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Background Sterilization of the root canal system is of prime importance for a successful root canal therapy. Lasers and photodynamic therapy (PDT) have become the latest choice to eradicate microorganisms in the root canal. Objective(s) To evaluate and compare the antimicrobial activity of diode laser, photodynamic therapy, and sodium hypochlorite along with their combinations on endodontic pathogens: Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutans. Methods A total of 120 uniradicular teeth were stored in 5.2% NaOCl solution to remove organic residues and the crowns were sectioned at the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) to obtain root canal length of 15 mm. Canals were shaped using step-back technique up to #40 K-file and were autoclaved. The selected teeth (specimen) were randomly divided into two equal groups with sixty teeth being inoculated with E. faecalis (Group E) and remaining sixty teeth with S. mutans (Group S). Further, the groups were subdivided according to the disinfection technique used. Ten teeth from each subgroup were disinfected with a diode laser, photo activated disinfection (PAD), sodium hypochlorite, a combination of sodium hypochlorite and diode laser, a combination of sodium hypochlorite and photo activated disinfection respectively. Ten teeth in each group served as control without any disinfection. The treated specimens were transferred to test tubes containing 5 ml sterile Luria Bertani broth, incubated and the bacterial count, optical density in each root specimen was calculated and compared. The pairwise comparison of colonies across the subgroups was done by the Kruskal-Wallis test and within the subgroups was carried out using the Mann-Whitney U test. The statistical implication was tested at 5% and the study was performed using SPSS 18.0 ver. (SPSS Inc.). Results A significant reduction (98%) in the E. faecalis count was observed when the NaOCl was used in combination with the diode laser or PAD. PAD along with 3% NaOCl presents the advantage of utilizing a lower wavelength laser beam. Hence, PAD in combination with NaOCl can be an alternative and better option for root canal disinfection for both the endodontic pathogens, E. faecalis and S. mutans.

With the increase in internet technology as well as the electronic content the web-based learning has become the desirable medium in the field of education. In medical, dental and allied health science education, the conventional method involves the use of textbooks, lectures, and images. But trends suggest that a change is poised in this field. Objective: the systematic review aims to evaluate the literature of studies about the application of the e-Learning methods in radiology education at the undergraduate level in comparison to conventional teaching-learning methods. Material and Methods: prominent scientific databases were searched for literature related to the application of e-Learning in undergraduate radiology education. The search keywords used for the search were- E-learning, dental radiology, oral radiology, undergraduate. English language full text of eligible article was systematically reviewed. Results: seven full text articles were obtained after scrutiny of the available literature. Most of the research work was carried out in the past decade and dental schools in different parts of the world. Almost all the studies showed that e-learning was as either equally effective or more effective when compared to conventional teaching in dental radiology. Conclusion: e-learning could be a suitable alternative to conventional teaching-learning method with significant improvement in student attitude and knowledge however, the influence of e-learning in improving the practical or clinical skills of dental radiography is still debatable.

Objective: To determine linear regression equation to predict the mesiodistal widths of the permanent canines and premolars based on the sum of the widths of the two permanent mandibular first molars and two mandibular central incisors. Material and Methods: The sample consisted of 800 (400 males and 400 females) permanent dentition casts of Chhattisgarh population. Mesiodistal crown widths of teeth were measured with digital caliper. The correlation and linear regression equations between the calculated four teeth (two permanent mandibular first molars and two central incisors) and the canine-premolars segments of both the arches were developed. Results: No significant differences were found in right and left side of the arch. Sexual dimorphism was significant in teeth sizes with higher mesiodistal dimension in males. A good correlation values varying from 0.51 to 0.67 was found. New standardized regression equations were formulated for the prediction of the mesiodistal widths of unerupted canines and premolars for Chhattisgarh population. Conclusion: Calculating mesiodistal widths of unerupted canine and premolars with help of two permanent mandibular molars and two mandibular central incisors, which erupt early in the oral cavity, can be an alternative and best predictor for the mixed dentition analysis.

