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Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı bireylerin travmalarını ve travma sonrası belirtilerini belirleyen, DSM-5 ile uyumlu, geçerli ve güvenilir Çok Boyutlu Travma Ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi ve bu ölçeğin psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır.Yöntem: Çalışmanın örneklem grubu 18 yaş ve üzeri 1054 bireyden (843 kadın 211 erkek) oluşmaktadır. Veriler, demografik bilgi formu, Çocukluk Çağı Travmaları Ölçeği, Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu Kontrol Listesi - Sivil Versiyon, Bilişsel Duygu Düzenleme Ölçeği, Stresle Başa Çıkma Tarzları Ölçeği ve Çok Boyutlu Travma Ölçeği kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Çok Boyutlu Travma Ölçeği’nin (ÇBTÖ) geçerliliğine ve güvenilirliğini dair gerekli analizler uygulanmıştır. Ölçek geliştirme basamakları titizlikle takip edilerek ölçüm aracının yapı geçerliliğini desteklemek amacıyla sırasıyla Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi ve Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi uygulanmıştır.Bulgular: Elde edilen bulgular neticesinde ÇBTÖ’de yer alan ilk ölçek olan Çocukluk Çağı Travmaları Ölçeği’nde (ÇÇTÖ) 31 madde ve 6 alt boyuttan (duygusal ihmal/istismar, fiziksel istismar, fiziksel ihmal, cinsel istismar, ikincil travma ve diğer travmalar); ve ÇÇTÖ’de bulunan ikinci ölçek olan Travma Sonrası Belirtiler Ölçeği’nde (TSBÖ) 26 madde ve 6 alt boyuttan (kaçınma, yineleme, aşırı tepki, bilişsel bozulma, işlevsel bozulma ve çözülme belirtileri) oluşan toplamda 57 madde ve 12 alt boyutluk bir ölçüm aracı geliştirilmiştir. ÇÇTÖ için açıklanan toplam varyans %62,58 olarak bulunurken, cranbach alpha güvenilirlik katsayısı 0,87 olarak elde edilmiştir. TSBÖ için açıklanan toplam varyans %67,19 olarak saptanmış olup, cranbach alpha güvenilirlik katsayısı 0,94 olarak bulunmuştur. Alt boyutların güvenilirlik değerleri 0,50 – 0,91 arasında değişiklik göstermektedir. Ölçekte gerekli metotlar ile her alt boyuttan ayrı ayrı kesme puanı belirlenmiştir.Sonuç: 57 madde ve 12 alt boyuttan oluşan 5’li likert şeklinde tasarlanan, yüksek düzeyde geçerliliğe ve güvenilirliğe sahip “Çok Boyutlu Travma Ölçeği (ÇBTÖ)” literatüre kazandırılmıştır., Aim: The aim of this study is to develop a valid and reliable Multidimensional Trauma Scale compatible with DSM-5, which determines trauma and post-traumatic symptoms of individuals; also, to examine the psychometric properties of this scale.Method: The sample group consists of 1054 individuals (843 females and 211 males) aged 18 years and over. The data were collected by using demographic information form, Childhood Trauma Scale, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist - Civil Version, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Scale, Coping Style Scale and Multidimensional Trauma Scale. Necessary analyzes regarding the validity and reliability of the scale were applied. Scale development steps were followed studiously and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were applied, respectively in order to support the construct validity.Results: As a result of the findings, the Childhood Traumas Scale, the first scale in the Multidimensional Trauma Scale consisting of 31 items and 6 sub-dimensions (emotional neglect/abuse, physical abuse, physical neglect, sexual abuse, secondary trauma and other traumas) and The Post-Traumatic Symptoms Scale, the second scale in the Multidimensional Trauma Scale consisting of 26 items and 6 sub-dimensions (avoidance, re-experience, hyperarousal, cognitive impairment, functional impairment, and dissociation symptoms) have been developed. While the total variance explained for the Childhood Traumas Scale was found as 62,58% and cronbach alpha reliability coefficient was identified as 0,87. The total variance explained for the Post-Traumatic Symptoms Scale was found as 67,19%, and cronbach alpha reliability coefficient was found as 0,94. The reliability values of the sub-dimensions vary between 0,50 and 0,91. The cut-off score was determined separately for each sub-dimension.Conclusion: The Multidimensional Trauma Scale, consisting of 57 items and 12 sub-dimensions, was designed as a 5-point likert scale and has been presented to the literature.

