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Amac: Deney hayvanlarinda bitkisel kaynakli antioksidanlarin kullaniminin fertilite uzerine etkisini arastirmak amaclandi. Gerec ve Yontem: Bu alanda yapilmis bilimsel calismalar incelendi. Elde edilen bilimsel bilgiler dogrultusunda antioksidan icerikli bazi bitkilerin deney hayvanlarinda fertilite parametrelerine etkileri derlenmeye calisildi. Antioksidanlar, oksidasyonu engelleyen maddeler olarak tanimlanmaktadir. En yaygin antioksidan maddeler arasinda olan A vitamini, C vitamini, E vitamini ve fenolik bilesiklerin temel kaynagi bitkilerdir. Antioksidan maddeler, hucresel metabolizma ile mitokondrilerde enerji uretilmesi sirasinda yan urun olarak aciga cikan serbest radikalleri notraliz ederek zararli etkilerine karsi vucudu korurlar. Ancak aciga cikan serbest radikaller antioksidan maddelerin detoksifiye etme kapasitesini asarsa oksidatif stres meydana gelerek hucrelerde Dezoksiribonukleik asit (DNA), protein ve lipit hasari ile malignant hucre gelisimine neden olabilir. Dolayisi ile oksidatif stresin organ ve dokularda hastalik meydana getirmesinin yaninda esey hucrelerde olusturdugu fonksiyon bozukluklari ile de reproduktif sorunlara yol acmaktadirlar. Sonuc ve Tartisma: Tavsan, sican ve fareler uzerinde yapilan calismalarda notralize edilemeyen serbest radikallerin fertilite sorunlarina yol actigi tespit edilmistir. Bu alanda yapilan calismalarin sonucunda deney hayvanlarinda bitkisel kaynakli antioksidanlarin kullanimin sperm, semen, oosit ve embriyo gibi fertilite parametrelerini iyilestirdigi saptanmistir.

Amac: Tavsanlarda gebeligin sonlandirilmasinda aglepriston kullanimin arastirilmasi. Aglepriston (RU 46534) progesteron (P4) antagonisti olan sentetik yapili steroid hormondur. Bircok hayvan turunde oldugu gibi tavsanlarda da istenmeyen gebeliklerin sonlandirilmasinda kullanilmaktadir. Tavsanlarda gebeligin devamliligindan sorumlu primer hormon P4 dur. Aglepriston tavsanlarda progesteron reseptorlerine (PR) P4’den 3,8 kat daha hizli baglanmaktadir. Bu nedenle gebelik sonlandirmada %100 basari saglamaktadir. Etkin dozu 10mg/kg 24 saat arayla iki kez ve uygulama yolu subcutan olarak belirtilmistir. Tavsanlarda gebeligin 5-6 gununden 15. gunune kadar kullanilmasi uygundur. Aglepriston erken donem gebeligin sonlandirilmasinda kullanildiginda embriyo rezorbe olarak vajinal kanama ve akinti olusmadigi bildirilmistir. Ancak orta donem gebelikleri sonlandirma uygulamalarinda fetusun atilip kanli vajinal akintinin olustugu gorulmustur. Ayrica sonraki donemlerde fertilite parametrelerinde anlamli bir farklilik gorulmezken her iki donem uygulamalarinda da duzensiz ciftlesme egilimi ile beraber dogum gebe kalma araliginin uzadigi olgular tespit edilmistir. Bunun yaninda sitotoksik, genotoksik etkileri ve bazi hemotolojik parametrelerde degisimlere neden oldugu anlasildi. Sonuc ve Tartisma: Aglepristonun tedavi basarisizligi henuz bildirilmemis olmasina ragmen gebelik sonlandirmadaki etkisinin yaninda maternal degisimler uzerine hematolojik duzeyde etkisinin arastirilmasinin onemli olacagi dusunuldu.

This study aimed to investigate the differences in oxidative stress index (OSI) and kisspeptin levels in clinically asymptomatic dogs with cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) compared to healthy and pregnant dogs, and to determine the usability of the obtained results in the diagnosis of asymptomatic CEH. The study comprised three groups; a healthy (n = 8), a pregnant (n = 10) and a CEH (n = 10). All dogs in the three groups were included in the study at the 30 +/- 3th day after estrus, and blood samples were collected for analysis of kisspeptin, total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), progesterone (P4), estradiol (E2) and some biochemical parameters (TSH; thyroid stimulating hormone, ALT; alanine aminotransferase, AST; aspartate aminotransferase, ALP; alkaline phosphatase, LDH; lactate dehydrogenase, CRE; creatine and BUN; blood urea nitrogen). In addition, OSI value was calculated. P4 and ALT and BUN levels were significantly lower and higher in CEH group than the pregnant group, respectively (p < .05). While kisspeptin and TAS levels were significantly lower in CEH group compared to the healthy and pregnant groups (p < .01), OSI level increased dramatically. In conclusion, it was confirmed that CEH clearly affected kisspeptin and OSI levels, and it is thought that these parameters may be an alternative diagnostic tool for the detection of CEH after further studies.