Aim The present study was undertaken to assess the inhibitory effect of guava extracts on Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacteractinomycetemcomitans, to assess the time-kill curve of P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans, and to determine the antiproteolytic activity of guava on P. gingivalis. Materials and methods Kanamycin blood agar was used to isolate P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans. Ethanolic guava extract (EGE) and aqueous guava extract (AGE) were prepared and the inhibitory effects of these extracts for two periodontal pathogens were tested by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) procedures. Antibacterial activity of guava extracts was determined by well diffusion method. Antiproteolytic activity of guava on protease of P. gingivalis was determined by gelatin liquefaction test. Results The MIC determined for AGE and EGE was at 75 μL/mL concentration for P. gingivalis, whereas EGE exhibited the activity at 75 μL/mL on P. gingivalis. The MIC determined for AGE was at 50 μL/mL for A. actinomycetemcomitans, whereas MIC determined for EGE was at 3.12 μL/mL for A. actinomycetemcomitans. Porphyromonas gingivalis was susceptible to EGE compared with AGE. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was more susceptible to guava extracts compared with P. gingivalis. Conclusion Guava extract may be a potential therapeutic agent for periodontitis as it shows significant activity against both P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans. Clinical significance Guava leaves extract can be used as economical and suitable adjuvant to synthetic drugs and can be a potential therapeutic agent for periodontitis.

To evaluate craniofacial and occlusal features of children with sickle cell disease and compare them with the normal healthy children. A total of 50 children diagnosed with sickle cell disease (Group I) and 50 normal healthy children (Group II) between age 10 and 18 years were included in the study. Dental casts were obtained, occlusal traits were recorded and DAI and DHC-IOTN were calculated. Cephalometric parameters were measured. Obtained data were compared between the two groups. In children with sickle cell disease, 24% had definite malocclusion according to DAI and only 4% of them had normal occlusion as per the DHC-IOTN index. Also, children with sickle cell had significant retruded mandible and vertical growth pattern when compared with normal children. Children with sickle cell disease showed delayed eruption of teeth, a tendency towards Class II molar relationship, with increased crowding in the lower anterior region, increased overjet and open bite when compared to the normal children. Children with sickle cell disease had severe and handicapping malocclusion as per DAI and DHC-IOTN indices and a tendency towards skeletal Class II with a vertical growth pattern.

To determine the acquisition of Streptococcus mutans and dental caries experience in children with sickle cell anaemia (SCA) under various prophylactic therapies. This study involved a total of 200 children who were divided into five groups comprising of 40 children each. Group SP included children who received prophylactic penicillin, Group SV who received pneumococcal vaccination, Group SPV who received both prophylactic penicillin and pneumococcal vaccination, Group SW who did not receive any prophylactic therapy and Group CC who were controls. Stimulated saliva samples from volunteers were collected and cultured in Mitis Salivarius Bacitracin (MSB) agar for estimation of Streptococcus mutans. Decayed, Missing, Filled (DMFT) index/decayed, exfoliated, and filled tooth (deft) index was used for assessment of dental caries. Group SP, Group SV, and Group SPV showed statistically significant difference in Streptococcus mutans count and dental caries experience in children when compared to Group SW and Group CC (p

The gradual wear of the occlusal surfaces of teeth is a normal process during the lifetime of a patient. However, severe occlusal wear can lead to pulpal pathology, occlusal disharmony, impaired function, and esthetic disfigurement. Full mouth rehabilitation is re-establishing a state of functional efficiency in which the teeth and their periodontal structures, the muscles of mastication, and the temporomandibular joint mechanisms all function together in synchronous harmony. Patients with worn out dentition and collapsed occlusion require extensive dental procedure to achieve aesthetics, appropriate function and comfort. This clinical report describes a patient with worn out dentition. Patient underwent interdisciplinary approaches. Endodontic treatment was taken up first so as to take care of all the exposed teeth due to occlusal wear, followed by periodontal rehabilitation for pocket elimination and finally by prosthetic reconstruction. How to cite this article Thakur P, Narang S, Narang A, Mangalekar SB, Shetty S, Parihar A. A Combined Interdisciplinary Expertise for the Treatment of Patients with Worn-out Dentition: Report of Two Cases. J Health Sci Res 2015;6(2):47-51.

