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Objective(s): This study aimed to examine the effects of genistein and daidzein on endometrial receptivity by histopathological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical techniques.Materials and Methods: In this study, 72 female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 8 groups. The endometrial receptivity model was applied to identified groups. Experimental animals were given periorally 10 mg/kg and high 40 mg/kg doses of genistein and daidzein for 5 days by gavage. At the end of the experiment, uterine tissues were evaluated histopathologically, immunohistochemically, and biochemically. Results: When histopathological findings were examined, significant decreases in pinopod formation were observed in high dose genistein and daidzein groups. When compared with the endometrial receptivity group, immunohistochemical staining findings showed a significant decrease in the expression of integrin β3, integrin αvβ3, LIF, and HOXA10 and an increase in MUC 1 expression in the high dose of genistein and daidzein groups. In biochemical evaluations, it was determined that genistein and daidzein increased estrogen levels and decreased progesterone levels in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: Genistein and daidzein have a negative effect on endometrial receptivity. Therefore, individuals with a risk of infertility should pay attention to the consumption of genistein and daidzein.

Aim: The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays important roles in oxidative stress and various gastroenterological mechanisms. Omapatrilat, an RAAS-acting agent, inhibits both neprilysin neutral endopeptidase (NEP) and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and may therefore affect protective mechanisms against gastric ulcer. Therefore, this study examined the gastroprotective role of omapatrilat in a mouse model of gastric ulcer induced by indomethacin to reveal pharmacological and biochemical changes resulting from omapatrilat treatment. Materials and Methods: Forty-two BALB/c mice were divided into seven groups: control, 40 mg/kg omapatrilat only, 25 mg/kg indomethacin only, indomethacin and 40 mg/kg famotidine, and three groups with indomethacin and 10-40 mg/kg omapatrilat. All chemicals were administered by oral gavage in 0.5 mL of 0.9% NaCl solution at the determined doses. Stomach ulcers were induced by indomethacin in mice treated with famotidine (40 mg/kg) and omapatrilat (10-40 mg/kg). Stomach tissue samples were examined macroscopically. Oxidative stress biomarkers of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), NEP and ACE levels as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured. Results: The best antiulcer activity was measured with 40 mg/kg omapatrilat, where the gastric damage observed in the ulcer groups was significantly reversed, and gave the most similar results to the specific famotidine treatment. In relation with the increasing omapatrilat dose, SOD activity was corrected as well as GSH and MDA levels. Also the levels of ACE and NEP decreased back towards those measured in the control group. Therefore, these macroscopic and biochemical findings indicating reversal of gastrotoxicity and gastric ulcer indications demonstrate the role of omapatrilat’s NEP and ACE inhibition in indomethacin toxicity, and its strong gastroprotective potential. Conclusion: Dual inhibition of NEP and ACE by omapatrilat may suppress oxidative stress associated with indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer. Therefore, the protective effect of omapatrilat in the treatment of ulcers may lead to the search for new treatment strategies.

Objective(s): In this study, the effects of astaxanthin on liver tissue in rats with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) were evaluated.Materials and Methods: Fifty-four Spraque-Dawley rats were divided into 9 groups: Groups: Control, PCOS, PCOS+Metformin (Met), PCOS+ Astaxanthin (ASX)10, PCOS+ASX20, PCOS+ASX40, PCOS+Met+ASX10, PCOS+Met+ASX20, and PCOS+Met+ASX40. PCOS was induced in female rats by oral administration of letrozole (1 mg/kg) for 21 days. Rats were treated with ASX (10 mg/kg), ASX (20 mg/kg), ASX (40 mg/kg), and metformin (20 mg/kg) for 7 days after PCOS induction. At the end of the experiment, malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were measured in the liver tissue. The liver was stained with hematoxylin/eosin for histological examination. Additionally, NF-kB and caspase 3 were analyzed immunohistochemically.Results: A remarkable abnormality was observed in the biochemical and histological parameters in the liver tissue of the PCOS model rats. Astaxanthin dose-dependently normalized the MDA level. Additionally, astaxanthin showed a protective effect by increasing the SOD level and increasing its antioxidant activities. We observed that administration of astaxanthin in addition to metformin applied in the standard was more effective. Caspase 3 and NF-kB immune positivity was lower in the groups given astaxanthin compared with PCOS. Histologically, it was observed that astaxanthin improved the deteriorated liver morphology in the letrozole-induced PCOS group.Conclusion: According to our results, it was observed that astaxanthin had antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects on PCOS in the treatment groups. Therefore, it was concluded that astaxanthin may have a protective effect against PCOS side effects.