period of time to temporarily alter it. By utilizing an event-driven MOA, the proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) technology introduces a revolutionary tactic. Small-molecule-based heterobifunctional PROTACs hijack the ubiquitin-proteasome system to trigger the degradation of the target protein. The main challenge PROTAC's development facing now is to find potent, tissue- and cell-specific PROTAC compounds with favorable drug-likeness and standard safety measures. The ways to increase the efficacy and selectivity of PROTACs are the main focus of this review. In this review, we have highlighted the most important discoveries related to the degradation of proteins by PROTACs, new targeted approaches to boost proteolysis' effectiveness and development, and promising future directions in medicine.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have occupied the center stage in healthcare as research groups and institutions investigate their capabilities and risks. Dermatology is often cited as one of the medical specialties most ripe for disruption with AI technology due to the heavy incorporation of visual information into clinical decisions and treatments. Although the literature on AI in dermatology is rapidly growing, there has been a noticeable absence of mature AI solutions utilized by dermatology departments or patients. This commentary provides insight into the regulatory challenges facing AI solutions for the specialty of dermatology and the unique considerations that should be factored into AI development and deployment.

Background & Aims: Considering that trauma is one of the important causes of death, especially head and neck trauma, knowledge of the epidemiology of trauma can be of great help in making management decisions. This study examined the 5-year epidemiology of head, neck, and spinal cord injuries in West Azerbaijan province. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 6,336 trauma patients who resided in the province of West Azerbaijan were included between 2019 and 2023. The province's national trauma registration program provided the data collection form. Individuals whose medical records were incomplete were not included. Results: The mean age of the patients was 33.39 years. The most common cause of trauma was road traffic accidents (38.3%, N = 2429), followed by falls (23.1%, N = 1461). At the moment of the accident, 107 patients were using alcohol, 45 patients had drug abuse, and 56 patients took tranquilizers like benzodiazepine; in total, 443 patients needed transfusion. The mean stay at the ICU and hospital was 8.49 ± 3.76 days and 5.05 ± 1.25 days, respectively. Many of the injured patients had a moderate (46.4%) and minor (31.1%) Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) in the assessment, in which male gender had poor condition in this regard (p < 0.001). Conclusion: There are many injured individuals with low levels of education, indicating the urgent need to raise awareness among this group to help prevent road accidents. Post-trauma measures are clearly important, particularly in the fields of orthopedics, general surgery, and head and neck trauma.

Background: In developing countries such as Nigeria, traumatic brain injury (TBI) is on the rise due to increasing traffic load, the poor state of the roads, and other confounding factors such as industrialization. This has led to the urgent need to study the incidence of head injuries associated with craniofacial fractures. In the past, the imaging of patients with a head injury was mainly through plain skull radiography but this has largely been overtaken by the use of computed tomography due to its higher sensitivity, reliability, and increasing availability. Objectives: To determine the incidence of head injuries associated with craniofacial fractures, the most common mechanism of injury, and the most common bone involved in the fracture. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of 170 patients with head injuries in presenting at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital (NAUTH) Nnewi, Nigeria using a consecutive sampling technique. The data collected were analyzed with SPSS version 20. Pearson’s chi-square was used to assess relationships and statistical significance between categorical variables. Results: The incidence of craniofacial fractures associated with TBI was 44 per 100,000. Motorcycle road traffic accident 72 (42.3%) was the most common mechanism of injury and the facial bones (22.5%) were the most common site for the fracture. Conclusion: There is a high incidence of head injury associated with craniofacial fractures NAUTH, Nnewi, Nigeria. There is a need to put in place measures for reducing TBI and craniofacial fractures in the study population.

Introduction: The head, due to its structure and assigned functions, is a unique part of our body. In a number of studies, an association has been confirmed between the base of the head, the cervical spine, and temporomandibular joint disorders.Research objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlation of spatial head position, temporomandibular joint mobility and emotional tension.Material and methods: The study comprised32 participants, aged 20 to 30 years. The position of the head in the sagittal and frontal planes was evaluated via the photogrammetric method. The mobility of the temporomandibular joints was assessed by measurements made with a ruler. Electrodermal activity was measured with the "Bitalino 3DP by BEEVERYCREATIVE" device, and stress intensity assessment was estimated using the PSS-10 scale.Results: A significant (p0.05) were found between mandibular mobility and EDA scores, or between mandibular mobility measurements and head position.Conclusions: The study revealed a relationship between head positioning and electrodermal EDA activity.

