Search

The aim is to report an Ivorian experience of the surgical management of atrial septal defects in adulthood. Our retrospective study included 19 patients over 18 years old operated on for atrial septal defects (ASD) between January 2005 and December 2015 at the Abidjan Heart Institute (AHI). 13 women and 6 men with a mean age of 26±9.07 years were included. For each patient we noted the clinical and para-clinical signs as well as the operative result and the short and long term follow-up data. Patients were symptomatic in 73.7% of cases. Two patients had atrial flutter. On cardiac echo-Doppler, the right ventricle measured 43.5 ±4.2 mm. The systolic pulmonary artery pressure was 45 ± 14.7 mmHg. There were 3 cases of grade III tricuspid insufficiency and 1 case of abnormal venous return. Closure of the septal defect was performed with an autologous pericardial patch in 18 cases. Operative mortality was nil. The average length of stay in the surgical intensive care unit was 2.5 days. Eleven patients presented immediate postoperative complications, including 2 cardiac and 9 extracardiac. The total postoperative hospital stay was 14.7 days. After a mean follow-up of 8.25 ± 4 years, all patients had functional improvement with a significant decrease in right ventricular size and pulmonary arterial pressure. Surgical management of atrial septal defects in adulthood is associated with low mortality with a satisfactory functional outcome. Key words: Atrial septal defect, surgical closure, adult.

Vein graft failure is a major complication following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. There is no translational model to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying vein-graft failure. We established a clinically relevant bypass graft model to investigate the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of vein-graft failure and identify molecular targets for novel therapies. Six female Yucatan microswine fed with high cholesterol diet underwent off-pump bypass, using superficial epigastric vein graft, which was anastomosed to an internal mammary artery and distal left anterior descending artery. Vein-graft patency was examined 10-months after bypass surgery by echocardiography, coronary angiography, and optical coherence tomography followed by euthanasia. Coronary tissues were collected for histomorphometry studies. Atherosclerotic microswine were highly susceptible to sudden ventricular fibrillation with any cardiac intervention. Two out of six animals died during surgery due to ventricular fibrillation. Selection of the anesthetics and titration of their doses with careful use of inotropic drugs were the key to successful swine cardiac anesthesia. The hypotensive effects of amiodarone and the incidence of arrhythmia were avoided by the administration of magnesium sulfate. The vein-graft control tissue displayed intact endothelium with well-organized medial layer. The grafted vessels revealed complete occlusion and were covered with fibrous tissues. Expression of CD31 in the graft was irregular as the layers were not clearly defined due to fibrosis. This model represents the clinical vein-graft failure and offers a novel platform to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms of vein-graft disease and investigate novel therapeutic approaches to prevent its progression.

BACKGROUND: This study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of locally developed external fixators (LDEF) as definitive treatment for open tibia diaphyseal fractures (OTDF) in Ivory Coast. METHODS: Gustilo I, II, and IIIA OTDFs of patients admitted within 24 hours of injury were prospectively included and treated with LDEF. The rates of union, mal-union, septic complications, as well as the functional results were assessed, in addition to the LDEF construct's integrity. Predictive factors of failure or poor results were assessed. RESULTS: Overall, 40 OTDF patients were admitted within 24 hours of injury. Gustilo I, II, and IIIA fractures were observed in three, 13, and 24 patients, respectively. Uneventful fracture healing was obtained in 29 cases, with an average union time of 8.47 months. Mal-union and non-union were registered in three and four cases, respectively. Pin-track infection (PTI) was observed in 13 cases and deep infection in seven. Infection resolved in all patients except four, who developed chronic osteomyelitis. None of the non-unions were associated with an infection. The overall functional result was satisfactory in 32 patients. PTI was the only predictive factor for chronic infection. Biplanar frames, when compared to monoplanar constructs, were associated with a significantly improved functional outcome. CONCLUSION: LDEF improved significantly the OTDF management, as it provided better stability and superior fracture healing rates than what is observed with the standard of care in the same environment. PTI remains an essential problem but with, hopefully, limited negative consequences.

As in all cashew producing areas, anthracnose causes enormous production losses in cashew agroforestry farms in Côte d'Ivoire. To overcome this problem, the use of anthracnose-resilient production plant material in cashew forest agrosystems is becoming a necessity for sustainable development. Thus, this study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the behavior of genotypes of cashew trees cultivated in peasant agroforestry systems in the north of Côte d'Ivoire. To do this, peasant agroforestry cashew orchards were prospected, cashew trees were marked, codified and geolocated. The incidence and severity of anthracnose were then assessed on the marked and geotagged cashew leaves, twigs, inflorescences and fruits. Descriptive analysis of the incidence and severity data revealed that more than 50% of the genotypes studied are resilient to anthracnose with an incidence on nuts in the order of 0.00 ± 5.75%. The ACP explained 52.96% of the total variability observed with the first two axes. The CAH made it possible to structure these genotypes into four groups. MANOVA showed that genotypes in groups 2 and 4 exhibited traits of resilience against anthracnose disease. Group 2 was characterized by a relative absence of disease in the fruits (0.00 ±0.00) and by very severe infections in the twigs (88.19 ± 2.98). Groups 4 were differentiated by low fruit infections (1.32±0.32) and low incidence on fruits (2.17±1.09). These results should help promote the agroecological management of anthracnose disease, enhance and intensify agroforestry practices in Côte d'Ivoire.

Bacillus cereus often causes problems in the food industry. It deteriorates the marketable quality of food. Bacillus cereus spores can withstand high temperatures and persist in finished or semi-finished products. The objective of this work was to assess the level of resistance to antibiotics in strains of Bacillus cereus isolated from attiéké, a local delicacy sold in the streets of Daloa. To do this, around sixty (60) suspected strains of Bacillus cereus isolated from attiéké were identified using standard biochemical tests and thirty-five (35) were confirmed by the API 20E gallery. These thirty-five confirmed strains were subjected to an antibiogram according to the recommendations of the Antibiotic Committee of the French Society of Microbiology (CASFM). The results obtained after analysis show that the strains of Bacillus cereus are subdivided into four profiles. No resistant strain has been demonstrated for imipenem, gentamycin and vancomycin. No strain produced broad spectrum beta-lactamases. The least active molecule was trimethoprim-sulfametoxazole with a level of 40%. This study showed the existence of multi-resistant strains of Bacillus cereus, which would require monitoring of resistance in street foods, particularly attiéké

Lead (Pb) is one of the most frequent and toxic contaminant in the environment. It can be bioaccumulated by marine organisms through contaminated sediments as well as their food chains. The current study aimed at investigating Pb occurrence in the sediments and gastropod P. haemastostoma from Vridi Canal. Sediment samples were taken using a Van Veen steel grab of 0.02 m2 area, sealed in plastic bags and transported to the laboratory at 4 °C. Gastropod P. haemastostoma species were collected manually using gloves, and then placed in polyethylene plastic bags. The different concentrations were determined using atomic absorption spectrometer Varian AA 20. The results showed seasonal variability of Pb concentrations in sediments and P. haemastostoma. In the both matrices, Pb exhibited the same trend in the distribution between the seasons. This study also mentioned that sediments were highly contaminated by Pb (54.27-134.71 mg/kg). Vridi Canal was found to be one of the most contaminated seaport area. Pb levels (49.55-104.19 mg/kg) in P. haemastostoma exceeding the maximum permitted levels according to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). This research demonstrated that sediments having lower ecological risk may be resulting in lower tissue Pb of P. haemastostoma. Keywords: Metal Pb, sediment, P. haemastostoma, seasonal variation