The aim of this study was to investigate the pathogen types in milk samples of cows with clinical mastitis and the sensitivity of isolated bacteria to various antibacterial drugs, in Adana region, Turkey. The study was carried out on 103 milk samples collected from dairy cows with clinical mastitis. Microbiological identification and isolation were performed to identify gram negative and gram positive bacteria, Mycoplasma bovis and fungi. Then, bacteria isolated from infected milks were subjected to in vitro antibiotic sensitivity testing, using 27 antimicrobials agents. As a result, a total of 146 microorganisms isolates were obtained from 103 milk samples. The predominant pathogen isolates recovered were fungi (21.9%), Escherichia coli (19.9%) and Staphylococcus aureus (13.7%), followed by Mycoplasma bovis (8.2%) and Streptococcus uberis (6.8%). The mixed predominant pathogen was fungi, (75%) the majority of which mixed with gram positive bacteria. Ampicillin, imipenem, Chloramphenicol and Streptomycin were the least effective antimicrobial agents, while the most effective antibiotics were Florfenicol, followed by Amikacin and Kanamycin / Cefalexin. In conclusion, the types of microorganisms that cause mastitis and the antibiogram results of the bacteria isolated varied. Most importantly, fungal mastitis is a serious problem, should always be considered before routine antibiotic therapy.

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the relationship between the serum macromineral, metabolite profiles, and the clinical endometritis during the transition period in Brown Swiss dairy cows. Sixty Brown Swiss dairy cows were used in the present study. Blood samples collected at d 10 (+/- 4) antepartum and 3, 10 and 30 (+/- 4) days in milk (DIM) to determine calcium (Ca), phosphorus, glucose, cholesterol, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels. Beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB) concentration measured during the postpartum period. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were used to determine the cow-level thresholds for the subsequent development of clinical endometritis. In addition, pairwise comparisons were made of the area under the curve (AUC) of ROC curves for the thresholds of NEFA, Ca, and glucose predicting clinical endometritis. The mean Ca concentration at 3 DIM was 8.85 +/- 0.20 mg/dL in healthy cows compared to 8.30 +/- 0.22 mg/dL in cows that subsequently developed endometritis (P < 0.05). NEFA concentrations at 10 DIM and BHB concentration at 10 and 30 +/- 4 DIM were higher (P < 0.05) in cows that subsequently developed endometritis. Serum NEFA concentration at 10 days postpartum is the best predictor for diagnosis of clinical endometritis with the AUC values of 0.741. The cows with clinical endometritis also had significantly higher values of glucose at 3 DIM and lower BCS at 10 DIM (P < 0.05). While 58.6% of the cows that developed clinical endometritis were cyclic, 64.5% were cyclic in healthy cows at 30 +/- 4 DIM. Serum NEFA concentration was the only risk factor for clinical endometritis at 10 DIM. In addition, a decrease in serum Ca at 3 DIM and increase in NEFA and BHB concentrations at 10 and 30 +/- 4 DIM may be associated with clinical endometritis and delayed resumption activity on the ovaries. WOS:000640971100004