In recent years public awareness of the potential long-term effects of concussions and mild traumatic brain injuries sustained in sport of football has increased. Players purposely use their head to direct the ball during play. There is a growing understanding of the link between blows to the head suffered in football and the potential for increased risk of injuries in later life.[1] This study aim is to reveal the similarities and differences the understanding of the link between blows to the head suffered in football and the potential for increased risk of injuries more specifically dementia in later life.[2],[3] Heading an incorrect sized football can result in head injuries. As per FIFA guidelines a different sized football shall be used for different age groups. The schools in the Ghaziabad city were asked to fill in the questionnaires containing certain questions on Sports in general and football in particular. Descriptive and evaluative approach was used, which is generally used in comparative studies. The findings by various Universities established how heading can affect the brain, cognition, and speech of a person. It was found that a few developed nations like USA, England, Ireland have taken note of this issue and have issued guidelines based on the data and studies available. This study establishes that over-inflated footballs are being used in schools and also most of the schools have with them a single-sized football (which is against FIFA guidelines). Moreover, awareness of physical education instructors about different sizes of football and head injuries due to football is lacking. Also, clear guidelines on this issue are needed from the Ministry of Sports in India.

Background: Advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is associated with a poor prognosis, and biomarkers that predict response to treatment are highly desirable. The primary aim was to predict progression-free survival (PFS) with a multivariate risk prediction model. Methods: Experimental covariates were derived from blood samples of 56 HNSCC patients which were prospectively obtained within a Phase 2 clinical trial (NCT02633800) at baseline and after the first treatment cycle of combined platinum-based chemotherapy with cetuximab treatment. Clinical and experimental covariates were selected by Bayesian multivariate regression to form risk scores to predict PFS. Results: A ‘baseline’ and a ‘combined’ risk prediction model were generated, each of which featuring clinical and experimental covariates. The baseline risk signature has three covariates and was strongly driven by baseline percentage of CD33+CD14+HLADRhigh monocytes. The combined signature has six covariates, also featuring baseline CD33+CD14+HLADRhigh monocytes but is strongly driven by on-treatment relative change of CD8+ central memory T cells percentages. The combined model has a higher predictive power than the baseline model and was successfully validated to predict therapeutic response in an independent cohort of nine patients from an additional Phase 2 trial (NCT03494322) assessing the addition of avelumab to cetuximab treatment in HNSCC. We identified tissue counterparts for the immune cells driving the models, using imaging mass cytometry, that specifically colocalized at the tissue level and correlated with outcome. Conclusions: This immune-based combined multimodality signature, obtained through longitudinal peripheral blood monitoring and validated in an independent cohort, presents a novel means of predicting response early on during the treatment course. Funding: Daiichi Sankyo Inc, Cancer Research UK, EU IMI2 IMMUCAN, UK Medical Research Council, European Research Council (335326), Merck Serono. Cancer Research Institute, National Institute for Health Research, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research. Clinical trial number: NCT02633800.

Angioneurotic headache is a common headache type in clinical treatment. At present, patients with nervous headache are mainly treated with oral western medicine in clinic, but it is usually difficult to obtain the ideal effect. In this study, we analyzed the effects of continuous lidocaine infusion through an ultrasound-guided cervical sympathetic ganglia (SG) catheter on cerebral hemodynamics and thermal imaging characteristics of head and neck in patients with angioneurotic headache and explored the clinical feasibility of this scheme. The results show that continuous infusion of lidocaine under ultrasound-guided SG catheterization can alleviate headache in patients with angioneurotic headache, which may be related to improving cerebral hemodynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The pattern of head and neck cancer in children are well documented among Caucasians and the Orientals but this cannot be said among African children especially in developing country like Nigeria. Aim: To evaluate the pattern of malignant head and neck tumours among children in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital. Method: A retrospective study of cases of head and neck childhood malignancies at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin- City, Nigeria over a 12-year period, from January 2009 to December 2020. Results: A total of 127 children with head and neck malignant tumours were seen in this period. The mean age of children was 5.27±4.72 years (age range, 0.3 to 18 years). There were 83(65.4%) males and 44(34.6%) females. The most frequently seen tumour was was followed by rhabdomyosarcoma (18.1%) and Burkitt’s lymphoma (16.5%). Apart from Burkitt’s lymphoma that was commonest in the 6-12 years group, all other cancers were most frequent during the 0-5 years. The peak incidence of cases was seen in 2015 followed by 2016 and 2019. Regarding the outcome of the treatment, 8(6.3%) of the patients died of their disease while just only 1 (0.8%) was discharged against medical advice Conclusion: Retinoblastoma followed by rhabdomyosarcoma and Burkitt’s lymphoma were the most common tumors in study locality.

