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The physiological differences between men and women have resulted in discrepancies of pesticides' toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic mechanism. It is speculated that women are more prone to exposure to pesticides than men, which increases the risks to their metabolic health. This study aims to establish a link between long-term, low-level exposure to pesticides and its potential adverse metabolic health risks in farming villages by using the parameters of body composition and acetylcholinesterase activity as indicators. The result indicates that the blood cholinesterase levels in males are proportionally lower than in females. The distinction of farmer and non-farmer as an occupation often shows a different degree of metabolic health symptoms unique to the sex. In addition, the sexual differences in the correlation of the level of blood cholinesterase with the body mass index, visceral muscle, body fat and visceral fat among the farming communities in the same farming village are of considerable interest. These findings provide a mechanistic explanation for women's vulnerability to pesticide exposure and indicate potential opportunities for early prevention and surveillance for these working women in the farming community.

The aim was to study the severity of asymmetry on different forms of the facial skull with regard to gender. It was studied 70 specially selected turtles of people of different ages from the craniological collection of the fundamental museum of the human anatomy department of the Azerbaijan Medical University. The characteristic of the group of skulls that was study was carried out on the basis of the upper index of the face. To study the asymmetry of the facial skull, the fan-shaped method of morphometry was used. The digital data of our study were subjected to statistical processing. An analysis of the data obtained indicates the absence of statistically significant sexual differences in the sizes of the contralateral sides of all the studied parameters of the upper fan for skulls with different face shapes. In the women's series on the lateral fan the asymmetry is almost negligible. In the men's series, almost all indicators on the lateral fan show stable left-sided asymmetry. The exception is the distance from the zygo-maxillary point to the lowest point of the pear-shaped hole. In the lower fan on the turtles with a narrow and broad face in the female series of skulls, left-sided asymmetry is observed in almost all signs. On turtles with a face of medium width, both significant left-sided and right-sided asymmetry are noted. In the male series, in general, the asymmetry is much less pronounced than in the female series of skulls. The exception is the subspinal-dacryon distance on wide-faced skulls in the male skull series was found right-sided asymmetry, which is not typical for the female series.

In Fragment 19 of the Harvard Manuscripts, Ferdinand de Saussure claims that difference, since it admits degrees, is an uncomfortable term. In this sense, similarity and difference are entangled, confusing their nuances; and there was no escaping the fact that, although it seems inevitable to perceive the possibility of the discernible, it is also costly to know, structurally, between what elements one will have to distinguish, and in what terms. If anatomy as destiny (FREUD, 1912; 1924) is more nuanced than one would like – since it also admits degrees –, neither can one categorically deny the suspicion that the recognized differences are rather instituted by giving a name; a name that, once given, marks the boundaries of its domains much more than simply recognizes them. If the anatomical difference does not mitigate the ultimate impossibility of conjugation between speaking beings, how to think of the transit/translation between bodies (their mutual attempts of access) and where to situate the differences that belong to them? In order to elaborate an answer, this work starts from this hypothesis that it is advisable to develop the reflection about sexual difference some spans above the waistline, resorting to another organ, the only “innard” that the human body leaves visible; a viscus that, not by chance, short-circuiting the inside and the outside of the body that it inhabits, is consecrated in the perhaps most celebrated – and also most prosaic – of the catachreses: the tongue.

Background and Objectives: Seasonal climatic changes may affect the development of the rash that is characteristic of treatment with anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibodies. We evaluated the association between seasons and rash incidence among patients with cancer. Materials and Methods: Data from patients with colorectal or head and neck cancer treated with cetuximab or panitumumab during summer (S group, n = 34) or winter (W group, n = 37) between June 2014 and February 2019 were collected to retrospectively examine patient characteristics and rash incidence ≤ 8 weeks after treatment initiation. Results: Rashes were observed in 73.5% (n = 25) and 78.4% (n = 29) and grade 3 rashes were observed in 17.6% (n = 6) and 2.7% (n = 1) of the patients in the S and W groups, respectively. The incidence of grade ≥ 2 rashes in males in the S group was higher than that in the rest of the patient groups (p &lt, 0.01). Conclusions: The higher incidence of skin rashes in males during summer might be attributed to the effects of ultraviolet light, lack of skincare, male hormones, and secretion of anti-EGFR antibodies in sweat. These findings highlight the need for research on preventive measures for such rashes.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:42:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-06-01 Body mass variation is an effective way to evaluate the effect of seasonality on the physiological status of individuals. The breeding period is critical for altricial birds in terms of energy balance and leads to sex-specific demands in species with asymmetrical division of parental care. However, seasonal body mass variation is still poorly known in Neotropical birds, which share a suit of life-history traits, and sex-related seasonal body mass variation in birds is poorly studied overall. Here, we investigate body mass variation between the sexes in both breeding and non-breeding periods in two suburban populations of a Neotropical bird with asymmetric division of parental tasks, the Pale-breasted thrush (Turdus leucomelas). Using wing length as a covariate in a linear mixed-effects model, we found that thrushes were heavier in the breeding period, and that sexual difference in body mass was only marginally significant (males: 67.62 ± 3.75 g, females: 71.30 ± 4.24 g, n = 218 captures of 152 individuals). However, the interaction between sex and period was significant, and a post hoc test revealed that males were lighter than females only during the breeding period. We suggest that the sex-specific seasonal variation in body mass results from distinct parental care activities performed by each sex during the breeding period. Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Biodiversidade Universidade Estadual Paulista Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais Universidade Federal de São Carlos Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Biodiversidade Universidade Estadual Paulista

