Search

Mapping the neuronal response during cognitive processing is of crucial importance to gain new insights into human brain function. BOLD imaging and ASL are established MRI methods in this endeavor. Recently, the novel approach of functional PET (fPET) was introduced, enabling absolute quantification of glucose metabolism at rest and during task execution in a single measurement. Here, we report test-retest reliability of fPET in direct comparison to BOLD imaging and ASL. Twenty healthy subjects underwent two PET/MRI measurements, providing estimates of glucose metabolism, cerebral blood flow (CBF) and blood oxygenation. A cognitive task was employed with different levels of difficulty requiring visual-motor coordination. Task-specific neuronal activation was robustly detected with all three imaging approaches. The highest reliability was obtained for glucose metabolism at rest. Although this dropped during task performance it was still comparable to that of CBF. In contrast, BOLD imaging yielded high performance only for qualitative spatial overlap of task effects but not for quantitative comparison. Hence, the combined assessment of fPET and ASL offers reliable and simultaneous absolute quantification of glucose metabolism and CBF at rest and task.

PurposeIn the human brain endogenous dopamine release is commonly assessed by the PET competition model. Although thoroughly validated, cognitive processing yields low signal changes and the assessment of several task conditions requires repeated scanning. Using the framework of functional PET imaging we introduce a novel approach which leverages the incorporation of the radioligand 6-[18F]FDOPA into the dynamic fast-acting regulation of the corresponding enzyme activities by neuronal firing and neurotransmitter release. We demonstrate the feasibility of the approach by the assessment of widely described sex differences in dopamine neurotransmission.MethodsReward and punishment processing was behaviorally investigated in 36 healthy participants, where 16 underwent fPET and fMRI while performing the monetary incentive delay task. 6-[18F]FDOPA was applied as bolus+infusion during a single 50 min PET acquisition. Task-specific changes in dopamine synthesis were identified with the general linear model and quantified with the Gjedde-Patlak plot.ResultsMonetary gain induced 78% increase in nucleus accumbens dopamine synthesis vs. 49% for loss in men. Interestingly, the opposite was discovered in women (gain: 51%, loss: 78%). Behavioral modeling revealed direct associations of task-specific dopamine synthesis with reward sensitivity in men (rho = −0.7) and with punishment sensitivity in women (rho = 0.89). As expected, fMRI showed robust task-specific neuronal activation but no sex difference.ConclusionsOur findings provide a dopaminergic basis for well-known behavioral differences in reward and punishment processing between women and men. This has important implications in psychiatric conditions showing sex-specific prevalence rates, altered reward processing and dopamine signaling. The high temporal resolution and pronounced magnitude of task-specific changes make fPET a promising tool to investigate functional neurotransmitter dynamics during cognitive or emotional processing in various brain disorders.

The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) plays a crucial role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and in the treatment of major depression by new fast-acting antidepressants such as ketamine. Given their broad implications, GluN2B-containing NMDARs have been of large interest as diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Recently, (R)-11C-Me-NB1 was investigated preclinically and shown to be a promising radioligand for imaging GluN2B subunits. Here, we report on the performance characteristics of this novel radioligand in a first-in-human PET study. Methods: Six healthy male subjects were scanned twice on a fully-integrated PET/MR scanner with (R)-11C-Me-NB1 for 120 min. Brain uptake and tracer distribution over time were investigated by standardized uptake values (SUV). Test-retest reliability was assessed with the absolute percentage difference (APD) and the coefficient of variation (COV). Exploratory total volumes of distribution (VT) were computed using an arterial input function and the Logan plot as well as a constrained two-tissue compartment model with K1/k2 coupled (2TCM). SUV was correlated with VT to investigate its potential as a surrogate marker of GluN2B expression. Results: High and heterogeneous radioligand uptake was observed across the entire gray matter with reversible kinetics within the scan time. SUV APD ranged from 6.8 - 8.5% and COV from 4.9 - 6.0%, indicating a high test-retest reliability. A moderate correlation was found between SUV averaged from 70-90 min and VT using Logan plot (Spearman’s rho = 0.44). Correlation between VT Logan and 2TCM was r= 0.76. Conclusion: The novel radioligand, (R)-11C-Me-NB1, was highly effective in mapping GluN2B-enriched NMDARs in the human brain. With a heterogeneous uptake and a high test-retest reliability, this radioligand offers promise to deepen our understanding of the GluN2B-containing NMDA receptor in the pathophysiology and treatment of neuropsychiatric disease such as Alzheimer’s disease and major depression. Additionally, it could help in the selection of appropriate doses of GluN2B-targeting drugs. ISSN:0097-9058 ISSN:0022-3123 ISSN:0161-5505 ISSN:2159-662X ISSN:1535-5667

