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Background: Pneumonia is an acute or chronic inflammatory disorder of the lungs, affecting the mucosal areas of the lung. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi. In some cases, it may be caused by physical or chemical irritants. Kolaviron, a natural bioflavonoid extract from Garcinia kola seeds, has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties in Flu-like conditions which are associated with cough. There has been a paucity of information on the likelihood of the effectiveness of kolaviron against pneumonia infections. Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of kolaviron on albino Wistar rats induced with pneumonia using Klebsiella pneumonia. Materials and Methods: Powdered Garcinia kola seeds were extracted with n-hexane and 100% methanol as solvents by using Soxhlet extractor. A standard method was used to obtain kolaviron from the seed extracts. A total of 24 albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups A to F, each comprising four rats. The rats were allowed to acclimatize for 1 hour in very cold environments using ice packs. A standardized 1.0 x10 -5 mg/ml culture suspension was intranasally inoculated to the rats for 10 days to induce pneumonia-like symptoms. Thereafter, the kolaviron was administered to the rats such that a 500mg/kg kolaviron extract was given once daily to groups A (male rats) and B (female rats). Groups C (male rats) and D (female rats) received 250mg/kg of kolaviron extract once daily, while group E rats were given 0.5 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) once daily, which served as the negative control. The rats in Group F received 2.86 mg/kg of ofloxacin once daily and served as the positive control. All the treatments were done for a period of 5 days. Then 10 days after the treatments, the animals were sacrificed and the lungs were harvested for hydrostatic lung test and histopathological examination. An overnight broth culture of Klebsiella pneumonia was streaked in sterile molten nutrient agar maintained at 37°C for 24hrs. Later, a stock of 500mg/ml of kolaviron was prepared in DMSO. Two-fold dilutions were performed to obtain the following concentrations of 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125%, and 1.565% with the stock. The anti-Klebsiella pneumonia activity of the kolaviron extract was determined using agar well diffusion methods and incubation was done at 37 o C for 24 hrs. Student t-test and Oneway Analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for comparison of mean differences between and among the groups. Results and Discussion: The sensitivity of Klebsiella pneumonia to kolaviron was concentration- dependent. There was an increase in anti-Klebsiella pneumonia activity with a decrease in kolaviron concentration. Kolaviron (KV), at 500mg/kg concentration, was efficacious and showed significant anti-inflammatory effects (P Conclusion: Kolaviron can be used as an agent in the treatment of pneumonia as it possesses anti- inflammatory and anti-Klebsiella pneumonia activities.

Euphorbia lateriflora is used in ethnomedicine for treating several conditions, including genital and urinary tract infections (UTI). Although ethnobotanical claims support its use in therapy, there is limited evidence on its effect on UTI, even though UTI remains a public health problem in Nigeria especially due to increasing antimicrobial resistance. We investigated the activity of E. lateriflora extracts and fractions on bacterial and fungal isolates from symptomatic urinary tract infections and vaginosis respectively. Qualitative phytochemical screening was conducted on dried pulverised leaves. Successive gradient extraction was carried out with the aid of a soxhlet extractor with n-Hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol respectively. Bioactivity guided fractionation was conducted on the ethyl acetate extract using Vacuum Liquid Chromatography. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing by disc diffusion was conducted on test isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates to extracts and fractions was done using the agar well diffusion technique. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) and Minimum Biocidal Concentrations (MBC) were determined by agar and broth dilutions respectively. Time-kill assay of the ethyl acetate extract was conducted using the viable count technique. Phytochemicals present include saponins, tannins and flavonoids. The majority of isolates used in this study were multidrug resistant. Extracts and fractions of E. lateriflora produced appreciable zones of inhibition on both antibiotic susceptible and resistant bacteria with MICs of 6.25 mg/mL and MBC ranging from 6.25 mg/mL – 50 mg/mL. Bactericidal activity of the ethyl acetate extract was concentration and time dependent with 100% kill at 25 mg/mL after 6 hours for E. coli and 2 hours for C. albicans. Euphorbia lateriflora contains phytochemicals which possess antimicrobial activity on antibiotic resistant bacteria and has potential in the development of chemotherapeutics for bacterial and fungal infections.

Aims: Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit, is one of the natural herbs with several medicinal properties. However, many medicinal aspects of this herb still need to be explored. Therefore, our aim was to examine the antioxidant, antimicrobial properties and genoprotective effect of H. suaveolens methanolic extracts (HSME) of seed, stem, and root. Study design: extraction and therapeutic aspects of H. suaveolens. Place and Duration of Study: 1) Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah and 2) Clinical Biochemistry & Natural Product research laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, lucknow between 2018-2020. Methodology: HSME were extracted through soxhlet extractor and further analyzed for TPC, antioxidant activity through DPPH and FRAP assay followed by antimicrobial potential through zone of inhibition and MIC/MBC assay. We also examined the genoprotective properties of HSME on oxidative DNA damage. Results: Our results showed that TPC (180±5 mg GAE/g dw), DPPH scavenging activity (IC50 value = 72±0.45 µg/ml) and FRAP value (1.443±0.02 µM ferrous ion/mg extract) was highest in HSME seeds followed by root and stem. The results also illustrated that the antimicrobial activity of HSME (seed and stem) against five bacterial strain were found very effective than root part. Moreover, genoprotective effect of HSME seeds (80±3 % retention) was better than stem (41±2 %) and root (32±2 %) extract. Conclusion: The study revealed that HSME seed extract showed potential bioactivities might be due to presence of high TPC and can be used to treat diseases related with oxidative stress or microbial infections.

Mushrooms used as food have medicinal importance due to their antioxidant compounds. In this context, it is very important to determine the biological potential of fungi and to reveal these medicinal properties. In this study, it was aimed to determine the element contents, total antioxidant status, total oxidant status, oxidative stress index of Suillus collinitus (Fr.) Kuntze mushroom. In this context, the mushroom samples were extracted with ethanol in the Soxhlet extractor. Element contents were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry. Total antioxidant (TAS) and total oxidant (TOS) levels and oxidative stress index (OSI) were determined using Rel Assay commercial kits. As a result of the study, it was determined that the TAS value of S. collinitus was 2.467 ± 0.145 mmol/L, TOS value was 17.845 ± 0.273 µmol/L and OSI value was 0.677 ± 0.030. In addition, the Fe content (350.72 ± 10.23), Cu content (68.11 ± 2.51), Pb content (11.58 ± 2.43), Zn content (10.46 ± 1.28) and Ni content (1.47 ± 0.21 mg.kg-1) of S. collinitus measured. As a result, S. collinitus mushroom is thought to be a natural source of antioxidants. It has also been observed that the element contents are at normal levels.

Graphical abstract, Highlights • Screen the polyphenol compound from red seaweed Gracilaria edulis and Hypnea valentiae. • Purification the polyphenol compound. • Detect the antimicrobial activity of polyphenol compound. • Evaluate the antioxidant activity of polyphenol compound. • Analyze the FT-IR and GC MS of polyphenol compound., In recent years, seaweeds drew the intense attention of the researchers owing their biological properties with their multi assorted applications to the humans. Red seaweeds are well-known for their biological activities due to enrichment of phenolic residues. The present investigation deals with the portrayal of biological behavior of red algae Gracilaria edulis and Hypnea valentiae. Polyphenol was extracted using methanol in a soxhlet extractor for 6 h. The crude polyphenol compound was partially purified in DEAE cellulose52 column. The total phenolic content present in the polyphenol compound was G. edulis (75.49 ± 0.12 %) and H. valentiae (70.08 ± 0.34 %). The phytochemicals present in the two seaweeds were flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenolics, alkaloids and steroids. The antimicrobial activity of polyphenol compounds was assessed against seven human pathogens, five plant pathogens and three fungal pathogens. The free radical scavenging activity of polyphenol compound was assayed such as total antioxidant capacity, reducing power, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl-scavenging assay, superoxide anion radical scavenging and nitric oxide. Polyphenol compound was analyzed by FT-IR and GC–MS.