Clinical studies have come to conflicting conclusions regarding BMP2 deficiency's link to regulating bone mass and increasing fracture risk. This may be due to the signaling protein having sex- or age-dependent effects. Previous pre-clinical studies have supported a role, but have not adequately determined the physical mechanism causing altered bulk material properties. This study investigated the physical effects of Bmp2 ablation from osteogenic lineage cells (Osx-Cre; Bmp2fl/fl) in 10- and 15-week-old male and female mice. Bones collected post-mortem were subjected to fracture toughness testing, reference point indentation testing, microCT, and histological analysis to determine the multi-scale relationships between mechanical/material behavior and collagen production, collagen organization, and bone architecture. BMP2-deficient bones were smaller, more brittle, and contained more lacunae-scale voids and cortical pores. The cellular density was significantly increased and there were material-level differences measured by reference point indentation, independently of collagen fiber alignment or organization. The disparities in bone size and in bone fracture toughness between genotypes were especially striking in males at 15-weeks-old. Together, this study suggests that there are sex- and age-dependent effects of BMP2 deficiency. The results from both sexes also warrant further investigation into BMP2 deficiency's role in osteoblasts' transition to osteocytes and overall bone porosity.

Background: Immunological differences between males and females in response to viral vaccines are well known. This the first review to examine them for the Human Papilloma Virus. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the immunogenicity of the Quadrivalent Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine qHPVV. We searched Medline, Embase, and CENTRAL for trials published until September 17, 2019. Inclusion criteria were 3-doses and reporting geometric mean titers (GMTs). We performed random-effects meta-analyses and meta-regression separated by age group and sex. Results: Our search yielded 1809 unique studies. 334 full texts were screened and data from 18 studies were extracted. Females had higher pooled geometric mean titers than males in all age groups. Log transformed GMTs in male children (

Background: The genomic structure that contributes to the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) can be evaluated as a risk score of multiple variants. However, sex differences have not been fully examined in applications of genetic risk score (GRS) of CAD. Methods: Using data from the UK Biobank, we constructed a CAD-GRS based on all known loci, 3 mediating trait-based (blood pressure, lipids, and body mass index) subscores, and a genome-wide polygenic risk score based on 1.1 million variants. The differences in genetic associations with prevalent and incident CAD between men and women were investigated among 317 509 unrelated individuals of the European ancestry. We also assessed interactions with sex for 161 individual loci included in the comprehensive GRS. Results: For both prevalent and incident CAD, the associations of comprehensive and genome-wide GRSs were stronger among men than women. Using a score of 161 loci, we observed a 2.4× higher risk for incident CAD comparing men with high genetic risk to men with low genetic risk but an 80% greater risk comparing women with high genetic risk to women with low genetic risk (interaction P =0.002). Of the 3 subscores, the blood pressure–associated subscore exhibited sex differences (interaction P =0.0004 per SD increase in subscore). Analysis of individual variants identified a novel gene-sex interaction at locus 21q22.11 . Conclusions: Sexual differences in genetic predisposition should be considered in future studies of CAD, and GRSs should not be assumed to perform equally well in men and women.

Apart from morphological differences, male and female faces also vary in color, especially in overall lightness and facial contrast, i.e., the contrast between the luminance and color of facial features (eyes, lips, or brows) and luminance and color of the surrounding skin. In many populations, it has been demonstrated that women tend to be lighter than men. Other differences were found in facial contrast: women have a higher contrast between the lightness of their eyes and lips and the surrounding skin. Manipulation of this contrast in an artificial genderless face can result in a masculine or feminine appearance. So far, however, this phenomenon has been studied mostly in Euro-American and East Asian samples, with little evidence from populations with darker facial tone. We explored natural sexual dimorphism in both facial contrast and lightness in an African, namely Cameroonian, sample, and compared it with results for a European, in particular Czech, population. Our findings showed that sexual differences in luminance contrast of eyes and brows were in both studied populations similar but in the Cameroonian sample, significant difference in lips contrast was absent. These results indicate that sex differences in facial contrast are a side effect of the sex differences in skin color and can be used as a proxy for skin color perception.

