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Background The association between the development of checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis (CIP) with tumor response and survival has remained unclear so far. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between CIP and the clinical efficacy of anti‐programmed cell death‐1 antibody in patients with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods Between January 2016 and August 2019, 203 advanced NSCLC patients were administered with nivolumab or pembrolizumab. Comparisons were made between patients with and without CIP. We evaluated the time‐to‐treatment failure (TTF), progression‐free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Results CIP was observed in 28 (14%) patients. CIP was associated with a longer PFS (18.9 months [95% confidence interval, CI: 8.7 months–not reached] vs. 3.9 months [95% CI: 3.4–5.1 months, p, This study aimed to evaluate the association between checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis (CIP) and the clinical efficacy of anti‐programmed cell death‐1 monotherapy in patients with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). CIP was associated with a longer PFS (18.9 months vs. 3.9 months, p

Immunotherapy is considered one of the most important therapeutic strategies for patients with lung adenocarcinoma after the development of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR‐TKI) resistance. However, useful predictors of immunotherapy for these patients has not been examined well, although the status of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), including programmed death‐ligand 1 expression and lymphocyte infiltration, has been generally known to provide predictive markers for the efficacy of immunotherapy. This study aimed to clarify novel predictors of immunotherapy following EGFR‐TKI resistance in lung adenocarcinoma, especially regarding micro RNA (miRNA). We evaluated the correlation between EGFR‐TKI resistance and lymphocyte infiltration, before and after acquiring EGFR‐TKI resistance, in 21 cases of lung adenocarcinoma, and further explored this by in vitro studies, using miRNA PCR arrays. Subsequently, we transfected miRNA‐1 (miR‐1), the most variable miRNA in this array, into three kinds of lung cancer cells, and examined the effects of miR‐1 on EGFR‐TKI sensitivity, cytokine expression and lymphocyte migration. Histopathological examination demonstrated that infiltration levels of CD8‐positive T cells were significantly decreased after development of EGFR‐TKI resistance. In vitro studies revealed that miR‐1 significantly inhibited EGFR‐TKI effect and induction of cytokines, such as C‐C motif chemokine ligand 5 and C‐X‐C motif chemokine ligand 10, causing inhibition of monocyte migration. These results indicate that the upregulated miR‐1 might suppress the TIME, following development of EGFR‐TKI resistance. Therefore, miR‐1 could be a clinically useful marker to predict therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy in lung adenocarcinoma patients with EGFR‐TKI resistance., We firstly revealed that intra‐tumoral CD8‐positive T cells are decreased in lung adenocarcinoma patients acquiring EGFR‐TKI resistance when levels of miR‐1 are raised. In addition, patients with high expression of miR‐1 may be less likely to benefit from subsequent immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI). Therefore, an evaluation of serum miR‐1, before treatment and after acquiring EGFR‐TKI resistance, could contribute to predicting therapeutic efficacy of subsequent ICI therapy for the patient.

Background Anti-programmed cell death 1 antibody is a standard therapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, immune-related adverse events (irAEs), such as skin reactions, are frequently observed. Although skin reactions are associated with clinical efficacy in melanoma, this association in advanced NSCLC and predictors of irAEs remain unclear. Accordingly, this study identified potential correlations of skin reactions with clinical efficacy and clinical predictors of development of skin reactions. Subjects, Materials, and Methods We retrospectively surveyed patients with advanced NSCLC who received nivolumab or pembrolizumab monotherapy at Sendai Kousei Hospital (n = 155) during January 2016 to April 2018. Treatment efficacy was evaluated in patients with and without skin reactions, and associated predictive markers were determined. A 6-week landmark analysis was conducted to assess the clinical benefit of early skin reactions. Results Skin reactions were observed in 51 patients with a median time to onset of 6.4 weeks. The overall response rate (ORR) was significantly higher in patients with skin reactions (57% vs. 19%, p < .001). Median progression-free survival (PFS) durations of 12.9 and 3.5 months and overall survival durations of not reached and 11.4 months were observed in patients with and without skin reactions, respectively. In the 6-week landmark analysis, the ORR was significantly higher in patients with skin reactions, and skin reactions were significantly associated with increased PFS. A multivariate analysis identified pre-existing rheumatoid factor (RF) as an independent predictor of skin reactions. Conclusion Skin reactions appeared beneficial in patients treated with nivolumab/pembrolizumab for advanced NSCLC and could be predicted by pre-existing RF. Further large-scale validations studies are warranted.