Sıçanlarda gebelik süresi ortalama 21 ila 23 gün arasındadır. Konseptus gebeliğin 8‐9. günlerinden sonra ultrasonografi ile tespit edilebilir. Gebelik başına toplam fetüs sayısı 1 ile 20'dir. Bazı durumlarda, birçok nedene bağlı olarak abort meydana gelir ve gebeliğin en sık görülen komplikasyonudur. Bu olgu sunumunun konusu, bir sıçanda spontan abortusun inhalasyon anestezisi ile cerrahi yönetimiydi. Olgu sunumunun materyali, 2 yaşında ve 450 gr ağırlığında dişi bir albino sıçandı. Sıçan vajinal kanama ve abort şikayeti ile kliniğe getirildi. Anamnezde, bir yavrunun yaklaşık üç saat önce ölü doğduğu ve ardından başka yavrunun doğmadığı bildirildi. Ayrıca son 4‐5 saattir devam eden vajinal kanama olduğu bilgisi verildi. Fiziksel ve ultrasonografi muayenesinde olguya abortus tanısı kondu. Cerrahi müdahaleye karar verildi. Sıçana premedikasyon olarak deri altı yolla atropin sülfat uygulandı ve genel anestezi inhalasyon yoluyla izofluran ile indüklendi. Daha sonra göbek deliğinin gerisinden ensizyon yapıldı. Uterusun iki kornusundan toplam 13 ölü fetüs çıkarıldı. Ensizyon hattı dikildi ve sıçan anesteziden sorunsuz şekilde uyandırılarak taburcu edildi. Sonuç olarak, sıçanda abort olgusunun inhalasyon anestezisi ile cerrahi yönetimi başarıyla gerçekleştirildi., The gestation period of rats is on average 21 to 23 days. Conceptus can be detected by ultrasonography after the 8‐9th days of the pregnancy. The total number of fetuses per pregnancy is 1 to 20. In some cases, abortion occurs depending on many etiological factors, and it is the most common complication of pregnancy. The subject of the present case report was the surgical management of spontaneous abortion using inhalation anesthesia in a rat. The material of the case report was a female albino 2‐year‐ old rat weighing about 450 gr. The rat was admitted with vaginal bleeding and abortion in to the clinic. In anamnesis, it was reported that a pup was stillborn about three hours ago and then no other pup was delivered. Furthermore, it was informed that there was ongoing vaginal bleeding since the last 4‐5 hours. Upon physical examination and ultrasonography, the case was diagnosed as abortion. It was decided to intervene with the abortion by surgery. The rat was premedicated subcutaneously with atropine sulphate and general anesthesia was induced with isoflurane through inhalation. Then, celiotomy was performed at cauda umbilicus. In total, 13 non viable fetuses were removed from both uterine horns. Incision wounds were sutured and the rat was evenly awakened from anesthesia and discharged. In conclusion, surgical management of the abortion case using inhalation anesthesia was successfully performed on the rat.

Objective: Aim of the present study was to determine the effect of the lactation number on milk production and to detect the most economical lactation period in Holstein dairy cows.Materials and Methods: The animal materials of the study were 392 Holstein dairy cows with a similar dry period and lactation length. The cows were divided into 6 groups according to the number of lactations. The groups were formed as 1st lactation (Group 1; n=67), 2nd lactation (Group 2; n=124), 3rd lactation (Group 3; n=51), 4th lactation (Group 4; n=62), 5th lactation (Group 5; n=41) and 6th lactation (Group 6; n=47). Results: Average lactation milk yields for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th lactations of the cows used in the study were 7860.03 kg, 9010.02 kg, 10207.15 kg, 10165.89 kg, 8430.57 kg and 8069.78 kg, respectively. It was determined that the highest milk production and highest daily income were obtained during the 3rd and 4th lactation periods (p

Vaginal prolapse is defined as a protrusion of edematous vaginal tissue into the vaginal lumen and often through the vulvar lips of the bitches. Vaginal prolapse is frequently related to the increase in plasma estrogen level during the proestrus, estrus period and at the end of the pregnancy. In the pregnant bitches, however, vaginal prolapse is a rare condition. The objective of this case was to determine the effect vaginal fold prolapse events occurred during the last period of pregnancy on parturition. This article describes a 1-year-old Dogo Argentino bitch, weighing 29kg, presented due to vaginal prolapse which occurred during the last trimester of pregnancy. On clinical examination, the case was diagnosed as vaginal fold prolapse with about diameter of 50mm. Transabdominal ultrasonography was performed to evaluate the bitch's pregnancy status and revealed live fetuses in the uterus. The bitch and fetuses were healthy in performed examinations. And then the vaginal mass was cleaned and placed into normal position. Blood samples were taken for hematological tests. The results of complete blood count were within normal range. Serum estradiol and progesterone levels were 6.93 pg/ml and 23.27 ng/ml, respectively. Parturition was started spontaneously 58 days after mating and a healthy puppy was born. Unborn puppies were detected and C-section was performed. Seven live puppies were removed from the uterus. In conclusion; it was determined that the vaginal fold prolapse event that occurred during the last period of pregnancy was no effect to start of parturition. And also, it was concluded that monitoring of the parturition process would be beneficial for the health of the mother and the puppies.

