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Abstract The mobile phone is essential in daily life, especially during the pandemic. Prolonged use can cause postural issues, leading to common neck pain. This study aims to determine the correlation between mobile phone use duration, addiction, neck muscle endurance, and neck pain in university students. The study included 62 participants (30 female, 32 male) aged 18–35 years. Inclusion criteria required participants to have experienced neck pain at least twice in the past year and to have no other concomitant issues, as well as to volunteer for the study. Demographic information and daily mobile phone usage time were collected. Neck pain was assessed with the Visual Analogue Scale, smartphone addiction with the Smartphone Addiction Scale, and cervical muscle endurance was evaluated. Correlation analysis reveals a moderate relationship between neck pain severity (NPS) and cervical extensor muscle endurance (CEME), a strong relationship between NPS and cervical flexor muscle endurance (CFME), as well as a strong relationship among daily phone usage time (DPUT), CFME, and NPS, with a moderate relationship between DPUT and CEME. Participants were divided into two groups based on their DPUT, revealing that those who used their phone for four hours or more showed significantly higher levels of pain (p

Abstract Recent years, the rapid advancement of technology has raised concerns. We studied the effects of prenatal exposure to 900 MHz radiofrequency (RF) from mobile phones and the protective effects of linalool on learning and memory, and anxiety in adolescent male and female offspring rats. Pregnant rats were divided into four groups: control, wave, wave + linalool, and linalool. Rats received linalool (25mg/kg) by gavage for 21 days. Irradiation was conducted from day 0 to day 21 of pregnancy. Offsprings underwent behavioral and electrophysiological tests on days 50 and 60 after birth. Exposure to RF during pregnancy caused anxiety-like behavior in the EPM test and impairment of learning and memory in the Morris water maze and shuttle box tests. Electrophysiological properties and synaptic plasticity of the dorsal hippocampal CA3-CA1 synapse showed a decrease in fEPSP amplitude and slope. The trace element levels in both male and female offspring were consistent across all groups compared to their respective controls. In the hippocampus tissue, the levels of Fe, Cu, and Mn, as well as the Cu/Zn ratio, were significantly higher in the exposed groups (wave groups) compared to their controls. Moreover, Zn levels were significantly lower in the hippocampus tissue of the exposed groups. Linalool administration mitigated the excessive increase in Fe, Cu, Mn, and Cu/Zn ratio and normalized the disrupted levels of trace elements, except for Zn levels in both male and female offspring. Sex differences were observed in the EPM and shuttle box tests, females were more sensitive than males. In summary, our study demonstrates that prenatal exposure to mobile phone radiation induces stress-like behaviors, disrupts learning and memory, alters hippocampal electrophysiological properties and trace element balance in offspring. Treatment with linalool mitigates these deleterious effects, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic intervention. These findings contribute to our understanding of the impact of prenatal environmental exposures on neurodevelopment and offer insights into potential strategies for neuroprotection.

Introduction: The mobile phone has evolved into an indispensable accessory carried by everyone. With its increasing usage, there is a parallel rise in mobile phone addictions. Nomophobia, short for no mobile phone phobia, is characterized as a fear specific to the absence of mobile phones. Objectives: (1) To assess the prevalence of nomophobia among adolescents and adults residing in semi-urban Chennai. (2) To understand the patterns of mobile phone usage and explore the health-related consequences of nomophobia. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among adolescents and adults (15–50 years) in semi-urban Chennai from July to September 2022. The sample size was 220, and the study utilized the Test of Mobile Phone Dependence Brief as an assessment tool. Participants scoring >30 were identified as nomophobic, indicating mobile phone dependence. Results: Among the 220 study participants, there was an almost equal distribution between males and females, with a majority falling within the 21–25 age group. Approximately 26.1% belonged to the upper middle class and 89.1% were married. The prevalence of nomophobia was notably high at 68.6% (151 out of 220). A significant association was found between social class and mobile phone addiction, with the middle class exhibiting higher levels of addiction. Conclusion: The study highlights that a substantial majority of adults exhibit mobile phone addiction, almost two-thirds of the participants. There is a pressing need for health awareness programmes targeting adults to educate them about the adverse effects of mobile phone addiction. Additionally, reinforcing strategies for effective and time-restricted mobile phone usage is essential.

Abstract Background Hedonic smartphone use has been associated with dependence and addiction studied under the umbrella term Problematic Smartphone Use (PSU). Research usually explores total screen time as an index of PSU. A few studies suggest that exercise is inversely related to smartphone use time. However, it is unknown which primary characteristics of exercise behavior are related to more moderate smarthone use. Furthermore, the purpose of smartphone use, such as hedonic use associated with PSU versus utilitarian use, was not tested in the sports and exercise contexts. Hedonic use generally means playing with the smartphone for joy, distraction, and satisfaction. Utilitarian use implies practical and valuable use. There is a conjecture that sports involvement may foster utilitarian use through increased involvement in sports‐related information‐seeking, goal‐setting, and self‐monitoring. Methods Therefore, we examined whether weekly exercise frequency, workout duration, and perceived exercise intensity relate to total daily smarthone and hedonic use and whether this relationship is mediated by sports‐related utilitarian device use. We tested regularly exercising adults (n = 360, 132 males, Mage = 39.0 ± 9.8, Mweekly exercise = 5.8 ± 1.9) who volunteered for this study and provided demographic information about their exercise habits and smartphone use. Results The results revealed that all exercise parameters mediated the total daily smartphone use, with perceived exercise intensity being a negative predictor. Further, exercise frequency and duration (but not intensity) positively predicted sports‐related smartphone use, which inversely predicted hedonic use. Conclusion These results suggest that exercise parameters directly relate to daily smartphone use, which completely mediates hedonic use. These findings may partially account for the frequently reported inverse relationship between regular exercise and PSU by suggesting that the connection is mediated via sports‐related smartphone use.

Abstract Background and Aims Education and providing self‐care skills are essential for patients with chronic respiratory disease. Today, the use of information and communication technologies has provided many opportunities for facilitating self‐care in chronic patients. In this regard, the attention of researchers has been shifted toward the design and use of mobile phone‐based technologies for self‐care purposes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this study, a protocol is proposed for the design, implementation, and evaluation of a mobile‐based self‐care application for patients with COPD. Methods The design science approach will be used in the design, implementation, and evaluation of the self‐care application. This solution‐oriented paradigm goes beyond the level of description and explanation and takes steps toward problem‐solving. One of the most common models of design science is the waterfall model of information technology development. The seven consecutive stages of the waterfall model include preliminary analysis, system analysis, design, programming, testing, implementation, and maintenance/modification. Conclusion The present protocol is the first to design, implement, and evaluate a mobile‐based self‐care application for patients with COPD in Iran. The integration of new technologies for the self‐care education of COPD patients is considered an innovative strategy. This application is designed based on the self‐care needs of COPD patients, which will ultimately promote the self‐care activities of patients.

Objectives: Recently, the widespread surge in smartphone addiction (SA) has raised major global health concerns and prompted researchers to scrutinize the inverse relationship between physical activity (PA) and the risk of SA. This systematic literature review aims to synthesize the empirical research on the relationship between PA and SA among university students representing the most affected age group. Methods: Adopting the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, we explored five databases: PubMed, Social Sciences Research Network (SSRN), Oxford Research Archive, Journal Storage (JSTOR), and Google Scholar. We used the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tools (MMAT) for quality assessment. Results: Thirty-one studies met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-eight of them were cross-sectional, and three were experimental. The 31 studies emerged from 12 countries, most stemming (45.16%) from China. Their findings suggest an inverse relationship between PA and SA in the examined population. However, the direct relationship may be weak based on correlational studies, while intervention research yields noteworthy effects. Still, other factors like resilience may mediate the studied relationship. Methodological concerns render the results of correlational studies tentative. Conclusions: Regular PA could be a promising preventive measure for SA. Future work should use objective PA indices in longitudinal research designs while assessing the type and duration of smartphone applications used via device meters. In correlational studies, interviews should follow up on the high SA risk or too much device use. In conclusion, moderate evidence indicates that PA can reduce SA among university students.