Introduction: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects both children and adults. The main symptom is pruritus, which has an important impact on quality of life (QoL). The objective of our study was to assess the impact of AD on the quality of life of children through the CDLQI score. Population and Methods: We performed a cross-sectional survey, with descriptive and analytical aims, carried out on the basis of prospective recruitment, carried out over a period of 7 months from December 2017 to June 2018. The study included children (5-16 years) with AD selected during dermatology consultations at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire of Treichville. Data collected included the socio-demographic characteristics of patients and their AD and the results of a questionnaire on the severity score (SCORAD) and the quality of life index in these children (CDLQI). Results: We included 60 children, mainly within the group from 05 to 09 years (57%). CDLQI average score was 9.9 and mean SCORAD 24. Pruritus, insomnia and sadness had more impact on QoL. We found a strong association between the severity of AD objectified by SCORAD and the CDLQI. Conclusion: The study reveals a high impact of AD on the QoL of children in Abidjan mainly through pruritus, insomnia and sadness. It opens up reflection on the need for education for AD management and the prospect of creating an atopy school in Côte d’Ivoire.

Background and objectives: Green vegetables are considered an important source of some nutritionally constituents that have health benefits. Generally, food composition databases related to raw foods are available, but data on cooked foods in Cote d’Ivoire are still lacking. The current study aimed to evaluate antioxidant compounds, Fatty acids and determine nutritional profile using the LIM and SAIN system of Solanum nigrum leaves before and after boiling. Materials and Methods: The leaves were subjected to boiling in cooker for 10, 15 and 20 min. Fatty acids and carotenoids and were determined according to standard methods for nutritional guidelines. Results The polyunsaturated, unsaturated fatty, omega-6 and omega-3, were investigated and the results obtained were as follow: (880.52 ± 0.06 - 3634.32 ± 3.20 mg /100g), (1047.03±0.63-2466.76 ± 0.48 mg/ 100g), (177.96 ± 0.33 - 1415.42 ± 0.31 mg/100 g), (459.21 ± 0.31-969.29± 0.05 mg/100g). The Carotenoids, β-Carotene and lycopene contents were high with remarkable amount (65.70 ± 0.12 - 37.38 ±0.03 mg / 100g), (17.65 ± 0.12 - 26.37 ±0.31 mg / 100g) and (1.64 ± 0.03 - 6.33 ± 0.01 mg / 100g). All samples have score SAIN > 5 and LIM score Conclusion: These results revealed that Solanum nigrum leaves was important source of some nutritionally constituent. However, longer time of boiling (higher than 10 min) caused negative impacts by reducing nutritive compounds. It suggested that the recommended time for domestic cooking must be less than 10 min for the studied leafy vegetables in order to contribute efficiently to the nutritional requirement and to the food security of Ivorian population.

Introduction: Despite the advances of interventional catheterization, surgery remains the treatment of choice for some coronary lesions. Objective: To report the indications and results of surgical revascularization of the myocardium at the Abidjan Heart Institute. Patient and Methods: This is a retrospective study of patients with coronary insufficiency who underwent surgical myocardial revascularization between March 2014 and May 2020 in the Cardiovascular Surgery Department of the Abidjan Heart Institute. There were 17 patients, 11 of whom were men (64.7%) and 6 women (35.3%), The mean age of the patients was 57.5 years ± 8.8. All patients were symptomatic with disabling angina in class III of the Canadian Cardiac Society (CCS). This sym- ptomatology had been evolving on average for 5 years and 6 patients had a history of acute coronary syndrome, 2 of whom had undergone prior angioplasty. Coronary angiography revealed mono-truncated (17.6%), bi-truncated (23.5%) and tri-truncated (58.8%) lesions. Results: The patients were operated under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) 15 cases (88.2%) and off pump in 2 cases (11.8%). They underwent a single bypass in 23.5% of cases, a double bypass in 47.1% of cases and a triple bypass in 29.4% of cases. We observed 3 cases of complications (17.6%), namely transient acute renal failure, mediastinitis and postoperative bleeding. The operative and hospital mortality was nil. After a mean follow-up of 3 ± 1.8 years, all patients were asymptomatic with a negative stress test at last check-up. Conclusion: Our experience has allowed us to demonstrate the safe performance of surgical myocardial revascularization in our patients with satisfactory and encouraging results.

Resume Objectif Comparer les valeurs de la pression intraoculaire (PIO) obtenues avec chacune des methodes de tonometrie, d’une part, et, d’autre part, etudier l’influence de la pachymetrie corneenne sur les mesures obtenues par chacune des methodes. Materiel et methodes Nous avons realise une etude prospective transversale, descriptive et analytique dans le service d’ophtalmologie d’une polyclinique a Abidjan (Cote d’Ivoire) d’avril 2018 a aout 2018. Les patients âges de 15 ans et plus ont ete concernes par l’etude. Durant cette periode, la PIO a ete mesuree par le Tonometre a aplanation de Goldmann (Haag Streit, AT 900, Suisse) et le tonopachymetre a air (Nidek, NT 530 P Japon), qui a aussi permis la pachymetrie corneenne optique centrale. Les donnees analysees ont porte sur les caracteristiques sociodemographiques, les antecedents ophtalmologiques, la tonometrie et la pachymetrie corneenne centrale. La comparaison des valeurs obtenues par les deux appareils et l’influence de l’ECC sur la tonometrie ont ete analysees a l’aide du logiciel EpiData Analysis V2.2.2.183. Resultats Nous avons examine 318 yeux de 159 patients dont l’âge moyen etait de 40 ± 12,57 ans avec des extremes de 16 a 82 ans. Le sex ratio etait de 1. Des antecedents ophtalmologiques ont ete notes chez 79,2 % des patients. La PIO moyenne au tonometre a aplanation de Goldmann etait de 12,75 ± 3,17 mm Hg et celle du tonometre sans contact a air de 13,83 ± 3,80 mm Hg. L’epaisseur corneenne centrale moyenne etait de 530,50 ± 32,61 μm. La difference entre les PIO mesurees par tonometrie non contact et celles mesurees par tonometrie contact etait statistiquement significative avec p = 0,00. Il n’y avait pas de relation statistiquement significative entre la pachymetrie corneenne centrale et la tonometrie contact (p = 0,80). Par contre, il existait une relation statistiquement significative entre la tonometrie non contact et la pachymetrie centrale (p = 0,00). Les valeurs obtenues au tonometre a air pulse sont plus influencees par l’epaisseur corneenne centrale. Conclusion Le tonometre a aplanation de Goldmann n’est pas superposable au tonopachymetre sans contact a air.