Pharmacological imaging of the effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) may aid the clarification of their mechanism of action and influence treatment of highly prevalent neuropsychiatric conditions if the detected effects could be related to patient outcomes. In a randomized double-blind design, 38 healthy participants received a constant infusion of 8 mg citalopram or saline during either their first or second of two PET/MR scans. Resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) was acquired simultaneously with PET data on the binding of serotonin transporters (5-HTT) using [11C]DASB. Three different approaches for modeling of pharmacological fMRI response were tested separately. These relied on the use of regressors corresponding to (1) the drug infusion paradigm, (2) time courses of citalopram plasma concentrations and (3) changes in 5-HTT binding measured in each individual, respectively. Furthermore, the replication of results of a widely used model-free analysis method was attempted which assesses the deviation of signal in discrete time bins of fMRI data acquired after start of drug infusion. Following drug challenge, average 5-HTT occupancy was 69±7% and peak citalopram plasma levels were 111.8 ± 21.1 ng/ml. None of the applied methods could detect significant differences in the pharmacological response between SSRI and placebo scans. The failed replication of SSRI effects reported in the literature despite a threefold larger sample size highlights the importance of appropriate correction for family-wise error in order to avoid spurious results in pharmacological imaging. This calls for the development of analysis methods which take regional specialization and the dynamics of brain activity into account.

Significance A consistent finding from functional MRI (fMRI) of externally focused cognitive control is negative signal change in the brain’s default mode network (DMN), but it is unknown whether this reflects an increase of synaptic activity during rest periods or active suppression during task. Using hybrid PET-MRI, we show that task-positive fMRI responses align with increasing glucose metabolism during cognitive control, but task-negative fMRI responses in DMN are not accompanied by corresponding decreases in metabolism. The results are incompatible with an interpretation of task-negative fMRI signal in DMN as a relative metabolic increase during a resting baseline condition. The present results open up avenues for understanding abnormal fMRI activity patterns in DMN in aging and psychiatric disease., The finding of reduced functional MRI (fMRI) activity in the default mode network (DMN) during externally focused cognitive control has been highly influential to our understanding of human brain function. However, these negative fMRI responses, measured as relative decreases in the blood-oxygenation-level–dependent (BOLD) response between rest and task, have also prompted major questions of interpretation. Using hybrid functional positron emission tomography (PET)-MRI, this study shows that task-positive and -negative BOLD responses do not reflect antagonistic patterns of synaptic metabolism. Task-positive BOLD responses in attention and control networks were accompanied by concomitant increases in glucose metabolism during cognitive control, but metabolism in widespread DMN remained high during rest and task despite negative BOLD responses. Dissociations between glucose metabolism and the BOLD response specific to the DMN reveal functional heterogeneity in this network and demonstrate that negative BOLD responses during cognitive control should not be interpreted to reflect relative increases in metabolic activity during rest. Rather, neurovascular coupling underlying BOLD response patterns during rest and task in DMN appears fundamentally different from BOLD responses in other association networks during cognitive control.

The sex hormones testosterone and estradiol influence brain structure and function and are implicated in the pathogenesis, prevalence and disease course of major depression. Recent research employing gender-affirming hormone treatment (GHT) of gender dysphoric individuals and utilizing positron emission tomography (PET) indicates increased serotonin transporter binding upon high-dosages of testosterone treatment. Here, we investigated the effects of GHT on levels of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), another key target of antidepressant treatment. Participants underwent PET with the radioligand [11C]harmine to assess cerebral MAO-A distribution volumes (VT) before and four months after initiation of GHT. By the time this study was terminated for technical reasons, 18 transgender individuals undergoing GHT (11 transmen, TM and 7 transwomen, TW) and 17 cis-gender subjects had been assessed. Preliminary analysis of available data revealed statistically significant MAO-A VT reductions in TM under testosterone treatment in six of twelve a priori defined regions of interest (middle frontal cortex (-10%), anterior cingulate cortex (-9%), medial cingulate cortex (-10.5%), insula (-8%), amygdala (-9%) and hippocampus (-8.5%, all p

The finding of reduced activity in the default mode network (DMN) during externally focused cognitive control has been highly influential to our understanding of human brain function, but ‘deactivations’ have also prompted major questions of interpretation. Using hybrid functional PET-MR imaging, this study shows that fMRI task activations and deactivations do not reflect antagonistic patterns of synaptic metabolism. FMRI activations were accompanied by concomitant increases in metabolism during cognitive control, but, unlike the BOLD response, metabolism in the core DMN did not change between rest and task. Metabolic increases along the borders of the DMN during task performance further revealed a set of regions that guide engagement and suppression of neighboring networks during cognitive control. Collectively, dissociations between metabolism and BOLD signal specific to the DMN reveal functional heterogeneity in this network and demonstrate that BOLD deactivations during cognitive control should not be interpreted to reflect reduced synaptic activity.