Introduction: In recent years, there have been more and more concerns about whether wearing mobile phones near the reproductive organs, including the testicles, may cause significant health consequences, such as sperm dysfunction, decreased semen production, impaired testicular morphology, and thus become the cause of male infertility. Determining the relationship between the electromagnetic radiation of mobile phones and infertility in men may in the future reduce the male factor in the problem of infertility of couples and thus improve the quality of life. Aim of the study: The aim of this review is to attempt to assess the impact of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation emitted from mobile phones on male reproductive organs in the context of male fertility disorders. Materials and methods: The work was created based on the PubMed database. Articles were searched in English using the following keywords: mobile phone, testes, male infertility, electromagnetic radiation. Description of the state of knowledge: Changes in semen parameters, including reduced motility and changes in sperm morphology, have been reported in animal studies. Features of damage to living cells under the influence of oxidative stress generated by GSM radiation were also observed. Similar phenomena have been reported in vitro in human semen samples and in clinical trials in men. Summary: There are not enough studies providing strong evidence for the direct negative effect of mobile phones on male fertility. It is necessary to conduct more research in order to eliminate other factors that could potentially change the results of the analyses, as well as to standardize the test methods and the test variables.

Introduction: The prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is on the rise. Among multiple factors that are linked with ADHD, electronic media use has been gaining considerable attention recently. There is only a limited source of information regarding the burden of ADHD and its association with screen time in the Indian context. Aim: Screening of the children for ADHD and its association with mobile phone use at an outpatient service in a tertiary care hospital in Kerala. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted among 157 children in the outpatient services in a tertiary care hospital in Pathanamthitta district, Kerala, India. School-going children aged between 6 and 11 years were included in the study. ADHD screening was done using Conner’s Abbreviated Rating Scale (CARS) Results: The mean age of children was 8.1±1.9 years. All the participants used mobile phones, and 15 (9.6%) owned one. The mean duration of mobile phone use per day was 1.4±0.7 hours. Among participants, 53 (33.8%) used mobile phones for more than one hour daily. Parents reported that nearly one-fifth of the children use mobile phones late at night (after 10 pm). Among children, 22.9% screened positive for ADHD. The ADHD scores are significantly correlated with the duration of mobile phone use (r=0.368 p1 hour of mobile phone use/day than those who use

Background: Physician burnout is a common problem, with onset frequently occurring during undergraduate education. Early intervention strategies that train medical students in psychological flexibility skills could support well-being and mitigate burnout risks associated with unmodifiable career stressors. There is a need for randomized controlled trials to assess effectiveness. As psychological flexibility varies contextually and among individuals, tailoring interventions may improve outcomes. Smartphone apps can facilitate individualization and accessibility, and the evaluation of this approach is an identified research priority. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a stand-alone app--delivered Acceptance and Commitment Training intervention for improving medical students' self-reported burnout, well-being, psychological flexibility, and psychological distress outcomes. We aimed to explore whether an individualized app would demonstrate benefits over a nonindividualized version. Methods: This parallel randomized controlled trial was conducted with a sample of medical students from 2 Australian universities (N=143). Participants were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 intervention arms (individualized, nonindividualized, and waitlist) using a 1:1:1 allocation ratio. Individualized and nonindividualized participants were blinded to group allocation. The 5-week intervention included an introductory module (stage 1) and on-demand access to short skill training activities (stage 2), which students accessed at their own pace. Stage 2 was either nonindividualized or individualized to meet students' identified psychological flexibility training needs. Results: The mean differences in change from baseline between the intervention groups and the waitlist group were not statistically significant for burnout outcomes: exhaustion (primary; individualized: -0.52, 95% CI -3.70 to 2.65, P=.75; nonindividualized: 1.60, 95% CI -1.84 to 5.03, P=.37), cynicism (individualized: -1.26, 95% CI -4.46 to 1.94, P=.44; nonindividualized: 1.00, 95% CI -2.45 to 4.46, P=.57), and academic efficacy (individualized: 0.94, 95% CI -0.90 to 2.79, P=.32; nonindividualized: 2.02, 95% CI 0.02-4.03, P=.05). Following the intervention, the individualized group demonstrated improved psychological flexibility (0.50, 95% CI 0.12-0.89; P=.01), reduced inflexibility (0.48, 95% CI -0.92 to -0.04; P=.04), and reduced stress (-6.89, 95% CI -12.01 to 5.99; P=.01), and the nonindividualized group demonstrated improved well-being (6.46, 95% CI 0.49-12.42; P=.04) and stress (-6.36, 95% CI -11.90 to -0.83; P=.03) compared with waitlist participants. Between-group differences for the individualized and nonindividualized arms were not statistically significant. High attrition (75/143, 52.4%) was observed. Conclusions: This trial provides early support for the potential benefits of Acceptance and Commitment Training for medical student well-being and psychological outcomes and demonstrates that psychological flexibility and inflexibility can be trained using a smartphone app. Although postintervention burnout outcomes were not statistically significant, improvements in secondary outcomes could indicate early risk mitigation. Replication studies with larger samples and longer-term follow-up are required, and future research should focus on improving implementation frameworks to increase engagement and optimize individualization methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: mHealth has potential to improve health care delivery but little is known about its effectiveness on health amongst marginalized communities. This study was carried out to determine the scope and usefulness of mHealth implementation in underprivileged slum population. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in an urban slum of Northern India where the government primary health care facility was digitized and mHealth component was integrated into the system to improve the health care service delivery. The survey was conducted using a pre-tested questionnaire among 921 persons who were sent SMSs within the last 2 months prior to survey to assess the reach and acceptability of mHealth in the underprivileged slum populations, and the role it can play to improve the healthcare services provided through primary health care facility. Results: In the surveyed population majority (59.8%) were young (18–30 years), females (79.3%), Hindu (94%) belonged to Scheduled caste (77.8%) and a significant percentage of them were illiterates (30%). Mobile phones were available with 87% of the surveyed population and more than 50% had smartphones. Though, only 59.5% of individuals confirmed the receipt of SMS, a very high proportion of survey population (98.3%) were willing to receive health-related SMS. About 72% individuals received SMSs and remembered the content of the message. Adherence to health advise sent through SMS was significantly higher among females (OR = 2.4 (95% CI: 1.2,5.1), P = 0.01), those who read messages themselves (OR = 1.9 (95% CI: 1.0, 3.3), P = 0.03), and who received SMS more than once in a month (OR = 2.2 (95% CI: 1.2, 4.2), P = 0.01). Majority of those who received SMS (83%) expressed that the health-related SMS were beneficial to them. Conclusion: mHealth has high potential to improve reach and increase accessibility of health care services for marginalized communities.