Congenital malformations of the reproductive system are rarely encountered in queens and etiology is not known precisely. Agenesis of the ovary is one of the congenital anomalies and usually found incidentally during laparotomy operations. In this case, a 2-year-old female cat referred to the clinic for ovariohysterectomy is described. Before anesthesia and surgery, a routine examination was performed. In physical examinations and results of blood samples did not reveal any problem for the operation. After the pre-operative process, ovariohysterectomy was performed. Ovary and the uterine horn were identified on the right-side. However, only the uterine horn without any abnormality was detected on the left-side. The cat was diagnosed with unilateral ovarian agenesis. Then, a blood sample was taken to determine serum steroid hormone levels. Serum estradiol and progesterone levels were measured as 18 pg/ml and 1.4 ng/ml, respectively. As a conclusion, unilateral ovarian agenesis that is incidentally detected the laparotomy procedures were no adverse effect on sexual activity in queens., Kedilerde üreme organlarının konjenital anomalisi nadiren görülür ve etiyolojisi tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Ovaryum agenezi konjenital anomalilerden biridir ve genellikle laparotomi ameliyatları sırasında rastlantısal olarak bulunur. Bu vakada ovariyohisterektomi için kliniğe getirilen 2 yaşlı dişi bir kedi sunuldu. Anestezi ve ameliyat öncesi rutin muayene yapıldı. Fiziki muayeneler ve kan örnekleri sonucunda ameliyat için herhangi bir sorun olmadığı belirlendi. Pre-operatif hazırlıklardan sonra operasyon gerçekleştirildi. Sağ tarafta kornu uteri ve ovaryum tespit edildi. Ancak sol tarafta sadece herhangi bir anormallik bulunmayan kornu uteri gözlendi. Olgu tek taraflı ovaryum agenezi olarak teşhis edildi. Daha sonra serum steroid hormon düzeylerini belirlemek için kan örneği alındı. Serum östradiol ve progesteron düzeyleri 18 pg / ml ve 1.4 ng / ml olarak ölçüldü. Sonuç olarak, laparatomi esnasında tesadüfen teşhis edilen tek taraflı ovaryum agenezinin kedilerde seksüel aktiviteye olumsuz etkisinin olmadığı belirlenmiştir.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects ofprepartally injections of antioxidants on total antioxidant status (TAS), totaloxidant status (TOS) and udder health parameters on day 14 postpartum inHolstein-Friesian cows. Sixty-eight multiparous cowswere divided into treatment (TRE; n=33) and control (CON; n=35) groups. Injectionsof vitamins (A, D and E) and trace elements (Se,Cu, Zn and Mn) wereadministered intramuscularly to cows into the TRE group on 21±5 and 10±5 daysprepartum. Blood and milk samples were collected to evaluatebeta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), TAS, TOS and udder health (somatic cell count(SCC), total bacterial count (individual bacteria count (IBC) and colonyformation unit (CFU)). TAS levels were higher in the TRE group than the CON group.And TOS levels were lower in the TRE group than the CONgroup (P, Bu çalışmanın amacı, Holstein-Friesian ırkı ineklerdeprepartal vitamin ve iz element enjeksiyonlarının postpartum 14. günde toplamantioksidan ve oksidan seviyeleri (TOS ve TAS) ile meme sağlığı parametreleriüzerine etkilerinin değerlendirilmesiydi. Altmış sekiz multipar inek tedavi(TED; n=33) ve kontrol (KON; n=35) grubu olarak ikiye ayrıldı. TED grubundakiineklere prepartum 21±5 ve 10±5 günlerde intramuskuler vitamin (A, D, E) ve izelement (Cu, Zn, Se, Mn) enjeksiyonları yapıldı. Beta hidroksi bütirik asit(BHBA), TOS ve TAS ile meme sağlığını (somatik hücre sayısı (SHS), toplambakteri sayısı (bireysel bakteri sayısı (BBS) ve koloni oluşturan birim (KOB))değerlendirmek için kan ve süt örnekleri toplandı.TAS seviyesi kontrolgrubuna göre tedavi grubunda daha yüksek bulunurken TOS seviyesi daha düşükbulundu. Tedavi grubundaki ineklerin SHS’leri, kontrol grubundakilerden dahadüşüktü (p=0.042). Sonuç olarak, prepartal antioksidan takviyelerinin serum TOSve süt SHS seviyelerini etkili bir şekilde düşürdüğü ve serum TAS seviyesiniarttırdığı görüldü. Ancak BBS ve KOB seviyelerine etki etmediği tespit edildi.