Antioxidants are substances that hamper or inhibit the oxidation of oxidizable substrates in the cells. The aerial parts of Blepharis maderaspatensis dry powder was extracted with various solvents (PE, EA and methanol) through Soxhlet extractor. The aerial parts of different concentrates (Pet.ether, ethyl acetate and methanol) of Blepharis maderaspatensis was evaluated for its in-vitro antioxidant potential by hydroxyl radical, total antioxidant activity taking ascorbate used as standard for the both methods and total flavonoids content was estimated as equivalent to rutin. The methanolic concentrates of Blepharis maderaspatensis & standard exhibited antioxidant potential possessing IC50 210µg/ml & 62µg/ml (hydroxyl radical) 200µg/ml & 57µg/ml (Total antioxidant activity) respectively. An IC50 value was originate that methanolic concentrates of Blepharis maderaspatensis more efficient in hydroxyl radical, total antioxidant activity compared EA & PE concentrates. The methanolic and EA concentrates of Blepharis maderaspatensis showed the total flavonoids content (11.230±0.22 and 2.858±0.56 mg of rutin equivalent/g of powder) respectively. The difference in scavenging potential of the extracts can be due to variation in the percentage of bioactive compound flavonoids present in methanolic extracts. Invitro antioxidant studies obviously show methanolic concentrates of Blepharis maderaspatensis have better antioxidant activity due to the presence of total flavonoids content. The findings from the study reveal that the antioxidative potentials of methanolic concentrates Blepharis maderaspatensis could serve as free radical inhibitors, possibly acting as natural antioxidants.

Herbal medicine can be used to overcome the side effects of conventional treatments. This study aimed to evaluate the anticancer activities of ginger and licorice extracts, as well as the synergistic effects of their combination. Ginger ethanolic extract (GEE) and licorice methanolic extract (LME) were isolated by a Soxhlet extractor. Next, the anti-proliferative activity of the extracts, apoptosis induction, tumor growth inhibition, and tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes were investigated. The MTT (3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, five diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay showed that GEE and LME decreased the CT26 cell viability in a dose-dependent manner; however, the GEE + LME combination was more effective (P

This study evaluated physical characteristics, chemical composition, content of vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids, and minerals in biribiri fruits (Averrhoa bilimbi) from the Middle Doce River region (Minas Gerais, Brazil). Titratable acidity was determined by volumetric neutralization, pH by direct potentiometry, soluble solids by refractometry, humidity by gravimetry, ash by calcination in muffle, proteins by the micro-Kjeldahl method, dietary fiber by non-enzymatic gravimetric method and lipids using a Soxhlet extractor. Carotenoids and vitamin C were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and vitamin E by HPLC with fluorescence detector. Fourteen minerals were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Biribiri showed high yield of edible portion (100%), low lipid, protein and carbohydrate content, and; consequently, low total energy value (25.36 kcal 100 g-1). The fruit also showed low dietary fiber content (0.62 g 100 g-1), total vitamin E (17.62 µg 100 g-1), total carotenoids (0.32 g 100 g-1), and high vitamin C, zinc, copper, iron content, manganese, molybdenum and chrome content. Regarding the heavy metals, the fruit showed no cadmium, and traces of aluminum and nickel. In conclusion, biribiri presented low energy value and expressive contents of dietary fibers, vitamin C, iron, manganese, molybdenum, chromium, zinc, and copper.

Calendula arvensis L. is used in traditional folk medicine for the treatment of several diseases. Leaves, stems, and flowers of C. arvensis were extracted using a Soxhlet extractor with different solvents (i.e., hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol). The ethyl acetate extract of C. arvensis flowers (CAF EtOAC) had cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, with IC50 values of 70 and 78 µg/mL, respectively. Microscopic examination revealed concentration-dependent cell shrinkage, cell detachment, nuclear fragmentation, and chromatin condensation. The CAF EtOAC inhibited the migration of cultured cells in a scratch wounding assay, indicating a possible defense against metastasis. The same extract also caused apoptosis by downregulating Bcl-2 and upregulating Bax and caspase 3/7 activity. Phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of phenols and flavonoids, and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) revealed a high content of linolenic acid in the extract. Based on our data, the CAF EtOAC may provide active ingredients for the development of novel chemotherapeutics for breast cancer therapy.

Ora-pro-nóbis (Pereskia aculeata Mill.) is an unconventional vegetable found in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and consumed, mainly by the rural population who lives in this biome. The present study investigated the nutritional value and contribution potential this species to the recommendations of daily nutrient intake for adults. Moisture and ash content were determined by gravimetry after oven drying and muffle incineration, respectively. Proteins were determined by the micro-Kjeldhal method; lipids by gravimetric lipids using soxhlet extractor; Total dietary fiber (TDF) by non-enzymatic gravimetry; Carotenoids and vitamin C by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with Diodes Array Detector; Vitamin E by HPLC and fluorescence detection; and minerals by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Ora-pro-nóbis presented concentrations of TDF (3.73 g 100 g-1), ash (0.96 g 100 g-1), lipids (1.45 g 100 g-1), protein (1.27 g 100 g-1), carotenoids (3.15 mg 100 g-1), total vitamin E (438.68 µg 100 g-1), Ca (427.08 mg 100 g-1), Mg (88.84 mg 100 g-1), Mn (3.46 mg 100 g-1), Fe (13.89 mg 100 g-1) and K (689.41 mg 100 g-1). The species was considered a source of TDF, a good source of Mg, Cu and K, and an excellent source of vitamin A, Ca, Mn, Fe and Se.

The macro fungi of the genus Agaricus have so far recorded many bioactive compounds with antibacterial properties as a product of their metabolism. However, in Ecuador, A. pampeanus or “Kallamba de finados'' is a species studied for its ethnomycological uses and as part of the fungal biodiversity of the country. In this study, the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract of A. pampeanus was evaluated on four ATCC strains and the bioactive compounds present in the extract were identified. Initially, an ethanol extract of A. pampeanus was performed with the use of a Soxhlet extractor. To identify the extracted compounds, a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrophotometer was used. With the mother extract, four solutions of the A. pampeanus ethanol extract (APE) were made at different concentrations, classified in APE1 (50.32 mg/mL), APE2 (40.24 mg/mL), EPA3 (30.16 mg/mL), APE4 (20.12 mg/mL), which were subsequently used in the analysis of antibacterial activity, using the Kirby-Bauer technique. Six chemical compounds were identified; among them Eugenol was found as one of the main compounds. Out of the four concentrations, the A. pampeanus ethanol extract (APE1) was the most effective against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and categorized as sensitive, while Escherichia coli did not present any activity and was cataloged as resistant. The APE4 was not effective in any case. The antibacterial effect of APE was verified. Furthermore, A. pampeanus is more effective against Gram positive bacteria. Resumen Los macrohongos del género Agaricus registran, hasta el momento, gran cantidad de compuestos bioactivos con propiedades antibacterianas como producto de su metabolismo. Sin embargo, en Ecuador, A. pampeanus o “Kallamba de finados” es una especie estudiada por sus usos etnomicológicos y como parte de la biodiversidad fúngica del país. En este estudio se evaluó la actividad antibacteriana del extracto etanólico de A. pampeanus sobre cuatro cepas ATCC y se identificaron los compuestos bioactivos presentes en el extracto. Inicialmente, se realizó un extracto etanólico de A. pampeanus con la utilización de un equipo Soxhlet. Para la identificación de los compuestos extraídos se empleó un cromatógrafo de gases acoplado a un espectrofotómetro de masas. A partir del extracto madre se realizaron cuatro soluciones a diferentes concentraciones del extracto etanólico de A. pampeanus (EAP), clasificados en EAP1 (50,32 mg/mL), EAP2 (40,24 mg/mL), EAP3 (30,16 mg/mL), EAP4 (20,12 mg/mL), que posteriormente fueron empleadas en el análisis de actividad antibacteriana, mediante la técnica de Kirby-Bauer. Se identificó un total de seis compuestos químicos; entre estos se encontró al Eugenol como uno de los compuestos principales. De las cuatro concentraciones, el extracto etanólico de A. pampeanus (EAP1) fue el más efectivo frente a Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus y Pseudomonas aeruginosa, siendo categorizadas como sensibles, mientras que Escherichia coli no presentó ninguna actividad y se catalogó como resistente. Por su parte, el EAP4 no fue efectivo en ningún caso. Se comprobó el efecto antibacteriano del EAP. Además, A. pampeanus presentó mayor efectividad frente a bacterias Gram positivas.