Background: Mobile phone has become a part of everyday life. Mobile phone texting is one of the major causes of road traffic accidents, falls and injuries in young adults. Dual-task activities while using mobile phone increases the risk of falls. Objectives: To find out the changes in postural control and gait parameters while using mobile phone in young college students. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 college students of age 18–25 years participated in the study. NeuroCom Balance Master was used and the subjects were tested with and without phone. The participants had to maintain balance on firm surface and foam surfaces with and without phone. For walking, participants had to walk without phone followed by walking with phone. Outcome measures used were Modified Clinical test for Sensory Interaction on balance and Walk Across for balance and gait respectively. Results: The study showed statistically significant changes in postural control on firm and foam surfaces. Furthermore, the gait parameters such as step length, speed and step length symmetry were altered significantly, except step width while using the mobile phone. Conclusion: Subjects showed increased postural sway, step length and step length symmetry while the step width and speed decreased on using the mobile phone.

Objectives: There is a paucity of systematic studies conducted to get information on the impact of mobile phone radiation on health. This pilot study was done to explore the use of mobile phones in patients with stroke. Methods: This cross-sectional study used a structured questionnaire among stroke patients in a tertiary hospital in India. We collected demographic details, history, and information on their mobile phone type, usage, and specific absorption rate (SAR) value. We used descriptive statistics to report our findings. Results: This group of 50 stroke patients was predominantly an urban population (78%) with a higher number of male subjects (56%); a higher prevalence of ischemic stroke (76%); 30% were smokers; with comorbidities of hypertension (75%) and diabetes (46%), a significant proportion of whom were not on regular treatment 64% and 74%, respectively. More number of patients used feature phones (82%). The median (SAR) value of all phones was 0.81 W/kg. Hypertension was present in patients who had contact with the phone for >5 hours (78%), subjects who kept their phone closer to the pillow while sleeping (71%), and those carrying a phone in their pockets or on self for >5 hours (80%). Conclusion: This group of patients had predominantly ischemic stroke; a significant proportion having hypertension and diabetes were not on regular treatment and were smokers. Cases of hypertension were noted to be higher in patients with increased exposure to mobile phone radiation. As a pilot study with limitations of a small number of patients, these findings could be only incidental. Further research is required to make any conclusions.

Background and Objectives: Undergraduate medical students are more prone to develop stress, anxiety, and depression; and COVID-19 is an additional source of pressure for them. The present study was conducted with the objectives to estimate the proportion of nomophobia among undergraduate medical students of a tertiary care teaching institute in Kolkata and to find the factors associated with it. Materials and Methods: An observational study, cross-sectional in design, was conducted at a tertiary care teaching institute in Kolkata among 395 undergraduate medical students for a period of 8 weeks. Nomophobia Questionnaire scale was used to measure nomophobia. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 25.0. Multivariable multinomial logistic regression was performed to find the predictors of moderate and severe nomophobia. Results: All the medical students had some degree of nomophobia. About 26.8% of them had severe nomophobia, 61.3% had moderate nomophobia, and 11.9% had mild nomophobia. Age up to 20 years and the presence of addiction had statistically significant higher odds of severe nomophobia. Age up to 20 years, the presence of addiction, and up to 6 h' time spent per day with smart phone had significantly higher odds of moderate nomophobia. Conclusion: There was a high proportion of nomophobia among young budding doctors. Those who have already got moderate nomophobia should use smart phones more wisely and judiciously and avoid downloading addictive applications.

Our research goal was to examine energy and time parameters of electromagnetic environment created by mobile communication terminals in Crimea and to detect a relationship between morbidity with diseases of the circulatory system (DCS) among people living in the republic due to electromagnetic environment. Electromagnetic environment was determined as per energy flux density (EFD) at terminals, average daily electromagnetic exposure (ADEE) and individual electromagnetic burden (IEB). Correlation analysis of all the obtained data was performed to detect possible correlations with diseases of the circulatory system. Measurements of electromagnetic environment created by terminals in the region during a period from March 2019 to February 2020 (4,204 measurements at points where people used mobile communications intensely) yielded the following results: average EFD value amounted to 1.43 ± 0.04 µWt/cm2; IEB, 117.80 ± 6.55 (µWt/cm 2)•min; ADEE, 60.56 ± 1.15 min. Electromagnetic environment parameters and prevalence of the most common DCS in Crimea were statistically processed and the following authentic correlations were revealed: between overall morbidity with circulatory diseases and energy (EFD (Тau=0.399; p < 0.01)) and integral (IEB (Тau=0.437; p < 0.01)) properties of electromagnetic radiation; between overall morbidity with diseases that involved elevated blood pressure and IEB (Тau=0.377, p=0.01); between primary morbidity with diseases that involved elevated blood pressure and all electromagnetic radiation properties: EFD (Тau=0.304, p=0.04), IEB (Тau=0.342, p=0.02), and ADEE (Тau=0.299, p=0.04); between primary morbidity with cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) and ADEE (Тau=0.411, p < 0.01) as time property of the examined factor. Energy and time parameters of electromagnetic environment created by mobile communication terminals that have been measured in Crimea are authentically correlated with distribution of morbidity with circulatory diseases and exert their influence on a risk of probable growth in morbidity with these nosologies among people living in Crimea.

Aim:Technology has enabled the utilization of dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (DA-CPR) through mobile video call for layman bystanders as opposed to the conventional audio call. This study aimed to examine the effects of medical guidance through a video call on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) quality during the management of cardiac arrest.Materials and Methods:A quasi-experimental study was conducted on 102 participants. These participants were divided into two groups: laymen who received CPR instructions through dispatcher-assisted video call (n=51) and healthcare personnel (n=51) who did not receive any assistance. The compression rate and depth, compression fraction, chest recoil, and hand positioning were compared between the groups.Results:Laymen who received video call DA-CPR performed better than the healthcare personnel in adhering to the recommended compression rate (109.7 min-1 vs 126.7 min-1, p

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial contamination that is present on stethoscopes, mobile phones, and hands along with the level of self-reported cleaning practices among medical students. Materials and Methods: Eighty-seven swabs from stethoscopes, mobile phones, and hands were collected from volunteering medical (n=66, 75.8%) and nursing students (n=21, 24.2%) in a hospital environment. The swabs were collected and transported to the microbiology laboratory and cultured on appropriate media. The isolated bacteria were identified as per standard microbiological procedures. Results: Five bacterial species were isolated and identified. The highest contamination was found on hands (37%), mobile phones (32%), and stethoscopes (31%). Isolates were highly resistant to most tested antibiotics. Only seven (8%) students cleaned their stethoscopes between patients and more alarmingly, 33 (38%) did not clean their stethoscopes at all, and 58 (67%) did not know how to effectively clean their stethoscopes. The current study revealed a gap between the students’ knowledge and their proper hygienic practice in hospitals. Conclusion: The hands are a major source of pathogenic bacteria and have higher bacterial contamination than stethoscopes and mobile phones. It highlights the need for increasing awareness among students and healthcare professionals about the importance of disinfecting medical devices, mobile phones, and hands in hospitals.

COVID-19 pandemic has brought a paradigm shift in education with a trend of online learning and even schooling. During complete lockdown period schools were shifted to smartphones and computers. This study aimed to explore the pattern of smartphone use before and after the COVID-19 pandemic and the health issues of school-going children in post-COVID-19 period. There was a significant rise in the timings of mobile phone use from 2 hours to 7 hours per day. A total of 90% of student’s mothers reported behavioral change where lack of socializing was the most commonly reported change. Irritation of eyes and dryness were the most commonly reported ocular disorders. The rise of mobile phones has brought several behavioral and ocular disorders due to long hours of use. There is a need to confirm health-related issues of smartphone use in large prospective studies and develop preventive strategies.