PURPOSE Major improvements have occurred in access to invasive cervical cancer (ICC) screening in HIV-infected women over the past decade in sub-Saharan Africa. However, there is limited information on changes in the burden of HIV-related ICC at a population level. Our objective was to compare HIV-related ICC over a decade and document factors associated with HIV infection in women with ICC in Côte d'Ivoire. METHODS A repeated cross-sectional study was conducted in referral hospitals of Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, through the 2009-2011 and 2018-2020 periods. Women diagnosed with ICC were systematically tested for HIV. Demographics, ICC risk factors, cancer stage (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics), and HIV characteristics were collected through questionnaires. Characteristics of HIV-related ICC were compared between the periods, and factors associated with HIV in women diagnosed with ICC in 2018-2020 were documented through a multivariable logistic model. RESULTS During the 2009-2011 and 2018-2020 periods, 147 and 297 women with ICC were diagnosed with estimated HIV prevalence of 24.5% and 21.9% ( P = .53), respectively. In HIV-infected women, access to antiretroviral treatment increased from 2.8% to 73.8% ( P < 10−4) and median CD4 cell count from 285 (IQR, 250-441) to 492 (IQR, 377-833) cells/mm3 ( P = .03). In women diagnosed with ICC during the 2018-2020 period, HIV infection was associated with a less advanced clinical stage (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics I or II stage) (adjusted OR, 2.2 [95% CI, 1.1 to 4.4]) and with ICC diagnosis through a systematic screening (adjusted OR, 10.5 [95% CI, 2.5 to 45.5]). CONCLUSION Despite a persistently high proportion of HIV-related ICC over time in Côte d'Ivoire, HIV was associated with less advanced clinical stage at ICC diagnosis. Recent improvements in ICC screening services across HIV clinics might explain this association and support their implementation across non-HIV health facilities.

Macaranga barteri is a plant used in traditional medicine to treat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, its potential against hepatic steatosis has not been scientifically proven yet. This work aimed to investigate the preventive effect of the aqueous extract of Macaranga barteri leaves (AEMb) on hepatic steatosis experimentally induced with amiodarone in rats. 36 rats were divided into 6 groups of 6 rats each. Group 1, the non-intoxicated group and Group 2, used as controls were pretreated with distilled water (10 ml/kg b.w.). Group 3 received silymarin at 100 mg/kg b.w. while Groups 4, 5 and 6 were pretreated with AEMb at doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w. respectively. The weights of the rats were monitored during the experimentation. After 7 days of daily pretreatment with the different substances, rats of groups 2 to 6 were administered intraperitoneally amiodarone (200 mg/kg bw) three times daily for seven other consecutive days. At the end of the experiments, blood samples were collected on fasted and anesthetized rats kept in dried and EDTA tubes in order to assess some hematological and biochemical parameters and also rats livers were removed for gross observation and hepatic triglyceride assessment. The results revealed that AEMb and silymarin inhibited the weight loss induced by amiodarone and even favored weight gain. The reduction of heamatological indices (leukocytes and leukocyte indices, erythrocytes and erythrocyte indices (MCV, MCH and MCHC), hemoglobin, hematocrit and thrombocytes) by amiodarone was impeded in AEMb treated rats. AEMb significantly reduced (p

Raphionacme vignei E. A. Bruce (Apocynaceae) is a plant of the traditional African pharmacopoeia, whose parts are used in the treatment of various pathologies. Water-soaked R. vignei tubers are edible. The objective of this study was to isolate triterpenoids from the acetonic extract of R. vignei tubers, evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of each molecule. The isolated compounds, characterized by NMR and mass spectrometry, is composed of six triterpenoids: beta-amyrin dodecanoate 1(DDQ1), lupeol dodecanoate 2(DDQ2), beta-amyrin acetate 3(DDQ3), lupeol acetate 4(DDQ4), luepol 5(DDQ5) and β-sitosterol 6(DDQ6). These molecules (DDQ2, DDQ3, DDQ4, DDQ5, DDQ6) are anti-inflammatory in carrageenan induced rat paw edema, with better anti-inflammatory power for DDQ2 and DDQ4, which would be related to the presence of acetate function and cycle E. DDQ2 and DDQ4 are also analgesic in acetic acid induced contortions and the removal test of rat tail on the heating plate. The analgesic action of DDQ2 and DDQ4, superior to that salicylic acetyl acid, identical to that morphine, suggests a central action of these two molecules. The potent analgesic effect of DDQ2 and DDQ4, could be attributed to the presence of cyclopentane and isoprene substitution in position 19 of the lupane family. DDQ2 and DDQ4 represent a potential for the synthesis of structural analogues with analgesic and/or anti-inflammatory properties.

Mushrooms contain a variety of secondary metabolites, including various phenolic compounds, which have been shown to act as excellent antioxidants. In this study, the contents of total phenolic, flavonoids and tannins of mushrooms methanolic extracts were evaluated by colorimetric assays to ranges of 277.36±0.66 to 420.86±0.90 mg (GAE)/100g DW; 31.99±0.90 to 90.90±0.07mg (QE)/100g DW and 150.61±0.16 to 220.47±1.01mg (TAE)/100g DW respectively. HPLC-profiles of methanolic extracts indicated that the individual phenolic compounds found to the samples of the species of mushrooms that are Lentinus squarrosulus and Auricularia politrich revealed us that gallic acid, catechin, acid ρ-hydroxybenzoїc, acid ellagique and naringerin were presented to the level of the two species. With respect to organic acids, the results showed that citric acid and fumaric acid was the major organic acid in all the samples of both mushrooms species. The methanolic extracts of the two mushrooms exhibited the high DPPH radical scavenging activities ranging from 34.10±1.12 to 58.95±0.52%. These data indicated that these mushrooms could constitute a potential good source of natural antioxidant for the local population.

In Côte d'Ivoire, the market of aphrodisiacs of natural origin has been significantly growing over the last decades. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the most employed by Ivorian men, called Aphro. For that, Caco-2/TC7 enterocytes and Vero ATCC cells kidney epithelial cells grown in DMEM medium were exposed to Aphro at concentrations ranging from 216 to 864 µg/mL. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released upon cell death was assayed after 1, 2 and 24h of exposure. In parallel, the effect of Apho was evaluated in differentiated confluent cells by measurements of the trans-epithelial electrical resistance. A time course and significant dose response related increase of LDH was measured in the culture medium of Caco-2/TC7 and Vero ATCC cells exposed to the aphrodisiac. The trans-epithelial electrical resistance of the Caco-2/TC7 cell monolayers also showed a significant decrease from 1400 Ω*cm2 at the onset of the experiment to 450 Ω*cm2 after 24 h of treatment. Cell detachment and structural disorganization were observed in both cell lines. This study reveals the strong cytotoxicity of Aphro extract on both cell lines.&nbsp

Background Diabetes is up to four times more common in HIV-infected individuals exposed to antiretroviral therapy. Haematological parameters are important indicators for the assessment and management of patients with diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine the correlations between biochemical and haematological parameters in type 2 diabetic patients living with HIV. Methods A total of 260 participants consisting of 100 HIV-positive and 160 HIV-negative diabetics. Blood samples were obtained from fasting subjects by venipuncture at the elbow. They were used to obtain plasma and serum after centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes. Creatinine, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, magnesium, phosphorus, urea, uric acid and cystatin C, glycated haemoglobin, blood glucose and blood count were measured. Results The correlation between the biochemical and haematological profile showed that blood glucose correlated positively with white blood cell count (r=0.204, p=0.042), red blood cell count (r=0.216, p=0.031), neutrophil count (r=0.265, p=0.008), basophil count (r=0.229, p=0.022), monocyte count (r=0.271, p=0.006) and lymphocyte count (r=0.205, p=0.041). This correlation was negative for mean blood volume (r=-0.202, p=0.043). Phosphorus was negatively correlated with mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (r=-0.245, p=0.014) and monocyte count (r=-0.24, p=0.016), but positively correlated with eosinophil count (r=0.256, p=0.010). Conclusion Disturbances in the biochemical and haematological profiles were observed in diabetics living with HIV. The correlations found in these two associated chronic pathologies showed the link of blood glucose with many of haematological parameters.