This article uses the feminist-psychoanalytic scholarship of Bracha L. Ettinger to consider a relationship between the discourse of the hysteric and the discourse of transgender (trans*). Both disc...

The investigators hypothesized there would be differences between the sexes in recovery pattern following bimaxillary orthognathic surgery as measured by patient responses at 5 weeks postprocedure. A total of 378 participants underwent bimaxillary orthognathic surgery with or without adjunctive procedures. Participants received questionnaires 5 weeks postsurgery when they visited the outpatient clinic. The questionnaires include variances in surgical factors by sex, and postoperative symptoms which were most difficult to tolerate experiences by sex, respectively. Females were more likely to undergo malarplasty (zygoma reduction) than were male participants (P =.001), and they required larger maxillary setback than did male participants (P = .003). Malarplasty was significantly correlated with ear fullness in total and female participants (p-value .018, .016, respectively). Snoring is significantly associated with malarplasty and segment osteotomy procedure without gender predominance (p-value = .026, .028, respectively). Over half of participants complained of nasal congestion (55.6%), followed by swelling (29.3%), pain (15.4%), breathing difficulty (10.6%). In conclusion, males and females showed different patterns of postoperative recovery following bimaxillary orthognathic surgery.

Sex differences in mitochondrial numbers and function are present in large cerebral arteries, but it is unclear whether these differences extend to the microcirculation. We performed an assessment of mitochondria-related proteins in cerebral microvessels (MVs) isolated from young, male and female, Sprague-Dawley rats. MVs composed of arterioles, capillaries, and venules were isolated from the cerebrum and used to perform a 3 versus 3 quantitative, multiplexed proteomics experiment utilizing tandem mass tags (TMT), coupled with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). MS data and bioinformatic analyses were performed using Proteome Discoverer version 2.2 and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. We identified a total of 1969 proteins, of which 1871 were quantified by TMT labels. Sixty-four proteins were expressed significantly ( p

DSD for "Differences of Sex Development" or "Sexual Differences Development" refers to situations where chromosomal, gonadal or anatomical sex is atypical. DSD 46,XX are mainly represented by congenital adrenal hyperplasia (HCS) and are not a diagnostic issue. DSD 46,XY involve genes for the determination and differenciation of the bipotential gonad, making sometimes difficult the choice of sex at birth. They remain without diagnosis in about half of the cases, despite the new genetic techniques (exome, NGS). The management of DSD is complex as well as are the long-term consequences, particularly in terms of options for medical or surgical treatments, fertility and quality of life of patients that should be discussed. This review describes the main causes of DSD and the recent issues of their clinical management. It addresses the difficult question of identity of these patients, in a society that leaves no place for difference.

International audience; Purpose A protocol of chronic exposure to low dose of uranium was established in order to distinguish the sexual differences and the developmental process that are critical windows for epigenetic effects over generations. Methods Both male and female rats were contaminated through their drinking water with a non-toxic solution of uranyl nitrate for 9 months. The exposed generation (F0) and the following two generations (F1 and F2) were examined. Clinical monitoring, global DNA methylation profile and DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) gene expression were analyzed in kidneys. Results While the body weight of F1 males increased, a small decrease in kidney and body weight was observed in F2 males. In addition, global DNA hypermethylation profile in kidney cells was observed in F1 and F2 males. qPCR results reveal a significant increase of methyltransferase genes expression (DNMT1 and DNMT3a) for F2 females. Conclusions In the field of public health policy and to raise attention to generational effects for the risk assessment of the environmental exposures, low doses of uranium do not imply clinical effects on adult exposed rats. However, our results confirm the importance of the developmental windows’ sensitivity in addition to the sexual dimorphisms of the offspring. © 2018, Copyright © 2018 Taylor and Francis Group LLC.

