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Activated M2 polarized macrophages are drivers of pulmonary fibrosis in several clinical scenarios such as Acute Respiratory Disease Syndrome (ARDS) and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF), through the production of inflammatory and fibrosis-inducing cytokines. In this study, we investigated the effect of targeting the CD206 receptor with a novel fragment of a Host Defense Peptide (HDP), RP-832c to decrease cytokines that cause fibrosis. RP-832c selectively binds to CD206 on M2 polarized bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) in vitro, resulting in a time-dependent decrease in CD206 expression, and a transient increase in M1 marker TNFα, which resolves over a 24hr period. To elucidate the antifibrotic effect of RP-832c, we used a murine model of bleomycin (BLM) -induced early-stage pulmonary fibrosis. RP-832c significantly reduced bleomycin-induced fibrosis in a dosage dependent manner, as well as decreased CD206, TGF-β1 and α-SMA expression in mouse lungs. Interestingly we did not observe any changes in the resident alveolar macrophage marker CD170 expression. Similarly, in an established model of lung fibrosis, RP-832c significantly decreased fibrosis in the lung, as well as significantly decreased inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-6, IL-10, INF-γ, CXCL1/2, and fibrosis markers TGF-β1 and MMP-13. In comparison with FDA approved drugs, Nintedanib and Pirfenidone, RP-832c exhibited a similar reduction in fibrosis compared to Pirfenidone, and to a greater extent than Nintedanib, with no apparent toxicities observed on body weight or blood chemistry. In summary, RP-832c is a potential agent to mitigate the overactivity of M2 macrophages in pathogenesis several pulmonary fibrotic diseases, including SARS-CoV-2 induced lung fibrosis.

Solid tumors elicit a detectable immune response including the infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Unfortunately, this immune response is co-opted into contributing toward tumor growth instead of preventing its progression. We seek to reestablish an antitumor immune response by selectively targeting surface receptors and endogenous signaling processes of the macrophage subtypes driving cancer progression. RP-182 is a synthetic 10-mer amphipathic analog of host defense peptides that selectively induces a conformational switch of the mannose receptor CD206 expressed on TAMs displaying an M2-like phenotype. RP-182-mediated activation of this receptor in human and murine M2-like macrophages elicits a program of endocytosis, phagosome-lysosome formation, and autophagy and reprograms M2-like TAMs to an antitumor M1-like phenotype. In syngeneic and autochthonous murine cancer models, RP-182 suppressed tumor growth, extended survival, and was an effective combination partner with chemo- or immune checkpoint therapy. Antitumor activity of RP-182 was also observed in CD206(high) patient-derived xenotransplantation models. Mechanistically, via selective reduction of immunosuppressive M2-like TAMs, RP-182 improved adaptive and innate antitumor immune responses, including increased cancer cell phagocytosis by reprogrammed TAMs.

Background In systemic sclerosis, activated macrophages having M2-like properties are believed to contribute to the fibrotic pathology by secreting profibrotic factors such as TGFβ. Certain synthetic peptides (10-12mers) studied here coopt the mechanism used by macrophages to detect bacteria by binding to certain regions of CD206, a receptor highly expressed in the M2 macrophages, and repolarise them to an M1 phenotype. Objectives We aimed to determine the macrophage activation signature in SSc, assess CD206 as a biomarker of ongoing fibrotic activity, and measure the effect of the peptides on macrophage activation and macrophage-fibroblast cross-talk. Methods: sCD206 was assayed in plasma (n=50 healthy, 50 limited SSc, 50 diffuse SSc), and suction blister fluid (BF) obtained over active lesions by ELISA. sSIGLEC (monocyte interferon signature) and IL-31 (Th2 signature) were assayed for comparison. Cell surface CD206 and DAMP receptor P2X7, were assayed by flow cytometry. The macrophage activation signature was investigated further by qPCR for inflammatory M1, as well as M2-like gene expression (IFNγ, Arg1, CD2106). Macrophage-fibroblast cross talk was assessed using media transfer following heat activation to SSc dermal fibroblasts assayed by qPCR for collagen I. The macrophage secretome was determined by Luminex and ELISA. Results CD206 was significantly elevated in SSc BF (SSc median sCD206 42, HC 31 pg/ml, p Conclusion A macrophage activation signature is identified in SSc patients, in proportion to the severity of disease. A mixed activation signature with inflammatory as well as pro-fibrotic M2-like properties is seen. RP peptides, which target the cells via CD206, reduce the activation signature and inhibit pro-fibrotic cross talk in these cells. Disclosure of Interests: Henry Lopez Shareholder of: Murigenics, Riptide Bioscience, Employee of: Pfizer, Kimti Kumar: None declared, George Martin Shareholder of: Riptide Bioscience, Jesse Jaynes Shareholder of: Riptide Bioscience, James Stanway: None declared, Bahja Ahmed Abdi: None declared, Nikita Arumalla: None declared, Sarah Karrar: None declared, Sian Morris: None declared, Christopher Denton Grant/research support from: GlaxoSmithKline, Inventiva, CSF Behring, Consultant for: Roche-Genentech, Actelion, GlaxoSmithKline, Sanofi Aventis, Inventiva, CSL Behring, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, David Abraham: None declared, Xu Shiwen: None declared, Richard Stratton: None declared