Turraea heterophylla Smith (Meliaceae) is a species used in Ivorian’s traditional medicine for its various properties, such as antimalarial and aphrodisiac. This study aims to determine the chemical composition of the leaves from T. heterophylla and their content in polyphenols, in addition the antibacterial activity of the methanolic extract. Chemical test and spectrophotometry methods were used for phyotchemical study. The antibacterial activity was assessed using the agar well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (CIP 54127AF) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CIP 103467). Phytochemical study revealed the presence of polyterpenes, steroids, alkaloids, saponins, polyphenols and flavonoids. A very high content of flavonoids and polyphenols were observed in the ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts. The antibacterial tests indicated that the methanol extract of the leaves from T. heterophylla had bacteriostatic properties against the germs tested with MIC values greater than 3000 µg / mL.

This study is devoted toMusanga cecropioides(Urticaceae), a tropical plant whose leaves and root bark are used in traditional medicine in the treatment of various pathologies. The objective of this work was to study qualitative and quantitative composition of phenolic compounds in extracts of the leaves (McF) and root bark (McR)Musanga cecropioidesand to evaluate their antioxidant and anticholinesterase properties. Phytochemical screening using TLC showed that the extracts contain, along with phenolic compounds such as coumarins, flavonoids and tannins, other bioactive phytocompounds namely sterols, terpenes and alkaloids. Quantitative analysis of phenolic phytoconstituents by spectrophotometry showed that contents of total flavonoids and polyphenols in leaves (7.753% and 119.389 mg EAG / g, respectively) are higher than those in the root bark (1.41% and 105.944 mg EAG / g, respectively). The antioxidant activity of total and selective extracts evaluated by FRAP and DPPH methods was found to be significant compared to vitamin C. All the extracts ofMusanga cecropioidesshowed good anticholinesterase activity with percentages of inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) ranging from 51.952 to 63.589%.

The floristic condition of the agroforestry systems established on coffee trees in Daloa, in the Central-West of the Côte d'Ivoire has been carried out. Surface surveys and itinerant surveys identified 123 species, 93 genera and 37 families. Euphorbiaceae and Moraceae are the most represented families. The study made it possible to count 52.03% of the species of the Guinean-Congolese region, 27.65% of the transition species (GC-SZ), 11.3% of the indeterminate species, 5.69% of the endemic species West African and 2.44% of the GCI block species. The degree of infestation of plant species evaluated shows that the values vary from 8.33% at Alchornea cordifolia to 79.17% in Spondias mombin. The results also indicated a significant difference between the degrees of infestation of plant species according to the DBH, the age of the coffee plantations. The rate of infestation of plant species is 33.35±9.84% and the intensity of infestation is 2.83±0.60 tufts/plant. The analysis of the degree of infestation among others of Albizia zygia, Cecropia peltata, Cola nitida, Persea americana, and Spondias mombin has made it possible to identify major problems of Loranthaceae infestation sources posed by the presence of these species in coffee plantations.

Cystic lymphangioma is a rare malformative benign tumour of the lymph vessels, its histogenesis is still hypothetical. This tumour is mainly found in child’s neck and axillary, the pancreatic location remains exceptional and represents less than 1% of whole lymphangiomas, and occurs more frequently in women and especially in the left pancreas. Its clinical presentation is polymorphic; however, the diagnosis can’t be specifically evoked by imaging and requires therefore histological confirmation. Surgery remains the only curative treatment. We report in this work the case of an incidentally discovered cystic lymphangioma of the pancreatic tail in a 58-year-old woman. The histological study of the surgical specimen concluded on a benign cystic lymphangioma. On later surgical outcomes, the patient developed a pseudokyst of the remaining pancreas and today she has not had any recurrences. The aim of this article is to share our experience in the management of this case and to review the clinical and therapeutic aspects of this rare pathology.

Mangroves are one of the most threatened ecosystems globally. Likewise, they benefit many restoration efforts. However, these efforts have often disregarded potential effects of climate change on selected species and foreseen changes in physico-chemical conditions of mangrove ecosystems. This study aimed to model current and future climatic and physico-chemical conditions in occupied mangroves’ niche, in order to derive implications for successful long-term restorations. Presence records of mangroves’ indicator species and corresponding physico-chemical variables were collected. Bioclimatic data were obtained from Africlim. Kruskal–Wallis and Nemenyi pairwise tests for multiple comparisons were used to test the among sites (spatial) variations of climatic and physico-chemical variables within mangroves’ niche. Multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) were used to build predictive models of salinity, dissolved oxygen, and conductivity; using most meaningful climatic variables to tropical mangroves—potential evapotranspiration, temperature seasonality, mean temperature of the warmest quarter, moister index of the moist quarter, and moister index of the driest quarter as predictors. Results showed that there are strong spatial variations of climatic and physico-chemical variables within mangroves’ niche. ANN outperformed MLR and was then used to predict trends in salinity, dissolved oxygen, and conductivity by year 2055. Based on foreseen trend in bioclimatic variables, conductivity, salinity, and dissolved oxygen will experiment significant changes under Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 8.5, with most severe changes in case the later scenario occurs. Foreseen salinization of sites may be at the advantage of Avicennia germinans but to the prejudice of Rhizophora spp.

Although schistosomiasis containment campaigns have recorded substantial success in most developed countries, sub-Saharan Africa still suffers greatly under the burden of the disease. A basic mathematical model to assess the impact of concomitant immunity in humans and environmental transmission of schistosomiasis disease progression is formulated. Mathematical analysis is carried out to establish the existence of the equilibrium points providing necessary conditions for their local and global stability. Numerical simulations are done to analyze the effects of environmental transmission and processes associated with development of concomitant immunity. Our results suggest that schistosomiasis burden is increased by direct and indirect contribution of individuals with concomitant immunity to the schistosomiasis infection chain, increasing the shedding of miracidia upto the development of cercariae promoting the growth of cercariae, increase in environmental transmission due to cercariae, reducing the clearance rate of cercariae and reducing the development of humans and non-human mammals escape mechanisms from cercariae attack.

The acquisition of activated carbon on the market remains a major concern for developing countries due to its non-availability on a large scale. The objective of this work is to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of activated carbons produced from neem bark for use. The preparation of activated carbons was carried out using the chemical method with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) as the activating agent at different concentrations. In order to evaluate the performance of these activated carbons, various parameters have been determined. Thus, the BET method by nitrogen adsorption was used to determine the specific surface area. The t-plot and BJH methods provided knowledge of the pore volumes of the different carbons. The pore topography and the elemental composition were determined by the SEM–EDS method. The surface functions were determined using the Boehm method. The preparation resulted in the carbons CA 25, CA 30 and CA 60. The specific surface area values obtained ranged from 305.10 to 666.38 m2/g. Also, the results indicate a large number of pores on the surface of the carbons with volumes evolving with the increase in H3PO4 concentration. The results also indicate the acidic nature of the surface of each carbon. All these results show that the carbons produced from neem bark have very good characteristics for use in water treatment.