Background Military personnel are at a heightened risk of being exposed to potentially traumatic incidents in the line of duty. Evidence would suggest that the risk of developing psychological trauma and/or PTSD after a traumatic event is predicted by the interaction of pre-trauma, peri-trauma and post-trauma risk and protective factors. Objective This research will explore military personnels' experience of potentially traumatic events while deployed. In particular, the research aims to gain an understanding of both protective and risk factors which influence personnels' experience of potentially traumatic events. Method One to one, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 members of the Irish Defence Forces. We conducted a thematic analysis in line with the recommendations provided by Braun & Clarke 2006. Results There was a wide variety of potentially traumatic events experienced by participants, ranging from stressful naval migrant rescues to armed standoffs. Aside from more pointed events, chronic stress was reported to negatively affect personal resilience while factors such as positive mindset and a belief in the mission had a galvanizing effect. Both the family back home and the "military family" were reported to provide sources of comfort and support, while at times being a source of significant stress. The organisational context of the military, including training and formal psychological supports was viewed with mixed opinions by our participants. Conclusions The findings of this research illuminate the unique stress and strains faced by Irish military personnel at pre, peri and post deployment. The results highlight the need for effective predeployment resilience building programmes to equip personnel with the tools to deal with traumatic events. This foundational work provides the basis for further research into the military peacekeeper and humanitarian domain. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Purpose. To determine the psychological trauma consequences and types of possible mental disorders in victims of а traffic accident (TA). Materials and methods. There has been made a review of current professional literature on providing the medical and psychological assistance in terms of the definition of mental disorder types in patients with psychological trauma due to TA. Results. We have determined the concept «psychic trauma», systematized the consequences of psychological trauma in victims of TA. In the context of individual and psychological characteristics of this category of people, there was determined the content in the concept of alcohol intoxication, namely, physiological (simple) and pathological intoxication as one of the main socio-epidemiological predictors of traffic accidents. Conclusion. Provision of medical and psychological assistance to the victims of TA requires the implementation of a number of specific measures, including the study of actions of a person, who suffered due to TA, with further diagnosis of his (her) psychological state, as well as initiation of the forensic psychological examination with an individual psychological study, first of all in the context of criminological features of ТА perpetrators as subjects of the crime of negligence, in the absence of medical and legal criteria for insanity, especially in drivers in a with alcoholic intoxication.

Trauma exposure has been repeatedly linked to psychophysiological threat reactivity, although the directionality of this association has been inconsistent. Several factors likely contribute to inconsistent findings including type of trauma and threat paradigm. The present study therefore examined the impact of trauma type on psychophysiological reactivity to predictable (P-) and unpredictable (U-) threat in young adults (N = 112). Participants were classified into three groups: history of interpersonal or noninterpersonal trauma, or no history of trauma. Startle eyeblink potentiation was recorded during a well-validated threat-of-shock paradigm. Results indicated individuals with interpersonal trauma exposure displayed exaggerated startle reactivity to U-threat (only) compared with both other groups. In contrast, individuals with noninterpersonal trauma exhibited blunted startle reactivity to U-threat (only) compared with both other groups. Findings reveal that trauma and threat type influence threat reactivity and that those with a history of interpersonal trauma may uniquely display exaggerated sensitivity to stressors that are uncertain.

The integration of trauma-informed care practices into the care of obstetric patients requires an understanding of psychological trauma, its impact on this population, and how trauma-informed care can be adapted to improve outcomes for those patients with a previous history of trauma or for those that experience peripartum trauma. System-based changes to policies, protocols, and practices are needed to achieve sustainable change. Maternal morbidity and mortality that result from trauma-related and other mental health conditions in the peripartum period are significant. Innovative approaches to the prevention of negative birth experiences and retraumatization during labor and delivery are needed.

The article provides up-to-date scientific data on the clinical phenotype of depression in children and adolescents that were exposed to significant psychological trauma as a result of hostilities, terrorism, natural disasters, abuse, physical and sexual violence. The review presents the latest data on the prevalence of depression due to various traumatic factors, comorbidity of mental and neurological disorders, possible mechanisms of their relationship, treatment recommendations. Post-traumatic depressions (PTD) are widespread in children and adolescents and negatively affect the quality of life and significantly increase the risk of suicide and self-harming behavior. The presence of depression worsens the prognosis of post-traumatic stress disorder, the treatment response. Several psychotherapeutic interventions, including cognitive-behavioral therapy and eye-movement desensitization, are effective in the treatment of PTD. Psychopharmacological drugs, in particular antidepressants and mood stabilizers, have limited proven efficacy in PTD in pediatric practice. The use of these drugs in comorbid mental and neurological conditions has a higher level of evidence. Conclusions. Depression in children and adolescents due to psychological trauma remains an understudied topic. Future research should focus on the efficacy of pharmacological approaches to the treatment of posttraumatic depression and comorbid mental and neurological disorders, which is especially important for countries with low access to specialized psychotherapeutic care., У статті наведені сучасні наукові дані щодо клінічного фенотипу депресій у дітей та підлітків, які зазнали значущої психологічної травматизації в результаті воєнних дій, тероризму, природних катастроф, жорстокого поводження, фізичного та сексуального насильства. Обговорюються дані щодо поширеності депресій, зумовлених різними травматичними чинниками, коморбідності з психічними та неврологічними розладами, розглянуті можливі механізми їх взаємозв’язку, терапевтичні рекомендації. Посттравматичні депресії (ПТД) поширені серед дітей та підлітків, негативно впливають на якість життя та суттєво збільшують ризик суїциду та самоушкоджуючої поведінки. Наявність депресії погіршує прогноз перебігу посттравматичного стресового розладу, ефективність його терапії. Окремі психотерапевтичні втручання, зокрема когнітивно-поведінкова терапія та десенсибілізація рухами очей, є ефективними методами терапії ПТД. Психофармакологічні лікарські засоби (ПЛЗ), зокрема антидепресанти та стабілізатори настрою, мають обмежену доведену ефективність при ПТД у педіатричній практиці. Більший рівень доказовості має застосування цих ПЛЗ при коморбідних психічних та неврологічних розладах. Висновки. Депресія у дітей та підлітків внаслідок психологічної травматизації залишається недостатньо дослідженим розладом психіки. Майбутні дослідження мають бути направлені на вивчення ефективності фармакотерапевтичних підходів до лікування посттравматичної депресії та коморбідних психічних та неврологічних розладів, що є особливо важливим для країн з низьким доступом до спеціалізованої психотерапевтичної допомоги.