Background Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are predominantly prescribed for people suffering from major depressive disorder. These antidepressants exert their effects by blocking the serotonin transporter (SERT), leading to increased levels of serotonin in the synaptic cleft and subsequently to an attenuation of depressive symptoms and elevation in mood. Although long-term studies investigating white matter (WM) alterations after exposure to antidepressant treatment exist, results on the acute effects on the brain’s WM microstructure are lacking. Methods In this interventional longitudinal study, 81 participants were included (33 patients and 48 healthy controls). All participants underwent diffusion weighted imaging on 2 separate days, receiving either citalopram or placebo using a randomized, double-blind, cross-over design. Fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity were calculated within the FMRIB software library and analyzed using tract-based spatial statistics. Results The repeated-measures ANOVA model revealed significant decreases after SSRI administration in mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity regardless of the group (P Conclusions Our investigation provides the first evidence, to our knowledge, that fast WM microstructure adaptations within 1 hour after i.v. SSRI administration precede elevations in mood due to SSRI treatment. These results add a new facet to the complex mode of action of antidepressant therapy. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov with the identifier NCT02711215.

To assess if tumour grading based on dynamic [18F]FET positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) studies is affected by different MRI-based attenuation correction (AC) methods. Twenty-four patients with suspected brain tumours underwent dynamic [18F]FET-PET/MRI examinations and subsequent low-dose computed tomography (CT) scans of the head. The dynamic PET data was reconstructed using the following AC methods: standard Dixon-based AC and ultra-short echo time MRI-based AC (MR-AC) and a model-based AC approach. All data were reconstructed also using CT-based AC (reference). For all lesions and reconstructions, time-activity curves (TACs) and time to peak (TTP) were extracted using different region-of-interest (ROI) and volume-of-interest (VOI) definitions. According to the most common evaluation approaches, TACs were categorised into two or three distinct curve patterns. Changes in TTP and TAC patterns compared to PET using CT-based AC were reported. In the majority of cases, TAC patterns did not change. However, TAC pattern changes as well as changes in TTP were observed in up to 8% and 17% of the cases when using different MR-AC methods and ROI/VOI definitions, respectively. However, these changes in TTP and TAC pattern were attributed to different delineations of the ROIs/VOIs in PET corrected with different AC methods. PET/MRI using different MR-AC methods can be used for the assessment of TAC patterns in dynamic [18F]FET studies, as long as a meaningful delineation of the area of interest within the tumour is ensured. • PET/MRI using different MR-AC methods can be used for dynamic [18F]FET studies. • A meaningful segmentation of the area of interest needs to be ensured, mandating a visual validation of the delineation by an experienced reader.

The ability to solve cognitive tasks depends upon adaptive changes in the organization of whole-brain functional networks. However, the link between task-induced network reconfigurations and their underlying energy demands is poorly understood. We address this by multimodal network analyses integrating functional and molecular neuroimaging acquired concurrently during a complex cognitive task. Task engagement elicited a marked increase in the association between glucose consumption and functional brain network reorganization. This convergence between metabolic and neural processes was specific to feedforward connections linking the visual and dorsal attention networks, in accordance with task requirements of visuo-spatial reasoning. Further increases in cognitive load above initial task engagement did not affect the relationship between metabolism and network reorganization but only modulated existing interactions. Our findings show how the upregulation of key computational mechanisms to support cognitive performance unveils the complex, interdependent changes in neural metabolism and neuro-vascular responses.