Nuts and seeds are good sources of oil. Most of these oil are edible and are of industrial use. In term of edibility, some seed oils are hyperlipidemic, while some are hypolipidemic. The Hura crepitans (sandbox tree) is one of the plants that bear seeds however, the seeds has not been fully utilized. This study investigated the effects of Hura crepitans seed oil on lipidomics of some tissues (blood, liver, heart, kidney and brain) in albino rats. The Hura crepitans seed oil (HCSO) was extracted with Soxhlet extractor using petroleum ether as solvent. Twenty-four male albino rats allocated to four groups of 6 rats each were used. Groups 1-3 were fed diet containing 5 %, 10 % and 15 % HCSO respectively while group 4 was fed diet containing 15% groundnut oil (GO) (control) for 8 weeks. Whole blood was collected and the tissues (liver, heart, brain and kidney) were harvested. Cholesterol, triacylglycerol and phospholipid levels were determined in plasma, RBC and tissues of the rats spectrophotometrically. Hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity was indirectly determined using spectrophotometric method. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukeys test were used to analyse the results. The lipids analyses showed that HDL and VLDL cholesterol levels decreased significant (p < 0.05) in the 5 % and 15 % HCSO groups and in plasma, liver and kidney of 10% HCSO group. Also a significantly ( p< 0.05) increase was observed in RBC cholesterol level in 5 % and 15 % HCSO groups while cardiac cholesterol level increased significantly in 10 % HCSO group. Triacylglycerol level increased significantly in plasma, VLDL and liver (5 % and 10% HCSO group), kidney and brain (5 % HCSO group), RBC and heart (15 % HCSO group) while a decrease ensued in HDL across the groups. The phospholipids level decreased significantly in all the organs except kidney of 15 % HCSO group whereas an increase was observed in plasma, HDL, VLDL and RBC of all the groups. Hura crepitans seed oil is considerably hypolipidemic and could be edible and be beneficial to health especially at 10 % composition.

Bioactive compounds from natural sources are of great importance because of their potential pharmacological activity and tremendous structural diversity. In this study, the chemical composition of different moss extracts of Hedwigia ciliata P. Beauv. have been examined, as well as their antioxidant, antineurodegenerative/anti-neuroinflammatory, antidiabetic, and antiproliferative potential. The extracts were prepared by Soxhlet extractor using solvents of different polarity. Chemical characterization of the extracts revealed the presence of phenolics and flavonoid compounds, together with triterpenoids as secondary metabolites of high biological activity. Significant antioxidant properties of all the extracts were exhibited using the β-carotene assay. The highest activities were found for water:ethanol extract (with the highest inhibition rate of 96%), but also significant inhibition was measured for ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts (80% and 70%, respectively). Confirmation of biocompatibility of investigated moss extracts has been performed using normal human fibroblast cell line, MRC-5. The H. ciliata extracts exhibited significant antiproliferative activity (~ 50%) against the MDA-MB-231 (human breast adenocarcinoma cell line), which has not previously been reported elsewhere. The Griess assay confirmed the potential anti-neuroinflammatory activity of the extracts, as significant effects in reducing NO production by LPS-stimulated BV2 (normal murine microglia cell line) was observed. This data is in line with noted antineurodegenerative potential measured by the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (with the highest inhibition rate of 60% for ethyl acetate extract) and tyrosinase (with the highest inhibition rate of 70% for ethanol extract). Additionally, the H. ciliata extracts exhibited significant antidiabetic effect mediated by α-glucosidase inhibition (with the highest inhibition rate of 80% for ethyl acetate extract). The obtained data suggest the presence of immunomodulatory effects of the moss extracts in vitro, which allows the design of new experiments aimed at detecting and characterizing bioactive compounds of the extracts and additionally elucidate detailed mechanisms of their effects.

Introduction: Loading the active ingredients of medicinal plants in lipid nanoparticles reduces the reaction of the active substance with the surrounding environment, such as water and oxygen, and reduces the intensity of transmission or evaporation to the external environment. In this study, intended to enhance efficacy of ginger extract, encapsulation in nanoliponiosome synthesized by thin-film hydration method were done and their antifungal effect on the growth of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus were studied. Methods: In this experimental laboratory study, derivation was done using Soxhlet extractor method. Antifungal activity of ginger extract was specific by disc diffusion and microplate dilution methods. The inhibitory effect of extract was investigated. Physiochemical characteristics and structural characterization of nanoparticle were evaluated from the perspective of in vitro efficiency, drug release, nanoparticle size, zeta potential, surface morphology and FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy), DLS (Dynamic light scattering) and finally SEM (Scanning electron microscope) spectra. Results: FTIR investigations showed ginger extract and nanoliponiosome had no chemical interaction leading to change the functional groups. SEM microscope showed the spherical mprphology of particles and average particles size of 73nm. Ginger extract was loaded into the nanoliponiosome with a yield of 71%. It was also found out that ginger extract had a stronger antifungal effect against Aspergillus flavus fungus compared to the Aspergillus parasiticus fungus. At both 37°C and 42°C, the release of ginger extract was higher at pH of 4.5 compared to neutral pH (7.4). Conclusion: Nanoliponiosomes containing ginger extract with good physicochemical properties, increased drug stability and good release control can be promising antifungal agents with high antifungal effects and low side effects.

This study was carried out to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial properties of crude methanolic extract of Chromolaena odorata and its interactions with some standard antibiotics (Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin and Gentamicin) on Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from wound samples. P. aeruginosa was isolated from wound samples from hospital patients in Enugu State, Nigeria using standard bacteriological methods. Methanolic extraction of C. odorata was carried out using Soxhlet extractor. The antimicrobial activity and in vitro interactions were evaluated using a combination of agar well diffusion and broth dilution techniques. The findings of this study showed that all the P. aeruginosa isolates were susceptible to the C. odorata methanolic crude extract at high concentrations. There were synergistic effects between the methanolic crude extract and the standard antibiotics compared to the potency observed when the methanolic crude extract was tested separately. Our findings give credence to the folkloric use of C. odorata for the treatment of wounds, especially P. aeruginosa infected wounds. There could be beneficial clinical application of the co-administration of standard antibiotics and the crude extract of C. odorata in the treatment of wound infections caused P. aeruginosa.

In the last decade, traditional medicine has been used to treat several diseases such as hemolytic anemia. One of these plants is Falcaria vulgaris. This plant is expanding vastly in Iran. In this experiment, we assessed the anti-anemic property of aqueous extract of F. vulgaris leaf. After collection of the plant, its extract was obtained using Soxhlet extractor. In vivo design, after 1 day of the last injection of Phenylhydrazine, the rats were divided into six subgroups, including negative healthy control, untreated negative control, and four groups receiving the F. vulgaris at 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg concentrations. At the end of day 15 of treatment, the animals of all groups were euthanized and blood samples were drawn immediately from the animals’ hearts to analyze the hematological and biochemical parameters. The data were analyzed by SPSS-21 software. All doses of aqueous extract of F. vulgaris leaf (especially FV200) significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased the levels of body weight, WBC, neutrophils, platelet, RBC, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC, and decreased the raised levels of ALP, AST, ALT, GGT, urea, creatinine, ferrous, ferritin, and erythropoietin as compared to the untreated group. Finally, the results showed the useful anti-anemic property of F. vulgaris leaf aqueous extract.