Introduction: Heading is a technique by which a player uses an unprotected head to intentionally hit the ball and direct it during match. There are growing concerns about the negative impact of repetitive hits to head in heading skill. The present study endeavored to compare the brain volume in soccer players, futsal players, and non-athletes. This study examined the role of heading in the Evans’ index as well.Materials and Methods: Sample consisted of 83 healthy men (55 professional athletes: 30 soccer and 25 futsal players, and 28 non-athletes). Athletes were purposively selected by HeadCount-2w questionnaire from among active soccer and futsal players in the professional league of Hormozgan Province, Iran, and non-athlete samples were randomly selected from those referred to the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) center of Persian Gulf Hospital in Bandar Abbas, Iran. Evans’ Index was employed to assess brain volume. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the means of the groups.Results: Mean exposure in soccer and futsal players (match or exercise and the possibility of being in a heading position) was 343.40 ± 49.99 and 352.40 ± 44.84 sessions per year, respectively, and the mean number of headings per year in soccer players was 1632. The mean Evans’ index was 0.248 ± 0.021 in soccer players, 0.247 ± 0.020 in futsal players, and 0.251 ± 0.018 in non-athletes. All the samples had a normal Evans’ index. The results of ANOVA showed no significant difference between Evans’ index of soccer and futsal players and non-athletes (P = 0.76, F(2) = 0.272) and between Evans’ index in different playing positions (P = 0.47, F(2) = 0.772).Conclusion: The Evans’ index in Iranian soccer and futsal players playing in Hormozgan League was probably not affected by subconcussive impact of heading. Nevertheless, it seems likely that the index may be affected by exercise and physical activity. Further researches are recommended.

The head is an important element of the biokinetic chain. Under physiological conditions, it should extend along the midline of the body. Due to its location and the fact that it constitutes approx. 6% of the total body weight, many authors believe it has a significant impact on its functioning. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic literature search and to synthesize the evidence of the impact of the head posture on the functioning of the human body. A systematic review was conducted within 3 databases: PubMed, Medline OVID, and EBSCO, using the following terms: “forward head,” “posture,” “position,” and “neck.” For the analysis, scientific articles published after 2013 were selected. A total of 16 studies matched the inclusion criteria of this systematic review. Their results have proven that the position of the head has a significant effect on the human body. Research findings show that abnormal head position changes affect muscle activity, proprioception, the pattern of breathing and neck pain. This is the first systematic review of the relationship between the head posture, and the functioning of the human body. The results of this study seem to be promising if used in therapeutic practice. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2020;33(5):559–68

Growing skull fracture is a rare complication of head injury usually occurs during the first 3 years of life. It may be associated with cerebral herniation, subdural hygroma, and subgaleal cerebrospinal fluid collection (leptomeningeal cyst). Posttraumatic cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is also an unusual complication of head injury associated with skull fracture extending to a dural sinus or the jugular bulb. It may be associated with ischemic damage to adjacent brain parenchyma. We report the case of growing fracture with leptomeningeal cyst associated with superior sagittal sinus thrombosis. A 2-year-old female child presented to the hospital following head trauma. The patient was drowsy and had hypotonia of all four limbs. Computed tomography was performed which showed a linear fracture of bilateral parietal bone with superior sagittal sinus thrombosis, subgaleal scalp collection in the bilateral parietal region, and ischemic changes in adjacent bilateral parietal lobes. Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging was done after 12 days of conservative treatment which showed similar findings. Surgical correction was done without any intraoperative or postoperative complications. As the delay in treatment may be associated with neurological complications, early diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential to prevent it and imaging modalities help in the early diagnosis.