The relentless growth of multidrug resistance and generation of recalcitrant biofilm are major obstacles in treating wounds, particularly in austere military environments where broad-spectrum pathogen coverage is needed. Designed antimicrobial peptides (dAMPs) are constructed analogs of naturally occurring AMPs that provide the first line of defense in many organisms. RP557 is a dAMP resulting from iterative rational chemical structural analoging with endogenous AMPs, human cathelicidin LL-37 and Tachyplesin 1 and the synthetic D2A21 used as structural benchmarks. RP557 possesses broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi, including recalcitrant biofilm with substantial selective killing over bacterial cells compared to mammalian cells. RP557 did not induce resistance following chronic passages of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus at subinhibitory concentrations, whereas concurrently run conventional antibiotics, gentamycin, and clindamycin, did. Furthermore, RP557 was able to subsequently eliminate the generated gentamycin resistant P. aeruginosa and clindamycin resistant S. aureus strains without requiring an increase in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) concentrations. RP557 was evaluated further in a MRSA murine wound abrasion infection model with a topical application of 0.2% RP557, completely eliminating infection. If these preclinical results are translated into the clinical setting, RP557 may become crucial for the empirical broad-spectrum treatment of wound pathogens, so that infections can be reduced to a preventable complication of combat-related injuries.

We investigated dried red leaf extracts of Sorghum bicolor for activity against Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites. S. bicolor red leaf extracts were obtained by bioassay-guided fractionation using ethanol and ethyl acetate as solvents. Analysis of the crude and fractionated extracts from S. bicolor using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) showed that they contained significant amounts of apigeninidin, luteolinidin, 7-methoxyapigeninidin, 5-methoxyapigeninidin, 5-methoxyluteolinidin, 7-methoxyluteolinidin 5,7-dimethoxyapigeninidin or 5,7-dimethoxyluteolinidin, based on mass per charge (m/z). When tested in vitro, the IC50s for inhibitory activity against T. gondii tachyzoites' growth of the ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts were 2.3- and 4-fold, respectively, lower than their cytotoxic IC50s in mammalian cells. Ethyl acetate extracts fractionated in chloroform-methanol and chloroform had IC50s against T. gondii that were 56.1- and 3-fold lower than their respective cytotoxic IC50s in mammalian cells. These antiparasitic activities were found to be consistent with those of the respective pure 3-deoxyanthocyanidin compounds identified to be contained in the fractions in significant amounts. Further, we observed that, the position and number of methoxy groups possessed by the 3-deoyanthocyanidins influenced their antiparasitic activity. Together, our findings indicate that S. bicolor red-leaf 3-deoxyanthocyanidins-rich extracts have potent in vitro inhibitory activity against the proliferative stage of T. gondii parasites.

Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) is a widespread chronic infection that has a substantial negative impact on work and quality of life. The development of antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation are speculated to contribute to Candida pathogenicity and treatment ineffectiveness. Designed antimicrobial peptides (dAMPs) are chemically modified from endogenous antimicrobial peptides that provide the first line of defense against pathogens., Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) is a widespread chronic infection that has a substantial negative impact on work and quality of life. The development of antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation are speculated to contribute to Candida pathogenicity and treatment ineffectiveness. Designed antimicrobial peptides (dAMPs) are chemically modified from endogenous antimicrobial peptides that provide the first line of defense against pathogens. The goal here is to identify a dAMP for the topical treatment of RVVC. The dAMP MICs were determined for 46 fluconazole-susceptible and fluconazole-resistant Candida spp. clinical isolates. The possibility of inducing dAMP drug resistance and comparison of dAMP and fluconazole activity against preformed Candida biofilm and biofilm formation were evaluated. Assessment of mammalian cell viability was determined using bioluminescent human keratinocytes. The dAMP effect on fungus was probed via scanning electron microscopy, and topically applied dAMP activity was evaluated in a rodent vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) infection model. dAMPs demonstrated broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against common causative clinical Candida isolates, reduced preformed biofilm, and inhibited biofilm formation. An evaluated dAMP did not induce resistance after repeated exposure of Candida tropicalis. The dAMPs were selective for Candida cells with limited mammalian cytotoxicity with substantial activity in a rodent VVC model. dAMPs are described as having potent antifungal and antibiofilm activity, likely direct membrane action with selectivity for Candida cells, with limited resistance development. Combined with activity in a rodent VVC model, the data support clinical evaluation of dAMPs for topical treatment of VCC and recurrent VVC infections.