HCC is one of the fastest-rising causes of cancer-related death. Novel therapeutic approaches for treatment are warranted. The goal of this study is to find effective components from Chinese herbal medicines, which is an important alternative source of anticancer medicine. To this end, six different herbs were selected from various traditional literatures. Soxhlet extractor was used to distill the strong polar and weak polar components of each herb. The inhibitive effect of each component was determined using liver cancer cells BEL7404. From total of 12 extractions, it was found that the combined crude lysate of Amana edulis from water and ethanol system had the best efficacy. At the concentration of 0.1 mg/mL, this component has the highest inhibition rate up to 70%. To investigate the underlying molecular reasons, we observed that the component can significantly induce the liver cancer cells apoptosis and retard the cell reproduction at G2/M stage. Verification experiments showed that this component also has apparent inhibitive effects on other liver cancer cells, such as HepG2 and Huh7. On the other hand, it has less effectiveness on another cell line HepaRG, which retains many characteristics of primary human hepatocytes. The results suggested that there might be highly efficient antihepatoma ingredient in the water and ethanol extraction of Amana edulis. The pure substances remain to be isolated and further research on their targets is required.

Root bark extract of Terminalia avicennioides was obtained by cool maceration with 750 ml n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol, independently for 48 h using soxhlet extractor. ATCC 33591 standard strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was used. Strain resistance to methicillin/oxacillin antibiotic was verified by a retest of its sensitivity to oxacillin antibiotic. The antimicrobial test and zone of inhibition were determined using the agar well diffusion method. The isolated bioactive fractions of the extract were subjected to FTIR and GC-MS analysis. Results revealed both fractions; (TLb4 and TLb17) were both bacteriostatic and bactericidal. The growth of MRSA was inhibited at extract concentrations of 60, 120, 180 and 240 µg/ml, within the susceptible range of ≥ 14 mm, with a mean inhibitory zone sensitivity of 14 mm at 60 µg/ml, 15.76 mm at 120 µg/ml and 15.33 mm at 180 µg/ml for fraction TLb4 and 15.33 mm at 60 µg/ml, 17.33 mm at 120 µg/ml and 20 mm at 180 µg/ml for TLb17 (≥ 14 mm). GC-MS detected oleic acid and analogs of palmitic acid as pharmacological active compounds of both fractions. FTIR showed the presence of alkyl halides. These bioactive agents revealed could be effective therapeutic agents for the treatment of MRSA. Key words: Methicillin-resistant, Staphylococcus aureus, inhibition, bacteriostatic, bactericidal, Terminalia avicennioides.

In the present study petroleum ether, chloroform and methanolic extracts of Oscimum sanctum were prepared using soxhlet extractor. The extracts were evaluated for antibacterial activity against one Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and one Gram negative (Escherichia coli) strain. The activity of the extracts was compared with the known antibacterial drugs, Oflaxacin and Penicillin G. Disc diffusion method revealed good antibacterial activity of the chloroform and methanol extracts compared to the petroleum ether extract. Methanolic extract was found to be most active against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacterial strains. The zone of inhibition of methanolic extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli at 50 mg concentration was 16.0 and 18.0 mm, respectively. Chloroform extract also exhibited good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacterial strains. The zone of inhibition of chloroform extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacterial strains was 8.0 and 6.0 mm, respectively. The zone of inhibition of the drug Penicillin G against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was18.0 and 17.0 mm, respectively. Oflaxacin showed zone of inhibition to be 19.0 and 20.0 against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. The petroleum ether extract exhibited no activity against any of the two tested bacterial strains. These findings suggest that methanolic extract of Oscimum sanctum has anti-bacterial potential and therefore should be investigated for phytochemistry.

The objective of the study was the assessment of the mutagenicity of chemical pollutants adsorbed on suspended particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter 2.5 μm (PM2.5) in the four seasons. Samples were collected from the urban agglomeration of Wroclaw, Poland and evaluated for mutagenicity using two Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 with and without metabolic activation with microsomal fraction S9. The work covered sampling of suspended dusts in four seasons: summer, spring, autumn and winter. The dust samples were collected on glass filters using air aspirator and the organic matter of PM2.5 was extracted using Soxhlet extractor. The levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (PAH), nitro-PAH and dinitro-PAH were determined in the extract. Variable degree of air pollution with mutagenic substances was determined at the selected study site. A greater, negative effect of chemical compounds on DNA was determined in dust samples collected in the autumn-winter season in comparison to samples collected in the spring-summer season. In the majority of tests, higher mutagenicity was obtained in analyses conducted on total extracts in comparison to tests conducted in the presence of PAH pollutant fractions. The obtained mutagenic ratio values pointed to the presence of chemical compounds with a character of both promutagens and direct mutagens. Samples collected in the autumn-winter season were observed to have a higher diversity of organic substances absorbed on PM2.5 dusts. Particular samples differed in the total content and percent contribution of particular PAHs, nitro-PAHs, and other organic compounds. In addition, the identified substances included compounds belonging to different chemical classes: aliphatic compounds, cycloalkanes, mono- and bicycling arenes, polycyclic arenes, compounds containing oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur.

The purpose of this research was to obtain extracts of flavonoids from orange tangelo peelings (Citrus reticulata x Citrus paradisi) and apply them as natural antioxidant to the vegetable oil Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis). The information was obtained from experimental tests which were made in seven steps: physical and chemical characterization of the orange tangelo and the sacha inchi oil; extraction of flavonoids by the Soxhlet extractor; detection of flavonoids in each extract through fine layer chromatography and paper chromatography; identification and quantification of flavonoids by high resolution chromatography liquid (HPLC); determination of the antioxidant capacity of each extract of flavonoid, and finally evaluation of the antioxidant activity in oil sacha inchi, of the extract with the higher level of antioxidant capacity using a multifactorial design with two factors: extracts of flavonoids and concentration at three levels: 0.05%; 0.1% and 0.15%, and 16 blocks which are the times. The results showed that the liquid extract had the greatest quantity of flavonoids: 100.3724 mg/g, being naringine with 81.1727 mg/g, the flavonoid found in greatest proportion. At a concentration of 0.1%, the extract of flavonoid showed the lowest index of peroxide at 384 hours. It is concluded that the flavonoids present in the orange tangelo peeling can be used as raw extracts, without needing partial or total purification, to increase the sacha inchi oil life.

The methanolic extract obtained from the leaves of Verbascum speciosum L. was investigated for their antimicrobial activities against some pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli) by disc diffusion method. For preparation of the extract dried and powdered plant materials were extracted with methanol by Soxhlet extractor for 72 h at a temperature not exceeding the boiling point of the solvent. Gentamicin, tetracycline and penicillin were used as a positive reference standard to determine the sensitivity of the strains. The extract inhibited the growth of S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, B. anthracis, B. cereus and S. typhimurium. To determine the cause of antibacterial effects of the extract, it was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The extract was found to contain boric acid and phenol as the major compounds. Both of these compounds have antibacterial activity. When the ...

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the chemistry and biological potential of mosses, since a large number of biologically active compounds have been found within these species. This study aimed at examining the chemical composition and immunomodulatory potential (antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-neuroinflammatory/antineurodegenerative, and antitumor activities) of moss Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. extracts. Corresponding extracts have been obtained applying Soxhlet extractor. The chemical characterization was performed using spectrophotometric assays and liquid chromatography&ndash, mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The extracts were analyzed for antioxidant activity and for inhibitory activities on &alpha, glucosidase, &alpha, amylase, acetylcholinesterase, and tyrosinase. Additionally, extracts were tested against four cell lines&mdash, MRC-5, BV2, HCT-116, and MDA-MB-231&mdash, for antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities. Chemical analysis of extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenolic acids, and triterpenoids. Major compounds identified by LC-MS in H. cupressiforme were kaempferol and five phenolic acids: p-hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic, p-coumaric, gallic, and caffeic acid. According to biochemical assays the investigated extracts exhibited significant immunomodulatory potential. Significant antiproliferative potential against MDA-MB-231 cells has been observed together with the promising anti-neuroinflammatory application. The obtained data suggest that moss H. cupressiforme is a valuable natural source of biologically active compounds with potential application in the pharmaceutical industry.