Although anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy has achieved clinical success in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), definitive predictive biomarkers remain to be elucidated. In this study, we performed whole-transcriptome sequencing of pretreatment tumor tissue samples and pretreatment and on-treatment whole blood samples (WB) samples obtained from a clinically annotated cohort of NSCLC patients (n = 40) treated with nivolumab (anti-PD-1) monotherapy. Using a single-sample gene set enrichment scoring method, we found that the tumors of responders with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD, n = 20) are inherently immunogenic to promote antitumor immunity, whereas those with lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC, n = 18) have a less immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. These findings suggested that nivolumab may function as a molecular targeted agent in LUAD and as an immunomodulating agent in LUSC. In addition, our study explains why the reliability of PD-L1 expression on tumor cells as a predictive biomarker for the response to nivolumab monotherapy is quite different between LUAD and LUSC.

Introduction: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can lead to immune-related adverse events (irAEs). A correlation between the development of irAEs and efficacy has been suggested; however, it is unclear whether there is a relationship between programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and the development of these events. Methods: We performed a retrospective study of advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who were treated with pembrolizumab monotherapy at our institution between May 2015 and April 2018 (n = 44). Patients were categorized into two groups, specifically those with irAEs (irAE group) or without (non-irAE group), and we evaluated the objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and progression-free survival (PFS). Predictors of irAEs were examined by multivariate analysis. Results: irAEs of any grade occurred in 31 (70.5%) patients. The median PFS was 10.9 months in the irAE group versus 3.7 months in the non-irAE group (P < 0.001). ORR and DCR were also higher in the irAE group than in the non-irAE group. Furthermore, high PD-L1 expression (≥50%) was a predictive factor of irAE based on logistic regression (P = 0.004). Conclusions: In patients with advanced NSCLC treated with pembrolizumab monotherapy, ORR, DCR, and PFS were significantly better in the irAE group than in the non-irAE group. High PD-L1 expression, at the time of pretreatment, was identified as an independent predictor of irAE development. We believe that more careful management of irAEs for individuals with high PD-L1 expression is needed to improve clinical benefits. Further, PD-L1 expression might be useful for ICI risk management.

e21097 Background: Although anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy has achieved clinical success in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), definitive predictive biomarkers remain to be elucidated. We assumed that by combining gene expression signatures with patient clinical data, we could identify a novel promising biomarker to predict response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy in NSCLC patients. Moreover, the characterization of these signatures will help us to decipher the complexity of tumor-immune interactions and better understand the tumor microenvironment (TME) that favors clinical response to nivolumab monotherapy. Methods: From clinically annotated NSCLC patients (n = 40) with nivolumab monotherapy in the second- or later-line settings, we prospectively collected tumor tissues and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) before first dose of nivolumab and PBMCs after first 4 or 5 doses of nivolumab. All tumor tissue and PBMC samples obtained were applied to whole-transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq). We extracted transcriptomic datasets of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) (n = 20) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) (n = 18) from the results, separately analyzed each histological subtype. To elucidate biological processes associated with clinical outcomes, we performed a supervised gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) approach and an unsupervised single sample scoring approach. Results: In LUAD, we observed that gene sets related to interferon (type I and II) signaling (‘IFN signatures’) and antigen processing and presentation (‘APP signatures’) were significantly enriched in pre-treatment PBMCs of responders. IFN and APP signatures, which are closely related to each other, functionally cooperate to activate anti-tumor immune response. The enrichment of IFN and APP signatures provides the possibility that responders have a pre-existing anti-tumor immunity prior to nivolumab monotherapy. In LUSC, neither IFN nor APP signatures were enriched in pre-treatment tumor tissues and PBMCs of responders. Instead, gene sets related to the regulation of the TME (‘TME signatures’) are significantly enriched in pre-treatment tumor tissues of non-responders. The enrichment of TME signatures suggested that non-responders have an extremely immunosuppressive TME. These findings highlighted that responsive LUAD inherently have a high immunogenicity to elicit effective anti-tumor responses, whereas responsive LUSC have a similar level of immunogenicity as non-responsive LUSC but are free from an extremely immunosuppressive TME. Conclusions: We found that nivolumab enhanced anti-tumor immunity in patients with LUAD in a quite different way from patients with LUSC. Our study provides a blueprint for innovating combinational immunotherapy and supporting patient selection and treatment strategies on long-term clinical outcomes.