Background Second victims (SVs) are health care workers traumatized by unanticipated, adverse patient events. These experiences can have personal and professional effects on SVs. Research indicates that SVs experience inadequate support following adverse events. Purpose To determine the prevalence of nurses who identified as SVs and their awareness and use of supportive resources. Methods A convenience sample of nurses was surveyed, and SV responses were compared with those who did not identify as a SV. Responses were analyzed using nonparametric methods. Results One hundred fifty-nine (44.3%) of 359 participants identified as SVs. There was a significant relationship between work tenure and SVs (P = .009). A relationship was found between SVs and awareness and use of support resources, with debriefing being the preferred method after an event. Conclusions Adverse events trigger emotional trauma in SVs who require administrative awareness, support, and follow-up to minimize psychological trauma in the clinical nurse.

Background Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is the intentional alteration, removal, or injury of female genitalia for non-medical reasons. Approximately 200 million females have been victims of FGM/C, and genital reconstructive procedures are increasing in demand. Objectives The objectives of this study were to assess clinical and patient-reported outcomes after FGM/C reconstruction to help guide treatment practices. Methods Adult patients undergoing anatomic reconstruction after FGM/C were retrospectively identified. Outcomes included clitoral, labial, and donor site surgical site occurrences (SSO) and the need for revision operations. Patient-reported outcomes were assessed using an adapted version of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), a validated outcomes instrument that assesses sexual function through 6 domains, with each domain having a maximum score of 6. Results Nineteen patients were identified in our review. Patients presented for reconstruction due to dyspareunia, inability to orgasm, chronic infections, to normalize appearance, and/or to "feel normal." There were no SSOs and two revision operations for adhesions. 74% of patients completed the FSFI postoperatively. Despite most patients seeking repair for inability to orgasm and/or dyspareunia, the median scores for these domains were 4.6 and 5.2. Patients' desire to engage in sexual activity scored lowest (3.9), and patients reported concerns over the appearance of their genitalia (50%) that affected self-confidence (85.7%). Conclusion FGM/C reconstruction is safe and contributes to improvements in physical sexual health. Psychological trauma may contribute to lessened sexual desire and self-confidence even after reconstruction. Multidisciplinary treatment is important to address the long-term psychological effects of this practice. Level of evidence iv This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Chronic pain and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequently co-occur, and research suggests that these 2 conditions exacerbate one another producing greater impact on normal functioning in combination than separately. The influence of traumatic experiences on both pain and PTSD has been shown, but the nature of this interplay remains unclear. Although Criterion A trauma is required for the diagnosis of PTSD, whether the association between PTSD and chronic pain is dependent on Criterion A is underexplored. In this observational cohort study, we examined the association between pain and PTSD-like symptoms in the context of Criterion A trauma in 5,791 men from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Correlations and mixed-effects regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version symptoms and multiple indicators of pain from the Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire across trauma history and chronic pain conditions. 53.21% of the participants experienced trauma consistent with DSM-IV Criterion A for PTSD. The associations between pain indicators and PTSD-like symptoms was stronger for individuals with a history of trauma but remained robust for individuals without trauma history. Small but significant interactions between past trauma and pain indicators and PTSD-like symptoms were observed. Findings were similar in a subsample of participants with history of chronic pain conditions. The relationship between PTSD-like symptoms and indicators of pain were largely independent of trauma consistent with Criterion A, highlighting the need to better understand and address stressful life events in chronic pain patients and pain concerns in individuals reporting trauma. Perspective This article demonstrates that the relationship between PTSD-like symptoms and indicators of pain is largely independent of trauma consistent with Criterion A. This finding highlights the need to better understand and address stressful life events in chronic pain patients and pain concerns in individuals reporting trauma.

Trauma and its related psychological and somatic consequences are associated with higher cardiovascular morbidity. The regulation of both the gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and the neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) have been reported to be affected during physical and psychological trauma. Both mediators are likely molecular correlates of trauma-induced cardiovascular complications, because they share parallel roles and signaling pathways in the cardiovascular system, both locally as well as on the level of central regulation and the vagus nerve. Meditation can alter the structure of specific brain regions and can have beneficial effects on cardiovascular health. This perspective article summarizes the evidence pointing toward the significance of H2S and OT signaling in meditation-mediated cardio-protection.

The article concludes that Kuprin's prose has some influence on Green's work. The biographical basis of their army prose, the similarity of the authors' positions in describing the dramatic fate of a soldier and his psychological trauma, the suppression of his individuality by the army system, the conflict between self-awareness and depersonalization, the fear factor of a person who is naturally incapable of a military regime are pointed out. The following differences are noted: Kuprin reinforces the motive of pity for the humiliated soldier at the expense of the motive of sympathy for him by a young military officer - a protogonist and reasoner; in Green's stories, the characters don’t have double identities; Green's social revolutionary views led to the appearance of a rebel soldier in his stories, but the soldier is a passive character in Kuprin's stories.

Introduction: The large numbers of torture survivors suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder and other psychological trauma in the United States suggests pharmacists should be aware of, and attentive to possible drug therapies for this population. Method: To this end, we systematically review the literature on pharmacotherapy for survivors of torture. Published literature that assessed use of pharmacotherapy in torture victims were searched from MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, PsychInfo and CINAHL. Search terms “torture,” “pharmacotherapy,” “depression OR PTSD,” “refugee OR asylum seekers” and “treatment or rehabilitation” were utilized. Results: Review of controlled and uncontrolled studies reveal that antidepressants are the most widely studied medications, particularly sertraline, a selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor, in the torture survivor population expanding to refugees and asylum seekers. Anti-adrenergic medications were used as adjunctive treatment in some uncontrolled studies. In randomized controlled trials, pharmacotherapy did not differentiate from placebo in reducing symptoms. Uncontrolled trials had yielded variable outcomes from pharmacotherapy. Discussion: There is lack of strong evidence in supporting the use of pharmacotherapy for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder. Heterogeneity in the study design, patient ethnicity and the social and political status at the time of the study may have contributed in the variable clinical responses to pharmacotherapy.