Purpose To evaluate the relationship between axial length (AL) and spherical equivalent refraction (SER) in Chinese children. Methods This hospital-based cross-sectional study included 1208 eyes (from 617 Chinese boys and 591 Chinese girls), ranging between 2 and 12 years. All subjects were divided into subgroups according to the spherical equivalent refraction (SER) (hyperopia, emmetropia, and myopia) and age (2–6 years, 7–9 years, and 10–12 years). Comparisons were made between age, sex, and SER groups. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the correlation of AL and SER for all groups. Results The mean AL and SER were significantly different among the three age groups: 2–6 years group (AL: 22.24 ± 1.59 mm; SER: 0.73 ± 2.67 D); 7–9 years group (AL: 23.49 ± 1.10 mm; SE: -0.68 ± 1.97 D) and 10–12 years group (AL: 24.33 ± 1.02 mm; SER: -1.72 ± 1.86 D). Boys showed longer AL compared with the girls (23.66 ± 1.51 mm vs 23.05 ± 1.32 mm). However, as for SER, the girls (−0.70 ± 2.17 D) showed smaller SER (more myopia) compared with the boys (−0.4 ± 2.48 D). After adjusting for age and sex, the SER tended to decrease (became more myopic) 1.23 D (95% CI: 1.15–1.30D) with a 1 mm increase of AL. Among the different SER groups, the SER tended to become more myopic per mm of AL by 1.09 D (95% CI: 0.97–1.21D) for the myopia group, 1.38 D (95% CI: 1.23–1.54 D) for the hyperopia group, and 0.05 D (95% CI: 0.02–0.08 D) for the emmetropic group. In addition, an increase of 1 mm elongation of AL showed a decrease of SER by 1.05 D (95% CI: 0.90–1.20 D) among 2 – 6-year-olds, by 1.40 D (95% CI: 1.30–1.51 D) among 7 – 9-year-olds, and by 1.37 D (95% CI: 1.21–1.52 D) among 10–12-year-olds. As for sexual differences, the girls (1.68 D, 95%:1.57–1.79 D) showed a more significant myopic shift of SER with a 1 mm increase of AL compared with the boys (0.94 D, 95% CI: 0.84–1.04 D). Conclusions Our results indicated a strong linear relationship between SER and AL and an early-rising trend of myopia in Chinese children.

Interspecific diversity exists in cranial suture closure patterns among mammalian species. Suture closure patterns partly reflect phylogenesis, but it has also been claimed that it is influenced by biomechanical factors. Here we provide the first report on the cranial suture closure pattern in water deer. Among cervids, the water deer is an exceptional species, as it is the only one without antlers. Instead, the male water deer possess prominent canines, which are utilized during male-male combats. This unique morphological setting allowed us to examine whether the presence of prominent canines affects cranial suture closure. We found that the only sexual difference in cranial suture closure pattern is the closure of the interfrontal suture in males, which is found in some other cervid species as well. Except for the interfrontal suture closure, timing and sequence of cranial suture closure were comparable between both sexes, suggesting that the presence of prominent canines in males has no influence on cranial suture closure pattern. Our results indicate that interfrontal suture closure in males is a phylogenetic pattern, i.e. an apomorphy for Capreolini, Hydropotini and Alceini.

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of teaching communication skills and sexual difference (sexual knowledge) on marital satisfaction in couples referred to the Mashhad city Health Center, Iran. Methods: In This Quazi-experimental study, with pre test and post-test methods, 25 coups who referred to a Mashhad city health center, were randomly selected. Enrich marital satisfaction questionnaire was used to measure variables. Teaching communication skills and sexual difference as independent variables were held during 2 months in 14 sessions (communication skills in seven 2-hours sessions and sexual differences (sexual knowledge) in six 60-minutie sessions). Paired T-test has used for data analysis. Results: Results showed that there is significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores (P

In this chapter, I explore a significant genealogical strain of anomalous sexual difference, specifically attributed to women’s animalistic procreative embodiment that can be reframed as a wild zone of creativity, and which lays down the foundations for the existence of a menstrual imaginary. I link the menstruating woman to the sorceress and the hysteric, as well as to the posthuman, in order to garner a radical source of feminist resistance, drawing on the work of Marcel Mauss and Catherine Clement among others. Indeed, this highly diversified wild zone challenges and overturns the negatively inflected taboo on women’s animalistic procreative bodies in patriarchal cultures that has persistently deemed women disorderly under the rubric of premenstrual syndrome, as well as the more current premenstrual dysphoric disorder.