Introduction: There are specific differences in physiological and biochemical processes during sleep. Adenosine and melatonin are involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms. During sleep, you can observe the secretion of growth hormone, a reduction in cortisol secretion, and a decrease in muscle tone and blood pressure. Sleep can have a major impact on the development of systemic diseases.Aim of the study: A review of the literature aimed at identifying selected negative factors influencing the quality of sleep and systemic diseases which are related to sleep disorders.State of knowledge: Factors that negatively affect sleep include stress, as well as excessive time spent in front of light-emitting screens. Long-term lack of sleep increases the risk of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and psychiatric diseases. Summary: Sleep plays an important role in the proper functioning of the body. Its quality is affected by many factors. Sleep disorders can be both the effect and cause of many diseases. Especially in diagnosing psychiatric diseases, attention should be paid to the occurrence of sleep disorders.

Background: Mobile phones are communication devices for communication nowadays and have emerged as a need of our life. Mobile phones also act as a reservoir for microorganisms. Human skin, wallets, bags, environment and food items are major sources of contamination for mobile phones. Medical students, healthcare workers and other non-teaching staff nowadays use mobile phones for communication in the workplace. Mobile phone contamination spreads from surfaces to hands. Aims and Objective: Our study was aimed to investigate the contamination of mobile phones by pathogens among health care workers. The objective of this study was to document for the role of mobile phones as sources in nosocomial infections. Materials and Methods: The study was done in Department of Microbiology and Pathology, Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, including teaching staffs from hospital and college, health care workers in all laboratories and wards. A total of 200 swab samples from various mobile phones of medical and technical staff of various wards, Outpatient Department Treatment, laboratories was collected after taking informed written consent from them. Culture was done on Blood Agar, MacConkey Agar, and Sabouraud’s dextrose agar. After overnight incubation, colonies were identified by Gram’s stain and Biochemical tests. Results: Highest mobile phone users are medical students, residents followed by teaching faculty. Smart phones or touch screen mobiles were used by maximum ie.90.5%. Among the isolated bacteria, Bacillus (39.5%), CONS (19%), E.coli (15.5%), Klebsiella (10.5%), Pseudomonas (5.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (4%), Enterococcus (2.5%). No growth was seen in 3.5%mobile phone sample cultures. Not a single fungal pathogen was isolated. Conclusion: The findings is the present study suggests that the mobile phones used by medical staff and health care workers act as source of transmission vehicles for pathogenic microorganisms.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of mobile phone usage on sleep quality and fatigue severity through standard questionnaires in Saudi Arabia mobile phone users. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia on 251 mobile phone users from September 2019 to January 2020. Volunteer mobile phone users aging 15-65 years were selected by nonprobability convenience sampling technique from the Riyadh city community. The subjects were interviewed about the knowledge, attitude and practice of mobile phone use and were assessed through Pittsburg Sleep Quality index (PSQI) and Fatigue severity scale (FSS). Spearman’s correlations and Linear regression were applied for statistical analysis through SPSS V.22. RESULTS: Mean age of study participates was 32.43±12.8 years. There was a significant increase in PSQI and FSS with the increase daily mobile usage. When participants exceeded one-hour daily usage, PSQI (2h=6.85, p= 0.001) and FSS (2h= 3.61, p=0.008) exceeded acceptable scores. Moreover, placing mobile phone inside bedroom was associated with the increase of PSQI (Near Pillow=6.93, Inside Bed=6.16, Outside bed=5.75, p=0.001) and FSS (Near Pillow=3.65, Inside Bed=3.39, Outside Bed=2.58, p= 0.008). There was a significant increase in PSQI (Near Pillow=6.93, Inside Bed=6.16, Outside bed=5.75, p=0.001) and FSS (Near Pillow=3.65, Inside Bed=3.39, Outside Bed=2.58, p= 0.008) its location inside bedrooms. Significant correlation was observed between high PSQI and FSS with daily usage (r=0.213, p=0.001 & r=0.171, p=0.01 respectively). CONCLUSION: Inappropriate and excessive mobile phone usage is associated with poor sleep quality and excessive fatigue in Saudi Arabian population.

Our aim in this study was to determine both the level of exposure to the electromagnetic radiation of the young population in their living areas and its relationship with their health problems. A questionnaire about the intensity of the electromagnetic field radiation exposure and their health problems was used on 705 college students. Participants were 40.2% male, 59.8% female with a median of 20 (17-41) years old. Some students have been living close to base stations and high voltage lines (30% and 18.7%, respectively). Students had an internet network (82.3%). Mobile phone and computer usage for more than 5 years were 83% and 66%, respectively. 73.1% had electrical/electronic devices in the bedroom. Exposure time to electrical/electronic systems in 44.7% of students was more than 5 hours per day. Some health problems mentioned were fatigue (75.2%), muscle pain (39%), difficulty in concentration (51.7%), stress (36.4%), eye discomfort (28.5%), light sensitivity (21.3%), and sleep disorder (%40). Chi-square analysis showed a significant relationship between daily electrical/electronic device exposure time and headache frequency, concentration difficulties, fatigue, muscle pain (P [Med-Science 2021; 10(2.000): 380-5]

Background: After a serious knee injury, up to half of athletes do not return to competitive sport, despite recovering sufficient physical function. Athletes often desire psychological support for the return to sport, but rehabilitation clinicians feel ill-equipped to deliver adequate support. Objective: We aimed to design and develop an internet-delivered psychological support program for athletes recovering from knee ligament surgery. Methods: Our work for developing and designing the Back in the Game intervention was guided by a blend of theory-, evidence-, and target population-based strategies for developing complex interventions. We systematically searched for qualitative evidence related to athletes' experiences with, perspectives on, and needs for recovery and return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Two reviewers coded and synthesized the results via thematic meta-synthesis. We systematically searched for randomized controlled trials reporting on psychological support interventions for improving ACL rehabilitation outcomes in athletes. One reviewer extracted the data, including effect estimates; a second reviewer checked the data for accuracy. The results were synthesized descriptively. We conducted feasibility testing in two phases--(1) technical assessment and (2) feasibility and usability testing. For phase 1, we recruited clinicians and people with lived experience of ACL injury. For phase 2, we recruited patients aged between 15 and 30 years who were within 8 weeks of ACL reconstruction surgery. Participants completed a 10-week version of the intervention and semistructured interviews for evaluating acceptability, demand, practicality, and integration. This project was approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (approval number: 2018/45-31). Results: The following three analytic themes emerged from the meta-synthesis (studies: n=16; participants: n=164): (1) tools or strategies for supporting rehabilitation progress, (2) barriers and facilitators for the physical readiness to return to sport, and (3) barriers and facilitators for the psychological readiness to return to sport. Coping strategies, relaxation, and goal setting may have a positive effect on rehabilitation outcomes after ACL reconstruction (randomized controlled trials: n=7; participants: n=430). There were no trials of psychological support interventions for improving the return to sport. Eleven people completed phase 1 of feasibility testing (technical assessment) and identified 4 types of software errors, which we fixed. Six participants completed the feasibility and usability testing phase. Their feedback suggested that the intervention was easy to access and addressed the needs of athletes who want to return to sport after ACL reconstruction. We refined the intervention to include more multimedia content and support access to and the use of the intervention features. Conclusions: The Back in the Game intervention is a 24-week, internet-delivered, self-guided program that comprises 7 modules that complement usual rehabilitation, changes focus as rehabilitation progresses, is easy to access and use, and includes different psychological support strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Mobile phone use has increased in recent years and there is more than 1.6 billion users worldwide. This has increased speculations about the potential dangers of high-frequency Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) on health. Mobile phones receive and transmit microwave radiation in the frequency range of 800-2000 MHz, and due to the proximity of mobile phones to the head during use, the hearing system and brain are more exposed to radiation compared to other parts of the body. The present study aims to review the studies conducted on examining the effect of EMF from mobile phones on the hearing system.Methods: In this narrative review study, the search was conducted in Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science databases on the related studies.Results: The studies investigating the short-term effects of EMF on the health of auditory system did not report significant effects, but most of those conducted on its long-term effects showed significant effects.Conclusion: Further studies are needed to determine how long after the use of mobile phones the effects can be measured so that the necessary measures can be taken to protect the health of the hearing system.