Introduction The brain's energy budget can be non-invasively assessed with different imaging modalities such as functional MRI (fMRI) and PET (fPET), which are sensitive to oxygen and glucose demands, respectively. The introduction of hybrid PET/MRI systems further enables the simultaneous acquisition of these parameters. Although a recently developed method offers the quantification of task-specific changes in glucose metabolism (CMRGlu) in a single measurement, direct comparison of the two imaging modalities is still difficult because of the different temporal resolutions. Thus, we optimized the protocol and systematically assessed shortened task durations of fPET to approach that of fMRI. Methods Twenty healthy subjects (9 male) underwent one measurement on a hybrid PET/MRI scanner. During the scan, tasks were completed in four blocks for fMRI (4 × 30 s blocks) and fPET: participants tapped the fingers of their right hand repeatedly to the thumb while watching videos of landscapes. For fPET, subjects were randomly assigned to groups of n = 5 with varying task durations of 10, 5, 2 and 1 min, where task durations were kept constant within a measurement. The radiolabeled glucose analogue [18F]FDG was administered as 20% bolus plus constant infusion. The bolus increases the signal-to-noise ratio and leaves sufficient activity to detect task-related effects but poses additional challenges due to a discontinuity in the tracer uptake. First, three approaches to remove task effects from the baseline term were evaluated: (1) multimodal, based on the individual fMRI analysis, (2) atlas-based by removing presumably activated regions and (3) model-based by fitting the baseline with exponential functions. Second, we investigated the need to capture the arterial input function peak with automatic blood sampling for the quantification of CMRGlu. We finally compared the task-specific activation obtained from fPET and fMRI qualitatively and statistically. Results CMRGlu quantified only with manual arterial samples showed a strong correlation to that obtained with automatic sampling (r = 0.9996). The multimodal baseline definition was superior to the other tested approaches in terms of residuals (p Conclusion Using a bolus plus constant infusion protocol, the necessary task duration for reliable quantification of task-specific CMRGlu could be reduced to 5 and 2 min, therefore, approaching that of fMRI. Important for valid quantification is a correct baseline definition, which was ideal when task-relevant voxels were determined with fMRI. The absence of a correlation and the different activation pattern between fPET and fMRI suggest that glucose metabolism and oxygen demand capture complementary aspects of energy demands.

Absolute quantification of PET brain imaging requires the measurement of an arterial input function (AIF), typically obtained invasively via an arterial cannulation. We present an approach to automatically calculate an image-derived input function (IDIF) and cerebral metabolic rates of glucose (CMRGlc) from the [18F]FDG PET data using an integrated PET/MRI system. Ten healthy controls underwent test–retest dynamic [18F]FDG-PET/MRI examinations. The imaging protocol consisted of a 60-min PET list-mode acquisition together with a time-of-flight MR angiography scan for segmenting the carotid arteries and intermittent MR navigators to monitor subject movement. AIFs were collected as the reference standard. Attenuation correction was performed using a separate low-dose CT scan. Assessment of the percentage difference between area-under-the-curve of IDIF and AIF yielded values within ±5%. Similar test–retest variability was seen between AIFs (9 ± 8) % and the IDIFs (9 ± 7) %. Absolute percentage difference between CMRGlc values obtained from AIF and IDIF across all examinations and selected brain regions was 3.2% (interquartile range: (2.4–4.3) %, maximum

Introduction In-vivo quantification of serotonin transporters (SERT) in human brain has been a mainstay of molecular imaging in the field of neuropsychiatric disorders and helped to explore the underpinnings of several medical conditions, therapeutic and environmental influences. The emergence of PET/MR hybrid systems and the heterogeneity of SERT binding call for the development of efficient methods making the investigation of larger or vulnerable populations with limited scanner time and simultaneous changes in molecular and functional measures possible. We propose [11C]DASB bolus plus constant infusion for these applications and validate it against standard analyses of dynamic PET data. Methods [11C]DASB bolus/infusion optimization was performed on data acquired after [11C]DASB bolus in 8 healthy subjects. Subsequently, 16 subjects underwent one scan using [11C]DASB bolus plus constant infusion with Kbol 160–179 min and one scan after [11C]DASB bolus for inter-method reliability analysis. Arterial blood sampling and metabolite analysis were performed for all scans. Distribution volumes (VT) were obtained using Logan plots for bolus scans and ratios between tissue and plasma parent activity for bolus plus infusion scans for different time spans of the scan (VT-70 for 60–70 min after start of tracer infusion, VT-90 for 75–90 min, VT-120 for 100–120 min) in 9 subjects. Omitting blood data, binding potentials (BPND) obtained using multilinear reference tissue modeling (MRTM2) and cerebellar gray matter as reference region were compared in 11 subjects. Results A Kbol of 160 min was observed to be optimal for rapid equilibration in thalamus and striatum. VT-70 showed good intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) of 0.61–0.70 for thalamus, striatal regions and olfactory cortex with bias ≤5.1% compared to bolus scans. ICCs increased to 0.72–0.78 for VT-90 and 0.77–0.93 for VT-120 in these regions. BPND-90 had negligible bias ≤2.5%, low variability ≤7.9% and ICCs of 0.74–0.87; BPND-120 had ICCs of 0.73–0.90. Low-binding cortical regions and cerebellar gray matter showed a positive bias of ~8% and ICCs 0.57–0.68 at VT-90. Cortical BPND suffered from high variability and bias, best results were obtained for olfactory cortex and anterior cingulate cortex with ICC=0.74–0.75 for BPND-90. High-density regions amygdala and midbrain had a negative bias of −5.5% and −22.5% at VT-90 with ICC 0.70 and 0.63, respectively. Conclusions We have optimized the equilibrium method with [11C]DASB bolus plus constant infusion and demonstrated good inter-method reliability with accepted standard methods and for SERT quantification using both VT and BPND in a range of different brain regions. With as little as 10–15 min of scanning valid estimates of SERT VT and BPND in thalamus, amygdala, striatal and high-binding cortical regions could be obtained. Blood sampling seems vital for valid quantification of SERT in low-binding cortical regions. These methods allow the investigation of up to three subjects with a single radiosynthesis.