Background: One of the four key strategies of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) is high immunization coverage, with oral polio vaccine as part of routine immunization schedules. However, given the weak routine immunization structures in the African Region, coverage is enhanced with supplemental immunization activities (SIAs), and mop-up immunizations. Unfortunately, anecdotal information show that vaccination teams sometimes omit some catchments areas without immunization. This paper thus describes the use of “Call Centers” in detecting missed populations and taking prompt corrective action. Method: The study was based on review of call records during polio supplemental immunization campaigns in Bol Districts in Chad from February to May 2018. The immunization coverage resulting from these campaigns was compared with that of February 2018. A compilation of data – details on communities, community leaders, and their phone numbers was performed. On the eve of the campaign, community leaders were alerted on the vaccinators’ visitThe community leaders were called on the eve of the campaign to alert them on the visit of the vaccinators. At the end of each day, activities (visits as well) were reviewed at the coordination centres Vaccinators were asked to return to any community where community leaders did not confirm visits). Result: Telephone calls allowed the verification and confirmation of the vaccinators visits in 92% of cases. Villages where vaccination was planned but which were not reached were revisited. More than 1,011 children were caught up through this approach in 10 villages in the Bol district. Conclusion: In conclusion, call centers played significantly higher role in generating covering more children with immunization during immunization campaign.

The parasitism of parasitic vascular plants of the Loranthaceae family is an ecological problem due to the high number of woody host and fruit species that they parasitize. The aim of this study is to contribute to knowledge of the woody plants which host epiphytoid parasites (Loranthaceae) in agrosystems based on cocoa trees. The inventories by surface survey and itinerant methods, completed with direct observations were carried out. In total, 73 host species of Loranthaceae were inventoried in cocoa trees in the department of Daloa. This taxonomic diversity of hosts, distributed in 55 genera and 22 families is infested by 4 parasitics (Globimetula dinklagei subsp. assiana, Phragmanthera capitata, Tapinanthus bangwensis and T. globiferus) Among these parasites, T. bangwensis is the most frequent and abundant on the hosts. The infestation rate of the inventoried host trees and shrubs is of the order of 29.46% and the infestation intensity is 2.98 tufts/tree. Among the host cohort, 21.92% of fruit species economically important to farmers are heavily parasitized.

The production and quality of cocoa beans remain key issues for the economy of Cote dIvoire. The fairly humid Ivorian climate promotes increased mold production, leading therefore to a considerable negative impact on beans quality. In this work, a prey predator model was proposed to simulate the molds growth on cocoa beans. Our model (MPM), based on that of Leslie Gower, was identified using a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA). The developed model allows to stimulate the relationship between parameters (i.e. sugar content (Su) and molds (M) with a good accuracy (R=0.9963 and 0.8382 respectively for molds growth and sugar content).

Background. Vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) is the primary cause of hospitalization in patients with sickle cell disease. Treatment mainly consists of intravenous morphine or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which have many dose-related side effects. The question arises as to whether vascular electrical stimulation therapy (VEST) could be effective or not on VOCs. Objective. To measure the effectiveness and safety of VEST in reducing the median time spent in severe VOC. Methods. We conducted a phase II, single blinded, randomized, controlled, triple-arm, comparative trial. We included thirty (30) adult patients with severe vaso-occlusive crisis. The study arms were divided as follows: our control group (group 0) constituted of 10 patients followed with conventional therapy (Analgesics + Hydration + NSAIDs), while 20 patients were divided equally into two interventional arms—10 patients followed with VEST + Analgesics + Hydration (group 1) and the other 10 patients followed with VEST + Analgesics + Hydration + NSAIDs (group 2). The primary efficacy endpoint was median time to severe crisis elimination. The secondary end points were median time to end-of-crisis, median tramadol consumption, progress of the haemoglobin level over 3 days, side effects, and treatment failure. Results. The age ranged from 14 to 37 years, including 23 women. We noted a beneficial influence of the VEST on the median time to severe crisis (VAS greater than 2) elimination; 17 hours (group 1) against 3.5 hours (group 2) p = 0.0166 and 4 hours (group 3) with p value = 0.0448. Similar significant results were obtained on the diminution of total duration of the crisis (VAS over 0) and median tramadol consumption in patients in the interventional arms. Conclusion. These statistically significant results in the interventional arms suggest that VEST could be an alternative treatment of VOC in sickle cell patients.

Sacoglottis gabonensis is a medicinal plant used traditionally for the treatment of Buruli ulcer in Côte d’Ivoire. To ensure its effect over a long period of use, assessment of the total aqueous stem bark extract of S. gabonensis (ETASg) on anatomo-histology of Wistar rat liver, kidneys and heart was evaluated. ETASg was administered to Wistar rats at doses of 3.5; 35 and 350 mg/kg/day for 90 days. The liver of rats treated with ETASg at 35 and 350 mg/kg showed color and appearance changes with whitish nodules. Furthermore, histological architecture revealed micro-vesicular steatosis. In contrast, gross examination did not showed any change color and appearance of the kidneys and heart of the rats tested at all doses of ETASg compared to those of control rats. Histological sections of the kidneys and heart of rats tested at all doses of ETASg showed normal kidney and heart cells. After stopping the administration, the liver abnormalities disappeared at the end of the 120 days. This study revealed that the integrity of the liver tissue is preserved only with ETASg of 3.5 mg/kg. On the other hand, it is guaranteed at all the doses studied for the renal and cardiac tissues.Â

Meningeal tuberculoma is one of the most serious sites of tuberculosis. Its incidence varies depending on the geographical area, rare in Western countries and frequent in developing countries where it represents 5% to 10% of intracranial masses. We report the case of a 21-year-old male patient with no particular medical history from Africa and living in Europe for more than a year, is hospitalized for an isolated inaugural, generalized, afebrile seizure in whom the scanner and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a meningeal mass with significant glove finger edema suggesting a primary brain tumor. Surgical excision and anatomopathological analysis of the excisional piece allowed the diagnosis of tuberculoma. Meningeal tuberculoma is a source of diagnostic error because its clinical and radiological expression can mimic a brain tumor. This is an etiology that should not be ignored in the face of a meningeal mass in any subject coming from or living in a region with a high endemic tuberculosis.

International audience; Background and Objective: Intestinal coccidia is one of the main causes of diarrheal infections among people living with HIV (PLHIV). The occurrence of diarrhoea in PLHIV affects their health status. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal coccidia in patients with HIV/AIDS and to investigate a possible correlation between these parasites and the CD4 count in patients. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out in three health care centres of PLHIV in Abidjan. Socio-demographic, clinical and biological data were collected using a questionnaire. Stool and blood samples were collected. Parasitic coprology analysis included the direct microscopic examinations, the concentration techniques (Ritchie and kato-katz) and Ziehl Neelsen. The last one allowed the detection of the oocysts of the coccidia. Results: A total of 363 faecal samples were collected from 03 health care centres. The stool samples collected consisted of 47.65% of diarrhoea. The results of the microscopic analysis revealed 03 intestinal coccidia's namely Cryptosporidium spp. (3.86%), Isospora spp. (1.65%) and Cyclospora spp. (0.83%). The highest microscopic prevalence was recorded in Cryptosporidium spp. (3.86%). Intestinal coccidia was more common in females infected with type 1 of HIV. CD4 count was a significant factor in the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. (χ2 = 29.968, p-value = 0.0001) with a correlation coefficient of -0.2438. Conclusion: This study assessed the microscopic prevalence rates of intestinal coccidia, which are responsible for diarrheal disease among PLHIV. The current study also showed that the presence of these intestinal coccidia's could affect the immune system of PLHIV when the CD4 cell count is below 200 cells mm–3.