Digital surveys, such as mobile phone ecological momentary assessment (EMA), bear the potential to assess and target individual wellbeing in a personalized, real-time approach and allow for interaction in situations when in-person contact is not possible, such as during the coronavirus pandemic. While the use of digital technology might especially benefit research in older adults who find themselves in circumstances of reduced mobility, little is known about their barriers to adherence. We investigated baseline and structural factors that predict study withdrawal and adherence from daily smartphone EMA self-report surveys in the StayWELL Study. The StayWELL study is a longitudinal, observational study on the relationship between social restrictions during the coronavirus pandemic and mental well-being in 95 community-dwelling older aged adults (67–87 years) who were participants in a randomized clinical trial using EMA. Withdrawal was associated with less research staff changes and less likely in participants that reached the study mid-point. No baseline characteristics predicted withdrawal. Main reasons for withdrawal were communication issues, i.e. staff not being able to contact participants. We found an adherence rate of 82% and no fatigue effects. Adherence was predicted by education status, study participation duration, reaching the study midpoint and time between study start and enrollment. COVID infections or supporting people in the household was not related to adherence. To conclude, it is feasible to conduct an EMA study in older people without impacting engagement during a pandemic. Furthermore, personal characteristics and smartphone operating system (Android vs. iOS) used did not relate to engagement, allowing for a broad distribution of digital health technologies. Our study adds information on single predictive variables relevant for adherence and withdrawal from EMA smartphone surveys in older people that can inform the design of future digital EMA research to maximize engagement and reliability of study results.

Introduction: In the recent era of technological evolution, electronic devices have become an essential part of our lives, not merely in professional work settings, but also in daily leisure activities. Although these devices have simplified our lives, they are associated with a wide variety of health complaints. Thus, the so-called computer vision syndrome (CVS) has become a growing public health problem and has gained significant attention as it plays an important role in the quality of life of each individual, which in turn has put an increased burden on the health care system. Eye symptoms are among the most reported, yet extraocular symptoms were frequently described as adding an extra load. Method: An electronic survey was distributed randomly through social media platforms among the general population in Saudi Arabia, between the period from July to December 2017, irrespective of their sociodemographic factors, aiming to determine the prevalence of CVS and to verify the most common associated risk factors. Results: In total, 690 participants were involved in our study, with a mean age of 33.8 years. Of these, 77.6% suffer from CVS, with eye-burning being the most common ocular symptoms (71%), as well as itching (67.5%), blurred vision (65%), tearing (62.3%), and other eye symptoms being reported. Neck/shoulder pain was found to be the most prevalent extra ocular symptom (85.2%); also back pain and headache are frequently expressed (78% and 70% respectively). A significant positive correlation was observed between CVS symptoms and time spent using the devices (P-value: 0.002). Conclusion: As technology advances, electronic devices have become a common tool that is used for different purposes on daily basis. We found in our study that the so-called computer vision syndrome is a growing public health problem. Thus, community education about the impact of such a lifestyle for proper handling of electronic devices must be addressed to avoid such health complaints.

Background: Globally, motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) cause around 1.35 million deaths annually. Distracted driving, a risk factor for MVA, includes diversion of attention from driving because of use of mobile phone. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine prevalence of mobile phone use and to explore task management strategies, risk perception and attitude towards mobile phone use while driving among Qassim University students. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey among 212 randomly selected medical (n = 83) and engineering students (n = 129) of Qassim University, Saudi Arabia, through semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire, designed using Google forms. The survey was conducted from February to March 2020. Results: The overall prevalence of mobile phone use while driving was 93.4% (medical students: 96.4%; engineering students: 91.5%). Around 49.5% participants 'often' or 'always' used mobile phone while driving. Among task management strategies, 169 (79.7%) participants were 'likely' or 'very likely' to lower their driving speed while 90 (42.5%) were 'likely' or 'very likely' to increase control over the steering while using mobile phone during driving. Regarding risk perception, 173 (81.6%) participants thought that they were 'unlikely' or 'very unlikely' to have MVA on looking at phone continuously for more than 2 s, and 185 (87.3%) participants thought that they were 'unlikely' or 'very unlikely' to have MVA by texting or browsing while driving. Thirty-six (17%) participants reported MVA because of distraction by mobile phone use while driving. Conclusion: High prevalence of mobile phone use during driving and low perceived risk of experiencing MVA because of mobile phone use was found among Qassim University students. Creating awareness on risks of mobile phone use while driving is recommended.

Introduction and purpose of work: The widespread availability and multi-functionality of mobile phones among young people cause that these devices are used not only for communication, but also for entertainment, learning, and remote work. However, excessive and unconscious use of mobile phones can adversely affect health through addiction and the FOMO – fear of missing out syndrome, resulting in lower self-esteem, depression, learning difficulties, and sleep problems.Material and method: The material was collected using the diagnostic survey method. The study involved 451 people aged 10-25, divided into three age groups: 10-15, 16-19, and 20-25. The results were compared with the literature from the last 5 years available on the PubMed database.Results: Mobile phones are mainly used for communicating on social networks, listening to music, taking photos, education, and organizational matters. The majority (70.0%) of respondents admit using the telephone while eating alone, more than half (54.0%) at school or during university activities, and about one fifth (21.3%) of people while driving, cycling, riding scooter, or skateboarding. More than half of the users use the telephone in the toilet, 52.1% of which disinfect the telephone. The average time of using a mobile phone is 2-4 hours a day, but among people aged 16-19 and in the female group it is higher, over 4 hours a day. Since the beginning of the pandemic, almost three-quarters (73.3%) of respondents have been using phones more frequently. In addition, there is a significant relationship between longer telephone use and the occurrence of neck pain and problems with falling asleep.Conclusions: Nowadays, mobile phones are a helpful and convenient tool for study, work, organization, or entertainment, especially among young people during COVID-19 pandemic. However, its excessive use may have a detrimental effect on sleep, while in situations requiring concentration such as learning or driving, it can result in distraction. Careful use of the mobile phone including limiting the time spent on phone applications is essential to prevent inappropriate habits and adolescents’ addiction to phones.

Objective:There are different types of radiations, such as microwaves and mobile waves. Certain types of radiofrequency were evaluated in hydatid cyst ablation or as protoscolicidals. This study aimed to assess the influence of mobile waves on hydatid cyst protoscolices.Methods:Hydatid cysts were collected from the slaughterhouse and transferred to the laboratory. The contents of the cysts were drained in sterile conditions and the protoscolices were rinsed three times with phosphate buffered saline. Equal volumes of protoscolex suspensions were aliquoted into similar tubes. Based on the distance of the samples from the mobile generation waves, the tubes containing the parasitic suspensions were classified into three groups, each of which was further categorised into nine subgroups according to the time of the radiation exposure. The subgroup with zero exposure time was considered the control.Results:It was found that the mortality rate of the protoscolices increases as the distance of the sample from the wave-generation source decreases (p

Abstract Background The importance of mobile phones has become one of the new research topics in health professions education due to the ease of access and flexibility. Although novel approaches to health professions education recommend the use of educational technologies, such as mobile applications, a limited number of studies have been conducted with regard to learning anatomy through mobile applications. Considering the increasing needs of medical students for mobile technology to meet their educational needs, wants and desires, we decided to explore the features of an anatomy mobile application. Methods This qualitative study was conducted in two stages of holding focus groups, and an expert panel session. Students of basic Medical sciences, and faculty members of anatomy at Iran University of Medical Sciences formed the research participants. Semi-structured interviews and note-taking were used to collect the data. Moreover, Brown and Clark methods were used for thematic analysis. Finally, four criteria presented by Lincoln and Guba for qualitative studies were used to ensure the credibility, confirmability, trustworthiness and transferability of the data. Results Based on the data analysis, 37 codes that could be used to design anatomy mobile content for medical students were extracted. These features were categorized into eight main themes of “visual richness”, “scientific comprehensiveness”, “auditory richness”, “affordability”, “user-friendliness”, “self-assessment”, “interactive content” and “user support”. Conclusion This study explored the features of an anatomy application that can be used by educational app developers. Anatomy departments at Medical Universities, policymakers, and curriculum planners in the field of medical education can also adopt the findings of the present study.