Purpose: To limit corneal damage and potential loss of vision, bacterial keratitis must be treated aggressively. Innovation in antimicrobials is required due to the need for empirical treatment and the rapid emergence of bacterial resistance. Designed host defense peptides (dHDPs) are synthetic analogues of naturally occurring HDPs, which provide defense against invading pathogens. This study investigates the use of novel dHDPs for the treatment of bacterial keratitis.\ud \ud Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for dHDPs on both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. The minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBEC) and in vitro time-kill assays were determined. The most active dHDP, RP444, was evaluated for propensity to induce drug resistance and therapeutic benefit in a murine Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis model.\ud \ud Results: Designed HDPs were bactericidal with MICs ranging from 2 to >64 μg/mL and MBEC ranging from 6 to 750 μg/mL. In time-kill assays, dHDPs were able to rapidly reduce bacterial counts upon contact with as little as 2 μg/mL. RP444 did not induce resistance after repeated exposure of P. aeruginosa to subinhibitory concentrations. RP444 demonstrated significant efficacy in a murine model of bacterial keratitis as evidenced by a significant dose-dependent decrease in ocular clinical scores, a significantly reduced bacterial load, and substantially decreased inflammatory cell infiltrates.\ud \ud Conclusions: Innovative dHDPs demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity, possess a limited potential for development of resistance, and reduced the severity of murine P. aeruginosa keratitis. These studies demonstrate that a novel dHDP may have potential to treat patients with sight-threatening bacterial keratitis.

Md Shakir Uddin Ahmed,1 Ahmad Bin Salam,1 Clayton Yates,1 Kyle Willian,2 Jesse Jaynes,3 Timothy Turner,4 Mohamed O Abdalla5 1Department of Biology, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, 2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, 3Department of Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, 4Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 5Department of Chemistry, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, USA Abstract: As an alternative therapeutic treatment to reduce or eliminate the current side effects associated with advanced prostate cancer (PCa) chemotherapy, a multifunctional double-receptor-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone receptor [LHRH-R] peptide- and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor [uPAR] peptide-targeted iron oxide nanoparticles, LHRH-AE105-IONPs) drug delivery system was developed. Two tumor-targeting peptides guided this double-receptor-targeting nanoscale drug delivery system. These peptides targeted the LHRH-R and the uPAR on PCa cells. Dynamic light scattering showed an increase in the hydrodynamic size of the LHRH-AE105-IONPs in comparison to the non-targeted iron oxide nanoparticles (NT-IONPs). Surface analysis showed that there was a decrease in the zeta potential values for drug-loaded LHRH-AE105-IONPs compared to the NT-IONPs. Prussian blue staining demonstrated that the LHRH-AE105-IONPs were internalized efficiently by the human PCa cell line, PC-3. In vitro, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results confirmed the preferential binding and accumulation of LHRH-AE105-IONPs in PC-3 cells compared to normal prostate epithelial cells (RC77N/E). The results also showed that LHRH-AE105-IONPs significantly maintained T2 MRI contrast effects and reduced T2 values upon internalization by PC-3 cells. These paclitaxel-loaded double-receptor-targeting IONPs also showed an approximately twofold reduction in PC-3 cell viability compared to NT-IONPs. Keywords: LHRH-R, uPAR, prostate cancer, iron oxide nanoparticles, targeted drug delivery

Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous intracellular zoonotic parasite estimated to affect about 30–90% of the world’s human population. The most affected are immunocompromised individuals such as HIV-AIDS and cancer patients, organ and tissue transplant recipients, and congenitally infected children. No effective and safe drugs and vaccines are available against all forms of the parasite. We report here the antagonistic and indifferent activity of the combination of five different formulations of pure synthetic 3-deoxyanthocyaninidin (3-DA) chloride compounds against T. gondii tachyzoites and the synergistic and additive interaction against a human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cell line in vitro using fluorescence microscopy, trypan blue assay, and fractional inhibitory concentration index. The individual and the combined pure 3-DA compounds were observed to have effective inhibition against T. gondii parasites with less cytotoxic effect in a ratio of 1:1. The IC50 values for parasite inhibition ranged from 1.88 μg/mL (1.51–2.32 μg/mL) for luteolinindin plus 7-methoxyapigeninindin (LU/7-MAP) and 2.23 μg/mL (1.66–2.97 μg/mL) for apigeninindin plus 7-methoxyapigeninindin (AP/7-MAP) combinations at 95% confidence interval (CI) after 48 h of culture. We found LU/7-MAP to be antagonistic and AP/7-MAP to be indifferent in interaction against T. gondii growth. Both individual and combination 3-DA compounds not only depicted very strong inhibitory activity against T. gondii, but also had synergistic and additive cytotoxic effects against HFF cells. These synthetic 3-DAs have potential as antiparasitic agents for the treatment of human toxoplasmosis.