Introduction: In black Africa, connectivites have been for a long time a source of diagnostic erraticity because of their clinical polymorphism. This study aims to determine the therapeutic itinerary of patients followed for connectivitis in the Internal Medicine Department of the CNHU HKM of Cotonou. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study that included patients followed for connectivitis in the HKM-Cotonou Internal Medicine Department from January 2010 to October 2018. Results: Out of 3600 patients hospitalized in the study period, 21 had connectivitis, i.e. a hospital frequency of 0.58%. Of the 21 patients collected, 18 met the inclusion criteria. The mean age was 40 (±11) years old and the youngest was of 21 and the oldest 58. The sex ratio was 17.9. The “Fon” ethnic group was the most represented (33.3%) and 15 (83.3%) subjects were Christians. Systemic lupus erythematosus was the most frequent connectivitis (55.6%). The average time of consultation was 38 months. Witchcraft was the most incriminating cause (78%). Ten (55.5%) patients had resorted to self-medication as their first choice of treatment, 5 (27.8%) to traditional medicine treatment and 3 (16.7%) to prayer for healing. The reasons for the first choice of treatment were satisfaction (44.4%), financial problems (27.8%), trivialization of the disease (16.7%), and advice from family and friends (11.1%). The consultation at the CNHU followed a referral from a first contact health structure (61%) or an initiative of the patient (27.8%). Conclusion: Connectivitis is a source of diagnostic error in our context. Awareness must be raised among patients for an early consultation at the first symptoms.

Background: Acute intestinal invagination or intussusception is the most common abdominal surgical emergency in infants, but it can occur at any age. Performing an ultrasound scan at the slightest clinical suspicion contributes to early diagnosis and therapeutic management. Objective: To show the relevance of ultrasound in the therapeutic management of the child’s intussusception through a correlation between the ultrasound diagnosis and the clinical and/or per operative diagnosis. Patients and Methods: It was a retrospective study of 24 cases from July 2017 to September 2020 (30 months) in the Medical Imaging and Paediatric Surgery departments of Teaching Hospital of Bouake. We included only patients from 0 to 15 years old who had digestive symptoms, an abdominal ultrasound scan. These patients were eligible for surgery. Data analysis was performed with Epi info 7 software. Results: Median age was 17.2 months [02 - 120]. Male gender predominated (83.3%). Clinico-biological data were dominated by abdominal pain (79.2%), vomiting (75%) and rectorragies (33.3%), with Ombredanne’s triad in 33.3% and hyperleukocytosis (70.8%). Ultrasonography showed invaginated coves (95.8%) sitting in the right angl iliac fossa, peri-umbilical and right flank in 73.9%. Cockade image coupled with the sandwich image accounted for 95.6%. Superficial adenopathies (45.8%) and peri-lesional fluid effusion (20.8%) were associated with it. An occlusive syndrome complicating intussusception was observed in 41.67% associated with intra-peritoneal effusion of fluid (25%). There was a significant diagnostic agreement between the clinic, ultrasound and surgery according to the Fisher’s exact test (p = 0.002). That between ultrasound and surgery was calculated at 95.4%. Conclusion: This study allowed us to show a good clinical-echo-surgical concordance. Ultrasound is therefore an undeniable diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic tool in the exploration of intussusception, hence the interest of its prescription in the shortest possible time by the clinician.

Background: The traumas of scrotum are often traumas caused by accidents on the public highway or in sport. However, fractures of the penis are secondary to a direct trauma to the penis with rupture of the albuginea causing hematoma, pain and deviation of the penis. Animal bites are rare. Purpose: To describe the management of traumatic emergencies of the external genital organs at the CHU Bouake. Patients and Methods: Retrospective and descriptive study on the patients treated at Bouake University Hospital for traumatic emergencies of the external genital organs during the period from January 01, 2012 to December 31, 2018. The parameters studied were epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic. Results: The study period registered 26 patients. The mean age was 34.5 years, Closed trauma to the scrotum was a frequent reason with 30.8%, the trauma sat on the scrotum in 53.8%, the penis in 42.3%, the vulva in 3.8% of cases. The circumstances of discovery of trauma to the penis were dominated by coitus missteps (45.5%), on the stock exchange and vulva by accidents on the public highway (60.8%). Scrotal swelling was the frequent clinical sign (26.9%). Treatment was dominated by surgery in 92.30%. Seven patients (29.16%) underwent exploratory scrototomy associated with hematoma evacuation, five patients (20.83%), a simple trimming, five patients (20.83%), an evacuation of the hematoma associated with a cavernous suture, one patient (4.16%), a trimming associated with a suture of the vulva, one patient (4.16%), a trimming associated with a right orchiectomy. The hospital stay was less than 5 days. The course was simple in 92.30% of the cases; two patients (7.7%) had complications such as testicular necrosis and atrophy which have been treated by orchidectomy. Conclusion: Traumatic emergencies of the external genitalia are rare but serious. Treatment is dominated by surgery.

The aim of this work is to characterize the geographical origin of cocoa beans and coffee beans. This study aims to contribute to the traceability of raw materials in order to fight against falsification. For this purpose, we based our work on the measurement of isotope ratios in 13C, 15N and 18O. The multi-element isotope ratios have been evaluated as a means to distinguish fermented cocoa beans of different geographic and varietal origins. The isotopic ratios of 13C, 15N and 18O were measured in theobromine obtained from samples of fermented cocoa beans. Twenty-two (22) samples of different geographical origins covering the four mainland cocoa producing areas were analyzed on the one hand and on the other hand, 16 caffeine samples from various origins were also analyzed. The treatment of the values resulting from these isotopic analyzes by statistical methods, namely the principal component analysis (PCA) makes it possible to visualize the discriminations between the different origins. The most discriminating variables identified as responsible for the geographic and varietal differences were the δ15N, δ13C and δ18O values of cocoa beans and certain extracts and tissues. We have shown that the isotope ratios are correlated with the altitude and precipitation conditions encountered in the different cocoa growing regions.

Acceptable glycemic control when examining the effects of meals was achieved when combining basal insulin therapy and high concentration insulin injection before a meal, when using a PID controller (Proportionality, Integrity and Derivative actions) alone, when using a PID controller with basal insulin therapy and when combining the three methods of insulin delivery. Naturally, a type 1 diabetic must inject himself with insulin in well-measured doses. Thus, the management and control of diabetes become a complex task when one must be considered the disturbance due to nutrition and sports activity. This concern has been at the center of much research through different approaches through mathematical methods and Artificial Intelligence methods. This article simulates a physiological model of glycemic control in type 1 diabetics by a PID regulatory mechanism, in the context of disturbances caused by the patient’s meals and athletic activity.