Amaç: Sunulan çalışmada, Holstein sütçü ineklerde prepartum antioksidan uygulamalarının postpartum 7. günde kan Beta-hidroksibütirik asid (BHBA) konsantrasyonu üzerine etkisinin araştırılması amaçlandı. Antioksidanlar oksidatif hasarı geciktiren veya engelleyen maddeler olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Reaktif oksijen türleri (ROS) gibi oksidan maddeler mitokondrilerde adenozin trifosfat (ATP) üretiminin bir sonucu olarak oluşturulur. Oksidan maddeler hücrelerin dezoksiribonükleik asit, proteinler ve lipidler gibi makromoleküllerine zarar vererek doku hasarına neden olabilir. Lipitler oksidatif hasara karşı en hassas makromoleküllerdir. Oksidatif stres insülin mekanizmasını bozarak daha fazla lipolize neden olabilir. Böylece, aşırı derecede ROS üretimi esterleşmemiş yağ asitlerini (NEFA) ve BHBA üretimini artırabilir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmada 80 adet multipar Holstein ırkı gebe sütçü inek kullanıldı. İnekler, tedavi (G1; n = 40) ve kontrol grubu (G2; n = 40) olmak üzere iki gruba ayrıldı. G1'e vitamin (A, D, E) ve iz element (Cu, Se, Mn, Zn) içeren solüsyonlar beklenen doğum tarihinden (280 gün) önce 21±5 ve 10±5 günlerde intramuskuler yolla uygulandı. G2'ye, plasebo ile aynı miktarda serum fizyolojik enjeksiyonu yapıldı. Sonuç ve Tartışma: Kan BHBA konsantrasyonları G2’ye (0.84±0.29 mmol/L) göre G1’de (0.73±0.20 mmol/L) daha düşük bulundu. Sonuç olarak, sütçü ineklerde prepartum antioksidan uygulamalarının, postpartum dönemde kan BHBA konsantrasyonunu azalttığı tespit edildi., Objective: The presented study was aimed that investigation effect of the prepartum antioxidant administration on blood Beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) concentrations at day 7th postpartum in Holstein dairy cows.Antioxidants are defined as substances that delay or inhibits oxidative damage. Oxidantssuch as reactive oxygen species (ROS) are created as a consequence of adenosine triphosphate(ATP) production in mitochondria. Oxidants can cause tissue damage by damaging cells' macromolecules, such as DNA, proteins, and lipids. Lipids are the most sensitive macromolecule against oxidative damage. Oxidative stress can both disrupt the mechanism of insulin and induce more lipolysis. And so, ROS overproduction can enhance non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and BHBA production.Material and Method:Eighty multiparous Holstein breed pregnant dairy cows were used in this study. The cows were divided into two groups astreatment (G1; n=40) and control groups (G2; n=40). In the G1, solutions containing of vitamins (A, D, E) and trace elements (Cu, Zn, Se, Mn) were performed intramuscularly at 21±5 and 10±5 days before expected parturition (280 days). In the G2, it was performed the same amounts of saline injections as a placebo.Result and Discussion: Blood BHBA levels were found that lower in the G1 group (0.73±0.20 mmol/L) compared to the G2 group (0.84±.29 mmol/L). In conclusion, it was determined that prepartum antioxidant administrations decrease blood BHBA concentration in the postpartum period in dairy cows.

WOS:000641342000002 The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between different estrus synchronization protocols, some fertility parameters and serum biochemical parameters including total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) in Hair goats. The study was carried out on 150 female Hair goats during the breeding season. Goats were divided into three groups as control (n = 50), short-term (n = 50) and long-term (n = 50) groups. Control group did not receive any treatment, short-term group received intravaginal P4 (7 d) combined with GnRH (on days 0 and 9) and PGF2? (on day 7), and long-term group received intravaginal P4 (12 d) combined with pregnant mare?s serum gonadotropin (on day 12) and GnRH (on day 13). In control group, blood samples were collected at the beginning (first measurement) and 7th day (second measurement) of the study. In short-term and long-term groups, blood samples were collected at the time of sponge insertion (first measurement) and withdrawal (second measurement). Serum TAS, TOS, P4, E2, TSH levels were measured on all sampling days, and OSI was calculated. All the groups were observed for estrus behavior and those showing the signs of estrus were allowed for mating. Transrectal ultrasound examination was performed to diagnose pregnancy approximately 40 days after mating. The onset of estrus was earlier in short-term group compared to long-term group (P < 0.001). The estrus and pregnancy rates were significantly higher in short-term group compared to other groups (P < 0.05). At the time of first measurement, E2 level in short-term group and P4 level in long-term group were higher and lower than the other groups, respectively (P < 0.05). At the time of second measurement, TAS, TOS, OSI and E2 levels were significantly different in short-term group compared to control and long-term groups (P < 0.01). Additionally, P4 level in control group and TSH level in long-term group increased (P < 0.01). While TAS level in short-term group and E2 level in all groups increased from the first measurement to the second measurement, the TOS and OSI values decreased (P < 0.01). TSH level in short-term group decreased from the first measurement to the second measurement (P < 0.01), while it increased in long-term and control groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, it was obtained that synchronization protocols can affect serum TAS, TOS, E2, P4, TSH and OSI levels; and shortterm intravaginal P4 treatment combined with GnRH and PGF2? clearly improved the antioxidant defense system and increased fertility parameters in Hair goats.

