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Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is a quick, reliable, minimally invasive and cost effective diagnostic modality for evaluation of superficial lymph nodes and has been accepted as a first line investigation in most centres. The aim of the study was to identify the patterns of pathologies in aspiration cytology of lymph nodes in a tertiary care hospital located in Uttar Pradesh, India. The study was undertaken as a retrospective study using data in the Department of Pathology, G.S Medical College and Hospital, Uttar Pradesh, India. 235 lymph node FNACs that were performed during the two year span of 2018-19 were analysed. Females comprised 59.6% of the total patients who underwent lymph node FNAC procedure, 95 (40.4%) were males. The youngest patient was a 3 month old and the oldest happened to be 78 years. Lymph node enlargement was traced to malignant processes exclusively above 40 years of age. Uptill that age, tuberculosis seems to be the major cause underlying lymphadenopathy, mostly presenting as granulomatous lymphadenitis. Out of all cases which showed granulomatous or necrotic features, 27% showed the presence of AFB, hence confirming tuberculosis. A vast majority of the FNACs were performed for cervical lymphadenopathy (92.8%). 42.1% of the FNACs revealed reactive morphology. This diagnosis was closely followed by granulomatous lymphadenitis in 29.4% patients. Together with a definite diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis, patients with granulomatous lymphadenitis comprised 42.6% of all diagnoses. 12 patients received a diagnosis of suppurative lymphadenitis, 9 received necrotizing lymphadenitis. 12 patients were diagnosed as metastatic carcinoma and 1 was suggestive of lymphoma. Most of the lymph nodes whose sizes were under 1 cm were reactive on cytology. Lymphadenopathy due to malignant etiology presented with lymph nodes measuring at least 2 cm. Granulomatous/tuberculous lymphadenitis presented in lymph nodes of varying sizes, from as small as 0.5 cm to larger ones.

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the urinary bladder biopsies for non-neoplastic lesions. Materials and Methods: This study includes 41 non-neoplastic bladder lesion cases out of 125 urinary bladder samples received by histopathology laboratories of two medical colleges between October 2017 and January 2020. The samples included transurethral tumor resections and bladder biopsies. Results: In the present study, seventy-two (59%) cases had neoplastic lesions, 29 (24%) cases had non-neoplastic lesions and 12 (10%) cases showed neoplastic in association with non-neoplastic lesions. The most common non-neoplastic lesions encountered were follicular cystitis, chronic cystitis, and hemorrhagic cystitis. Conclusion:In symptomatic lower urinary tract disease, cystoscopy and histopathological evaluation is rewarding in the diagnosis of various non-neoplastic causative lesions. Awareness of these entities facilitates easy diagnosis and differentiation from malignant processes.

Background: Pancytopenia is a relatively common hematological entity. It may result from relatively benign causes such as viral infections and vitamin B12/folic acid deciency to more fatal bone marrow aplasia and leukaemias. The severity of pancytopenia and the underlying pathology determine the management and prognosis. Objectives: To study the etiology and clinic-hematological prole in patients of peripheral blood pancytopenia. Materials And Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted at G S Medical College, Hapur and Noida international institute of Medical Sciences Greater Noida, during the period of November 2017 to November 2020 Results: A total of 192 patients (103 males and 89 females) were diagnosed to have pancytopenia. Most of the patients presented with generalized weakness and fever. The commonest physical nding was pallor, followed by splenomegaly. The various causes of pancytopenia included infections(n=132), megaloblastic anaemia (MA)(n=46), drugs, aplastic anaemia and subleukaemic leukaemia. We found a signicant association between megaloblastic anaemia and pancytopenia. Conclusion: The present study concluded that infection and megaloblastic anaemia are the most common cause of pancytopenia. The more serious disorders affecting the bone marrow constitute only

Osteoma cutis is a rare, benign condition characterised by dermal or subcutaneous bone formation that presents as stony hard nodules. The disease is classified into primary and secondary forms. Primary Osteoma Cutis (POC) is not associated with any predisposing conditions, whereas Secondary Osteoma Cutis (SOC) occurs as a result of metabolic conditions that lead to an increase in blood calcium levels. Here, author present a case of a 21-year-old girl having multiple tiny stony hard nodules on the right wrist and hand. Syndromic association was ruled out by obtaining a thorough clinical history, accompanied by physical examination and search for laboratory signs of pseudohypoparathyroidism. This ultimately led to a more accurate diagnosis of isolated primary osteoma cutis, a very rare condition reported in the literature.

Giant cell tumour of tendon sheath is second most common tumour of hand with high incidence of recurrence. It is slowly progressing benign tumour arising from synovial cells of tendon sheath. It occurs at any age with peak incidence in third to fourth decade. Trauma, inflammation, metabolic diseases and a neoplastic etiology are considered as etiological factors.