Background: Paediatric otorhinolaryngology emergency is a common disorder worldwide which is poorly reported in most developing countries like Nigeria. Methods: This study was aprospective hospital-based study of paediatric patients with otorhinolaryngology, head and neck emergency in the Ear, Nose and Throat(ENT) department carried out between June 2016 and May 2018. Data were obtained by using a pretested interviewers assisted questionnaire. All data were analysed using SPSS version 18.0. Results: Paediatric otorhinolaryngological emergencies accounted for 7.6% of all patients seen in the unit. There were more males (69.5%). Common aetiologies were foreign body impaction (43.3%), infection/inflammation(32.6%) and tumour(1.3%). Anatomically the emergencies involved the ear in 42.1%, 30.9% nasal and 23.2% throat respectively. The most common clinical features were foreign body impaction in 35.2%, pain in 31.3%, bleeding in 19.7%, difficulty breathing in 17.6% and nasal blockage in 15.9%. Common sources of referral were paediatricians in 32.6%,casualty officers in 28.8%, a family physician in 22.3% and self - reporting in 15.0%. Complications at presentation include: 27.0% injury/bleeding, 18.0% otitis externa, 11.2% rhinosinusitis and 10.3% perforated tympanic membrane. Conclusion: Pediatric otorhinolaryngology emergencies are common in our centre and were associated with complications at presentation due to wrong interventions.

Introduction: Extranodal tuberculosis of the head-and-neck area is a rare clinical entity and constitutes a less common type of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. It often creates challenges among head-and-neck physicians for its diagnosis and treatment. Objective: The aim of the study is to discuss the clinical presentations, diagnostic challenges, and treatment of extranodal tuberculosis of the head-and-neck area. Materials and Methods: There are 22 patients of extranodal locations of tuberculosis in the head-and-neck region managed at our teaching hospital between December 2014 and January 2019. Results: The sinonasal tract affected in 5 cases, the tonsils in 4 cases, the middle ear cleft in 4 cases, the nasopharynx in 3 cases, and the larynx in 3 cases. The parotid gland affected with tuberculosis in 2 cases and 1 case in the thyroid gland. The clinical presentations, imaging, and endoscopic pictures are not specific, whereas the diagnosis is based on histopathological examination. All the patients treated with antitubercular therapy. All patients showed favorable results after 1-year follow-up. Conclusion: Extranodal tuberculosis is a rare clinical entity and has no specific clinical features. It is often a differential diagnosis of head-and-neck malignancies and chronic infective or noninfective ulcers. Early diagnosis and its treatment may avoid complications and needless major surgery.

Introduction Head and neck surgery remains a complex field; the patients can suffer important functional or life-threating complications after treatment that need unplanned readmissions, increasing the cost related to the treatment. Objective To evaluate the incidence risk factors and causes associated with 30-day unplanned hospital readmission and visit to the emergency room (ER) after surgery for head and neck cancer. Methods Prospective, longitudinal, nonrandomized study. Results A total of 834 patients were included, 726 in the major surgery group and 108 in the minor surgery group. The 30-day readmission rate for all causes was of 7,9% for the patients treated by a major surgery and of 0% for the patients treated in the outpatient clinic for minor procedures, to a total readmission rate of 6,8%. The rate of visit to the emergency room for all causes in the first 30 days was of 14% for the patients treated by a major surgery and of 2,7% for the patients treated in the outpatient clinic. Conclusion Major surgery, the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) status and type of wound are conditions related to unplanned readmission or visit to the ER in the first 30 day after discharge. The most commonly associated causes are infections or wound complications. An evidence-based risk stratification of the patients can be important to improve decision-making and resource utilization. An educational strategy can provide possible ways to improve the rate of readmission and reduce the amount of money expended by healthcare systems.

Abstract Nodular fasciitis has to be considered as an option in the presence of a solitary, rapidly growing mass even in older adults. When possible, direct surgery should be preferred to FNAC, particularly in the older adults because of high misdiagnostic risk.

