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We quantified S1-specific IgG, neutralizing antibody titers, specific IFNγ secreting T cells and functionality of specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in 130 young adults (median age 44.0 years) and 106 older residents living in a long-term care facility (86.5 years) after 2 doses of BNT162b2. Three months after the first injection, humoral and cellular memory responses were dramatically impaired in the 54 COVID-19-naive older compared to the 121 COVID-19-naive younger adults. Notably, older participants’ neutralizing antibodies, detected in 76.5% (versus 100% in young adults,P< 0.0001), were ten times lower than the younger’s antibody titers (P< 0.0001). Antibody and T cell responses were greater among the 52 COVID-19-recovered than among the 54 COVID-19-naive older adults (P< 0.0001). Our study shows that 2 doses of BNT162b2 does not guarantee long-term protection against SARS-CoV-2 in the older. An additional dose should be considered to boost their specific memory response.

Background It is well known that informal care giving for Alzheimer patients can be a burden and may result in caregivers’ distress and stress. Caring for a person with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a difficult task, which can become overwhelming. Their caregivers need attention as well. Objectives The present study examines the socio-demographic characteristics and the quality of health and life of the sandwich grandparent generation (SGP) caregivers defined as providing care to both old demented parents and young grandchildren. Study design Multicentric, prospective and observational study over a one-year period. Setting Eleven voluntary Memory Clinics across the North of France. Participants Voluntary SGP caregivers recruited in Memory Clinics who completed an oral questionnaire, during an interview one to one with a physician. Results A vast majority of our SGP caregivers were women, mean age 59 years, married, retired, described in the literature as “women in the middle”, felling stressed and not sleeping well in more than half of the cases. They had three grandchildren, mean age 7 years. The AD patient, mean age 86-years-old, was most frequently the caregiver's mother. Many SGPs had been providing their help for 5 years or even longer. Nevertheless, the SGPs considered themselves satisfied about their health, and said they had a good quality of life. Conclusion Although SGP women caregivers reported high levels of perceived burden, they considered that their health and quality of life were good.