The fruit species of the Brazilian Cerrado, such as buriti (Mauritia vinifera ), occupy a prominent position in the ecosystem since they contribute to the economic potential of the region and have high nutritional value. We aimed to evaluate the physical characteristics, chemical composition and content of vitamin C, carotenoids, vitamin E and folates in pulp of buriti from the Brazilian Cerrado of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The length, diameter, mass and fruit yield were evaluated. The titratable acidity was determined by volumetric neutralization; pH by potentiometry; soluble solids by refractometry; moisture using an oven; ash using a muffle furnace; proteins by the micro-Kjeldhal method; total dietary fiber by the gravimetric non-enzymatic method and lipids with a Soxhlet extractor. Vitamin C and carotenoids were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with detection by diode array (HPLC-DAD) and vitamin E and folates by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Buriti pulp showed 12.13 g.100g -1 of lipids and 74.86 g.100g-1 of moisture. Also, the fruit showed high content of dietary fiber, carotenoids, vitamin C, vitamin E and folates. Buriti can contribute to the adequate intake of fiber and vitamins and to preventing the incidence of disorders, especially those more frequent in native populations of the Cerrado.

Objective: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is one form of leishmaniasis that chiefly infected the poor sections of the society. The prototypical therapeutic interventions in vogue are handicapped due to toxicity and an alarming increase in drug resistance. Furthermore, the absence of vaccines has raised the quest for alternative therapies. So, the aim of our study was to assess the anti-leishmanial activity of Euphorbia cactus Ehrenb, Euphorbia ammak Forssk, Euphorbia inarticulate Schweinf, and Pergularia tomentosa L. Methods: The extracts of plants were prepared by maceration method and by Soxhlet extractor. The extracts were dried and re-dissolved in 2% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) 1% solvent. Leishmania spp. cells were then tested with serial concentrations (15.6 μgml-1 to 500 μg ml-1 ) of the extracts, using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthazolk-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. All experiments were performed in triplicate and analyzed by ANOVA test. The optical density values as measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) were used to calculate the IC50 values. Results: The results indicated that the methanolic latex extract of Euphorbia cactus Ehrenb, Euphorbia ammak Forssk had potent anti-leishmanial activity against the promastigotes of Leishmania spp. based on a dose-dependent response analysis. The IC50 values for Euphorbia cactus Ehrenb and Euphorbia ammak Forssk after 24h incubation against Leishmania spp. promastigotes were less than

A comparative study of the antioxidant potentials of extracts from grape seed and peel on lipid oxidation is reported in this study. Grape fruit sample was collected and the seed and peel of the fruit were separated and oven dried. This was further subjected to grinding and finally sieved to obtain a particle size of 500 μm. The extraction of antioxidant was carried out in a soxhlet extractor using methanol as the extraction solvent. The elemental analysis of the grape seed and peel extracts revealed that potassium was the most dominant element with a composition of 86 and 90.1% respectively. The effect of the grape seed and peel extracts on the mixture of oil sample was evaluated by measuring the oxidation stability using Rancimat machine. The oxidation stability of the oil mixture sample without and with the addition of grape seed and peel extracts were found to be 67, 553 and 569 minutes respectively. Furthermore, the results of the peroxide value, pH and free fatty acid of the oil mixture without and with grape seed and peel extracts were carried out and antioxidant effectiveness of the grape seed and peel extract calculated after 50 days to be 29% and 30% respectively. This result clearly showed that antioxidant potential of grape peel extract is slightly higher than that of grape seed extract. Key words : Antioxidant, Extraction, Fat and Oil, Grape fruit, Oxidation, Solvent

Fruit wastes which are perishable pose a big problem to pollution monitoring agencies; however these problems can be reduced by utilizing the high value compounds present in the food waste. Banana peels contain a reasonable number of antioxidant compounds such as gallocatechin and dopamine. This paper investigates the anti-oxidant potential of two different varieties of Banana peels (Dwarf cavandish and Musa omini). The peels were extracted with two different solvents (Methanol and Ethanol) using the soxhlet extractor. The results show that ethanolic extracts have higher phenolics and flavonoid contents (336.83 - 383.83 mgGAE/100g, 242.83 - 252.82 mgRutin/100g) compared to the methanolic extracts of the same banana varieties (299.42 - 344 mgGAE/100g, 240.77 - 241.23 mgRutin/100g). However methanolic extracts exhibit higher DPPH Antioxidants Activity (30.82% - 51.66%) compared to ethanolic extracts (25.44% - 30.27%). This implies that antioxidative compounds other than phenolics and flavonoids were also involved in inhibiting the DPPH Radicals. It was also observed that at any concentration between 0.5 - 2.5 mg, ethanol extracts of both dwarf cavandish and musa omini had higher reducing power than the other two varieties.

A simple procedure of extraction, fractionation and assessment of organoleptic and antioxidant properties of Aframomum sceptrum seeds was carried out, and the results were compared with a currently used synthetic antioxidant, butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT). Extraction was carried out using Soxhlet extractor and fractionation of the ethanolic extract was accomplished using vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC). Various fractions of the ethanolic extract were obtained but similar fractions were pooled together to yield six fractions (F1-F6) as guided by thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis. Fractions obtained were subjected to sensory, chemical, spectroscopic and storage assessment in order to evaluate their antioxidant potentials. Sensory characterization and antioxidant storage tests showed that fractions F4 and F5 had non-bitter taste and yellow colour in contrast to bitter taste and dark brown colour of the crude extract. Statistical analysis (P= 0.05) showed that the antioxidant effectiveness (AE) of the fractionated extracts F4 and F5 were 62.57 and 59.13% for groundnut oil and 64.50 and 62.91% for red palm oil, respectively, and compared favourably with the standard synthetic antioxidant used. The fractions can be used to extend the shelf life of food products. Key words: Spices, fractionated extracts, antioxidant effectiveness, active components, sensory and spectroscopic characteristics.

Objective To provide experimental support for the traditional knowledge of Syzygium densiflorum ( S. densiflorum ) fruits. Methods Powered S. densiflorum dried fruits were subjected to successive extraction with n -hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol using a Soxhlet extractor. Further, preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out with a series of tests. In vitro free radical scavenging was evaluated using total antioxidant estimation, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical, superoxide radical scavenging, and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. Antidiabetic activity was estimated using α-amylase inhibition assay. Results Preliminary phytochemical estimation confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, sterols, terpenoids, anthocyanin, phenols, carbohydrates, fixed oils, and fats in fruits of S. densiflorum . Ethyl acetate and n -hexane extracts showed less free radical scavenging and α-amylase inhibition activity than ethanol extract. IC 50 values of ethanol extracts for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical, superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, lipid peroxidation, and α-amylase inhibition assays were found to be 0.01, 0.16, 0.66, 0.46, and 0.46 mg/mL respectively. Conclusions In vitro evaluations confirmed the antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of S. densiflorum fruits. Ethanol extract of S. densiflorum fruits showed higher activity with statistical significance vs. ethyl acetate and n -hexane extracts.

In the present study hexane, benzene, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of Pithecellobium dulce root were prepared using soxhlet extractor. The extracts were evaluated for antibacterial activity against one Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and three Gram negative (Acetobacter aceti, Acetobacter aceti, Klebsiella pneumoniae) strains. Disc diffusion method revealed promising antibacterial activity of the extracts prepared in polar solvents (ethyl acetate and ethanol) compared to non-polar solvents (hexane and benzene). Ethanolic root extract was found to be most active against Acetobacter aceti, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia and Enterobacter aerogenes bacterial strains. The zone of inhibition of ethanolic root extract against Acetobacter aceti, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia and Enterobacter aerogenes bacterial strains was 15.4, 11.0, 19.0 and 13.0 mm, respectively at 100 mg concentration. Ethyl acetate extract also exhibited good antibacterial activity against Entrobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumonia and Acetobacter aceti. The zone of inhibition of ethyl acetate root extracts against Entrobacter aerogenes, Acetobacter aceti and Klebsiella pneumonia was 10.5, 18.0 and 10.0 mm, respectively. The benzene extract showed some activity against Acetobacter aceti with the zone of inhibition 10.0 mm. The antibacterial activity of Pithecellobium dulce root hexane extract was found to be negligible against all the four tested strains of bacteria. These findings suggest that ethanolic and ethyl acetate root extracts of Pithecellobium dulce has potential as effective anti-bacterial agent.

