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Quality control over the catch of fishermen in the Branta Fishery Port, Pamekasan is still not well-implemented. This study was aimed to evaluate the quality of kurisi fish meat based on the value of the Total Plate Count (TPC), diversity and total heterotrophic bacteria and pathogens on TSA, EMB, SSA, and TCBS media. The heterotrophic bacterial TPC (TSA) value was 8.59 Log CFU/g with 7 species diversity and the highest total of species abundance was between 2-336 colonies (BH3). The pathogenic bacterial TPC (EMB) value was 3.72 Log CFU/g with 6 species diversity and the highest total of species abundance was between 784-1009 colonies (BPE4). The BPE1 bacterial isolate which was metallic green was suspected to be Escherichia coli. The pathogenic bacterial TPC (SSA) value was 4.12 Log CFU/g with 5 species diversity and the highest total of species abundance was between 35-450 colonies (BPS1), and the BPS1 bacterial isolate which was black was suspected to be Salmonella sp. The pathogenic bacterial TPC (TCBS) value was 5.41 Log CFU/g with 2 species diversity and the highest total of species abundance was between 0-44 colonies (BPT1). The green and yellow BPT1 and BPT2 bacterial isolate were suspected to be Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus.

The third stage larvae (L3) of Anisakis typica were detected in 2 species of threadfin bream, Nemipterus hexodon and N. japonicus, from the Gulf of Thailand, and were morphologically and molecularly characterized. Total 100 threadfin breams, 50 Nemipterus hexodon and 50 N. japonicus, were examined with naked eyes after the opening of abdominal cavity with scissors. Almost all infected larvae remained alive and active even the fish were transported for 1-2 days. Anisakid larvae were exclusively distributed in the body cavity and rarely in the liver. The prevalence of A. typica L3 were 68.0% and 60.0% in N. hexodon and N. japonicus and their infection intensities were 3.5 and 4.2 per fish infected each. Morphological and morphometric analysis were performed by viewing specimens under both a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope. Interestingly, the protruded mucron of Anisakis typica under SEM showed a distinct cylindrical shape that differed from the cone shape of A. simplex. The protruded mucron could be used to identify A. typica L3 larvae in the future. A comparison of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA nucleotide sequences of these species revealed high blast scores with A. typica. Conclusively, it was confirmed that A. typica L3 are prevalent in threadfin breams from the Gulf of Thailand, and their morphological and molecular characters are something different from those of other anisakid larvae, including A. simplex and A. pegreffii.

In this study, chitosan coatings incorporated with propolis extract (PE) were utilized to extend the shelf-life of refrigerated Nemipterus japonicus fillets. Microbiological (total mesophilic bacteria (TMB) and total psychrotrophic count (TPC)), physicochemical (pH, total volatile bases nitrogen (TVB-N), 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), free fatty acid (FFA)) and sensory (color, odor and preference) characteristics of coated fillets were evaluated during 12days. The results showed that incorporating PE into chitosan solution could significantly (P0.05) improve the quality of fish fillets. The results showed that the chitosan+PE samples reduced the extent of lipid oxidation, as judged by TBARS and FFA, suggesting that there is a synergistic effect between chitosan coating and propolis. Moreover, the application of chitosan coatings with PE improved the TVB-N and pH values of the Nemipterus japonicus samples significantly compared to untreated sample, thus extending the shelf life of Nemipterus japonicus fillet approximately10days. All wrapped fillets in treatment samples incorporated with PE had lower bacterial counts compared to control (P0.05). However, the bacterial counts of chitosan coating combined with PE were lower than those treated by chitosan or PE alone during the storage. The fillets treated with chitosan and PE had the best sensory properties. The increase (10days) in the shelf-life was attributed to the antioxidant and antimicrobial characteristics of chitosan and PE. These results confirmed that chitosan coating enriched with PE can be an improving method to reducing deterioration of refrigerated Nemipterus japonicus fillets.