The use of a cell phone while driving is becoming widespread more and more. In anonymous surveys, as many as 47.2% of drivers report using a cell phone while driving, and in some studies this number exceeds 50%. The results of published studies have shown a significantly increased rate of traffic accidents among drivers when using cell phones due to carelessness, unsafe speed, driving on the wrong side of the road, hitting a stationary object, overturning a vehicle and injuring pedestrians. These drivers had an increased chance of a lethal outcome. Men use mobile phones while driving much more often than women, causing more serious traffic accidents. Accident and death rates increase with age, except for drivers aged 20-24. The basic rule, which exists legislation and recommendations in almost all countries, should be to stop the vehicle due to the exchange of information and the use of a mobile phone. This rule, however, is being violated. Sending SMS messages is considered to be the biggest risk. In an experiment conducted in 2013. it was found that people who dealt with a cell phone during a simulated drive missed twice as many simulated traffic signals, compared to a simulation without using a phones. The connection between traffic accidents and cell phone conversations with and without hands-free was also examined. Preliminary research shows that the incidence of accidents related to the use of cell phones use was influenced more by the number and length of calls than by the presence or absence of a hands-free tool: so, it seems that hands-free systems do not contribute to improving the safety of cell phone use while driving. Thus, their further improvement is likely to increase the risk of accidents.

Background: Mobile phone is an integral part of the society used by almost all. Youth in Nigerians are recognized as the most active users of mobile phones. There are about 1.1 billion youth people globally at risk of noise-induced hearing loss from unsafe listening. The awareness and adherence to hearing conservation measures against the hearing-related hazards of mobile phones have not been evaluated in our environment. Aims: To determine the knowledge and adherence to protective measures against the hearing-related hazards of mobile phones among university students. Materials and Methods: The study was a cross-sectional descriptive type, conducted among university students. Ethical clearance was obtained from the institutional review committee, a multistage random sampling technique was used to recruit the participants, and a specially designed and validated questionnaire was used to collect the data. The data were analyzed using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) version 20.0. Results: The age of the respondents ranged from 16 to 40 years with a mean age of 23.6 ± 5.3 years. Very few of the participants (19.1%) adhere to protective measures to mitigate hearing-related hazards of mobile phones, although about half (52.1%) had good knowledge of hearing conservation measures. There was a statistically significant association between knowledge of hearing-related hazard of mobile phone (P = 0.038) and knowledge of protective measures (P = 0.000) with the adherence to protective measures, respectively. Conclusions: The knowledge and adherence to protective measures against the hearing-related hazards of mobile phones were poor among the respondents.

Background: Once a device for telecommunication, now a powerful device bringing the whole world in one's palm, smartphones are increasingly becoming a common commodity among the medical students. Smartphones foster social interaction and facilitate multitasking and learning, but they also have some adverse effects. Young people, especially students, who are always inquisitive towards new technology, are likely to be affected by both these positive and negative impacts. Objective: To assess smartphone use and its association with the quality of life (QOL) of medical students. Materials and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the undergraduate medical students of Government Medical College (GMC), Haldwani. All the students enrolled in MBBS course in GMC, Haldwani, who gave consent for participation and were present on the day of questionnaire administration, were included in the study. Smartphone addiction scale (SAS-SV), and WHO-BREF questionnaires for QOL were used for assessing smartphone use, and QOL of the medical students, respectively. Results: A total of 395 medical students were included in the study; out of them, 42% considered themselves addicted to the smartphone. According to SAS-SV, smartphone addiction was found among 43.8% medical students. It was seen that the junior-most and senior-most batches were significantly less addicted to the smartphone (p-value < 0.001). Male students were more addicted (OR = 1.45, CI = 0.962–2.174) to the smartphone as compared to females. The QOL of the students was significantly affected by smartphone use in all domains assessed (p-value ranging from < 0.001 to 0.002). Conclusions: Smartphone addiction is high among medical students and it has a significant negative impact on their QOL.

INTRODUCTION: Mobile phones are the most used devices in current daily life but with no sufficient data regarding their prospective side effects. Also any association between mobile phone usage and formation of neural tube defects is controversial. In this paper, any effect of mobile phone radiation on neural development in chick embryos was studied. METHODS: This study was performed in the neuro-embryology laboratory, Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery. The specimens consisted of 6 groups; 20 fertile, pathogen-free, super Nick race chick eggs in each group. These groups arranged as control, standby, call-forwarding, one-minute-call, four-minute-call and seven-minute-call groups. The embryos were evaluated using light microscope after the second day of incubation post radiation-exposure regarding growth failure (GF) and neural tube defect (NTD). RESULTS: Control group revealed 19 normal, 1 GF; standby group 17 normal, 3 GF; 15 normal and 5 GF specimens were detected in one and four-minute-call groups. Besides, 7-minute-call group revealed 14 normal, 1 NTD and 5 GF. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Negative effect of mobile phones on neural development is statically insignificant. Even so, the results in all the standby, one-minute-call, four-minute-call and seven-minute-call groups make it difficult to pass judgment on mobile phone usage in pregnants. It is necessary to perform further studies to clarify any potential damages regarding mobile phone usage.

Physical activity (PA) is an effective depression treatment. However, knowledge on how variation in day-to-day PA relates to depression in women is lacking. The purposes of this study were to 1) compare overall objectively measured baseline daily steps and duration of moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) and 2) examine differences in steps and MVPA on days of the week between women aged 25–65 years, who were physically inactive, with high and low depressive symptoms, enrolled in a run-in period of the mobile phone based physical activity education (mPED) trial. The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale was used to categorize low/high depressive symptom groups. We used linear mixed-effects models to examine the associations between steps and MVPA and depression-status overall and by day of the week, adjusting for selected demographic variables and their interactions with day of the week. 274 women were included in the final analysis, of which 58 had high depressive symptoms. Overall physical activity levels did not differ. However, day of the week modified the associations of depression with MVPA (p = 0.015) and daily steps (p = 0.08). Women with high depression were characterized by reduced activity at the end of the week (Posthoc: Friday: 791 fewer steps, 95% CI: 73–1509, p = 0.03; 8.8 lower MVPA, 95% CI: 2.16–15.5, p = 0.0098) compared to women with low depression, who showed increased activity. Day of the week might be an important target for personalization of physical activity interventions. Future work should evaluate potential causes of daily activity alterations in depression in women.