The article is devoted to the consideration of the current state of the system of psychological rehabilitation and administrative and legal regulation of combatants who took a direct part in the armed conflict and suffered during the hostilities. The analysis of the legal bases on which the functioning of the domestic system of psychological rehabilitation is based is given. Considerable attention is paid to the consideration of the activities of various institutions and organizations for the provision of services for the psychological rehabilitation of combatants. The professional activity of servicemen is characterized by a high level of psycho-emotional stress, which is associated with the importance and responsibility of solving combat tasks and the presence of a real risk to life. Participation in hostilities can be considered as stressful events of an exceptional nature that cause general distress in almost everyone, due to the negative factors associated with being in a group of people at increased risk of developing asthenic disorders. Today, the Ukrainian state is undergoing profound domestic political, social and economic changes that have affected all spheres of life and every citizen. One of the main characteristics of these changes is the increase in the frequency and scale of extreme conditions. Extremity permeates the life of large social groups, individual regions and entire states. Fighting in the east of the country, corruption, social instability, political and economic crisis, all these events have not only far-reaching social, material, cultural, medical, but also psychological consequences. World statistics on natural disasters, catastrophes and hostilities show that the number of cases of neuropsychiatric disorders, depending on the type of extreme situation can be 10-25% of the total number of people involved in the situation. These psycho-emotional losses require not only the involvement of a large number of specialists to provide assistance to victims, but also significant attention from the state and government agencies in the form of funding for state programs of psychological rehabilitation, and so on. All this is directly related to the personnel of the Armed Forces and other military formations that become participants in the epicenter of events. In these circumstances, unit commanders must be armed with psychologically sound methods of organizing the activities of personnel, as well as have an education in the legal framework governing the psychological rehabilitation of servicemen. This, of course, will reduce the percentage of psychological losses, increase the efficiency of units in extreme conditions and ensure a rapid recovery of their combat effectiveness. However, despite the existence in the Ukrainian legislation of a number of legal documents governing the rehabilitation of servicemen during injuries or psychological trauma, the current legislation of Ukraine is not able to fully ensure the proper level of comprehensive rehabilitation of servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other military formations. took a direct part in hostilities. This scientific material reveals a number of problematic issues at the legislative level and offers its own vision of resolving urgent needs and inconsistencies in the administrative and legal field.

COVID-19 is a worldwide pandemic that is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SAR-CoV-2). For the effect of this pandemic, the people of Bangladesh are suffering from unprecedented challenges of all ages. Coronavirus pandemic has hit the young mental health badly. The main purpose of this research was to investigate the mental health condition among young people during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. In this study, a qualitative research method was used where twenty case studies were carried out to evaluate critical situations as well as the determinants of psychological health problems that young adults are facing. Result demonstrates that like other ages, young people are bound to stay at home during lockdown that causes a profound effect on their mental health. Due to COVID-19 young people are going through a variety of critical situations including financial hardship, conflict with family members, quarantine-related crisis, increasing pressure for marriage, extreme addiction to the virtual world, and addiction to different video games that threaten their psychological health, for example increasing suicidal tendency, loneliness, anxiety, depression, psychological trauma, low self-confidence anger, etc. Researchers have suggested some potential recommendations to reduce the psychological pressure of young people during pandemics.

Workplace mental health is relevant to public safety organizations due to the exposure that many public safety personnel (PSP) have to psychological trauma in the course of their daily work. While the importance of attending to PSP mental health has been established, the implementation of workplace mental health interventions is not as well understood. This scoping review describes workplace mental health interventions and their implementation in public safety organizations. English published primary studies with any publication date up to July 3, 2020 were considered. JBI methodology and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews was followed. 89 citations met inclusion criteria out of the 62,299 found. Articles and reports found were largely published within the last decade, most frequently from Western nations, and most often applied to police, followed by firefighters. The focus of interventions was commonly stress management and resilience, and a frequent implementation strategy was multi-session group training. Comprehensive quality improvement initiatives, a focus on supervisors and managers, and interventions across primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention, were infrequent. Public safety organizations are frequently reporting on stress management and resilience interventions for police and firefighters, implemented through multi-session group training. A focus across a range of PSP, including paramedics, corrections officers, and emergency dispatchers, using implementation strategies beyond group training, is suggested. This area of research is currently expanding, with many studies published within the past decade; ongoing evaluation of the quality of interventions and implementation strategies is recommended.

The COVID-19 is a “unique” stressor, which can produce physical and psychological trauma. Coping styles can buffer this psychological impact. Consequently, this paper aims to psychometrically adapt the Fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S) to Spanish and examines the relationships between FCV-19S, stress response, and coping strategies. The sample comprised a convenience sample of 1146 participants (12–83 years), 880 from Spain (76.8%), and 266 from Dominican Republic (23.2%). Overall, the findings support a one-factor structure for FCV-19S, consisting of 7-items, and was invariant across age, sex, occupational status, and cross-national. Therefore, indicating evidences of construct validity. Evidences of reliability were also observed (Cronbach’s α = .86, McDonald’s ω = .86, Guttmann’s λ6 = .86, greatest lower bound = .91, composite reliability = .85, and average variance extracted = .44). Moreover, as regards criterion-related validity, the mediation analysis indicated that the relationship between FCV-19S and acute stress was positive and high, with maladaptive coping styles mediating the relationship, and with a stronger mediation for men. The findings give evidences of the reliability and validity of the Spanish version of FCV-19S among Spanish-speaker participants, which provides the chance of cross-cultural studies.