The aim of this study was to compare attenuation-correction (AC) approaches for PET/MRI in clinical neurooncology. Methods: Forty-nine PET/MRI brain scans were included: brain tumor studies using 18F-fluoro-ethyl-tyrosine (18F-FET) (n = 31) and 68Ga-DOTANOC (n = 7) and studies of healthy subjects using 18F-FDG (n = 11). For each subject, MR-based AC maps (MR-AC) were acquired using the standard DIXON- and ultrashort echo time (UTE)-based approaches. A third MR-AC was calculated using a model-based, postprocessing approach to account for bone attenuation values (BD, noncommercial prototype software by Siemens Healthcare). As a reference, AC maps were derived from patient-specific CT images (CTref). PET data were reconstructed using standard settings after AC with all 4 AC methods. We report changes in diagnosis for all brain tumor patients and the following relative differences values (RDs [%]), with regards to AC-CTref: for 18F-FET (A)-SUVs as well as volumes of interest (VOIs) defined by a 70% threshold of all segmented lesions and lesion-to-background ratios; for 68Ga-DOTANOC (B)-SUVs as well as VOIs defined by a 50% threshold for all lesions and the pituitary gland; and for 18F-FDG (C)-RD of SUVs of the whole brain and 10 anatomic regions segmented on MR images. Results: For brain tumor imaging (A and B), the standard PET-based diagnosis was not affected by any of the 3 MR-AC methods. For A, the average RDs of SUVmean were -10%, -4%, and -3% and of the VOIs 1%, 2%, and 7% for DIXON, UTE, and BD, respectively. Lesion-to-background ratios for all MR-AC methods were similar to that of CTref. For B, average RDs of SUVmean were -11%, -11%, and -3% and of the VOIs 1%, -4%, and -3%, respectively. In the case of 18F-FDG PET/MRI (C), RDs for the whole brain were -11%, -8%, and -5% for DIXON, UTE, and BD, respectively. Conclusion: The diagnostic reading of PET/MR patients with brain tumors did not change with the chosen AC method. Quantitative accuracy of SUVs was clinically acceptable for UTE- and BD-AC for group A, whereas for group B BD was in accordance with CTref. Nevertheless, for the quantification of individual lesions large deviations to CTref can be observed independent of the MR-AC method used.

The investigation of cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRGlu) at baseline and during specific tasks previously required separate scans with the drawback of high intrasubject variability. We aimed to validate a novel approach to assessing baseline glucose metabolism and task-specific changes in a single measurement with a constant infusion of 18F-FDG. Methods: Fifteen healthy subjects underwent two PET measurements with arterial blood sampling. As a reference, baseline CMRGlu was quantified from a 60-min scan after 18F-FDG bolus application using the Patlak plot (eyes closed). For the other scan, a constant radioligand infusion was applied for 95 min, during which the subjects opened their eyes at 10–20 min and 60–70 min and tapped their right thumb to their fingers at 35–45 min and 85–95 min. The constant-infusion scan was quantified in two steps. First, the general linear model was used to fit regional time–activity curves with regressors for baseline metabolism, task-specific changes for the eyes-open and finger-tapping conditions, and movement parameters. Second, the Patlak plot was used for quantification of CMRGlu. Multiplication of the baseline regressor by β-values from the general linear model yielded regionally specific time–activity curves for baseline metabolism. Further, task-specific changes in metabolism are directly proportional to changes in the slope of the time–activity curve and hence to changes in CMRGlu. Results: Baseline CMRGlu from the constant-infusion scan matched that from the bolus application (test–retest variability, 1.1% ± 24.7%), which was not the case for a previously suggested approach (variability, −39.9% ± 25.2%, P 0.99). Conclusion: Baseline glucose metabolism and task-specific changes can be quantified in a single measurement with constant infusion of 18F-FDG and venous blood sampling. The high sensitivity and regional specificity of the approach offer novel possibilities for functional and multimodal brain imaging.