Objectives The current investigation was carried out to determine the cytotoxic and the antimicrobial activities of methanolic extracts of Plumbago zeylanica. Methods The stems, leaves, and whole plants were air dried and extracted with methanol by using a Soxhlet extractor for 72 hours at 55 - 60°C. The antimicrobial activities were determined from the zones of inhibition, which were measured by using the agar well diffusion method, and the cytotoxicity assays were performed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay method. Results The methanolic extracts of the stem and the leaves of Plumbago zeylanica were tested against six bacterial species and nine fungal species, and both extracts showed antimicrobial activity in a dose-dependent manner. The leaf extract of Plumbago zeylanica showed maximum antimicrobial activity against both Staphylococcus aureus sub sp aureus and Fusarium oxysporum. The stem extract was found to be more antimicrobial against the Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the Penicillium expansum species. MTT assays were used to test the cytotoxicity of the whole plant extract in the HCT-116 and the K-562 cell lines, and that extract was shown to have weak cytotoxicity in both cell lines. Conclusion In the present study, the methanolic stem extracts of Plumbago zeylanica were found to possess remarkable antibacterial activities against many human and agricultural pathogens. The extracts were also found to possess significant antifungal activities, but the antifungal activities were less than the antibacterial activities. Finally, the extracts were found to have weak cytotoxicities in the HCT-116 and the K-562 cell lines.

A high-temperature coal tar collected from Xuzhou Coking Plant, Saint-Gobain Pipelines (Xuzhou) Co., Ltd. was extracted with petroleum ether (PE) under ultrasonic irradiation and in a Soxhlet extractor. The residue was then extracted with methanol in the Soxhlet extractor. All the extracts were analyzed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). More than 250 organic compounds were detected in the PE-soluble fraction, but no GC/MS-detectable species (GC/MS-DSs) in the methanol-soluble but PE-insoluble fraction, indicating that all the GC/MS-DSs were extracted as PE. The GC/MS-DSs include various nitrogen-containing ones, many of which were seldomly reported. Nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NCOCs) detected are aniline, indole, quinoline, isoquinoline, methylquinolines, naphthonitriles, 8-(dimethyl-amino)-1-naphthonitrile, 3-methylindazole, acridine, benzoquinoline, benzoacridine, benzoisoquinolines, carbazole, methylcarbazole, phenanthridine, (Z)-N-(1-phenylethylidene)methanamine, benzocarba...

Objective To use the leaves of Annona squamosa ( A. squamosa ) for the preparation of crude extracts and all crude extracts were used to evaluate their antioxidant activity and total phenolics content collected from Jabal Al Akhdar. Methods The leaves powder samples of A. squamosa were used for the preparation of crude extracts with methanol by Soxhlet extractor method. Defatted methanol crude extract by water was extracted by different polarities of solvents with increasing polarities. All crude extracts were used for the determination of total phenolics content and antioxidant activity by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl methods. Results The high amount of total phenolics content found in the leaves crude extracts was in the range of 54.75 to 352.0 mg/100 g of dry powder samples. The highest antioxidant activity was found in methanol and the lowest was found in ethyl acetate crude extract. Conclusions The crude extracts from A. squamosa leaves showed strong antioxidant activity. Therefore, it could be used as a medicine for the treatment food borne diseases.

Objective To isolate and analyze the phytochemical constituents of Sphaeranthus amaranthoides using GC–MS. Method Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract was carried out according to the standard method described by Brindha et al. GC–MS analysis was performed on the methanolic extract of S. amaranthoides to find out the chemical constituents. Results Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of steroids, alkaloids, sugars, phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and amino acids with mottled degree. GC–MS results revealed the presence of 23 different phytocompounds viz., 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-[[2,3,3a,4,7,7a(or 3a,4,5,6,7,7a)-hexahydro-4,7-methano-1H-indenyl]oxy] ethyl ester (32.73%), Methanone, (1-hydroxycyclohexyl)phenyl – (13.71%), Methyl 2-bromomethyl-10-tetrahydropyranyloxy-2-decenoate – (7.84%),4,7-Methano-1H-indene,3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-5-(2-propenyloxy) – (6.27%), Primidone – (4.50%), 2-Propenoic acid, 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl ester, exo – (3.78%) and normorphine, bis(o-trimethylsilyl) – (3.65%) etc. Conclusion The presence of various bioactive compounds confirms the application of S. amaranthoides for various diseases by traditional practitioners. However, isolation of individual phytochemical constituents may proceed to find a novel drug.

Azadirachta indica (neem) belonging to Meliaceae family is very important medicinal plant which is traditionally used to treat different diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activity and characterize the chemical constituents in different crude extracts of the leaves of Azadirachta indica (neem) by using modern sensitive gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The evaluation of antioxidant activity of different crude extracts was determined by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. GC–MS analyses showed that majority of these identified compounds in various crude extracts contain normal hydrocarbons, phenolic compounds, terpeniods, alkaloids and glycosides. The high percentage of compounds that were identified in the crude extracts are chemically and biologically important. The evaluation of antioxidant capacity of different crude extracts was in the order of chloroform > butanol > ethyl acetate extract > hexane extract > methanol extract. The important chemical constituents were present in the leaf crude extracts of neem that can be endorsed to cultivation on a domestic plantation. The appropriate crude extracts for selective bioactive organic compounds can be chosen on the basis of GC–MS analysis. Therefore the identified good number of chemical compounds from various extracts of neem might have some ecological benefit for different aliments. Result from this study suggested that the chloroform crude extracts of neem could be used as a natural antioxidant.

– Introduction . The Cerrado is a Brazilian biome that has a large plant heterogeneity. Among the fruit species of the Cerrado, the tamarind stands out due to its economic potential and use in human feeding. Our study evaluated the physical and physicochemical characteristics, and occurrence and content of vitamin C, carotenoids, vitamin E and folates in tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) from the Cerrado of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Materials and methods . The length, diameter, mass and fruit yield of tamarind were evaluated. Titratable acidity was determined by volumetric neutralization, pH by potentiometry, soluble solids by refractometry, moisture using an oven, ash using a muffle furnace, protein by the micro-Kjeldhal method, total dietary fiber by the gravimetric non-enzymatic method, and lipids with a Soxhlet extractor. Vitamin C and carotenoids were analyzed by HPLC-DAD, and vitamin E and folates by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Results and discussion . Tamarind pulp is composed mainly of carbohydrates (50.07 g·100 g–1) and moisture (35.29 g·100 g–1); it can be considered a good source of dietary fiber (4.13 g·100 g–1). The pH, titratable acidity and soluble solids are 2.95, 18.52 g tartaric acid·100 g–1 and 44.00 °Brix, respectively. Contents of vitamin C (4.79 mg·100 g–1) and folates (59.35 µg·100 g–1) in the tamarind are higher than those observed in traditional fruits. However, the fruit presents low vitamin E content (108.78 µg·100 g–1). Conclusion . The tamarind stands out due to its nutritional value, being a good source of vitamin C and dietary fiber, and an excellent source of folates.

Defatting is an important procedure for the preparation of bone grafts because lipids in bone grafts strongly influence the osteointegration. Lipases have been widely used in different fields. However, study on the application to defatting process for bone grafts preparation has never been found so far. In this study, bone samples were treated respectively by lipase, NaHCO(3)/Na(2)CO(3), acetone and deionized water. The lipids content of processed bone grafts was calculated in Soxhlet extractor method. Surface morphology of the bone grafts was observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM). DNA content of processed bone grafts was measured. Cytocompatibility was evaluated by co-culturing mouse preosteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) on defatted bone cubes. Proliferation rates of MC3T3-E1 were examined by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. No statistically significant difference was found between lipids amount of bone processed by lipase (0.46 ± 0.16 %) and acetone (1.11 ± 0.13 %) (P > 0.05). Both of them were significantly lower than that in groups processed by Na(2)CO(3)/NaHCO(3) (3.46 ± 0.69 %) and deionized water (8.88 ± 0.18 %) (P = 0.000). Only cell debris were discovered over the surface of bone processed by lipase or acetone, while lipid droplets were observed on bone processed by Na(2)CO(3)/NaHCO(3) or water by SEM. The difference of DNA concentration between the bone processed by lipase (3.16 ± 0.81 ng/μl) and acetone (4.14 ± 0.40 ng/μl) is not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Both of them are significantly lower than that groups processed by Na(2)CO(3)/NaHCO(3) (5.22 ± 0.38 ng/μl) and water (7.88 ± 0.55 ng/μl) (P < 0.05). MC3T3-E1 cells maintained their characteristic spreading on the trabecular surfaces of bone processed by lipase. There were no statistically significant differences among absorbance of lipase, acetone groups in CCK-8 assay. The application of lipase to bone tissue defatting appears to be a very promising technique for bone grafts preparation.