Aim To determine whether there has been a change in frequency of selected otorhinolaryngology - head and neck surgical procedures during a 5-year period. Methods Comparative cross-sectional analyses of surgical candidates and procedures performed at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery during the period 2013‒2017 were done. Data on patients’ demographics and cases of selected surgical procedures were extracted from the operating room log books. Patients’ average age, male:female ratio, and the percent share of all surgical procedures for each selected surgical procedure for each studied year were calculated. Results In comparison with the year 2013, the year 2017 showed no significant difference in age or sex of patients who underwent selected surgical procedures, increase of the number of all operations and the number of investigated selected operations, increase in the share of tonsil surgery, nasal septum and pyramid surgery, nasal polyposis surgery, parathyroid gland surgery, otoplasty, cochlear implantation, laryngeal surgery, and tracheotomy, and decline in the share of thyroid gland surgery, middle ear microsurgery, neck dissection, surgery of parotid gland, and surgery of neck cysts. Conclusion Our finding of variations in utilization of some studied procedures provides a basis for future discussions, research and provision of health care services. Used data are specific to two studied cantons and do not represent a nationally representative database. The generalisability of the present results to Bosnia and Herzegovina as a whole might be limited. Therefore, similar future investigations conducted in other large hospitals in our country are warranted.

Objectives The head constitutes 6% of the total body weight, which is linked to the cervical spine and all other joints through the kinematic chain by various muscles. The forward head posture is one of the most common postural disorders and seems to be especially dangerous. The goal of the work was to assess the impact of 4 weeks of training neck and nape muscles on the head posture. Material and Methods The subjects were 20 participants, who performed neck exercises for 20 days. The head posture in a sagittal and frontal plane was assessed photogrammetrically twice: before and after the exercises. The following have been used for the assessment: craniovertebral (CV) angle, head tilt angle (HT), and frontal head tilt angle (FHT). Results After a 20-day program of neck and nape exercises the values of specific angles were compared. The results indicated significant changes in the head posture. In the sagittal plane: the average value of the CV angle before the training was 47.17°, and 50.82° after the training; the average value of the HT angle before the exercises was at 20.99°, and 24.31° after. In the frontal plane the average value of the FHT angle before the exercises was at 2.71°, and after 20 days of training the average value of this angle decreased to 2°. Conclusions The results demonstrate that a short, home-based targeted exercise program can improve head posture. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2019;32(1):43–51

A 30-year old diabetic male reported with continuous fever, dyspnoea and rapidly progressive painful swelling over left side of face, ear, neck extending to involve skin of the chest following an unspecified insect bite over left ear since 2 days. The lesion extended to involve left face, ear, submental, bilateral submandibular region and descended progressively to involve cervicofacial and anterior chest wall with erythema at the advancing front (A, B).

Introduction The submental flap provides an alternative technique in orofacial reconstruction, especially in situations in which free flaps are not available, or the patients are unfit. Objective To demonstrate the oncological safety and benefits of this flap in oral cavity reconstruction. Methods A total of 14 patients with oral cavity cancers, who underwent submental flap reconstruction from January 2016 to January 2018, were included in the study. Results There were 11 male and 3 female patients with a mean age of 66.7 ± 14 (Min: 52/Max: 91) years old. The most common primary tumor site was the mobile tongue in 12 (85.7%) patients. All of the patients underwent ipsilateral selective neck dissection after the flap was harvested. Flap partial necrosis was observed in one patient, and total necrosis in another one. The mean follow-up was of one year. Nonlocal or regional recurrences were observed. Conclusion Submental island flap represents a good option in oral cavity reconstruction in a restricted setting or in patients considered not fit for free flap reconstruction. Preoperative selection of clinically neck node-negative patients is essential due to the potential risk of occult metastasis.