A sex difference in the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D, malesfemales) has been described in Japanese fetuses and children, and its possible links to autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have been discussed. Accordingly, this sexual difference in representative neonates merits examination.This study aimed to examine 2D:4D measurements and sexual differences in Japanese toddlers aged 1.5 years.The digit lengths used to calculate 2D:4D were measured using an easy-to-use photography method. A total of 1045 JECS-A (the Aichi regional sub-cohort of the Japan Environment and Children's Study) children (males, 523; females, 522) aged 1.5 years were analyzed.The mean ages for the males and females were 575.3 ± 13.1 and 575.9 ± 17.1 days, respectively. Histograms of left and right 2D:4D were normally distributed regardless of sex (left male, 0.909 ± 0.048; left female, 0.913 ± 0.049, d = 0.08; right male, 0.938 ± 0.055; right female, 0.937 ± 0.049, d = 0.02). Because of high dispersion in the data, t-tests did not support a significant sex difference in 2D:4D. Post-hoc statistical power was calculated as 0.124 and the effect size for the sex difference in 2D:4D was 0.036.This study failed to confirm sexual differences in 2D:4D in 1.5-year-old Japanese children. This may be because digit measurement is difficult in this group, resulting in reduced effect sizes, or because rapid growth attenuates the in utero sexual dimorphism. This evidence is useful for the light it casts on the extreme male brain theory of ASDs.

Objective Sex determination from fragmentary remains is one of the most important tasks of a forensic expert. Since several studies have demonstrated that discriminant function equations used to determine the sex of a skeleton are population specific, the purpose of the present study was to determine whether the piriform aperture is a useful criterion for sex determination in fragmented skulls and derive an equation for the dimensions of the piriform aperture. Subjects & methods 3D-MSCT was done to 250 patients with non-rhinologic problems (150 male & 100 female). The maximal length (height), maximal width and area of piriform aperture were measured to demonstrate the difference according to sex. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 16. Results: all measurements showed significant sexual differences. The maximal width showed the highest percentage of accuracy in sex determination followed by maximal length and area. The percentage of accuracy of maximal width was 86.2% in females and 64.5% in males. Conclusion Finally, it is concluded that the dimensions of the piriform aperture can be used as a useful tool for sex determination.

We have previously reported that oxytocin produces an inward current at a holding potential of −70 mV without a change in glutamatergic excitatory transmission in adult male rat spinal lamina II (substantia gelatinosa; SG) neurons that play a pivotal role in regulating nociceptive transmission. Oxytocin also enhanced GABAergic and glycinergic spontaneous inhibitory transmissions in a manner sensitive to a voltage-gated Na+-channel blocker tetrodotoxin. These actions were mediated by oxytocin-receptor activation. Such a result was different from that obtained by other investigators in young male rat superficial dorsal horn neurons in which an oxytocin-receptor agonist enhanced glutamatergic and GABAergic but not glycinergic spontaneous transmissions. In order to know a developmental change and also sexual difference in the actions of oxytocin, we examined its effect on spontaneous synaptic transmission in adult female and young male rat SG neurons by using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique in spinal cord slices. In adult female rats, oxytocin produced an inward current at −70 mV without a change in excitatory transmission. GABAergic and glycinergic transmissions were enhanced by oxytocin, the duration of which enhancement was much shorter than in adult male rats. In young (11–21 postnatal days) male rats, oxytocin produced not only an inward but also outward current at −70 mV, and presynaptically inhibited or facilitated excitatory transmission, depending on the neurons tested; both GABAergic and glycinergic transmissions were enhanced by oxytocin. The inhibitory transmission enhancements in adult female and young male rats were sensitive to tetrodotoxin. Although the data may not be enough to be estimated, it is suggested that synaptic modulation by oxytocin in SG neurons, i.e., cellular mechanism for its antinociceptive action, exhibits a developmental change and sexual difference., Highlights • Oxytocin modulated synaptic transmission in spinal dorsal horn neurons. • The synaptic modulation produced by oxytocin exhibited a developmental change. • The synaptic modulation produced by oxytocin exhibited a sexual difference.

The aim of this study was to calculate the total length of the humerus and identify the sex from its fragments in Egyptians. One hundred and fifty dry adult right humeri (75 male and 75 female) were studied. The humeri were divided into seven fragments according to specific anatomical landmarks. Data obtained was subjected to descriptive statistical analysis. The longest fragmentary portion revealed a good result with closest proximity to the total length of humerus. All fragments showed significant sexual differences (P