Trans Vaginal Mesh (TVM) surgeries have been used to treat stress urine incontinency (SUI) and/or pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Systematic reviews of clinical studies of outcomes suggest that the procedures have benefited a majority of women, while noting that a small minority of women have experienced harms. To provide a more complete picture of outcomes, we conducted a systematic review of the qualitative literature to provide a comprehensive analysis of women’s own accounts of their experience. We conducted a systematic review and thematic synthesis of the evidence from the international qualitative literature on women’s experiences of and perspectives on TVM surgery for SUI and/or POP between 1996 and 2020. We retrieved 6587 papers from PubMed, Cochrane, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Sociological Abstracts. After application of inclusion and exclusion criteria and full-text review of eligible articles, five articles were included in our systematic review. Findings from included articles were organised under three main themes: women’s everyday lives were transformed by TVM surgery; women’s expectations of and approach to their future lives; and women’s critiques of TVM surgery. The transformation of women’s everyday lives included a struggle to obtain recognition and support for their injuries before and after corrective surgery, ongoing limitations on their social, professional and personal lives, and compounding medical and psychological trauma as a result. Women’s approaches to their future lives changed because of this transformation; we identified five main approaches, four were ways of accommodating change, a fifth involved being unable to accommodate life changes. Women’s critiques included that TVM surgeries were overused, consent processes were poor, and surgeons’ definitions of success were deficient. Women expressed concerns about the safety of TVM products and future risks of further complications and discussed multiple system failures in the health care they received. This review suggests that discounting women’s experiences has caused compound trauma and skewed the clinical evidence base; while harms occurred in a minority of women, we suggest they should be recognised as an ethically significant potential outcome. Approaches to TVM injury should attend to historical epistemic injustice and recognise women’s agency.

BackgroundUnderstanding the interplay between trauma-related psychological mechanisms and psychotic symptoms may improve the effectiveness of interventions for post-traumatic stress reactions in psychosis. Network theory assumes that mental health problems persist not because of a common latent variable, but from dynamic feedback loops between symptoms, thereby addressing the heterogeneous and overlapping nature of traumagenic and psychotic diagnoses. This is a proof-of-concept study examining interactions between post-traumatic stress symptoms, which were hypothesized to reflect trauma-related psychological mechanisms, and auditory hallucinations and delusions.MethodBaseline data from two randomised controlled trials (N = 216) of trauma-focused therapy in people with post-traumatic stress symptoms (87.5% met diagnostic criteria for PTSD) and psychotic disorder were analysed. Reexperiencing, hyperarousal, avoidance, trauma-related beliefs, auditory hallucinations and delusional beliefs were used to estimate a Gaussian graphical model along with expected node influence and predictability (proportion of explained variance).ResultsTrauma-related beliefs had the largest direct influence on the network and, together with hypervigilance, were implicated in the shortest paths from flashbacks to delusions and auditory hallucinations.ConclusionsThese findings are in contrast to previous research suggesting a central role for re-experiencing, emotional numbing and interpersonal avoidance in psychosis. Trauma-related beliefs were the psychological mechanism most associated with psychotic symptoms, although not all relevant mechanisms were measured. This work demonstrates that investigating multiple putative mediators may clarify which processes are most relevant to trauma-related psychosis. Further research should use network modelling to investigate how the spectrum of traumatic stress reactions play a role in psychotic symptoms.

BackgroundPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are commonly reported co-occurring mental health consequences of psychological trauma exposure. The disorders have high genetic overlap. Trauma is a complex phenotype but research suggests that trauma sensitivity has a heritable basis. We investigated whether sensitivity to trauma in those with MDD reflects a similar genetic component in those with PTSD.MethodsGenetic correlations between PTSD and MDD in individuals reporting trauma and MDD in individuals not reporting trauma were estimated, as well as with recurrent MDD and single-episode MDD, using genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics. Genetic correlations were replicated using PTSD data from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium and the Million Veteran Program. Polygenic risk scores were generated in UK Biobank participants who met the criteria for lifetime MDD (N = 29 471). We investigated whether genetic loading for PTSD was associated with reporting trauma in these individuals.ResultsGenetic loading for PTSD was significantly associated with reporting trauma in individuals with MDD [OR 1.04 (95% CI 1.01–1.07), Empirical-p = 0.02]. PTSD was significantly more genetically correlated with recurrent MDD than with MDD in individuals not reporting trauma (rg differences = ~0.2, p < 0.008). Participants who had experienced recurrent MDD reported significantly higher rates of trauma than participants who had experienced single-episode MDD (χ2 > 166, p < 0.001)ConclusionsOur findings point towards the existence of genetic variants associated with trauma sensitivity that might be shared between PTSD and MDD, although replication with better powered GWAS is needed. Our findings corroborate previous research highlighting trauma exposure as a key risk factor for recurrent MDD.