Acne vulgaris, caused by the Gram-positive bacterium Cutibacterium acnes, is a prevalent dermatologic condition with substantial cutaneous and psychological morbidity. Mild acne is treated with topical antibiotics with more severe inflammatory forms requiring the prolonged use of oral antibiotics, resulting in antimicrobial resistance development. Innovative treatment alternatives, providing complete microbicidal eradication with minimal safety issues and limited susceptibility to microbial resistance, are fervently sought. Designed antimicrobial peptides (dAMPs) are engineered analogs of naturally occurring AMPs that possess a reduced likelihood of developing bacterial resistance. Seven novel dAMP sequences were screened for in vitro bactericidal effectiveness against antibiotic resistant C. acnes clinical isolates. Five peptides (RP444, RP551, RP554, RP556, and RP557) exhibited potent in vitro antibacterial activity. The Therapeutic Index, a measure of specificity for killing multidrug resistant C. acnes over mammalian cells, was determined using bioluminescent human keratinocytes. The Therapeutic Index was highest for the disulfide dAMP, RP556, with a value of 130. The lead dAMP candidate RP556, was further evaluated in a multidrug-resistant C. acnes intradermal murine infection model. A topical application of 5 mg/mL RP556 (0.5%) eliminated infection. If these preclinical results are translated clinically, dAMPs may become a viable topical monotherapy for the treatment of recalcitrant acne infections.

Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is higher among African American (AA) than Caucasian Americans (CA). AAs are more frequently diagnosed with PCa with worse prognoses than CAs. Support of a genetic component to the high incidence and mortality rate in AA men is based on epidemiologic studies of men with similar genetic backgrounds. For instance, men in Ghana and Nigeria also have a high incidence of prostate cancer, as do men of African descent in the Caribbean islands and in the United Kingdom. Multiple reports indicate that PCa aggressiveness is the result of cancer stem cells (CSC). Furthermore, people of African Ancestry have been reported to have increased stemness gene signature in multiple tumor types. CD133, which is a well-known progenitor/stem cells marker, and is associated with prostate tumor relapse and metastasize due to the existence of prostate cancer stem cells (PCaCSC) has been well characterized, however, its role in prostate cancer racial disparity is unknown. Therefore, our objective is to analyze the significance of CD133 as a disparity stem cell biomarker in AA and CA patients with late-stage PCa. Methods: TGCA Prostate Dataset was used for patient data. The R and R studio statistical software was used for the analysis, and for the survival analysis, Log-Rank test was used to determine survival. H & E was used to determine the presence of prostate cancer and tumors were scored using Gleason grading. CD133 protein location and expression was determined by IHC, and quantified using Aperio imaging software. Results: We analyzed genomic data in TGCA for correlation between CD133 over-expression and worst patient survival outcome. Survival analysis indicated a poorer survival outcome in the AA with high CD133 expression during late-stage PCa compare to the CA with the same stage of PCa. Furthermore, the addition of CD44 furthermore increased the significant difference between the stem cell population (p= 0.04) between AA and CA patients. To confirm these results, we evaluated CD133 expression in (Gleason =7) PCa tumor from AA and CA patients and compared them to BPH. As in the TCGA data, we observed increased CD133 expression in AA patients. Conclusion: Elevated CD133 shows an association with patients with African Ancestry. Further studies are necessary on a larger series of cases to elucidate the role of CD133 in the development and progression of prostate cancer and its suitability as a prognostic biomarker. Citation Format: Benjamin Adu-Addai, Ahmad B. Salam, Ruksana Amin, Honghe Wang, Huixian Lin, Anghesom Ghebremedhin, Jason White, Jesse M. Jaynes, Clayton Yates. CD133 as a disparity stem cell biomarker in African Americans with late-stage prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-181.

Background: Tumor associated M-ϕs (TAMs) have a complex etiology as a result of soluble factors secreted by prostate tumor cells, creating an immunosuppressive micro-environment (M-E) for the progression of late stage PC that has metastasized to the bone. The result is an M2-like polarization that expresses a number of M2-TAM specific markers, including CD206. Therapeutic targeting of TAMs has proven to be a challenge, due partly to a lack of understanding of the function of this biomarker and the bi-directional effects of TAMs on tumor cells. Our objective is to characterize the CD206 receptor in PC patients, and to test the potential of a novel engineered CD206 targeted peptide (T-P) to reverse the immune-suppressive M-Env in late stage PC. Methods: The TGCA Prostate Dataset was used for patient data and R software was used for informatics analysis. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was used to generate the NMR structure of CD206. Peptide binding to the naïve CD206 receptor was determined in silico using PIPER, and was validated by Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR). In vivo efficacy of CD206 T-P was determined in mice inoculated with PC-3 intratibially. Mice were treated with peptide alone, daily or twice a week at 10, 20, and 50mg/Kg, as a monotherapy or in combination with 20mg/Kg Docetaxel (DTX) over a 21day period. CD86 (M1) and CD206/CD163 (M2-TAM) markers and pro-inflammatory cytokines were determined by FACS. Bone osteolysis was determined by IHC of the entire bone, and bone turnover was determined by IHC analysis of RANKL. Results: TCGA data showed that over-expression of CD206 in Human PC is significantly associated with poor survival. In silico analyses showed the T-P exhibited strong affinity towards CD206 and was validated by SPR (Kd =3.57 µM). In bone-metastatic xenograft models of CRPC (PC-3), the flux differential of relative fluorescence in IVIS imaging showed peptide alone (at 20mg/kg qD sQ) decreased fluorescence by 64.36% compared with the untreated group. FACS analyses of M1/M2 markers CD86/CD206 in mice treated with peptide showed a 33.87 fold decrease in CD206 (M2-TAM) expression and a 7.6 fold increase in CD86 (M1-TAM) expression, compared with only a 4.4 fold decrease in CD206 expression and 0.44 fold decrease in CD86 expression in DTX treated mice. Stem cell marker CD133 showed a 4.7 fold decrease expression compared to the untreated group further suggesting that TAM repolarization reversed the immunosuppressive M-E. X-ray of tumors in bone suggests a reduction of osteolysis and was confirmed by IHC staining and analysis of whole bone showing fibrous and inflammatory remodeling patterns of tumor regression in the peptide only group. Conclusion: These results suggest that the novel engineered CD206 T-P repolarizes M2-TAM phenotype to M1-TAM which reverses the immunosuppressive cancer M-E in late stage PC. Citation Format: Ahmad B. Salam, Benjamin Adu-Addai, Huixian Lin, Anghesom Ghebremedhin, Jason White, Ruksana Amin, Balasubramanyam Karanam, George Martin, Charles Garvin, Henry Lopez, Jesse M. Jaynes, Clayton Yates. Novel synthetic peptide targets CD206 receptor promoting the repolarization of prostate cancer (PCa) TAMs and increase the efficacy of conventional prostate cancer therapeutic [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4062.