Background In the postnatal period, some sexual dimorphism is observed from the moment of birth, but it is most pronounced from puberty. The aim of the study based on CT images was to assess possible sexual dimorphism of the maxillary sinus in children aged 0–18. Methods The retrospective analysis of CT images of the head (assessed as normal by radiologists) of 170 patients aged 0–18 (85 females and 85 males) was performed. The maxillary sinuses of every patient were bilaterally measured in three planes. Three diameters were obtained: maximum transverse (horizontal) diameter (the maxillary sinus width, MSW); maximum vertical diameter (the maxillary sinus height, MSH) and maximum antero-posterior diameter (maxillary sinus length, MSL). The automatic CT image segmentation algorithm was used (Syngo Via for Oncology, Siemens) to establish maxilla retrospective analysis of CT images of the head (assessed as normal by radiologists) of 170 patients aged 0–18 (85 females and 85 males) was performed. The maxillary sinuses of every patient were bilaterally measured in three planes. Three diameters were obtained: maximum transverse (horizontal) diameter (the maxillary sinus width, MSW); maximum vertical diameter (the maxillary sinus height, MSH) and maximum antero-posterior diameter (maxillary sinus length, MSL). The automatic CT image segmentation algorithm was used (Syngo Via for Oncology, Siemens) to establish maxillary sinus volume (MSV). The coefficient of variation used in the study allowed the biological variation between sexes to be observed. Results and conclusions The sexual dimorphism of maxillary sinus parameters is variable and depends on the phase of ontogenesis. All investigated parameters of maxillary sinuses are larger in males at 2–3 years (except for the length, which is larger in females by the end of three years, between six and nine years and after 15 years). The sexual dimorphism is less evident during the first year of age, and the most evident between 15 and 16 years. During the first two years, females are dominant with all parameters being larger than in males. The maxillary sinus length is developmentally the most stable parameter of maxillary sinuses, because throughout the investigated ontogenesis, the sexual differences are very similar. The most evident sexual dimorphism is observed in the volume of the maxillary sinus.

The food habits of the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) are well studied, but there is a little evidence of dietary specialization—that is, when individuals use a narrower set of resources compared to the population as a whole. To examine the dietary composition at the individual level, seasonal patterns of dietary specialization, and sex-based dietary differences in Asiatic black bears, we attached Global Positioning System (GPS) collars to 15 Asiatic black bears and collected their scats in Nagano Prefecture, Japan from 2017 to 2018. Our results showed that the dietary composition differed among individuals, although seasonal changes in dietary composition were observed at the population level. Dietary specialization was high in summer (resources less abundant) and low in spring and autumn (resources more abundant), indicating a relationship with general food abundance and the dietary diversity of bears. In spring, all bears consumed green vegetation and/or seed of Fagaceae family from previous autumn; in early- and late- summer, dietary composition, such as green vegetation, insects, and fruits, greatly differed among individuals. In autumn, most bears heavily depended on seeds of Fagaceae which is high-quality food for bears. Although we did not find statistical differences between sexes in terms of dietary specialization and diversity, we found variations in the timing of feeding on the Fagaceae family, being earlier in females compared with males. We also found considerable variation in dietary composition within sexes, suggesting that dietary specialization depends on multiple factors besides food abundance, food diversity, and sex.

The incidence of Hirschsprung’s disease, a congenital disease, has been investigated in many countries/states and areas using different methodologies. There is some difference in reported incidences from 1 in 3030 to 7163 live births, although mostly they range from 1 in 4000 to 5000. Even the earliest report about patients with the disease demonstrated the male predominance. Male to female ratios reported vary, but they are mostly estimated between 2 and 4. Hirschsprung’s disease can be best termed as congenital intestinal aganglionosis, and it has been known that the length of the affected intestine varies in each patient. Frequencies of each type of the disease have been described in most papers and patients with short-segment aganglionosis, which is defined as one limited to up to the sigmoid colon, and are most common although their frequencies somewhat vary from 57.7% to 87.1%. Patients with long-segment type are less frequent, and the reported frequencies range from 8.2% to 26.0%. Patients with the category of total colon aganglionosis or aganglionosis beyond the terminal ileum are least frequent, and their frequencies reported are less than 10%. It has been consistently reported in a large series of patients that male preponderance of the disease tends to decrease with increasing length of the aganglionic segment. Male to female ratios of patients with short segment have been reported to be from 3.4 to 5.4 while those of patients with longer than total colon affected to be around 2.0. Even the earliest report demonstrated familial incidence and risk of a sibling to have Hirschsprung’s disease. The highest reported is 8.2% and the lowest is 2.9%. Familial transmission of the disease is much higher than the incidence of general population. Risks of having a sibling with the disease are reported ranging from 1.8% to 5.9%. As for type and familial incidence, most of the non-familial patients have rectosigmoid type, and aganglionosis extended beyond the sigmoid colon tends to be more in familial patients especially total colon aganglionosis. There is an increased recurrence risk of siblings in cases with aganglionosis extending beyond the sigmoid colon. Trisomy 21, known as Down syndrome, is the most frequent chromosomal abnormality associated with Hirschsprung’s disease. According to the meta-analysis, incidence of Down syndrome in Hirschsprung’s disease is 7.75% although the incidences reported varied widely ranging from 0.64% to 16.25%. Chronologically, incidences of the disease with Down syndrome shown increased over 30 years in Japan but that in Taiwan decreased, which may reflect social circumstances.