Aim: Head and neck masses are common clinical findings in infants, children and adolescents. This retrospective study aimed to assess the frequency of head and neck masses in children younger than 2 years of age. Materials and methods: All medical files present in the Pathology Department of Children’s Medical Center in Tehran from 1995 to 2016 with the pathology report confirming head and neck mass in children 0-2 years of age were evaluated in this study. The masses were divided into three groups of congenital/developmental, inflammatory/reactive/infectious and neoplastic (benign/malignant) lesions. Data were analyzed using SPSS® version 22. Results: Among 15,572 children aged 0-2 years presenting to the Children’s Medical Center in Tehran, Iran, 413 patients (2.7%) showed head and neck masses with a higher frequency in males (1.2:1; p = 0.000). About half of the lesions were in the neck, and about one-third of the remaining lesions were in the oral cavity and salivary glands. Most lesions were congenital (40.7%) or inflammatory (34.9%). Hemangioma was the most common benign tumor. Among congenital lesions, dermoid cyst and branchial cleft cyst and among inflammatory lesions, lymphadenitis and lymphoid tissue hyperplasia were the most common. The overall prevalence of malignant neoplasms was 3.6%, and rhabdomyosarcoma had a high frequency. Mucocele was the most common oral inflammatory mass. Conclusion: The results showed variations in the frequency of head and neck masses, especially malignancies, in children under the age of 2 compared with older children. Since children comprise one-fourth of the population, the frequency of head and neck masses must be separately determined for each age group.

Introduction The current study reports the correlation of clinical and endoscopic evaluation with 18F-Fluorine Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron emission tomography/Computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) findings in detecting the residual/recurrence tumor after definitive treatment in the follow up cases of squamous cell carcinoma head and neck. Materials and Methods A prospective comparative study carried out on 30 follow-up cancer patients after definitive primary treatment. All patients were evaluated by clinical examination, endoscopy and 18F-FDG PET/CT and these results correlated to detect residual/recurrence. Suspicious lesion at primary site suggesting residual/recurrence was confirmed by gold standard investigation, histopathological examination (HPE). Result The age group mostly involved is 40-70 with male predominance. Predominant sites were oral cavity and larynx. 20 patients showed recurrence on clinical and endoscopic evaluation with 03 false positive results, 10 patients showed no recurrence with 01 false negative result. On PET/CT, 19 patients were showed recurrence with 01 false positive result, 11 patients showed no recurrence. PET/CT showed high sensitivity, specificity, with high NPV in detecting the recurrence of disease in the follow up period. Clinical and endoscopic evaluation also has high sensitivity, PPV and NPV. Conclusion It is recommended that 18F-FDG PET/CT scan should be done in every case after primary treatment in addition to complete clinical and endoscopic evaluation and during follow-up period for early detection and management of residual/ recurrence.

Background So far, several techniques have been recommended for the assessment of craniofacial changes through skeletal tissue superimposition, but the evidence that supports them remains unexplored. The purpose of the present study is to assess the available literature on skeletal-tissue superimpositions of serial craniofacial CT or CBCT images used to detect morphological changes. Materials and Methods Medline (via Pubmed), EMBASE, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Open Grey and Grey Literature Report were searched (last search: 17.11.2019) using specific terms that fulfilled the requirements of each database in the context of the study aim. Hand searches were also performed. The outcomes of interest were the accuracy, precision, or agreement between skeletal-tissue superimposition techniques to assess changes in the morphology of craniofacial structures. Studies of any design with sample size ≥3 were assessed by two authors independently. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (ID: CRD42019143356). Results Out of 832 studies, fifteen met the eligibility criteria. From the 15 included studies, 12 have shown high total risk of bias, one low risk of bias, and two studies have shown unclear risk of bias. Thirteen out of the 15 studies showed high applicability concerns, two unclear and no study had low applicability concerns. There was high heterogeneity among studies regarding the type of participants, sample size, growth status, machines, acquisition parameters, superimposition techniques, assessment techniques and outcomes measured. Fourteen of them were performed on Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) and one on Computed Tomography (CT) derived 3D models. Most of the studies (eleven) used voxel-based registration, one landmark-based registration and three studies compared different registration techniques, which include the surface-based registration. Concerning the area of interest, nine studies focused on the anterior cranial base and certain facial structures, four on maxillary structures and four on mandibular structures. Non-growing participants were included in six studies, growing in eight, whereas one study had both. Conclusion Most of the available studies had methodological shortcomings and high applicability concerns. At the moment, certain voxel-based and surface-based superimpositions seem to work properly and to be superior to landmark-based superimposition. However, further research in the field is required to develop and properly validate these techniques on different samples, through high quality studies with low applicability concerns.