The population structure of three Nemipterid species (Nemipterus japonicus, Nemipterus bipunctatus and Nemipterus zysron) from the Gulf of Suez was investigated. A total of 3663 specimens (2597 N. japonicus, 576 N. bipunctatus and 490 N. zysron) were collected during the fishing season 2014/2015 in the Gulf of Suez. The maximum life span estimated from otolith reading was 5 years for N. japonicus and N. bipunctatus while, it was 4 years for N. zysron. The parameters of von Bertalanffy growth equation were L∞ = 31.66 cm, K = 0.24 year−1 and to = −1.2 year for N. japonicus; L∞ = 29.55 cm, K = 0.26 year−1 and to = −1.2 year for N. bipunctatus and were L∞ = 24.69 cm, K = 0.38 year−1 and to = −0.84 year for N. zysron. The estimated exploitation rate for the three species exceeded the optimum exploitation rate, indicating an overexploitation of the nemipterid species in the Gulf of Suez. The yield per recruit analysis revealed that the fishing pressure of the trawling fleet in the Gulf of Suez, has overridden the critical level. Findings suggest that decrease in the fishing effort of trawl fishery and increase the length of the mesh size is required for the protection of the nemipteridae resources in the Gulf. Keywords: Trawl, Age and growth, Nemipterid species, Exploitation rate, Yield per recruit

The antioxidant activities and oxidative stability of palm olein frying oil added with threadfin bream (TFB) hydrolysate and Nanox 189 were studied. The DPPH radical scavenging activities and chelating effects of ferrous ion were evaluated and compared with α-tocopherol. Oxidative stability after 30 frying cycles were analysed for the induction period, free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide values (PV), total polar compounds (TPC), and viscosity. Palm olein without any antioxidant was used as control. Nanox 189 exhibited a higher percentage on the DPPH scavenging effect and ferrous ion chelating effect than TFB hydrolysate. Frying oil added with Nanox 189 recorded the longest induction period, which was up to 11 hr. while TFB hydrolysate added oil showed an induction period of nine hours. Nanox 189 addition in frying oil yielded the lowest FFA and PV, followed by those added with TFB hydrolysate. The highest readings of TPC were recorded for TFB hydrolysate added oil, which is 13%. Throughout the 30 frying cycles, the addition of TFB hydrolysate recorded a lower percentage increase for viscosity than Nanox 189 with 4.7% compared to the latter, which is 9.6%. Even though the antioxidant activities of TFB hydrolysate was lower than that of Nanox 189, the study suggested some antioxidant potential of TFB hydrolysate based on the DPPH radical scavenging activities and chelating effects of the ferrous ion as well as its ability to slightly improve the oxidative stability of palm olein during the 30 frying cycles.

A total number 200 different marine fish species represented as 100 Elsarah (Nemipterus japonicus ) and 100 Mias (Pomatomus saltatrix L.) were collected seasonally from Suez and Ismailia provinces respectively . The infested marine fishes revealed no pathognomonic signs.They were investigated for detection of Isopoda parasites. It was revealed that 50% of the examined marine fishes was infested.The detected species were Irona nanodies from Nemipterus japonicus with a prevalence 60% , and Lironeca ovalis from Pomatomus saltatrix L with a prevalence 40%.The histopathological alterations were recorded and discussed.The secondary bacterial invasion was manifested by the isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa where it was experimentally infected into Tilapia zillii and reisolated again.

Background/Objectives: Histopathological screening of a typical polypoidal stomach and associated organs was performed on Nemipterus japonicus off Visakhapatnam coast. Methods: 1832 specimens were collected from Visakhapatnam coast at a depth of 45m-100m within the period January 2011 to December 2013 were examined for documenting lesions in the stomach. Of the total samples about 18% of fish were identified with typical mucosal polyps which were autopsied and tissues of skin, gill, muscle, stomach, intestine, liver, spleen, kidney and gonads of both normal and diseased fish were fixed in 10% buffered formalin for 48 hours and dehydrated in graded alcohols, followed by impregnation in paraffin. The embedded blocks are cut 5 μ thick on a microtome and sections stained with haemotoxylin and eosin, for the examination of pathological changes in the tissues. Findings: These studies revealed macroscopic lesions with a polyp arising from the mucosa of the gastric body leading to herniation of other digestive glands such as liver and pyloric caecum into the lumen of the polypoidal stomach. Histologically, the growth was differentiated as adenomatous polyp with abnormal proliferation of gastric mucosal glands in the stomach with focal erosion and hemorrhage. This evidence suggested chronic gastritis, but the cause of these unusual gastric polyps is unclear. Though earlier microbiological studies revealed the presence of enteric bacteria, with a dominance of Klebsiella pneumoniae, virological investigations failed to confirm any oncoviral particles and even aflatoxin analysis gave negative results. Immunological and karyological studies of N. japonicus with mucosal buccal polyps showed mitodepression. Application/Improvements: This is first histopathological report of this kind in N. japonicus and may help as a model for future studies on gastric polyposis in both human and animals.