INTRODUCTION: mobile phone technology is increasingly used to overcome traditional barriers to limiting access to diabetes care. This study evaluated mobile phone ownership and willingness to receive and pay for mobile phone-based diabetic services among people with diabetes in South-West, Nigeria. METHODS: two hundred and fifty nine patients with diabetes were consecutively recruited from three tertiary health institutions in South-West, Nigeria. Questionnaire was used to evaluate mobile phone ownership, willingness to receive and pay for mobile phone-based diabetic health care services via voice call and text messaging. RESULTS: 97.3% owned a mobile phone, with 38.9% and 61.1% owning smartphone and basic phone respectively. Males were significantly more willing to receive mobile-phone-based health services than females (81.1% vs 68.1%, p=0.025), likewise married compared to unmarried [77.4% vs 57.1%, p=0.036]. Voice calls (41.3%) and text messages (32.4%), were the most preferred modes of receiving diabetes-related health education with social media (3.1%) and email (1.5%) least. Almost three-quarter of participants (72.6%) who owned mobile phone, were willing to receive mobile phone-based diabetes health services. The educational status of patients (adjusted OR [AOR]: 1.7{95% CI: 1.6 to 2.1}), glucometers possession (AOR: 2.0 [95% CI: 1.9 to 2.1) and type of mobile phone owned (AOR: 2.9 [95% CI: 2.8 to 5.0]) were significantly associated with the willingness to receive mobile phone-based diabetic services. CONCLUSION: the majority of study participants owned mobile phones and would be willing to receive and pay for diabetes-related healthcare delivery services provided the cost is minimal and affordable.

Background and Aims The family members of patients experience a high level of anxiety during the patient’s CABG surgery. Information sharing with family members about the patient’s condition during surgery can reduce their anxiety. The present study was conducted to compare the effect of information sharing with electric boards and mobile phones on the anxiety of family members of patients undergoing CABG surgery. Methods This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 80 family members of patients undergoing CABG surgery. The intervention group was provided with information sharing using a mobile phone during the patient’s surgery. The control group received their patient’s information on electric patient tracking board inserted on the operating room wall. The study participants’ anxiety was evaluated using the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), before and after the interventions. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS using descriptive and analytical statistics. Results Before conducting the interventions, the mean±SD scores of anxiety were 49.03±12.82 and 47.80±10.41 in the test and control groups; the two study groups had no significant difference in this regard. After the interventions, the mean score of anxiety significantly reduced in the intervention group; however, no significant change was observed in the controls in this area. Additionally, the mean changes in anxiety score in the intervention group were significantly higher than the controls (P≤0.5). Conclusion According to the achieved results, informational support for the family members of patients can reduce their anxiety during their patients’ surgery procedure.

Abstract Background Health-related apps have great potential to enhance health and prevent disease globally, but their quality currently varies too much for clinicians to feel confident about recommending them to patients. The major quality concerns are dubious app content, loss of privacy associated with widespread sharing of the patient data they capture, inaccurate advice or risk estimates and the paucity of impact studies. This may explain why current evidence about app use by people with health-related conditions is scanty and inconsistent. Main text There are many concerns about health-related apps designed for use by patients, such as poor regulation and implicit trust in technology. However, there are several actions that various stakeholders, including users, developers, health professionals and app distributors, can take to tackle these concerns and thus improve app quality. This article focuses on the use of checklists that can be applied to apps, novel evaluation methods and suggestions for how clinical specialty organisations can develop a low-cost curated app repository with explicit risk and quality criteria. Conclusions Clinicians and professional societies must act now to ensure they are using good quality apps, support patients in choosing between available apps and improve the quality of apps under development. Funders must also invest in research to answer important questions about apps, such as how clinicians and patients decide which apps to use and which app factors are associated with effectiveness.

Background and Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of mobile phone electro-magnetic field (EMF) on testosterone level and testicular tissue in rats. Material and Methods: A total of 30 male mice were randomly divided into two equal groups ( n=15). Experimental group was exposed to EMF, by using mobile phone continuously for 90 days. Control group was kept under the same condition as the experimental group without EMF exposure. Throughout the study cell phones were placed on the wall of the cages. The cell phones were in standby mode for whole day and in talking mode for 150 min per day. At the end of the exposure period, total testosterone serum level was measured and histological examination of testicular sections were performed. Using GraphPad Prism’ software, data were analyzed by t-test. P

Background and Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of mobile phone electro-magnetic field (EMF) on testosterone level and testicular tissue in rats. Material and Methods: A total of 30 male mice were randomly divided into two equal groups ( n=15). Experimental group was exposed to EMF, by using mobile phone continuously for 90 days. Control group was kept under the same condition as the experimental group without EMF exposure. Throughout the study cell phones were placed on the wall of the cages. The cell phones were in standby mode for whole day and in talking mode for 150 min per day. At the end of the exposure period, total testosterone serum level was measured and histological examination of testicular sections were performed. Using GraphPad Prism’ software, data were analyzed by t-test. P

Background and Aim: One of the strategies to reduce the stress in college students is efforts and planning (resources management) and time management-study location and attitude of the students. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine time and place management, resource management and the attitude of students using mobile learning in Birjand University of Medical Sciences. Materials and Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study. Students operating room technology in Ghaen and Ferdows faculties formed the study population which included 43 individuals. Initially, the electronic book of medical microbiology was installed on the mobile phones of students in the test group. In addition to traditional course delivery, some part of learning content was also sent to this group in the form of SMS. Data collection tool was a self-regulation learning strategies questionnaire (MSLQ). Structured interviews and data analysis was used to measure students' perceptions of mobile learning. Results: The results showed that the use of mobile phones to deliver course content can have quite a significant impact on time and place management of the study and on resource management(efforts and planning) (p < 0.005). Most students were interested in using mobile phones as learning tools and suggested to combine this method of course delivery with other conventional methods. Conclusion: Using a mobile phone as a new tool for learning content delivery has a positive impact on both on time and place management of the study and on resource management (efforts and planning). It can be useful for effective learning for medical students.

Background and Aim: Considering the great advances and extensive use of cell phones and its effects on the human communications and interactions, investigation of potential negative effects of cell phones on the userschr('39') health is necessary. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the distance between cell phones and brain tissue on the temperature of the central and gray matters of the brain, because of the heat generated by radiofrequency waves. Methods: This was an experimental study. Cow brain tissue was analyzed in a compartment with three depths of 2 mm, 12 mm and 22 mm, and at the distances of 4 mm and 4 cm from a cell phone, for 15 minutes. Lutron thermometer was used to measure the tissue temperature. Data analysis performed by using Lutron and MATLAB software packages. Results: Temperature increase was more at the distance of 4 mm and in the depths of 2, 12, and 22 mm compared to that at the distance of 4 cm. Also temperature increase after removal of the confrontation was more than the baseline temperature at both distances which was higher at the distance of 4 mm. Conclusion: Decreased distance between brain tissue and cell phone can increase the tissue temperature. Increasing the cell phone distance from the brain tissue can result in slower trend in temperature increase and decreased collective temperature after discontinuing the confrontation. Key words: Mobile phone, Radiofrequency waves, Brain tissue, Temperature. Received: May 30, 2017 Accepted: Apr 9, 2018

Introduction. Diagnostic imaging is an extremely important step towards making the final diagnosis of many diseases. Among the criteria of numerous diseases are cutaneous or mucosal changes, which occur paroxysmal and persist for a short time. Currently, patients are increasingly using technological progress and they document such changes with the help of mobile phone cameras. Purpose of work. The aim of the study was to determine whether patients turn to doctors with photographs or videos documenting their symptoms and whether it is useful in making the final diagnosis. Material and methods. The research method was a questionnaire constructed by authors of the article, which was answered by 107 doctors employees of the Medical University of Lublin and the Medical University of Bialystok. Participation in the study was voluntary and anonymous. Results. 75 (70%) of the respondents admitted that the patients brought them photos and videos documenting their symptoms. 73 (68%) of respondents considered them useful in making final diagnosis of diseases. Pictures and videos of head were shown to the doctors by 39 (36%) patients, pictures of neck by 30 (28%), pictures of upper limb by 37 (34%), pictures of lower limb by 39 (36%), pictures of chest by 38 (35%), pictures of stomach by 26 (24%) patients , pictures of pelvis by 26 (24%) patients, pictures of the back by 12 (11%), pictures of nails by 7 (6.5%), pictures of hair by 5 (4.6%) and pictures of eyes by 7 (6.5%) patients. Conclusions. Documenting short lasting dermal and mucosal symptoms by patients in the form of self photographs or films is a new tool that can help doctors in finding the right diagnosis.