The use of phytosanitary products remains uncontrolled and abusive in the practice of market gardening in most developing countries. However, it remains one of the potential sources of environmental contamination and public health problems. This study examines the health and environmental risks associated with the use of phytosanitary products in market gardening in the town of Abengourou in Cote d’Ivoire. Field surveys carried out among all (30) market gardener sites housed 150 farmers showed that when the products were spread, no health and safety measures were observed. Approximately 80% of the respondents did not wear gloves or face masks. Some products used were not approved for market gardening. Farmers had itching, dizziness, headaches, colds and vomiting on a regular basis when applying the products. The study also revealed the presence of empty packaging in the surrounding surface water and on the ground. In addition to producers, this type of uncontrolled market gardening likely exposes consumers to high health risks and also contributes to environmental degradation. Raising awareness among stakeholders of good agricultural practices could help promote sustainable market gardening. However, studies of the effects of products in such an environment on the health of consumers deserve to be carried out.

Complex human movement patterns driven by a range of economic, health, social, and environmental factors influence communicable disease spread. Further, cross-border movement impacts disparate public health systems of neighboring countries, making an effective response to disease importation or exportation more challenging. Despite the array of quantitative techniques and social science approaches available to analyze movement patterns, there continues to be a dearth of methods within the applied public health setting to gather and use information about community-level mobility dynamics. Population Connectivity Across Borders (PopCAB) is a rapidly-deployable toolkit to characterize multisectoral movement patterns through community engagement using focus group discussions or key informant interviews, each with participatory mapping, and apply the results to tailor preparedness and response strategies. The Togo and Benin Ministries of Health (MOH), in collaboration with the Abidjan Lagos Corridor Organization and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, adapted and applied PopCAB to inform cross-border preparedness and response strategies for multinational Lassa fever outbreaks. Initially, the team implemented binational, national-level PopCAB activities in March 2017, highlighting details about a circular migration pathway across northern Togo, Benin, and Nigeria. After applying those results to respond to a cross-border Lassa fever outbreak in February 2018, the team designed an expanded PopCAB initiative in April 2018. In eight days, they trained 54 MOH staff who implemented 21 PopCAB focus group discussions in 14 cities with 224 community-level participants representing six stakeholder groups. Using the newly-identified 167 points of interest and 176 routes associated with a circular migration pathway across Togo, Benin, and Nigeria, the Togo and Benin MOH refined their cross-border information sharing and collaboration processes for Lassa fever and other communicable diseases, selected health facilities with increased community connectivity for enhanced training, and identified techniques to better integrate traditional healers in surveillance and community education strategies. They also integrated the final toolkit in national- and district-level public health preparedness plans. Integrating PopCAB in public health practice to better understand and accommodate population movement patterns can help countries mitigate the international spread of disease in support of improved global health security and International Health Regulations requirements.

Background: Urethral stricture is a not uncommon pathology consisting of the narrowing of the urethra lumen with consequent reduction or cessation of urine flow. Objective: The objective is to retrospectively evaluate the results of treatment of urethral strictures by endoscopic internal urethrotomy in a series of 233 cases. Patients and Methods: It is Retrospective and descriptive study of 233 cases of urethral strictures treated by endoscopic internal urethrotomy under visual control in a private facility in Abidjan (Ivory Coast) over the period from 1 December 2007 to 31 December 2017. The study parameters were epidemiological, etiological, characteristics of the narrowing and the outcome of the treatment according to the predictive elements. Results: 233 patients were treated with endoscopic internal urethrotomy (EIU). All patients were male. The mean age of the patients was 49 years with extremes from 17 to 84 years. Dysuria (55.79%) was the most frequent reason for consultation: the etiologies were infectious (51.50%), traumatic (32.18%), and iatrogenic (13.73%) and not found (2.57%). Retrograde urethrocystography with fictional films performed in all patients showed the following characteristics: the stricture was bulbar (81.04%), unique (55.79%) and short in 68.6%. There was a 39.91% good outcome after the first EUS. The average follow-up was 3 years. Mortality was nil and morbidity was assessed at 4.72%. The result was better when the procedure concerned a short (≤3 cm), single stenosis on the posterior urethra. The average duration of the postoperative urinary catheter was 14 days on average. The poor results (60.08%) were observed in cases of long stenosis, located on the anterior urethra or concerning elderly patients. 69.28% were cured after a second urethrotomy; the remaining cases were managed by urethroplasty or urethral dilatation. Conclusion: IEU is a simple, reproducible and attractive procedure with an overall success rate of 81.54% in 3 years. Its indication must be made in the case of short stenosis, single posterior and in the young subject.

A female patient of 47 years was sent to our radiology department for abdominal CT. She had severe epigastric pain very marked to left hypochondrium in postprandial period for a month. The pain was increasingly progressive with critical attacks at night. That forced her into fear and food restriction with an estimated weight loss of 4kg. Drug treatments did not improve symptoms. Abdominal CT highlighted thrombosis of superior mesenteric artery of 90%. Other arterial trunks and intestines were normal. Percutaneous angiography confirmed mesenteric thrombosis. A percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) was performed with success. Antiplatelets were prescribed. A good clinical evolution was observed within one year.

Traditional leafy vegetables are recommended because there are important sources of nutrients and they protect against certain non-communicable diseases. This study aimed at assessing the microbiological quality of Ipomoea batatas leaves and evaluating the susceptibility to antibiotics of isolated S. aureus and E. coli strains. Heighten samples of I. batatas leaves collected were analyzed for research / enumeration of mesophilic total aerobic flora, enterobacteriaceae, yeasts, molds, fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella strains and Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus. The microorganisms were identified using appropriate medium and classical biochemical tests. The susceptibility to eleven conventional antibiotics was investigated by the disk diffusion method. The I. batatas leaves showed high contamination by various flora, in particular flora indicative of general pollution (aerobic mesophilic germs, yeasts and molds, enterobacteria) and flora of fecal origin (fecal coliforms and fecal streptococcus). In addition, the presence of pathogenic species such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. was noted in the samples analyzed. Globally, the highest resistance proportion has been observed with penicillin (~65%) and none of the S. aureus strains was resistant to vancomycin. From a microbiological point of view, Ipomoea batatas leaf intended for consumption is not suitable for human consumption. It is therefore important to educate producers to improve their production route in order to have better microbiological quality I. batatas leaves.

The present study aimed to assess the role of subchronic cadmium exposure in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin (STZ + Cd) and normal non-diabetic rats (Cd) were exposed to cadmium sulphate in drinking water at a dose of 200 mg / l for 30 days. After 30 days of cadmium poisoning, blood and tissue samples were taken to determine markers of kidney function (urea, uric acid, creatinine, total protein and inorganic ions) and for the achievement histological couples. Cadmium poisoning resulted in an increase in relative kidney weights and a change in biochemical parameters in serum. Histopathological examination of the kidneys revealed degeneration and necrosis of the renal tubules and shrinking of the glomeruli in rats poisoned with Cd. However, our results showed that diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin are more sensitive to nephrotoxicity of cadmium than rats normal. our results suggest that cadmium may be a factor in the development of diabetic nephropathy.