Odontomas, the most often seen ones among odontogenic tumors, are usually asymptomatic and discovered in routine radiographic examinations. Frequently it may interfere with the eruption of teeth. The purpose of this article is to present and discuss the case of a 12-year old child with a complex odontome, obstructing the eruption of left maxillary permanent central incisor. Radio opaque calcified masses were revealed in the radiograph and the masses were surgically removed to facilitate the eruption of the tooth. How to cite this article: Shetty RM, Halawar S, Reddy H, Rath S, Shetty S, Deoghare A. Complex Odontome associated with Maxillary Impacted Permanent Central Incisor: A Case Report. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2013;6(1):58-61.

With the rise in bacterial resistance to antibiotics, there is considerable interest in the development of other classes of antimicrobials for the control of infection. Garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) has been used as medicine since ancient times and has long been known to have antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties. This study was undertaken to assess the inhibitory effect of garlic on Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, to assess the time-kill curve of P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans, and to determine the antiproteolytic activity of garlic on P. gingivalis. Ethanolic garlic extract (EGE) and aqueous garlic extract (AGE) were prepared and the inhibitory effects of these extracts for two periodontal pathogens (P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans) were tested. Antiproteolytic activity on protease of P. gingivalis was determined. 25 microliter (μl), 50 μl, and 75 μl of AGE showed 16 mm, 20 mm, and 25 mm zone of inhibition, respectively, on P. gingivalis. The AGE showed greater bacteriostatic activity against the P. gingivalis with minimum inhibitory concentration determined at 16.6 μl/ml. The time-kill assay of AGE and EGE were compared for P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans. AGE showed better antiproteolytic activity on total protease of P. gingivalis compared to the EGE. Thus, the study concludes the antimicrobial activity of garlic extract against periodontal pathogens, P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans. Its action against P. gingivalis includes inhibition of total protease activity, and this raises the possibility that garlic may have therapeutic use for periodontitis and possibly other oral infections.

Dental Plaque is an example of biofilm leading to periodontal disease and dental caries. Many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria communicate using small diffusible signal molecules called autoinducers. This process, known as quorum sensing, links cell density to the expression of genes as diverse as those associated with virulence fac- tors production of pathogens, bioluminescence, antibiotic production, sporulation of biofilm formation. The interference with these signaling systems, also known as Quorum Quenching, represents a promising strategy to tackle bacterial infections. Recent advances have revealed that bacteria are not only limited to communicate within their own species but also are capable of "listening in" and "broadcasting to" unrelated species to intercept messages and coerce cohabitants into behavioral modification for increase in cell population and density.

Ameloblastomas are predominantly benign, intra-osseous odontogenic tumors and mucosal involvement is a rare secondary phenomenon, occurring only after a long period of intra-osseous growth and bone expansion. This article presents a case report of an eleven year old male patient with a large plexiform ameloblastoma which invaded the soft tissues, presented as an exophytic growth in the mandibular anterior region with radiographic feature of a large unilocular radiolucenc y and displaced mandibular left central incisor. The management comprised of surgical removal of ameloblastoma under local anesthesia along with extraction of displaced mandibular left central incisor.

Parasitic cysts rarely affect the oral cavity but cysticercosis cellulosae, the larval form of pork tapeworm, Taenia solium, is occasionally encountered.1 Several have been reported, including cases in the lower lip2, buccal mucosa3,4 and tongue.4 In some instances, the clinical diagnosis was that of mucocele.5 It is also common in cerebral tissue, subcutaneous tissue, muscles, liver, lungs and eye.3,6-8 When cysticerci are located in the brain, eye or cardiac muscle, severe symptoms result. Epilepsy, blindness and cardiac abnormalities are not unusual.1 High incidence areas include regions of Latin America, India, Eastern Europe and South Africa.4,8 The etiology may be because of ingestion of tapeworm ova from raw vegetables, fruits, polluted drinking water and contaminated fingers or by eating contaminated food. The adult worm is found only in humans following the eating of undercooked pork containing cysticerci.9 The diagnosis of cysticercosis must be followed by a thorough medical examination and special investigations to determine whether or not multiple cysticerci and/or an adult tapeworm are present.1 CASE REPORT