This study aims to discuss the effect of ethnicity on child maltreatment trauma in China and to contribute to international knowledge on the quality of life of children. The data come from a survey of 1763 rural children (Mage = 12.34, 50.0% boys) in three multi-ethnic counties in western China that was conducted from November 2019 to January 2020 with the modified versions of the “Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire” Scale. There are three important findings of this study. First, child maltreatment is significantly related to child depression in China. The depression score and rate of severe depression symptoms (SDS) are 2.09 times and 3.82 times higher, respectively, for maltreated children than children without maltreatment. Second, the effects of maltreatment on child depression differ significantly among the ethnic groups. The negative effect of maltreatment is most influential among the Han population and least influential among the Zhuang population. Third, ethnic disparities are also found in the effects of the influencing factors on child depression. The effect of intergenerational relationships on child depression is significant only in the Han and Tibetan populations, while the negative effect of peer support is found only among Han, Tibetan, and Miao children. Based on the confirmation of ethnic disparities in trauma due to maltreatment, this study suggests that it is necessary to establish a high-quality psychological intervention system in China’s multi-ethnic counties.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines domestic violence as the deliberate use of force, power and threats against a person or group of people to bring about death or physical injury. This abusive behavior is used to gain or maintain control over the other intimate partner or family member. It usually results in physical, psychological, emotional sexual or economic harm. Most perpetrators are spouses and close family members. It cuts across different spheres of the society and can occur in couples; heterosexual, or homosexual and also between parents and children (child abuse). Research reported that out of 1394 men that partook in the 2016 representative sample of the South African Demographic and Health Survey, 50% of them were perpetrators of domestic violence in their own homes. Sadly, domestic violence has caused a lot of havoc in several families and life of individuals, these range from psychological trauma, anxiety, use of drugs, alcohol and other harmful substances, physical pain, emotional trauma, homelessness, economic crisis, to low self-esteem and death amongst other effects. The aim of our research is to understand the contributing factors of domestic violence in South Africa and to also add to the growing body of knowledge of domestic violence in the country and the region. Deducing from this conclusion, we can recommend that government should focus more on girl child education till tertiary level and women empowerment in terms of job creation to help reduce the occurrence of domestic violence in our society. Population scientists Tomiwa Fapohunda and Phathutshedzo Masiagwala and Professor demographer Nancy Stiegler from the University of Western Cape discuss in this interview the prevalence, population group, age, occupation, marital status, education attainment of the victims of domestic violence, with a view to establish factors that causes domestic violence in South-Africa.

Background Geriatric hospital wards are highly medicalised environments with limited opportunities for choice and control, and can be distressing for older survivors of psychological trauma. While trauma-informed models of care (TIC) are effectively applied across mental health and other settings, the utility of these models in aged care settings has not been assessed. The objective of this study was to examine whether TIC can reduce responsive behaviour, chemical restraint, and improve staff skills and patient experiences in inpatient geriatric settings. Methods Four wards participated in this type I hybrid implementation-effectiveness study across southern Adelaide, Australia, including 79 beds. Using a co-design method, the principles of TIC were transformed into an implementation strategy including staff training, establishment of highly trained ‘champions’ on each ward, screening for trauma-related needs, and amending ward policies and procedures. Primary outcomes will be examined using an interrupted time-series design and are monthly incidence of responsive behaviour incidents and use of chemical restraint. Process evaluation will be used to examine secondary, implementation outcomes including the acceptability, feasibility, and fidelity to the implementation strategy. Discussion Trauma-informed care has potential to improve the safety and accessibility of hospital wards for older people who have survived psychologically traumatic events and has an extensive evidence base supporting its effectiveness in other settings. Identifying trauma-related needs and amending care to reduce the risk of re-traumatisation and distress may also reduce the incidence of responsive behaviour change, which has a significant impact on the quality of life of hospital patients and staff and is very costly. The inclusion of a process evaluation will allow us to identify and report changes made on each ward and make recommendations for future implementation efforts.

The scope of this article is to summarize (a) what is known about the relationships between spirituality and trauma outcomes and (b) outline options for spiritually integrated trauma care. Research on relationships between spirituality and psychological trauma outcomes has advanced to the point that there is no doubt that interventions addressing spiritual distress can provide critically needed help to trauma survivors who want spiritually integrated care. There are now many options for providing spiritually integrated care for trauma, including both implicitly and explicitly spiritually integrated options, group and individual options, and options for chaplaincy and mental health providers. This review focused on spiritually integrated interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder that have at least one randomized controlled trial in the peer-reviewed literature. Eight interventions with that level of evidence are described with a review of clinical recommendations for their use.

It is obvious that a person suffers from severe emotional, social, and psychological trauma when an eye is lost due to any reason. After evisceration, custom made ocular prosthesis can be used to improve facial aesthetics as well as social representation of that person. It is always a challenge to properly fabricate an alternate to the lost eye. But after fabrication, it certainly improves psychological satisfaction of the patient. In this case report, it is attempted to show how a patient was aesthetically rehabilitated with an ocular prosthesis. Key words: Ocular prosthesis, Ocular conformer, Scleral shell.

Objective We hypothesized that, if childhood trauma is associated with schizotypal traits, schizotypal traits may mediate the relationship between childhood trauma and the earlier onset of panic disorder (PD). Methods A total of 86 patients (49 females, 37 males), with PD aged between 18 and 65 years, were evaluated using the Panic and Agoraphobia Scale (PAS), the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief (SPQ-B), and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS). Results The mean age was 38.7 +/- 12.8 years (range = 19-65 years). Total scores of schizotypal traits (r = -0.41, p