Identification of two genera of family nemipteridae, nemipterus and scolopsis in red sea, carried out usually morphologically only but in this study depend on anatomically. For the first time we discovered the presence of an accessory globiform kidney in Nemipterus japonicus . By complete the study on the other species, which obtained in our region from Red sea of family nemiptredae, Nemipterus japonicas , Nemipterus virgatus , Nemipterus zysron and Nemipterus mesoprion . The results indicated that the presence of an accessory globiform kidney in this four species. On the other hand, in Scolopsis ghanam (genus scolopisidsis), this accessory globiform kidney is not present. Therefore, this accessory globiform kidney is specific for genus nemipterus. Besides the above results, there is a new methods used accessory globiform kidney as index to demonstrate spawning season in male of two common species of genus nemipterus N. japonicus and N. virgatus besides other reproductive items, such as gonadosomatic index. This new index called kidnosomatic index (KSI) and used the following equation to calculate (KSI = accessory globiform kidney /gutted weight X 100). The both indices indicated that the spawning season of N. japonicus extend from June to early September but N. virgatus from September to December.

Summary In our present investigation, Nemipterus japonicus and Exocoetus volitans backbone protein were hydrolysed by proteases like trypsin and pepsin, respectively. The protein hydrolysates were purified by different chromatographic methods, and the resulted purified peptides were analysed for their amino acid sequences by electrospray ionisation–MS/MS. The analysis of peptides showed sequences as Gly-His-Met-Ser (451.8 Da) and Leu-Glu-Val-Lys-Pro (596.9 Da) for N. japonicus and E. volitans muscle, respectively. The presence of hydrophobic amino acids contributes more to the antioxidant activities of peptides than other amino acids. Moreover, sequence of amino acids in peptides plays an important role in their antioxidant activities.

The focus of the study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of hydrolyzed muscle protein of Nemipterus japonicus and Exocoetus volitans. The trypsin protein hydrolysates of both fish showed maximum free radical scavenging potential and lipid peroxidation inhibition. Furthermore, it was purified by chromatographic methods followed by the lipid peroxidation inhibition; free radical scavenging assay was performed before and after purification. The purified peptide fractions of N. japonicus and E. volitans exhibited higher activity against polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) peroxidation which was similar to natural antioxidants like α-tocopherol. Free radical scavenging potencies were measured by electron spin resonance technique (ESR). The purified peptide of E. volitans quenched free radicals (DPPH, hydroxyl, and superoxide) slightly more than N. japonicus. The amino acid composition of both fish protein hydrolysates showed variations in their ratio. The purified peptides were tested for cell cytotox...

The present study revealed that the biochemical constituent with respect to different maturity stages of Nemipterus japonicus fish is associated with reproductive cycle, storage and utilization of reserves. Gonadosomatic index N. Japonicus recorded high values (3.5 and 0.51) in May and low values (0.4 and 0.25) in February for female and male, respectively. The maturity stages was classified into 5 maturity stages as follow, 1) immature stage, 2) maturing stage, 3) mature stage, 4) ripe stage and 5) spent stage. The spawning season of N. japonicus extend from May to September. The biochemical composition in muscle, liver and gonad in both sexes are found higher in early stages of maturity and decreases during gonad maturation. The muscle had more fat and crude protein content during the immature stage. Early stages of maturation, hence offer greater food value in these species. With the advancement of maturity, a drop in the fat and soluble crude protein was observed, whereas a linear relationship with moisture was noted from immature to mature stage. The composition of muscle always demonstrated an inverse relationship with hepatic and gonadal composition. Highest crude protein percentage was in stage IV (72.0 ± 2.22) in ovary. The total crude lipid percentage of the ovary showed a gradual increase from Stage I (5.1 ± 0.47) to Stage IV (21.8 ±1.02).

Based on light and scanning electron microscopy, one new species of philometrid nematodes, Philometra damriyasai sp. nov. (Nematoda: Dracunculoidea: Philometridae) from the body cavity of Tylerius spinosissimus (Regan, 1908) (Tetraodontiformes, Tetraodontidae), and five known species are reported in different marine teleosts from South Bali, Indonesia. The new species can be distinguished from the most closely related P. javensis Moravec, Walter & Juniar, 2012 by the absence of sclerotized denticles on the cuticle of the anterior oesophageal lobes of the mouth and smaller larvae. Philometra nemipteri Luo, 2001 of Nemipterus japonicus (Bloch, 1791), P. otolithi Moravec & Manoharan, 2013 of Otolithes ruber (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) (both from gonads) and Philometroides marinus Moravec & Buron, 2009 from the body cavity of Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus, 1766) are reported for the first time from Indonesian waters, thus extending their range of distribution into the tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean. Philometra lobotidis Moravec, Walter & Yuniar, 2012 from the body cavity of Lobotes surinamensis (Bloch, 1790) and P. ocularis Moravec, Ogawa, Suzuki, Miyaki & Donai, 2002 from the eye cavity of Variola louti (Forsskål, 1775) represent new geographical records, and Philometra sp. was recorded for the first time from Cephalopholis sexmaculata (Rüppell, 1830). A total of 14 philometrids have been so far identified from marine fishes in Indonesia.