IMPORTANCE: Administration of anti–programmed cell death protein 1 (anti–PD-1) is now standard therapy in advanced non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, immune checkpoint inhibitors, including anti–PD-1, have not been assessed in patients with subclinical disease with advanced NSCLC, and no useful clinical biomarkers have been associated with immune-related adverse events (irAEs) among these patients treated with anti–PD-1. OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety and efficacy of anti–PD-1 treatment in patients with subclinical disease with advanced NSCLC and with or without preexisting autoimmune markers, including rheumatoid factor, antinuclear antibody, antithyroglobulin, and antithyroid peroxidase; and to assess potential clinical biomarkers that may be meaningfully and conveniently associated with clinical benefit or with irAEs following anti–PD-1 treatment. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This medical records analysis retrospectively evaluated 137 patients who received nivolumab or pembrolizumab monotherapy at Sendai Kousei Hospital in Japan between January 2016 and January 2018. Treatment efficacy and irAEs were evaluated along with candidate factors that may be associated with irAEs. EXPOSURES: Absence or presence of specific autoimmune markers and antibodies before treatment. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Preexisting antibodies and autoimmune markers, progression-free survival (PFS), and irAEs. RESULTS: Of 137 patients with advanced NSCLC, 105 were men, the median age was 68 (range, 36-88) years, 99 underwent nivolumab monotherapy, 38 underwent pembrolizumab monotherapy, and 134 had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1. The median PFS was 6.5 (95% CI, 4.4-12.9) months among patients with examined preexisting antibodies and 3.5 (95% CI, 2.4-4.1) months among patients without, suggesting significantly better prognosis in the former. The hazard ratio for disease progression or death in the presence of the examined preexisting antibodies was 0.53 (95% CI, 0.36-0.79; P = .002). The PFS was significantly longer among patients with any preexisting antibodies than among those without. The examined preexisting antibodies (48 patients [73%]) and rheumatoid factor (26 patients [39%]) were more common among patients who developed irAEs. Multivariate analysis indicated that the presence of the examined preexisting antibodies was independently associated with irAEs (odds ratio, 3.25; 95% CI, 1.59-6.65; P = .001). Skin reactions were more frequent among patients with preexisting rheumatoid factor (47% vs 24%, P = .02), whereas thyroid dysfunction was more frequent among patients with preexisting antithyroid antibodies (20% vs 1%, P

Background Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are frequently observed with nivolumab monotherapy. This study aimed to evaluate whether the development of irAEs correlates with treatment response in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients and Methods We conducted a retrospective study of patients who received nivolumab monotherapy at Sendai Kousei Hospital (n = 70). The patients were categorized into two groups based on the incidence of irAEs: those with irAEs (irAE group) or those without (non-irAE group). Treatment efficacy was evaluated in each group. The patients were further categorized into responders and nonresponders, and predictive factors of treatment response were determined. Results The objective response rate was 57% in the irAE group versus 12% in the non-irAE group. Median progression-free survival was 12.0 months in the irAE versus 3.6 months in the non-irAE group. The incidence of both irAEs and pre-existing antithyroid antibody was significantly higher in responders than in nonresponders. Multivariate analysis identified incidence of irAEs and pre-existing antithyroid antibody as an independent predictor of treatment response. Conclusion Objective response rate and progression-free survival were significantly better in the irAE than in the non-irAE group in patients with advanced NSCLC treated with nivolumab monotherapy. The development of irAEs was associated with clinical efficacy, and the presence of pre-existing antithyroid antibody might be correlated with treatment response to nivolumab monotherapy. Implications for Practice Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are frequently observed with nivolumab monotherapy. This study evaluted whether the development of irAEs correlates with treatment response in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Results showed that the objective response rate and progression-free survival were significantly better in the patients who developed irAEs than in the patients who did not develop irAEs, and the incidence of irAEs and positivity for antithyroid antibody at pretreatment were independent predictors of treatment response of nivolumab monotherapy. Therefore, the development of irAEs predicts clinical benefit and suggests that cautious management of irAEs can lead to achieving maximum clinical benefit from nivolumab monotherapy.

We herein report two cases of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with high values of Chlamydophila pneumoniae-specific antibodies. In the first case (a 65-year-old man), high levels of anti-C. pneumoniae antibodies (IgG and IgA) were detected on admission, and the anti-C. pneumoniae IgA level rose by Day 30. The patient was successfully treated with quinolone and steroids. In the second case (an 85-year-old man), abnormally high levels of anti-C. pneumoniae IgM were detected on admission. The patient did not recover, despite receiving treatment with several antibiotics and anti-inflammatory agents. Neither of the patients displayed other pathogen-specific antigens or antibodies. Chlamydophila pneumonia is usually mild, although it can cause severe interstitial pneumonia and ARDS in reinfected patients and the elderly.