Sütçü ineklerde fertilite başarısı çoğunluklapostpartum dönemde uterus sağlığı ile ilişkilidir. Ancak, ineklerde uterusunnormal işleyişi sıklıkla patojen bakterilerin uterus lumenini kontamineetmesiyle riske atılır. Uterus enfeksiyonlarına neden olan en yaygın bakteritürleri Escherichia(E) coli, Trueperella (T) pyogenes, Streptococcus spp, Fusobacterium (F) necrophorum, Bacteroides ve Prevotella dır.En sık karşılaşılan uterus hastalıklarından biri metritis’tir. Bu çalışmanınamacı, metritisli ineklerin vaginal akıntılarından bakteri izolasyonu ve bubakterilere karşı etkili antibiyotikleri tespit etmekti. Sunulan çalışmada 3ile 6 yaş arasında 15 adet metritisli multipar Holstein sütçü inek kullanıldı.Metritis, doğumdan sonraki ilk 21 gün içinde ateş (> 39.5 ° C), sulukırmızı-kahverengi ve kokulu uterus akıntısı ve sistemik hastalık belirtileriile karakterize edildi. Metritisli ineklerden mikrobiyolojik analiz veantimikrobiyal hassasiyet testi için streil şartlarda vajinal svab alındı.Analizlerde, E. coli (%35.29), T. pyogenes (%29.41), Streptococcus spp (%17.65) ve Staphylococcus(S) aureus (%17.65) dahilolmak üzere dört farklı bakteri türü izole edildi. Antiogram testinde 13antimikrobiyal ajan kullanıldı ve en etkili antimikrobiyal ajanlarınflorfenikol, seftiofur, oksitetrasiklin, linkomisin ve penisilin olduğu tespitedildi. Ayrıca bazı bakteri türlerinin antimikrobiyal ajanlara karşı dirençgösterdiği belirlendi. Sonuç olarak, metritis etkenlerinin ve antimikrobiyalajanların etkilerinin inekten ineğe değiştiği görüldü. Bu nedenle,infertiliteye neden olan uterus enfeksiyonlarının etken izolasyonu ve doğruantibiyotiklerin seçimi ile kısıtlanabileceği düşünüldü., The fertility success of dairy cows is greatly associated with their uterine health status inthe postpartum period. However, the functioning of the uterus in cows is frequently put at risk due tocontamination of the uterine lumen by pathogenic bacteria. The most commonbacterial species causing uterine infections are Escherichia (E) coli, Trueperella (T) pyogenes, Streptococcusspp, Fusobacterium (F)necrophorum, Bacteroides and Prevotella.One of the most prevalent postpartum uterus diseases is defined as metritis. Theobjective of this study was to evaluate the bacterial insolation and antibacterial susceptibility resulting from vaginal dischargesin dairy cows with metritis. The study was carried out on 15 multiparous(between 3 to 6 ages) Holstein dairy cows with metritis. Metritis wascharacterized by fever (>39.5°C),fetid watery red-brown vaginal discharge and systemic signs of diseases in thefirst 21 days postpartum. The vaginal swabs for microbiological analysisand the antimicrobial susceptibility test were taken under aseptic conditions from the cows. As a result, four different types of bacteria wereisolated including E. coli (35.29%), T. pyogenes (29.41%), Streptococcus spp (17.65%) and Staphylococcus (S) aureus (17.65%). Then, 13 antimicrobial agents were used in theantibiogram test. It was found that the most effective antimicrobial agentswere florfenicol, seftiofur,oxytetracycline, linkomycinand penicillin. Also, it was determined that some bacteria species have resistance against antimicrobialagents. In conclusion, it was concluded that the effects of antimicrobialagents and metritis agents changed from cow to cow. So, it was thought thatuterine infections causing infertility can be restricted by the isolation of pathogen and the choice of appropriateantimicrobial agents.

ΔΕΝ ΔΙΑΤΙΘΕΤΑΙ ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ, The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between prepartum body condition score (BCS), blood metabolites (Glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate; BHB), oxidative stress (Malondialdehyde; MDA, Glutathione peroxidase; GSH-Px) in transition period and some reproductive parameters in Holstein dairy cows. Fifty cows were divided into two groups [low-BCS = 2.75-3.0 (n=25); adequate-BCS = 3.25-3.75 (n=25)] according to BCS on the 21st day before expected calving. BCS was also recorded at 0 and +21 days after calving. Blood samples collected at -21, 0 and +21 days from calving for MDA and GSH-Px analysis as well as at -21, +14 and +21 days of postpartum for glucose and BHB. Data on reproductive parameters obtained from farm records were also collected. MDA concentrations were higher in group of low-BCS compared to group of adequate-BCS at -21 and 0 d related to calving (p