Rest contributes a large part of animals' daily life, and animals usually rest in two ways, standing or in recumbence. Small or medium sized ungulates bed to rest in most cases, and standing rest is very rare and hardly seen. Here we described a standing rest behavior of Tibetan antelopes (Pantholops hodgsonii) living on the Tibet Plateau which has not been reported before. We named the standing rest behavior Puppet behavior, since the antelope stand still for a certain time. Of the 304 individuals observed, 48.3% (98/203) of adult and sub-adult males expressed the Puppet behavior, whereas only 6.3% (6/96) of females did, indicating an obvious sexual difference. Puppet behavior occurred more frequently at noon and in the afternoon on sunny and cloudy days, meaning that daytime and weather were both influential factors. Puppet behavior was usually accompanied with rumination and sometimes ended with leg-shaking. Our results suggest that Puppet behavior may be an adaptive form of rest, which may serve a thermoregulatory and anti-predation function, and may be simpler and safer than recumbent rest.

The importance of sexual difference was dismissed by a some feminists, in part because of the confusion that existed between facts and rights. A woman's experience of her body is obviously a little more complicated than the fact of not having a penis. Many different experiences have to be lived through and accepted, and there are marked caesuras: the menarche, menses, defloration, pregnancy and childbirth, and, finally, the menopause — the keynote sign in all of these stages being blood: from when it first appears to the day when it ceases to flow. Among mammals, the dissociation between sexuality and procreation is specific to human beings, given the disappearance of oestrus as a prerequisite for copulation. That is one reason why some colleagues maintain that all human sexuality is perverse in nature: pleasure replaces procreation as its aim. Socially and psychologically, however, this dissociation raises various problems.

Aim: To evaluate sexual differences using demarking point and index of sexual dimorphism from the length of talus in relation to age among male and female north-eastern Nigerians. Study Design: Retrospective Study.

This article uses Bracha L. Ettinger’s theory of the matrixial borderspace in relation to Jacques Lacan’s analytic of sexuation to argue that transsexuality isn’t reducible to psychosis. Rather, transsexuality taps into an Other (feminine) sexual difference that is subjectifying and can be understood in relation to Ettinger’s conception of metramorphosis and the matrixial. Transsexuality involves the somatization of the Other sexual difference and the creative use of this difference as sinthome. The sinthome of transsexuality can enable the subject to negotiate the aporia of sexual difference. I establish parallels between the (neurotic) hysteric and the transsexual to argue that transsexuality can be a subset of neurosis. The transsexual transition (which often involves Sex Reassignment Surgery) can be understood as a metramorphical becoming, a borderlinking enabling separation and distance in proximity. It is not as Catherine Millot (1990) contends an attempt to abolish the “nature” of the Real ...

Background: This paper makes an attempt to describe the growth pattern and their sexual differences among the Khasi tribe in the state of Meghalaya in India. In the study we include 495 girls and 557 boys aged 3 to 18 years. Methods: In this Study the weight and height of these children were taken. Preece-Baines model 1 (PB1) has been used. This model was adopted for fitting the means of weight and some important linear measurements (Preece and Baines 1978), 1 using Levenberg-Marquardt method through SPSS (version 17.0) and origin software (version 8.0) for windows. All data were managed and analyzed using SPSS/PC software, version 15, in which the level of significance was set at 15%. The analysis will be carried out to present the basic descriptive statistics of anthropometric variables viz., height, weight, etc. according to sex and age groups. Results: The growth pattern of the Khasi children in the present study are described in terms of anthropometric measurement is observed that girls are heavier than boys at 3 and 4 years of age and boys are significantly heavier than girls from 5 to 6 years old. However girls are heavier than boys at the age of 12 years of age. It is further observed that boys are significantly heavier than girls and are statistically significant, except at the age of 15. It is found that both boys and girls are more or less similar in weight from 7 to 12 years of age. Conclusions: In terms of height boys are generally taller than girls across ages except at adolescence from 11 to 12 years where girls are taller than boys. The differences between the sexes are statistically significant after 14 years of age; the estimate values for adult height are 157.5 in males and 152 in females.