2 Abstract: Antibacterial activity limonoid compounds of three different solvent extracts (methanol, ethyl acetate and n-heksane) prepared by soxhlet extractor from orange waste juice were screened against two pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteridis. The highest antibacterial potentiality was exhibited by the limonoid-ethyl acetate followed by the (limonoid-methanol) and (limonoid-n-hexane).The orange waste juice extract can be considered to be as equally potent as the antibiotics. The zone of inhibition, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the orange waste juice extracts showed that limonoids extracted with ethyl acetate (limonoids-ethyl acetate) resulted in better inhibition of limonoids extracted with (limonoids- methanol) and (limonoids-n-hexane). The concentration 250 ppm of MIC were test showed inhibition of (limonoids-ethyl acetate) higher with a percentage minimum (44.15 for the bacterium Escherichia coli and 14.69 for the salmonella enteridis) than (limonoids-methanol) (10.67 and 3.84) and (limonoids-n-hexane) (35.58 and 14.10). In vitro antibacterial screening of crude (limonoid-ethyl acetate) (limonoid-methanol) and (limonoid-n-hexane) of methanol extract of orange juice waste with concentration 250 ppm were test showed the clear zone in millimeters (11.75 for the bacterium Escherichia coli and 10.25 for the salmonella enteridis) than limonoid-methanol (8.00 and 9.00) and limonoid-n-hexane (8.00 and 9.25). However, when compared to synthetic antibiotics (neomiditril and coleridin), the clear zone of limonoids lower (24%) but still showed his ability as an anti-microbial. (Limonoids-ethyl acetate) dose of 250 ppm showed better activity than doses of (limonoid-methanol) and (limonoid-n-heksana) for the bacterium Escherichia coli to salmonella enteridis bacterial at 11.918 and 9.158. From these results we can conclude (limonoids-ethyl acetate) extract better than (limonoids-methanol) and (limonoids-n-hexane) and can be used as a substitute for anti biotic synthetic antimicrobial. The phytochemical analysis of orange waste juice extracts showed presence of triter penes, alkaloid, flavonoids, steroid, phenolic, saponin.

Background Gaultheria trichophylla (Royle) is used as food and for treating many ailments in folk medicine especially against inflammation. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the ability of extracts of G. trichophylla as anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agent and for its mineral contents. Methods Powdered plant material (100 g) was extracted with 100 ml each of methanol, chloroform, and n-hexane using soxhlet extractor. Antioxidant activity of methanol extract was assessed by DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP assays. Determination of enzyme inhibition activity was determined using 5-LOX inhibitory activity. Total phenolic and flavonoids contents were measured by Folin-Chicalteu and colorimeteric methods respectively. Minerals and heavy metals contents were determined using Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Qualitative HPLC analysis were performed using some standard phenolic compounds. Results The highest phenolic (17.5 ± 2.5 mg GA equivalent/g) and flavonoids (41.3 ± 0.1 mg QE equivalent/g) concentrations were found in methanol extract, which also showed more scavenging activity of 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and ferrous reducing power with IC50 = 81.2 ± 0.2 and IC50 = 11.2 ± 0.1 μg/ml, respectively. The methanol and chloroform extracts showed best inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase enzyme with 90.5 ± 0.7% and 66.9 ± 0.1% at 0.5 mg/ml, respectively. G. trichophylla extract was also evaluated for mineral contents (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Cu), and for chemical profiling of heavy metals (Cr, Pb, Cd, Co, Zn, Ni and Hg). Conclusion Our current findings suggest that this plant is good source of minerals and concentration of all heavy metals were within permissible limits. The results revealed that this ignored plant has great pharmaceutical and nutraceutical potential.

The effects of some selected solvents extracts of Avocado Pear (Persea americana) on Cholesterol/HDL ratio of albino rats was investigated. The avocado fruit was dried at room temperature and was extracted with ethanol and N-hexane using soxhlet extractor. The phytochemical screening of ethanol, aqueous and N-hexane extracts reveals the presence of Alkaloid, Tannin, Phytate, Phenol, Oxalate, Steroid, Saponin and Glycoside. The quantitative analysis shows that Alkaloid; Aqueous Extract 0.96%, Ethanol 1.37%, N-hexane 1.81%, Phytate; Aqueous Extract 0.68%, Ethanol 1.47%, N-hexane 0.88%, Saponin; Aqueous Extract 1.28%, Ethanol 0.76%, N-hexane 1.06%, Phenol; Aqueous Extract 2.75%, Ethanol 2.43%, N-hexane 1.14%, Oxalate; Aqueous Extract 3.36%, Ethanol 2.81%, N-hexane 2.53%, Tannin; Aqueous Extract 0.69%, Ethanol 1.36%, N-hexane 0.72%, Steroid; Aqueous Extract 1.66%, Ethanol 2.04%, N-hexane 2.58%, Glycoside; Aqueous Extract 0.14%, Ethanol 0.52%, N-hexane 0.39%. Eighteen male albino rats were divided into three groups of which six rats per group; the first group were given ethanol extracts while the control receive ethanol, the second group were given N-hexane extracts while the control receive N-hexane and the third group were given aqueous extract while the untreated were feed ad libitum which serve as the control. A lipid profile test was carried out in the serum of albino rats in which the values of HDL, TRIG, LDL, CHOL and VLDL was recorded. The TC/HDL ratio was calculated by dividing Cholesterol with HDL and was plotted on a bar chart. Aqueous extract of avocado has the highest concentration in oxalate and phenol compared to ethanol and N-hexane extracts. The Total Cholesterol/HDL Ratio of untreated albino rats feed ad libitum has a ratio of 5.468 which is a high risk heart disease. Albino rats fed with aqueous extract has a ratio of 4.615 while ethanol extracts has a ratio of 4.623, they both fell in a low risk heart disease. N-hexane extract has a ratio of 3.553 which falls below average for heart disease. In conclusion, the result obtained from phytochemical concentration shows that oxalate and phenol has the highest percentage in all the solvent extracts of avocado. The cardiovascular disease marker on TC/HDL Ratio of male albino rats fed with aqueous and ethanol extracts fell within the low risk acceptable range while N-hexane extracts fell in very low average risk for CVD. The result shows that Avocado (Persea americana) reduces TC/HDL Ratio as well as boosting the “good cholesterol” (HDL) which is good for cardiovascular health.

In the present study, in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of different extracts of Podophyllum hexandrum seed were investigated. Different polarities crude extracts were prepared through Soxhlet extractor and were used for the determination of antioxidant potential by 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy (DPPH), reducing power, microsomal lipid peroxidation, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. Cytotoxic activity was carried out by the Sulphorhodamine B (SRB) method. The highest phenolic content of 465 ± 5.55 mgGallic Acid Equivalent(GAE) /g was observed in methanol extract followed by ethanol (359 ± 8.52) and aqueous extract (291 ±4.5 mgGAE/g). At a concentration of 700 μg/ml, DPPH radical scavenging activity was found to be highest in methanol extract (86 ±1.5%) followed by ethanol extract (78 ± 1.2), aqueous extract (71 ± 1.5), and ethyl acetate extract (64 ± 1.5%). At a concentration of 300 μg/ml, 76%, 65%, 65%, and 60% inhibition on microsomal lipid peroxidation was observed with methanol, ethanol, aqueous, and ethyl acetate extracts, respectively. Cytotoxicity of the extracts (100 μg/ml) was tested on three human cancer cell lines (MCF-7, HCT-116, and HeLa) using the SRB assay. These results clearly indicate that Podophyllum hexandrum seed extracts possess free radical savaging and cytotoxic activity and can be used against various oxidative stressrelated pathological conditions.