Introduction The objectives of this study were to determine the role of a fall in pre-calving body condition score (BCS) in postpartum metabolic status and reproductive outcomes, and gauge the indicativeness of blood metabolites during the transition period. Material and Methods Cows were grouped based on BCS loss between days −14 ±3 and 0 relative to calving. Cows that lost no BCS were the BCS control group (BCS-C), cows that lost 0.25 BCS points the low BCS loss group (BCS-L), and those that lost 0.5 points or more the high BCS loss (BCS-H) group. Blood was taken on days −14 ±3, 3, 14, and 30 ±4 for determination of comprehensive metabolic panel biomarker levels. Beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) levels were quantified on postpartum examination days. Vaginal discharge scores, ovarian activity on day 30 ±4, and subsequent fertility parameters were evaluated. Results The BCS-H cows had lower mean Ca concentrations before calving and on day 3, when the group’s BHBA and CK were higher (P < 0.05); on day 14 they had higher AST concentrations (P < 0.05). The BCS-L cows had greater bilirubin levels (P < 0.05). The BCS-H cows had lower cyclicity and higher endometritis rates. First service pregnancy rates were 50%, 50%, and 61.9%, open days 96.8, 95.75, and 89.2, and overall pregnancy rates 56.25%, 65%, and 80.95 % in the BCS-H, BCS-L, and BCS-C groups, respectively. Conclusion Prepartum BCS loss of ≥ 0.5 points could be associated with Brown Swiss cow low Ca and BHBA concentrations early postpartum, and with subsequent uterine health and overall pregnancy rate. Prepartum Ca concentration might be a prognostic biomarker for postpartum metabolic status and reproductive outcomes.

The present study aimed to determine the alterations in pre- and postpartum immune function, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and serum metabolite changes in Brown Swiss cows with or without retained placenta (RP). Peripheral blood was sampled at -10 ± 4 days antepartum and 10 ± 4 days postpartum for the assessment of neutrophil phagocytic and oxidative burst activities by using flow cytometry. SOD activity, beta hydroxybutiric acid (BHB), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), calcium (Ca), phosphorus, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine kinase (CK), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase, bilirubin, cholesterol, glucose, urea, albumin, total protein, and triglyceride concentrations were also measured from serum samples collected at -10 ± 4, 3 ± 1, 10 ± 4, and 30 ± 4 days relative to parturition. All data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SPSS. Neutrophil phagocytic and oxidative burst activities, phagocytic and oxidative fluorescence intensity, and phagocytic and oxidative indexes were similar among the groups (P 0.05). However, serum SOD activity was 30 ± 4 IU/ml and 17 ± 2 IU/mL for cows that subsequently developed RP and healthy cows at -10 ± 4 days antepartum, respectively (P 0.05). Body condition scores were similar in both groups (P 0.05). All investigated serum metabolic parameters varied significantly over time (P 0.001). Cows affected with RP had subclinical hypocalcemia (8.06 ± 0.3 mg/dl) and had significantly higher BHB levels (1027 ± 137.9 mmoL/l) at 3 ± 1 days postpartum. Furthermore, these cows had greater AST and NEFA concentrations around calving (P 0.05). In conclusion, retained placenta had no prolonged effect on the measures of neutrophil function during the postpartum period. On the other hand, increased antepartum SOD activity might be a predisposing factor and can be used as a predictive biomarker for retained placenta.

Sütçü işletmelerin en maliyetli sorunlarından biri olan mastitis, meme bezinin yangısı olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Mastitis insidansı yönetim şartlarına göre değişmekte olup %50-75 oranında kuru ve geçiş dönemlerinden köken alır. Kuru dönem; doğumdan önceki laktasyonsuz evre olarak tanımlanırken, geçiş dönemi; prepartum ve postpartum 3 haftalık süreç olarak tanımlanmaktadır. İnekler kuru dönemin ilk iki ve son iki haftasında mastitise karşı oldukça duyarlıdır. Bu zaman dilimlerinde meme hassasiyetinin nedenleri; memenin anatomik, hücresel ve humoral değişiklik geçirmesi ile immun sistemde yetersizliklerin oluşması olarak görülmektedir. Kuru dönemin başında kontagiyöz ve çevresel etkenler sorun oluştururken kuru dönemin sonunda çoğunlukla çevresel patojenler risk teşkil etmektedir. Sunulan derlemede amaç; mastitisleri önleme çalışmalarında kuru dönem yönetiminin önemine değinmektir. Bu aşamada ilk hedef; genel sağlığı koruyarak çevre ve barınak şartlarını iyileştirip her türlü stres faktörünü engellemek olmalıdır. Sonraki adım ise; ineklerin laktasyondaki sağlık kayıtları ve süt verimleri göz önünde bulundurulup uygun protokollerle kuruya alınması olmalıdır. Ayrıca kuru dönemde enerji metabolizması pozitifte tutulmaya çalışılarak vücut kondisyon skoru ideal sınırlarda tutulmalıdır. Bunların yanında hijyenik şartlar iyileştirilerek aşı, vitamin ve iz element uygulamaları yapılmalıdır., Mastitis, one of the most costly problems of dairy farms, is defined as inflammation of mammary gland. Incidence of mastitis varies according to management conditions. But, 50-75% of mastitis originates from dry and transition periods. The dry period is defined as non-lactation stage before parturition. The transition period is defined as the last three weeks before parturition to three weeks after parturition. Cows are very sensitive to mastitis during the first two and last two weeks of the dry period. This is due to anatomical, cellular and humoral changes in mammary at these stages, resulting in deficiencies in the immune system. Environmental pathogens create risk at the beginning and end of the dry period whereas contagious pathogens usually are problem at the beginning of the dry period. In presented review, it is aimed to emphasize importance of the dry period management in mastitis prevention. In this case, first goal should be to maintain general health, to improve environment and shelter conditions and to prevent any stress factor. Afterward, cows should be dry with appropriate protocols according to their health and yield status. In addition, body condition and energy metabolism should be kept at balance level. Also, vaccination, vitamin and trace element administrations should be performed and hygienic conditions must be improved.