Scientific psychological studies, which are provided in recent years, indicate lack of coverage of humour disorders as an emotion . Aim. In order to explore and discover the nosological features of gelotophobia, gelotophilia, katagelasticism, in 81 men and 50 women, 142 patients with mental disorders were included. Methods and results. Features of influence of diagnosis, gender, as well as symptoms of mental disorders on the development of gelotophobia, gelotophilia, katagelasticism were studied. The following methods were used: 1) a Russian-language version of the gelotophobia scale GELOPH-15; 2) Methodology of PhoPhiKat-45; 3) Gelotophobia scale GELOPH-15; 4) Picture Test Picture-GELOPH. The psychometric and factor analyses of data were also used. It was distinguished that the main factors in forming the main nosological features are: gender and diagnosis, that allow considering separately the impact of sexual differences and nosological specifics, as well as the impact of mental disorders symptoms on the development of gelotophobia, gelotophilia, katagelasticism. Conclusion. It indicates that the specificity of the manifestations of gelotophobia, gelotophilia, katagelasticism can be seen as indicators of the depth of the violation of human mental activity.

This article explores the search for finality that arises in response to crime. Its focus is not simply upon how this search for finality functions, but on both the centrality of narrative within this and the question of consolation that arises when such cases officially remain unresolved. Examined by reference to one particular case – specifically, the deaths of five males in the South Australian city of Adelaide between 1979 and 1983 – the article explores the central role of cultural anxieties or phobias that often underpin infamous or iconic crimes. It examines the way in which the narrative of this case reveals particular anxieties associated with homosexuality and paedophilia as a means through which to investigate the complex way in which consolation is ultimately left wanting in spite of the presence of a narrative of culpability. In its entirety, the article attends to the enduring manner in which anxieties associated with sexual difference persist, and the haunting spectre that arises as a result of an unrealised search for finality.

Indians are known to be habitual squatters. The habitual squatting is known to cause anatomical changes over a period of time in the bones which participate in such extreme actions. In squatting the subtalar joint is involved more than any other joint. Authors have described in the past about such modifications in the medial condyle of femur but majority and frank changes can be appreciated in the inferior extremity of the tibia into contact with the dorsum of the neck of the talus. Life style modifications have caused changes in the decreased frequency of squatting in the day to day life. Present study aims to check whether there is decrease in the frequency and puts a base for further such studies in the near future.

In this work, we describe the boundary percentile scope values of transversal characteristics of the dental arch of boys and girls of Podillia, with diagnosed orthognathic bite. The study group consists of individuals with different forms of head and face. Our findings are that, in girls, unlike boys, set differences exist in the transversal dimensions of the upper and lower jaw, both in the distribution of the shape of the head, and the type of face. In boys with different head shape, larger values of transversal size of dental arch are evidenced when contrasted with the corresponding groups of girls, regarding the maxilla in 46.7% of all cases and the mandible in 22.2% of all cases, as well as with different types of faces in 66.7% of cases regarding the maxilla and 55.6% in the mandible.

Gender differences have been found in many cardiac, stroke and cancer disorders. Sexual differences on depression among brain tumor patients has been rarely studied. The aim of this study was to determine relations between manifested depressive episode and gender in brain tumor patients. The data consisted of 115 patients with a primary brain tumor, 61 males and 54 females. Depression of the patients was assessed by Hamilton Depression Scale (HADS) and functional status by Karnofsky Performance scale (KPS). The level of depression in females was higher compared to that of males. There were no statistically significant differences between male and female groups, although depression is more prevalent in women. Our data are similar to the majority of results from epidemiological studies that show that depression is more prevalent in females. Further studies are needed to find the connection between biological cause of brain tumors and depression. Sex differences help us to understand the nature of neuropsychiatric disorders, which will help us to find specific treatments and prevention strategies.

Introduction: The pelvis is most sexually dimorphic and is the first bone assessed in sex determination because it is the skeletal element most affected by reproduction and parturition.[1] The assessment of the pelvis is made through metric measurements as well as through the visual analysis of non-metric traits; both important aspects of the analysis. The best methods for determining sex from adult skeletal remains involve measurement and inspection of the hip bone that presents a number of gender-related anatomical differences.[2] Most osteologists visually (stereoscopic) evaluate these differences and integrate this subjective assessment ofhip bonemorphology into their sex determinations. The aim of thepresent study is to visually evaluate sexual differences in hip bone and comparing its efficacy with metric assessment. Methods: This study is done on 46 hip bones of adult individuals of known sex from museum of department of anatomy of SGRRIM&HS Dehradun and TMMC&RC Moradabad, India. All these hip bones were visually examined and under mentioned five characters of the hip bone were used, (A) aspects of the preauricular surface, (B) aspects of the greater sciatic notch, (C) the form of the composite arch, (D) the morphology of the inferior pelvis, and (E) ischiopubic proportions. Results: In this study traits of the group (A) were most sexually dimorphic while traits of the group (E) were least sexually dimorphic. Conclusion: Diagnostic accuracy is excellent when the complete hip bone is available. Hip bone features used for sex determination by visual assessment seem to be fairly stable.