Background: Refugee youth often face numerous adversities before and during forced migration. Although experiences vary across settings and subpopulations, common mental disorders are prevalent among refugee youth who are displaced in low- and middle-income countries. It is important to examine how risk factors are intricately linked and contribute to common mental health issues to inform clinical practice and social policy. Aims: This study aims to test the pathways from risk factors previously identified as determinants of Somali refugee youth mental health (i.e. trauma exposure, substance use, social functioning, aggression) to symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and somatic pains. Method: We collected survey data in 2013, using snowball sampling to recruit Somali refugee youth (15–35 years old) living in Eastleigh, Kenya. We ran three structural equation models to assess paths from trauma exposure to mental health symptoms, through psychosocial factors including substance use, aggression, and functional impairment. We first conducted this analysis with a mixed-gender sample ( N = 305) and then assessed gender differences by running one model for male participants ( n = 124) and another for female participants ( n = 181). Results: In the mixed-gender sample, trauma exposure directly predicted substance use and both directly and indirectly predicted aggression, functional impairment, and mental health symptoms. Substance use directly predicted aggression and functional impairment, and substance use both directly and indirectly predicted mental health symptoms. The split-gender models revealed gender differences, with only functional impairment directly predicting mental health symptoms in the male sample and with many significant direct and indirect pathways in the female sample. Conclusions: This study shows the role of trauma exposure, substance use, aggression, and social functioning in determining mental health outcomes among refugee youth and how CMD symptoms are differently manifested across genders in this population.

The aim of this study was to investigate symptomatology and diagnoses of PTSD and subthreshold PTSD and the screening properties of the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) within a sample of Dari-speaking women of refugee background receiving antenatal care. This cross-sectional study administered the HTQ to 52 Dari-speaking women at a public pregnancy clinic. The trauma module from the Structured Clinical Interview (SCID-5) was administered. Interview material was presented to an expert panel, blinded to the HTQ screening results, in order to achieve consensus diagnoses of PTSD using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (DSM-5) criteria. Three women (5.8%) met DSM-5 criteria for PTSD. Eleven women (21.15%) met criteria for subthreshold PTSD, defined as meeting two or three of the DSM-5 criteria domains. A comparison of HTQ cut-off scores was conducted and a score of ≥ 2.25 on the HTQ demonstrated excellent sensitivity 1.00 (95% CI 0.29-1.00) and specificity 0.76 (95% CI 0.61-0.87) in detecting PTSD; however, a wide confidence interval for sensitivity was found. A cut-off score of ≥ 2 provided the best balance of sensitivity 1.00 (95% CI 0.72-1.00) and specificity 0.80 (95% CI 0.65-0.91) when assessing for subthreshold PTSD. Screening for perinatal PTSD for women of refugee background is recommended, in order to identify those at risk of DSM diagnosis and also those women experiencing distressing PTSD symptomatology.

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar os fatores que ocasionam a violência obstétrica e a importância da enfermagem no desenvolvimento de medidas preventivas. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática da literatura com metassí­ntese, com utilização do protocolo PRISMA. Realizou-se a pesquisa referida na fonte de busca: Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) e nas bases de dados: SCIELO e LILACS, apresentando uma totalidade de 61 documentos. Após estabelecimento e aplicação dos critérios de inclusão: artigos disponí­veis gratuitos, publicados entre 2015 a 2020, em lí­ngua portuguesa, inglesa e espanhola e exclusão: não apresentassem í temática, repetitivos, dissertações e resumos, resultando em um total de 10 artigos. RESULTADOS: O processo do parto é um acontecimento repleto de possí­veis equí­vocos, condutas dolorosas e negligências, que podem gerar a violência obstétrica causando traumas fí­sicos e psicológicos irreversí­veis. CONCLUSíO: Por meio desse estudo buscou destacar a importância de minimizar as praticas abusiva, com o uso de estratégias que efetivem programas e polí­ticas voltadas ao binômio mãe-filho.

Aim To describe the experiences of frontline nurses who are working in critical care areas during the COVID‐19 pandemic with a focus on trauma and the use of substances as a coping mechanism. Design A qualitative study based on content analysis. Methods Data were collected from mid‐June 2020 to early September 2020 via an online survey. Nurses were recruited through the research webpage of the American Association of Critical Care Nurses as well as an alumni list from a large, public Midwest university. Responses to two open‐ended items were analysed: (1) personal or professional trauma the nurse had experienced; and (2) substance or alcohol use, or other mental health issues the nurse had experienced or witnessed in other nurses. Results For the item related to psychological trauma five themes were identified from 70 nurses’ comments: (1) Psychological distress in multiple forms; (2) Tsunami of death; (3) Torn between two masters; (4) Betrayal; and (5) Resiliency/posttraumatic growth through self and others. Sixty‐five nurses responded to the second item related to substance use and other mental health issues. Data supported three themes: (1) Mental health crisis NOW!!: ‘more stressed than ever and stretched thinner than ever’; (2) Nurses are turning to a variety of substances to cope; and (3) Weakened supports for coping and increased maladaptive coping due to ongoing pandemic. Conclusions This study brings novel findings to understand the experiences of nurses who care for patients with COVID‐19, including trauma experienced during disasters, the use of substances to cope and the weakening of existing support systems. Findings also reveal nurses in crisis who are in need of mental health services. Impact Support for nurses’ well‐being and mental health should include current and ongoing services offered by the organization and include screening for substance use issues.

Psychiatric disorders that arise due to Covid-19 include anxiety, depression, psychological trauma and the use of drugs to deal with tension caused by the pandemic. A total of 535 respondents (49%) out of 2,364 respondents had thoughts about death. Hospitals must make changes and mitigate, accelerate and adapt faster. This article aims to identify best practice strategies for suicide prevention to improve mental health services in hospitals. This study used queries: "suicide prevention", "covid" and "hospital". The inclusion criteria are English for the issue of 01/01/2020 - 05/10/2020, open access, full-text articles, all types of articles and have keywords. The exclusion criteria were the opposite of the inclusion criteria. The author obtained articles from SpringerLink (13 articles), Pubmed (17 articles), SAGE (4 articles), ProQuest (27 articles), and ScienceDirect (20 articles). Total of 6 articles is excluded because of duplication. 51 articles are excluded because they were not compatible with PICO. Ten articles were excluded because they were a systematic review. The author has 14 articles left for eligibility selection, and all articles are selected for full article review. The recommendation given is to provide comprehensive mental health services in the hospital.