Introduction: Multiple reports have demonstrated that M2-polarized tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) play a significant role in promoting tumor metastasis, survival and resistance to chemotherapy. Thus, limiting the pro-tumorigenic activity of TAMs may hold great therapeutic promise. Objective: To determine whether targeting the Cluster of Differentiation 206 (CD206) receptor on TAMs with an engineered peptides having both CD206 specificity and apoptotic activity, will limit the protumorigenic effects of TAMs and enhance cancer cells response to chemotherapy. Method: A class of engineered peptides were designed to stimulate phagocytosis via the CD206 receptor, and to initiate apopotic cell death once endocytosed. Primary cells were isolated from C57BL/6J mice from Jackson Laboratory and were polarized to M1 and M2 phenotypes by treating with IL-4 (20ng/ml) and IFN-γ (10ng/ml) respectively from R&D Biosciences for 24 hrs. CD206 targeting peptide was biotin-labeled and utilized to treat M2-polarized cells. Precipitated proteins were analyzed by mass spectrometry analysis, and informatics software. In vitro proliferation and confirmation of apoptosis was assessed using Annexin/PI staining and Western blot analysis for Caspase 8 expression and activity. In xenograft models of triple negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231), mice were treated with CD206 peptide and gemcitabine, singly or in combination Results: Mass spectrometry analysis of gel bands from the biotin / streptavidin pull down assay confirmed CD206 as a cell surface target. Bioinformatics analysis of the proteomics data from the pull down assay further confirmed that apoptotic proteins were highly expressed in the M2 populations than in the M1 populations. Treatment with CD206 peptide produced a significant decrease in cell proliferation only in M2 macrophages. FACS analysis of Annexin/PI staining and Caspase 8 activity, demonstrated by Western blot, showed that CD206 targeting peptide caused apoptosis specifically in M2 macrophages. In xenograft models of triple negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) mice treated with peptide alone (10 mg/kg qD subcu), there was a 39% reduction in tumor growth; gemcitabine @ 40 mg/kg q4D produced a 68% reduction; however, peptide in combination with gemcitabine completely blocked tumor growth. Moreover, immunohistochemistry staining of treated tumors showed a decrease in the expression of CD206 positive M2 macrophages and CD45/CD25 positive Treg cells, and an increase in CD86 positive M1 macrophages. These results were consistent with the in vitro results obtained. Discussion and Conclusion: These results suggest that a targeting CD206 peptide engineered to promote apoptosis, enhances the tumor response to chemotherapy by limiting the pro-tumorigenic activity of TAMs. Citation Format: Anghesom A. Ghebremedhin, Clayton Yates, Jesse Jaynes, George Martin, Henry Lopez, Charles Garvin. A novel peptide-suppressing M2 polarized tumor-associated macrophages enhances tumor response to chemotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1640. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1640

In the last several years, significant effort has been applied to identifying novel agents with effectiveness against prostate cancer. These studies were designed to determine the efficacy of one of these novel compounds, D2A21, in the treatment of an animal model of prostate cancer. Using the Mat-Ly-Lu(MLL) line of the Dunning R-3327 rat prostate adenocarcinoma model, the optimal dose, schedule and route of administration of D2A21 were established. A study involving the G line was used to further support these findings. In addition, hemotoxylin and eosin stained tissue samples were examined to investigate the extent of inhibition of lung metastases in animals injected with MLL cells. When D2A21 was injected intraperitoneally or subcutaneously, MLL and G cell tumor growth was inhibited 50-72% as demonstrated by both tumor volumes and weights. The optimal dosage of 0.179 mg/injection was established and it was determined to be most efficacious when administered five times per week. At this concentration, D2A21 appears to have no significant toxicity. Additionally, D2A21 increased the survival rate from only 25% to 70-75% in animals that were challenged with a large number of tumor cells. The peptide D2A21 is able to significantly inhibit tumor growth in rat models of prostate cancer. In addition, it can inhibit metastases and decrease deaths resulting from metastases in these animals.