Objective(s): The increasing rate of over using cell phones has been considerable in youths and pregnant women. We examined the effect of mobile phones radiation on genes expression variation on cerebellum of BALB/c mice before and after of the birth. Materials and Methods: In this study, amobile phone jammer, which is an instrument to prevent receiving signals between cellular phonesand base transceiver stations (two frequencies 900 and 1800 MHz) for exposure was used and twelve pregnant mice (BALB/c) divided into two groups (n=6), first group irradiated in pregnancy period (19th day), the second group did not irradiate in pregnancy period. After childbirth, offspring wereclassified into four groups (n=4):Group1: control, Group 2: B1 (Irradiated after birth), Group 3: B2 (Irradiated in pregnancy period and after birth), Group 4: B3 (Irradiated in pregnancy period). When maturity was completed (8-10 weeks old), mice were dissected and cerebellum was isolated. The expression level of bax, bcl-2, p21 and p53 genes examined by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (Real-Time RT- PCR). Results: The data showed that mobile phone radio waves were ineffective on the expression level of bcl-2 and p53 genes) P>0.05(. Also gene expression level of bax decreased and gene expression level of p21 increased comparing to the control group (P

This is the era of information and new technologies, among the brilliant inventions and advancement, Global system of mobile phone communication (GSM) makes the life as approachable as one can think. It changes the social relation and social network of an individual. Hence the mobile has two sides of a coin. Advantages and disadvantages are associated with every feasibility or inventions. But some time blessings bring some harmful effects on the human body. Mobile phone uses radio waves. Some part of the radio wave is also absorbed in the body. The ear is the most exposed part of the body. The salivary gland is very close to the ear. Hence, the affected part of the cellular phone radiations is a salivary gland. In the current study, we collected the unstimulated saliva sample from volunteers to estimate the antioxidant profile of the mobile phone user. The Uric acids, Catalase, C Reactive Protein (CRP), Reduced Glutathione (GSH), and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) were included in the antioxidant profile. Uric acid, GSH, SOD was significantly decreased while CRP and Catalase were significantly increased. The result shows the increase the risk of inflammation and oxidative stress, which can predispose the cell phone user to a multitude of infectious & non-infectious oral diseases.

Resumen Introducción Las infecciones de transmisión sexual, incluida el VIH, son un importante problema de salud pública. Cada día más de un millón de personas contraen una infección de transmisión sexual. Los sistemas de salud están buscando soluciones para mejorar la educación y lograr cambios en el comportamiento de las personas para prevenir infecciones de transmisión sexual. Las intervenciones digitales basadas en tecnologías móviles en salud (M-health), en especial las basadas en teléfonos móviles, podrían ser una importante herramienta en salud pública para la prevención de infecciones de transmisión sexual/VIH. Esta revisión sistemática resume la evidencia sobre la efectividad de las intervenciones basadas en teléfonos móviles para la prevención de infecciones de transmisión sexual/VIH. Métodos y análisis El protocolo fue diseñado y será reportado en concordancia con la directriz "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P)". Se incluirán ensayos controlados aleatorizados que evalúen el efecto de las intervenciones basadas en teléfonos móviles para la prevención de infecciones de transmisión sexual/VIH. Las intervenciones de interés serán aquellas dirigidas a usuarios de teléfonos móviles, basada en cualquier función o aplicación que pueda usarse o enviarse y que hayan sido diseñadas para educar, promocionar o modificar conductas para reducir comportamiento sexual de riesgo y prevención de infecciones de transmisión sexual incluyendo VIH. La búsqueda electrónica para identificar los estudios se realizará en el Registro Cochrane Central de ensayos controlados (CENTRAL), en EMBASE y MEDLINE/PubMed. Se evaluará el riesgo de sesgo utilizando la herramienta recomendada por la colaboración Cochrane. Se realizará metanálisis y se presentarán los datos mediante el método GRADE. Ética y difusión Esta investigación fue inscrita en el comité de ética de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, aceptada y cuenta con certificado de resolución exenta de revisión (ID 171128002). Número de registro CRD42018099008

Background: Nowadays, investigation of the biological effects of mobile phones is important due to increasing use of these devices. This study aimed to assess the effects of exposure with 900-MHz mobile phone radiation on survival and proliferation of breast cancer Michigan cancer foundation-7 (MCF-7) cells. Methods: Breast cancer MCF-7 cells was used and divided into 3 radiation groups which located at 10 and 20 cm from Global System Mobile Communication (GSM) antenna signal simulator that is able to produce electromagnetic waves with a frequency of 900 MHz. The cells were exposed 6, 15 and 30 minutes per day with an interval of 10 minutes during exposure time for 3 and 5 days, respectively. After 3 and 5 days, MTT assay [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] was used to evaluate the growth and viability. Trypan blue test was done to assess the rate of cells proliferation. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software. Findings: Irradiation times and periods of 3 and 5 days had a significant impact on viability of MCF-7 cells (P < 0.05); but radiation intervals at distances 10 and 20 cm showed no significant effect on viability of MCF-7 cells (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that 900-MHz radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) signal radiation may reduce cell viability and proliferation rates of the MCF-7 cells regarding to the duration of exposure.

Objectives: To evaluate prenatal exposure to radiofrequency radiation (RFR) from telecommunication using a mobile phone questionnaire, operator data logs of mobile phone use and a personal exposure meter (PEM). Material and Methods: The study included 1228 mother–infants pairs from the Mothers and Children’s Environmental Health (MOCEH) study – a multicenter prospective cohort study ongoing since 2006, in which participants were enrolled at ≤ 20 weeks of pregnancy, with a follow-up of a child birth and growth to assess the association between prenatal environmental exposure and children’s health. The questionnaire included the average calling frequency per day and the average calling time per day. An EME Spy 100 PEM was used to measure RFR among 269 pregnant women from November 2007 to August 2010. The operators’ log data were obtained from 21 participants. The Spearman’s correlation test was performed to evaluate correlation coefficient and 95% confidence intervals between the mobile phone use information from the questionnaire, operators’ log data, and data recorded by the PEM. Results: The operators’ log data and information from the self-reported questionnaire showed significantly high correlations in the average calling frequency per day (ρ = 0.6, p = 0.004) and average calling time per day (ρ = 0.5, p = 0.02). The correlation between information on the mobile phone use in the self-reported questionnaire and exposure index recorded by the PEM was poor. But correlation between the information of the operators’ log data and exposure index for transmission of mobile communication was significantly high: correlation coefficient (p-value) was 0.44 (0.07) for calling frequency per day, and it was 0.49 (0.04) for calling time per day. Conclusions: The questionnaire information on the mobile phone use showed moderate to high quality. Using multiple methods for exposure assessment might be better than using only one method. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2016;29(6):959–972