Background: Adenomyosis is a non-neoplastic condition, characterized by the presence of endometrial glands or cells in the myometrium. Adenomyosis is defined by post-operative microscopic examination of uterine tissue and a rarely seen infertility problem in bitches. The process of transformation of healthy uterus into adenomiotic uterus is still a mystery. We aimed to determine role of ovarian pathologies and uterine inflammations on pathogenesis of uterine adenomyosis in bitches.Cases: After ovariohysterectomy, the uteri were fixed and processed by routine methods. Sections were stained with HematoxylinEosin, Masson’s trichrome and Periodic-Acid-Schiff and immunohistochemically; with p53 protein, Ki-67, α-smooth-muscle actin, cytokeratin-CK 8, 14, 19 antibodies, estrogen and progesterone receptors by Avidin-Biotin-Complex-Peroxidase method. Histopathologically, 7 of the collected tissue samples (n = 38) were diagnosed as adenomyosis. There were unilateral (n = 6) or bilateral (n = 1) adenomyosis in which endometrial glands had broken through the myometrium, and in some cases there were fibromyoma, inflammation, papillary hyperplasia and cysts in glands. Vaginal fibroma, fibromyoma and benign mix tumor (n = 1), simple carcinoma (n = 3), carcinosarcoma (n = 3) in mammary gland were determinated histopathologically. In addition to these findings, follicular cysts (n = 4), parovarian cyst (n = 1), adenocarcinoma and Rete ovarii adenoma were diagnosed in some ovaries. The CK 19 was scored at endometrial glands (n = 2) positively and also, muscle fibers were stained positively with α-smooth-muscle actin antibody (n = 7).Discussion: Adenomyosis is an infertility problem in adult dogs and is hard to detect with routine gynecological examinations. Adenomyosis can be seen unaccompanied by other gynecological problems such as endometritis or leiomyomas, while mammary tumors with adenomyosis have been previously reported in women and in only one case of a bitch. Little is known of the interrelationships between gross pathological and endocrine features of ovarian cysts in bitches. Due to the local hormonal imbalance, most of these ovarian tumors and cystic structures might be accompanied with uterine-vaginal and mammary gland pathologies, cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra, adenomyosis, vaginal fibroma and mammary tumors. The hyperestrogenic metabolic state may promote both the invagination process and the overall spreading of adenomyosis into the myometrium. Adenomyosis is often associated with polyps, anovulation, hyperplasia without cytological atypia, and uterine leiomyoma which are produced by hyperestrogenic states. Prolactin appears to induce adenomyosis in mice and hyperprolactinemia may cause myometrial degeneration/weakness and subsequent endometrial invasion in the presence of ovarian steroids in women. Premature decline in progesterone, a problem ensues with prolactin release which can promote hyperprolactinemia or endogenous prolactin release. In addition to hormonal problems, uterine infections, immune factors and their products like cytokines and inflammatory mediators, oxidative stress and free radical metabolism also might have roles in the occurrence of adenomyosis. In the present study, four of seven adenomyotic uterine tissues had inflammation and 3 of 7 cases had pre-inflammatory changes. Changes in uterine tissues may increase cell infiltration and proliferation as well as the activity of immune cells which may promote development of adenomyosis in bitches. It is therefore possible that a defect in the p53 tumor suppressor gene may play an important role in the de novo neoplastic transformation of adenomyosis. In conclusion, adenomyosis can be observed bilaterally or unilaterally in dogs. Tissue damage under the influence of inflammation or hormonal disturbances might have a role in the occurrence of uterine adenomyosis.