Multiple lines of evidence suggest that macrophages, in particular M2-polarized tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), promote tumor aggressiveness and chemoresistance. Thus, limiting the pro-tumorigenic activity of TAMs may hold great therapeutic promise. To assess this potential, we synthesized artificial peptides (10-12mers) with a striapathic arrangement of hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids, designed to specifically target TAMs within the tumor microenvironment. These peptides, including drug candidate RP-182, are basic in design and bind to human albumin prior to binding to their eventual target, which enhances peptide half-life to around 2 hours. In vitro experiments demonstrated that exposure to 50uM peptide significantly reduced M2 macrophage viability and increased apoptosis after 48 hours of exposure, but had no effect on M1 macrophages. Interestingly, we did not observe a significant effect of RP-182 in vitro on various cancer cell lines, including MDA-MB-231, C42B or cells isolated from KPC960 mice. To determine whether RP-182 had in vivo efficacy we used multiple animal models, beginning with inflammatory indications where macrophage activity is also implicated, and progressing to solid organ cancer models: (1) In bleomycin animal models of lung and skin fibrosis, mice developed very high levels of inflammatory markers including IL6, which remained at control levels in mice treated with 10 mg/kg RP-182 qD subcu. At increased pulmonary bleomycin levels, all control animals died while 65% of treated animals survived. (2) In xenograft models of triple negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) mice treated with peptide (10 mg/kg qD subcu) demonstrated 37% reduction in MD-MB-231 tumor growth; gemcitabine @ 40 mg/kg q4D demonstrated 70% reduction; however, peptide plus gemcitabine completely blocked tumor growth. (3) In a xenograft model of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) (C42B) mice treated with 2.5 mg/kg Docetaxel q7D demonstrated 45% reduction in tumor growth relative to control; mice treated with 10 mg/kg RP-182 qD demonstrated 52% reduction in tumor growth; but Docetaxel plus RP-182 reduced tumor growth 65%. (4) In the KPC960 model of pancreatic cancer, RP-182 treatment caused a 30% reduction in tumor growth and reduced the expression of a number of inflammatory genes in the tumors. (5) Finally, in the KRAS/p53 transgenic model of pancreatic cancer, treatment with peptide for one week reduced tumor growth, and was associated with 5.8 fold reduction in PDL1 and a 5.5 fold reduction in PDL2 expression in tumors. Toxicity testing on animals given much higher doses of RP-182 showed no changes in histology, blood counts, body or tissue weight. These results suggest that these novel designed peptides suppress macrophages in the tumors, enhancing the tumor response to chemotherapy and downregulating certain checkpoint proteins. This abstract is also presented as Poster B23. Citation Format: Henry Lopez, George R. Martin, Jesse M. Jaynes, Clayton Yates. Synthetic peptides suppress M2 macrophages and synergize with chemotherapy in prostate and breast cancer models. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Function of Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Progression; 2016 Jan 7–10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(15 Suppl):Abstract nr PR03.

Prostate Cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among men in the United States. Due to the harsh side effects of conventional chemo- and radiotherapies, targeted drug delivery is now gaining the focus of cancer researchers. The key for success of any newly developed targeted drug delivery systems is the novel design of targeting peptides which have high binding affinities to differentially over-expressed receptors on the surface of PCa cells. Two over-expressed such receptors, which can be targeted to the cell surface of PCa cells are: Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Receptor (GnRH-R), and Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA). The analysis done from molecular dynamics simulation data gave an important information about each interaction; such as RMSD, The number of contacts between receptor and peptide within a cutoff distance of 5 Å and the binding free energies, ΔGGBSA of the interactions. In all systems, the back bone RMSD deviation of the receptor was calculated using the last 10 ns of the sampling process and averaged over all trajectories. The RMSD data deviated between 1.22 - 2.51 Å. The free binding energies or ΔGGBSA was calculated from the last 10 ns of the sampling process. The QH1 system has the more negative ΔGGBSA -36.15 kcal mol-1 and the QH4 system has the least negative ΔGGBSA of -18.4 kcal mol-1 among the eight systems of GnRH-R. QH2 system exhibits a highly interactive hydrogen bond (bond distance is 2.65 Å) between 134th position of the receptor amino acid sequence GLU and 5th position of the qh2 peptide's TYR. The ΔGGBSA is for the qh2 system is – 34.92 kcal mol-1. In the PSMA and its targeting peptide interactions, T2IA has the least negative ΔGGBSA of -47.37 kcal mol-1. A salt bridge was observed between the 10th position of the T2IA peptide sequence ARG and the 328 position of the 3RBU receptor's GLU. Based on our molecular modeling studies, we have determined the best targeting peptides among all the newly designed peptides. The binding efficiency of the targeting peptides with the lowest binding energies will be further investigated surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in near future. Citation Format: Ahmad Salam, Vincent Hembrick, Jesse Jaynes, Timothy Turner, Mohamed Abdalla. Molecular modeling of novel peptide-receptor interaction for targeted drug delivery of prostate cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2170.