Background: Gongronema latifolium Benth. (GL) possesses considerable glucose lowering effects able to be utilized on a large-scale. This paper investigates the effects of a Soxhlet extract on hyperglycemia, Langerhans islets and glucose uptake by abdominal muscles. Methods: Ethanol and a Soxhlet apparatus were used to obtain GL ethanolic Soxhlet extract (GLES). It was then administered to randomly-segregated male Sprague-Dawley, normal and STZ-induced diabetic rats, using oral gavage to evaluate blood glucose levels (BGLs), serum lipid profile, insulin levels and the pancreas post-treatment. Results: GLES significantly (p < 0.05) decreased BGLs of normal rats in glucose tolerance testing at a dose of 2 g/kg b.w. but failed to do so in diabetic rats undergoing acute 7-h treatment. Given twice-daily, 1 g/kg b.w. of GLES moderately controlled diabetic BGLs starting from day 10. After 14 days of treatment, 1 g/kg and 0.5 g/kg b.w. of GLES caused 44% and 50% respective increases in the average area of Langerhans islets compared to DC. Using isolated rat abdominal muscle, GLES was found to be a mild insulin-sensitizer. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of the known glucose-lowering phytosterol, Sitostenone. Conclusion: Despite retaining moderate antidiabetic activity, Soxhlet extraction of Gongronema latifolium probably leads to the destruction of active heat-liable compounds.

There are numerous plants which are used in Ayurveda and other t raditional system of medicine but their claim is not yet evaluated scientifically in lab oratory animals. Present study was inten ded to evaluate an analgesic activity of a Ficus glomerata leaf extract in mice to confirm ethnomedical claim made by traditional health practionars . Plant was obtained from the natives of Pune district and aut henti cated at Botanical Surve y of India , Pune. Dried leaves of a plant were extracted in ethanol using Soxhlet extractor . Ethanolic extract was evaporated using rota evaporator and stored at co ol and dry place. Extract was orally administered in mice (125mg/kg, 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg) and evaluated usi ng hot plate and tail immersion method s. Pentazocine (10 mg/kg) was taken as a standard drug. Significant analgesic activity comparable with standard dose of pentazocine was observed in both the cases. This confirms ethnomedical claim of some workers regar ding an analgesic activity of the plant.

Introduction: The current study was carried out to investigate the phytochemical constituents and in vitro antioxidant potential of the aerial parts of Justicia beddomei (Clarke) Bennett belonging to the family Acanthaceae. The aerial part of J. bebbomei is traditionally used as a hepatoprotective, antitussive and antispasmodic. Methods: The dried powdered aerial parts of J. beddomei were extracted using petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol using a soxhlet extractor and preliminary phytochemical screening was performed using standard protocols. All the extracts were evaluated for their potential antioxidant activities using tests such as DPPH, hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion radical scavenging abilities, β-carotene-linoleic acid model, reducing power ability and total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Results: Preliminary screening revealed the presence of bioactive components especially phenolics and flavonoids in all the extracts. The phenolic and flavonoid content was found to be highest in methanolic extract and lowest in petroleum ether extract. All extracts showed strong antioxidant activity when compared with the standard. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that the aerial part extracts of J. beddomei is a good source of antioxidant constituents.

This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential and fatty acid profile of gabiroba (Campomanesia xanthocarpa Berg) seeds. In order to obtain the extract, the seeds were dried, crushed, and subjected to sequential extraction by maceration and percolation in a modified soxhlet extractor using solvent polarity gradient composed of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and alcohol, respectively. The extraction time was six hours. The ethanol extract showed the highest antioxidant potential, given by the EC50 value and the amount of total phenolic compounds. High amounts of unsaturated fatty acids were found in the oil studied, especially the oleic acid. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial antioxidante e perfil dos ácidos graxos em sementes de gabiroba (Campomanesia xanthocarpa Berg). Para a obtenção do extrato, as sementes foram desidratadas, trituradas e submetidas à extração sequencial por percolação e maceração, em extrator de Soxleht modificado, utilizando solventes com gradiente de polaridade, constituídos respectivamente por hexano, clorofórmio e acetato de etila e álcool. O tempo de cada extração foi de seis horas. O extrato etanólico apresentou o maior potencial antioxidante, dado pelo valor de EC50, bem como pela quantidade de compostos fenólicos totais. No óleo estudado, destacou-se maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos insaturados, sendo o principal componente o ácido oleico.

Propolis has been used in traditional folk medicine for ages owing to a number of biological effects. Four propolis samples of Czech and one of Slovak origin were extracted using Soxhlet apparatus and analysed by thin-layer chromatography. Raw propolis samples and their extracts were tested by microdilution broth method to determine minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) in eight strains of human pathogenic fungi. Raw propolis samples showed a lower in vitro antifungal activity than their extracts. In general, the petroleum ether extracts exhibited the highest in vitro antifungal activity (MIC range of 16–64 µg/ml). The content of flavonoids in the samples varied according to region. The highest amount of flavonoids was found in sample A that originated from Broumov (4%). The most susceptible to the propolis extracts were Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Candida albicans. The propolis samples of Czech and Slovak origin and their extracts showed a considerable in vitro antifungal effect which was associated especially with nonpolar petroleum ether and toluene extracts. There was only a partial correlation between flavonoids content and in vitro antifungal activity.

The heavy tar (H-tar) of low temperature coal tar was collected from a low temperature carbonization plant in Shanbei. H-tar was extracted with petroleum ether (PE) under ultrasonic irradiation and separated into PE soluble and insoluble fractions. Then, the PE insoluble fraction was extracted in a Soxhlet extractor with PE and methanol (MeOH), respectively. PE extract, PE residue, MeOH extract, and MeOH residue were obtained. PESE (PE soluble fraction and PE extract) and MeOH extract were examined by gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC-MS). GC-MS analysis of PESE shows considerable alkanes and extensive series of phenols, naphthalenes, fluorenes, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, etc. Particularly, the content of methyl phenol is about 9.0%. No GC-MS detectable species are found in MeOH extract. So, additional research will focus on PE residue. The pyrolysis behavior of PE residue was investigated by using a thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (TG-FTIR). The re...

The objective of the study was to isolate chemical compounds from lichen Usnea longissima (UL) and to use lichen metabolites as antibiotics, antifungal, anti-HIV, anticancer, antiprotozoan, and antibacterial agents. Preparation of the lichen extracts: Fine powder of UL lichen was extracted using acetone, methanol, and water in a Soxhlet extractor. In a rotary evaporator, the extracts were filtered and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The dry extracts were stored at 18°C until they were used in the tests. The extracts were used for various assays. Sixteen compounds were isolated from lichen UL using various chromatographic techniques, including silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, operational data store, and semipreparative high-performance liquid chromatography. By spectroscopic data analyses, their structures were identified as (1) useanol, (2) lecanorin, (3) 3-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-methylbenzoate, (4) lecanorin E, (5) 3'-methylevernic acid, (6) evernic acid, (7) barbatinic acid, (8) 3,7-dihydroxy-1,9-dimethyldibenzofuran, (9) orcinol, (10) O-methyl orcinol, (11) methyl orsellinate, (12) methyl everninate, (13) 2,5-dimethyl-1,3-benzenediol, (14) 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-3,6-dimethyl benzoic acid, (15) ethyl everninate, and (16) ethyl 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoate. UL lichen is a great source of secondary metabolites, which can be used as antimicrobial, antiproliferative, and anticancer agents. This lichen can be used as a natural antioxidant or antitumor agent in clinical practice; commercially, it can be used as an anticancer drug.

This study reports the characterization of oil from Castor (Ricinus Communius L) seed oil. The biocosmetic potential of the castor oil was evaluated for hair through physico-chemical characterization. The various physicochemical parameters (iodine value, pH value, specific gravity, refractive index, peroxide value, etc) were tested in accordance with American standard testing method specifications and compared with argan oil. Accordingly, the parameters tested comply with some journals dealing with cosmetics. Biocosmetic has high potential as a raw material for synthetic cosmetics or blend stock substitution for cosmetics without any modification. The advantage of castor oil over other oils (sunflower, olive, soy bean, corn) would lie in the oil price.