Aims: Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites that are important in the plant due to their role in plant defense and their antioxidant activity with other biological properties such as antipyretic, analgesic and antimicrobial activities. This study focused on the biological potential activity of total phenolic compounds extracted by soxhlet method from Ocimum gratissimum leaves (Lamiaceae), a popular medicinal plant harvested at Daloa (Côte d’Ivoire). Study Design: Activities were directed on the in vitro antifungal and antioxidant activities combined to phenolic compounds analysis. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Department of Environment and Plant Protection, and Laboratory of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (USAMV) between March to July 2014, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Microbiology (Bioactives Natural Substances Unit), Jean Lorougnon Guédé University between September 2014 to January 2015. Methodology: The extract obtained named TPCOG was tested against Fusarium species for its antifungal activity by applying agar slant double dilution method and for its antioxidant activity by DPPH radical scavenging assay. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of phenolic compounds were carried out by HPLC analysis method with sigma chemical standards. Results: Tests showed that TPCOG was a powerful antifungal extract with MIC and MFC ranging between 3.125 µg/mL to 12.5 µg/mL. This extract was fungicidal and its antioxidant activity reached F= 541.25± .25 mM Trolox/mL (I= 70 ±1.85%) with a total phenolic content equal 195.70±1.33 mg GAE/g. Radical scavenge and antifungal activities correlated very well with total phenolic compounds. Phenolic content analysis showed presence of phenolic acids and flavonoids with a higher concentration for Quercetin (393.475 mg/100 g sample). Conclusion: All this results demonstrated the biological potential activity of total phenolic compounds extracted from leaves of O. gratissimum and the possibility to use it in replace to essential oil for the formulation of biofungicides and nutraceuticals by industries.

Les sujets atteints de pré-diabète présentent un risque élevé de syndrome métabolique (SM) et de diabète. La présente étude avait pour but d’évaluer la prévalence du pré-diabète, du SM et du diabète dans une population fréquentant un marché urbain, puis de déterminer la prévalence des dyslipidémies chez les pré-diabétiques et diabétiques. Il s’est agi d’une étude transversale à visée descriptive portant sur 350 sujets âgés de 18 à 90 ans, recrutés au grand marché de Hédranawoè en 2015. La prévalence du pré-diabète a été évaluée suivant les critères de l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) et de l’American Diabetes Association (ADA). La prévalence du SM a été obtenue avec les critères de la Fédération Internationale du Diabète (FID). La prévalence du pré-diabète suivant le critère d’ADA était de 13,2% avec une glycémie moyenne à 5,9±0,3 mmol/l. Celle du SM était de 1,3% chez les femmes et de 0,8% chez hommes, avec celle du diabète qui était à 7,1%. Celle des dyslipidémies variait de 32,0 à 60,0% chez les diabétiques dont 40% n’était pas préalablement dépistés. La prévalence du diabète était plus importante que celle déterminée dans la population générale du Togo. La prévalence du syndrome métabolique mériterait d’être réévaluer en utilisant des critères de tour de taille établis pour des africains au Sud du Sahara. Les populations fréquentant les marchés urbains devraient être régulièrement sensibilisées sur les risques du pré-diabète, du diabète et des dyslipidémies. Mots clés: Hyperglycémie, urbain, adultes, hypertriglycéridémie, Togo. English Title: Prevalence of pre-diabetes, metabolic syndrome, diabetes and dyslipidemia in 350 subjects recruited at the Hédzranawoé market in Lomé (Togo) People with pre-diabetes are at high risk for metabolic syndrome (MS) and diabetes. The purpose of the present study was to assess the prevalence of pre-diabetes, MS and diabetes in a population frequenting an urban market, and then to determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia in pre-diabetics and diabetics. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study on 350 subjects aged 18 to 90, recruited from the large market of Hédranawoè in 2015. The prevalence of pre-diabetes was assessed according to the criteria of the World Organization of Health (WHO) and the American Diabetes Association (ADA). The prevalence of MS was obtained using the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). The prevalence of pre-diabetes according to the ADA criterion was 13.2% with an average blood sugar level of 5.9 ± 0.3 mmol / L. That for MS was 1.3% in women and 0.8% in men, with that of diabetes at 7.1%. That of dyslipidemia ranged from 32.0 to 60.0% in diabetics. Forty percent (40%) of these diabetics were not previously screened. The prevalence of diabetes was higher than that determined in the general population of Togo. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome should be reassessed using waist size criteria established for Africans from south of the Sahara. Populations frequenting urban markets should be regularly made aware of the risks of pre-diabetes, diabetes and dyslipidemia. © 2020 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Hyperglycemia, urban, adults, hypertriglyceridemia, Togo.

Les sujets en état de pré-diabète sont exposés à un risque élevé de diabète et de dyslipidémies. La présente étude avait eu pour but de mesurer la prévalence du pré-diabète et du diabète chez des sujets reçus à l’hôpital, puis de déterminer le profil lipidique des pré-diabétiques. Il s’est agi d’une étude rétrospective à visée descriptive, portant sur 3538 patients âgés de 3 à 120 ans, reçus en 2013 au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire nommé Campus. La glycémie, la cholestérolémie totale, la HDL-Cholestérolémie, et la triglycéridémie ont été dosées sur l’automate SELECTRA PRO M. La non-HDL- Cholestérolémie a été calculée. La prévalence du pré-diabète a été déterminée suivant les critères de l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) et du « American Diabetes Association » (ADA). La prévalence du pré-diabète suivant les critères de l’OMS était de 8,1% contre 21,5% selon les critères de l’ADA. La prévalence du diabète était de 12,9%. Elle était de 15,3% chez les sujets âgés de 45 à 59 ans. Au sein de la population pré-diabétique 42,3 à 45,6% avaient des dyslipidémies. La prévalence du pré-diabète à l’hôpital était importante. Une prise en charge de ce dernier permettrait de prévenir le diabète de type 2 et réduire les risques de dyslipidémies. Mots clés : Glycémie, dyslipidémies, pré-diabétiques, Togo. English Title: Prevalence of pre-diabetes and diabetes with evaluated lipid profile, in urban hospital: retrospective study on 3538 patients seen at the Lomé campus university hospital. People with pre-diabetes are at high risk for diabetes and dyslipidemia. The aim of the present study was to measure the prevalence of pre-diabetes and diabetes in hospital patients, and then to determine the lipid profile of pre-diabetics. It was a retrospective descriptive study, involving 3538 patients aged 3 to 120 years, received in 2013 at the University Hospital Center called Campus. Blood glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-Cholesterolemia, and triglyceridemia were measured on the SELECTRA PRO M automatic analyzer. Non-HDL-Cholesterolemia was calculated. The prevalence of pre-diabetes was determined according to the criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the "American Diabetes Association" (ADA). The prevalence of pre-diabetes according to WHO criteria was 8.1% compared to 21.5% according to ADA criteria. The prevalence of diabetes was 12.9%. It was 15.3% in subjects aged 45 to 59 years. In the pre-diabetic population 42.3 to 45.6% had dyslipidemia. The prevalence of pre-diabetes in hospital was high. Management of the latter would prevent type 2 diabetes and reduce the risk of dyslipidemia. Keywords: Glycemia, dyslipidemia, pre-diabetics, Togo.