An investigation was undertaken to determine the toxicity of an intravitreal injection of a novel peptide drug, Shiva-1, in rabbits. The drug, a synthetic peptide modeled after lytic peptides secreted by certain insects, has antiproliferative and antibacterial properties. Initial in vitro experiments showed that the drug, at a concentration of 100 microM, was toxic to both Y-79 retinoblastoma cells and human retinal pigment epithelial cells. A wide range of doses (6-1200 micrograms) was injected into the rabbit vitreous in an attempt to determine the maximum tolerated dose. Retinal toxicity was evaluated clinically, by electroretinography, and by light microscopy. Some localized toxicity was evident at 200 micrograms; all doses of 240 micrograms and above were toxic. While the drug appears to exhibit a narrow range between effective and toxic doses, the results suggest that this and other peptides of similar design merit further investigation for the treatment of proliferative and infectious diseases of the eye.

Angiogenesis plays a critical role in processes such as organ development, wound healing, and tumor growth. It requires well-orchestrated integration of soluble and matrix factors and timely recognition of such signals to regulate this process. Previous work has shown that newly forming vessels express the chemokine receptor CXC receptor 3 (CXCR3) and, activation by its ligand IP-10 (CXCL10), both inhibits development of new vasculature and causes regression of newly formed vessels. To identify and develop new therapeutic agents to limit or reverse pathological angiogenesis, we identified a 21 amino acid fragment of IP-10, spanning the α-helical domain residues 77–98, that mimic the actions of the whole IP-10 molecule on endothelial cells. Treatment of the endothelial cells with the 22 amino acid fragment referred to as IP-10p significantly inhibited VEGF-induced endothelial motility and tube formation in vitro, properties critical for angiogenesis. Using a Matrigel plug assay in vivo, we demonstrate that IP-10p both prevented vessel formation and induced involution of nascent vessels. CXCR3 neutralizing antibody was able to block the inhibitory effects of the IP-10p, demonstrating specificity of the peptide. Inhibition of endothelial function by IP-10p was similar to that described for IP-10, secondary to CXCR3-mediated increase in cAMP production, activation of PKA inhibiting cell migration, and inhibition of VEGF-mediated m-calpain activation. IP-10p provides a novel therapeutic agent that inhibits endothelial cell function thus, allowing for the modulation of angiogenesis.

The emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens renders antibiotics ineffective in the treatment of lung infections in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Designed antimicrobial peptides (DAPs) are laboratory-synthesized peptide antibiotics that demonstrate a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity. Optimal conditions for susceptibility testing of these peptides have not yet been established. Medium composition is clearly a major factor influencing the results and reproducibilities of susceptibility tests. Using time-kill assays, we tested the effects of different media and buffers on the bactericidal activities of the peptides D2A21 and D4E1 on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Each peptide at 1 and 5 μM was incubated with bacteria in the different media and buffers. Both peptides were most active in Tris-HCl buffer against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa . Among the more complex media tested, modified RPMI medium was the medium in which the peptides demonstrated the highest activity, while it supported the growth of the bacteria. The broth microdilution technique was used to test the activities of D2A21 and D4E1 in modified RPMI medium against multidrug-resistant pathogens from patients with CF. The MICs of DAPs for methicillin-resistant S. aureus ranged from 0.25 to 4 μg/ml, those for multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa ranged from 0.125 to 4 μg/ml, those for Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ranged from 0.5 to 32 μg/ml, and those for Burkholderia cepacia ranged from 32 to ≥64 μg/ml. When the activity of peptide D2A21 was compared with that of the tracheal antimicrobial peptide (TAP), D2A21 had greater potency than TAP against P. aeruginosa . In addition, no difference in the MICs of D2A21 was seen when it was tested in nutrient broth supplemented with NaCl at different concentrations. Thus, DAPs are a class of salt-insensitive antibiotics potentially useful in the treatment of CF patients harboring multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa .

Cytotoxic membrane disruption via lytic peptides is a well-recognized mechanism of immune surveillance for antifungal and antibacterial host protection. Naturally occurring lytic peptides were shown to exhibit antitumor activity as well. Peptidyl membrane-interactive molecules (MIMs) are synthetic lytic peptides specifically designed to maximize antitumor activity. We tested nine novel Peptidyl MIMs for activity against four androgen-insensitive prostate-cancer cell lines using a standard microculture tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Five Peptidyl MIMs known to form alpha-helical secondary structures were active against prostate carcinoma and were chosen for further study. Three peptides configured in beta-pleated sheets were noticeably less effective. Concentrations lethal to 50% of the prostate-cancer cell lines treated (D50 values) with the five chosen Peptidyl MIMs ranged from 0.6 to 1.8 microM. For comparison, two alpha-helically structured peptides, D2A21 and DP1E, were tested on several other cancer types: breast (n = 2), colon (n = 2). bladder, cervical and lung carcinomas (n = 1 each). Resulting LD50 values obtained in breast carcinoma cells were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those observed in prostate cancer cells. LD50 values recorded for D2A21 and DP1E in cervical, colon, bladder, and lung cancer lines were similar to those obtained in prostate cancer cells. As compared with cisplatin, a standard chemotherapeutic drug, the LD50 values recorded for D2A21 were significantly lower (P < 0.04) in prostate-cancer cell lines, suggesting the therapeutic efficacy of Peptidyl MIMs. These data demonstrate for the first time the cytotoxic potential of Peptidyl MIMs against prostate cancer cells and suggest a dependence on a specific secondary alpha-helical structure of the peptide.

Cecropins are antimicrobial peptides (30-35 amino acids) isolated from the hemolymph of the cecropia moth. Previous studies have demonstrated their antimicrobial efficacy against a variety of pathogens, including both gram-positive and -negative bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and enveloped viruses. To assess their therapeutic potential against ocular pathogens, we analyzed the in vitro antimicrobial activity of a synthetic cecropin analog, Shiva-11, against virulent microbial strains (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Candida albicans). Bacterial isolates were obtained from human cases of severe ulcerative keratitis. Shiva-11 was tested at varying concentrations in bacterial suspensions containing 1-2 x 10(6) CFU/ml at 37 degrees C. Samples were plated on nutrient agar and colonies counted after 24-48 h of incubation. Shiva-11 yielded > 3 log killing of all isolates after 60 min of exposure to this compound. The results of this study indicate that Shiva-11 possesses broad-spectrum in vitro antimicrobial activity against human clinical ocular pathogens.

Preliminary studies on the proliferative effects of lytic peptides were carried out using NIH 3T3 murine fibroblast cells and human lymphocytes. Cells were cultured in various concentrations of three different amphipathic peptides (SB-37, Shiva-1, and Vishnu), and enhanced proliferation was determined by uptake of 3H-thymidine with treated cells compared with control cultures. Enhanced proliferation of 3T3 cells was observed in cultures containing 50 microM or less SB-37. The primary study consisted of 263 four-cell- to eight-cell-stage mouse embryos from naturally bred mice and incubated in Whitten's medium containing 0.2, 1, or 10 microM of the amino terminus of an amphipathic cecropin B analog (Vishnu) or in Whitten's medium alone. Embryos were cultured to the hatched blastocyst stage, and effect of treatment was determined by the rate of growth to that stage of development. Statistical analysis revealed that culture in all three levels of Vishnu significantly accelerated in vitro growth of these stages of preimplantation embryos compared with controls. These results indicate that Vishnu promotes increased cleavage rates of embryos in vitro. A growth factor receptor clustering mechanism of action is proposed. This peptide may have some potential as an embryo culture medium additive to enhance in vitro growth rate.

The cyanelle from the photosynthetic biflagellate protist Cyanophora paradoxa has been studied in terms of its photosynthetic properties. Structurally, the cyanelle resembles unicellular cyanobacteria. The cyanelle is readily released from the host cell by means of the French press. The isolated cyanelle shows typical photosystem I and photosystem II activities as well as phenazine methosulfate-mediated photophosphorylation. The kinetic parameters Km and Vmax were determined for CO2 fixation in the cyanelle and cells of C. paradoxa and compared to a cyanobacterium. The determined values were not much different, although the cyanobacterium had a significantly greater rate of CO2 fixation, and the cyanelle was least active in this regard. Photosystem I chlorophyll-protein complex is readily isolated from the thylakoid membrane. In all these respects, the photosynthetic apparatus of the cyanelle resembles that of cyanobacteria. No nitrogen fixation activity was observed. Attempts to regenerate the isolated cyanelle were not successful, but in some cases, an unidentified cyanobacterium grew up in standing cultures of C. paradoxa cyanelles. Buoyant density data indicate that the strain of C. paradoxa we have investigated differs from that employed by others, since our strain shows a value of 1.716 grams per cubic centimeter and others report values of 1.695 and 1.691.

Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma cruzi were killed by two novel lytic peptides (SB-37 and Shiva-1) in vitro. Human erythrocytes infected with P. falciparum, and Vero cells infected with T. cruzi, were exposed to these peptides. The result, in both cases, was a significant decrease in the level of parasite infection. Furthermore, the peptides had a marked cytocidal effect on trypomastigote stages of T. cruzi in media, whereas host eukaryotic cells were unaffected by the treatments. In view of the worldwide prevalence of these protozoan diseases and the lack of completely suitable treatments, lytic peptides may provide new and unique chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of these infections.