This study determined the structure of intramuscular organ embedded in the flesh of Threadfin bream Nemipterus japonicus and their relation to gonad maturation. Small pieces of this organ tissue (approximately 0.5 cm 3 ) were divided into sections one for histological studies and other for ultrastructure with electron microscope. This study revealed the presence of a new organ embedded in the flesh of Nemipterus japonicus (collected from the Suez Gulf, Egypt) at the end of abdominal cavity at the beginning of caudal part of the body. Both sexes have the same structure located in this region of fish. This structure showed the same histological organization and ultrastructure like kidney such as proximal segment, distal segment and renal corpuscle. There was a relationship between this new organ and sex & gonad maturation of Nemipterus japonicus. In females, this organ is small and unchangeable in size and weight. However, in males it is different; the degree of development of new organ followed that of the testes. So, this new organ is called a globiform accessory kidney.

A dorsal accessory duct (DAD) structure was found on the dorsal side of a functional testis in all males of both Nemipterus virgatus and N. japonicus, and determined to be homologous to the ovary, based on structural, histological and cytological evidence. Secretions, in the DAD varied according to reproductive season and were particularly marked in N. virgatus. The sexual pattern of both species was functional gonochorism. The secretions of the DAD suggest some unknown function, possibly associated with spawning, which has evidently arisen de novo within a rudimentary ovary: this is the only example of its type reported among hermaphroditic fishes.

Mechanically deboned threadfin bream (Nemipterus japonicus) meat was repeatedly washed in cold water and homogenized in equal amounts of water. The myofibrillar proteins in the homogenate were converted into a gel by the addition of acetic acid to lower the pH. The diluted gel was spray dried to get a colorless, odorless powder containing 93% protein, 1% lipid, 2.6% ash and 5% moisture. The functional properties of the powder including solubility, moisture absorption, and water holding and emulsifying capacities were superior as compared with those of FPC type-B obtained after cooking and hot air-drying of the fish meat. The spray dried powder had a protein efficiency ratio of 3.52 ± 0.27 and was digestible up to 80% by trypsin and pepsin. Unlike the FPC-type B, the spray dried powder did not undergo significant browning suggesting its superior storage stability.

In the present study, protein of muscles of commercially important marine fishes Nemipterus japonicus and Exocoetus volitans were extracted by trypsin and their hydrolysis conditions viz., temperature, time, and enzyme to substrate concentration on degree of hydrolysis were studied by response surface methodology. The optimum values for N. japonicus was found as temperature, 30°C, hydrolysis time of 100 min an enzyme/substrate concentration of 1.59% whereas, for E. volitans muscle protein, optimum hydrolysis conditions were temperature, 30°C, hydrolysis time of 115 min and enzyme/substrate concentration of 1.67%. Furthermore, amino acid sequence of antioxidant peptides derived after chromatographic purification was identified by ESI–MS/MS. The analysis of peptides showed sequences as Glu-Ser-Asp-Arg-Pro (620.3 Da) and Gly-Trp-Met-Gly-Cys-Trp (747.3) for N. japonicus and E. volitans muscle, respectively. The peptides contained important antioxidant amino acids and acted as good antioxidant peptides to scavenge free radicals.

Functional properties and antioxidant activity of pink perch (Nemipterus japonicus) muscle hydrolysed by three different enzymes papain, pepsin and trypsin were studied. The protein hydrolysates produced by trypsin had an excellent solubility (98%) compared to pepsin (77%) and papain hydrolysate (74%). Conversely, the emulsifying activity index (ESI) and foaming abilities were affected by pH. DPPH radical scavenging ability, reducing power and metal chelating activity of protein hydrolysates increased with increase in concentration. Lipid peroxidation was strongly inhibited by 64% by protein hydrolysates produced by trypsin. The results revealed that the functional properties and antioxidant activities of pink perch were greatly affected by the enzymes used.