INTRODUCTION: Accumulating evidence shows that those having experienced psychological trauma have increased risk of complex health problems. In primary health care health-promoting services are offered to individuals with complex health problems, based on an individualized approach. Trauma focused approach in healthcare help individuals increase quality of life after psychological trauma. Trauma focused services are important to help improve quality of life after psychological trauma. To examine the experience of psychological trauma and health-related problems in individuals receiving health-promoting services. METHOD: Qualitative research based on the Vancouver School of phenomenology. Participants were ten, five male and five female, selected through health-promoting services. Two interviews were taken with each participant. The ACE questionnaire was used, as a screening tool for childhood psychological trauma, combined with interview-frame with open questions. RESULTS: The results were divided into six main themes: Experience of trauma; Repeated trauma; Childhood neglect; Health-related problems in child- and adulthood; Psychiatric problems in child- and adulthood; Processing and trauma-focused approach. Participants had experienced conciderable trauma as well as complex health problems in child- and adulthood. CONCLUSIONS: It is of importance that healthcare professionals pay attention to psychological traumas in relation to complex health problems to provide support for recovery. Primary health care is the first place of contact within the health care system and therefore it is important that patients‘ experience of trauma is taken into account. It is key to identify the signs of lifetime trauma in relation to health problems and focus the care according to the individual needs of the patient.

Background and Purpose: Globally, many married adults engage in infidelity. However, the repercussions of the act appear not palatable for couples, their children and the society at large. This study therefore, investigated the aftermaths of infidelity as expressed by literate working class women in Lagos State. The study also examined whether age and type of marriage would affect the respondents’ views. Methodology: The descriptive design was adopted for this study. A total of 300 literate working class women were drawn from the target population using purposive and simple random sampling techniques. A researcher-developed questionnaire tagged Aftermaths of Infidelity (AIQ) was used to collect data. The instrument was validated by five experts in Nigeria and Nusantara while its reliability was established through test re-test reliability method and a coefficient of 0.74 was gotten. The data collected were analyzed using t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at 0.05 level. Findings: Results showed that divorce, unhappiness, contact of sexually transmitted diseases, emotional disability, hatred in the family, unwanted pregnancy, distrust and suspicion in the family, psychological trauma in children, and giving birth to illegitimate children are some of the aftermaths of infidelity as expressed by the literate working class women. Similarly, age and marriage type did not influence the expression of literate working class women in Lagos State on infidelity. Contributions: Infidelity has devastating aftermaths. Counsellors should enlighten couples on the aftermaths of infidelity; they should enlighten them on the negative effects which infidelity has on the home, children and the society in general. Keywords: Aftermath, infidelity, literate working class women, Lagos State, Nigeria. Cite as: Odebode, A. A., James, J. F., Adegunju, K. A., & Julia, J. (2021). Aftermaths of infidelity as expressed by literate working class women in Lagos State, Nigeria. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 6(2), 41-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol6iss2pp41-57

This essay discusses the relationship between film and psychological trauma from the perspective of the history of science. It examines how the psychological sciences were influenced by image technology, primarily after the two world wars. Taking a closer look at the development of film production and mental imagery experiments as cultural and scientific institutions, this essay examines the challenges psychologists began to face when the paradigm of the trauma film was established in the pursuit of positivist evidence informed by mechanical objectivity. Over the past century

Objective. To assess the cognitive and emotional-affective spheres of functioning of patients with a new coronavirus infection who were treated in an infectious COVID hospital and to develop strategies for emergency psychological assistance.Materials and methods. The study sample consisted of patients admitted to the Center for the treatment of patients with new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) of I.P.Pavlov First St.-Petersburg State Medical University, who were assigned a consultation with a medical psychologist.Results. The predictors of more pronounced cognitive decline were determined: older age and severity of the disease, as well as predictors of a higher level of anxiety and depressive symptoms: younger age, previous traumatic situation and more severe course of the disease. Three main problem areas have been identified that require psychological intervention in the treatment of patients with COVID-19: cognitive impairment, high anxiety and depressive symptoms associated with psychological trauma of patients, conflicting or non-adherent patients.

Written from a standpoint of religious ethics, this article interprets the work of trauma response and recovery in transcendent and moral terms not always apparent to the practitioner or institution. This article provides a broad understanding of spirituality, transcendence, and faith as these concepts relate to Judith Herman’s stages of trauma healing and the characteristics of trauma-informed response articulated by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. These features are then mapped onto specific modes of transcendence and moral themes identifiable in a wide range of religious traditions. The connective framework for this mapping is provided by utilizing the concept “bearing witness,” as synthesized from a wide range of disciplinary perspectives, to describe the work of trauma-informed response. This article concludes by recognizing bearing witness as a form of social action, a moral response with implied if not explicit religious dimensions and spiritual implications, for which an understanding of religious ethics is a helpful ally. Thus, this article concludes that religious ethics can be a valuable resource and partner in addressing the personal, systemic, and political aspects of trauma response and recovery, enabling attention to spiritual well-being of both the trauma survivor and the one responding to the survivor.