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Introduction and objectives Composite endpoints are widely used but have several limitations. The Clinical Outcomes, HEalthcare REsource utilizatioN and relaTed costs (COHERENT) model is a new approach for visually displaying and comparing composite endpoints including all their components (incidence, timing, duration) and related costs. We aimed to assess the validity of the COHERENT model in a patient cohort. Methods A color graphic system displaying the percentage of patients in each clinical situation (vital status and location: at home, emergency department [ED] or hospital) and related costs at each time point during follow-up was created based on a list of mutually exclusive clinical situations coded in a hierarchical fashion. The system was tested in a cohort of 1126 patients with acute heart failure from 25 hospitals. The system calculated and displayed the time spent in each clinical situation and health care resource utilization-related costs over 30 days. Results The model illustrated the times spent over 30 days (2.12% in ED, 23.6% in index hospitalization, 2.7% in readmissions, 65.5% alive at home, and 6.02% dead), showing significant differences between patient groups, hospitals, and health care systems. The tool calculated and displayed the daily and cumulative health care-related costs over time (total, €4 895 070; mean, €144.91 per patient/d). Conclusions The COHERENT model is a new, easy-to-interpret, visual display of composite endpoints, enabling comparisons between patient groups and cohorts, including related costs. The model may constitute a useful new approach for clinical trials or observational studies, and a tool for benchmarking, and value-based health care implementation.

Resumen Introduccion y objetivos Investigar si diferentes caracteristicas estructurales/organizativas del hospital y del servicio de urgencias (SU) impactan en los resultados de la insuficiencia cardiaca aguda (ICA). Metodos Analisis secundario del Registro EAHFE. Se recogieron 6 caracteristicas hospitalarias y del SU, y se relacionaron con 7 resultados tras el evento indice y tras el alta, ajustados por ano de inclusion, caracteristicas basales y del episodio de ICA y por dichas caracteristicas estructurales/organizativas. Tambien se relaciono el porcentaje de altas directas desde urgencias (ADU) y resultados, y si habia interaccion segun las caracteristicas hospitalarias o del SU. Resultados Cuarenta SU espanoles incluyeron 17.974 episodios de ICA. Hubo menos estancias prolongadas en hospitales de alta tecnologia, con hospitalizacion a domicilio y con SU con alta frecuentacion, y mas estancias prolongadas en hospitales con unidad de insuficiencia cardiaca y area de observacion en urgencias. Los hospitales de alta tecnologia presentaron menor mortalidad hospitalaria (OR = 0,78; IC95%, 0,65-0,94). Respecto a eventos 30 dias tras el alta, los hospitales con unidad de corta estancia (UCE) tuvieron mas hospitalizaciones (OR = 1,19; IC95%, 1,02-1,38); los SU con alta afluencia, menor mortalidad (OR = 0,73; IC95%, 0,56-0,96) y eventos combinados (OR = 0,87; IC95%, 0,76-0,99), y los hospitales con unidad de insuficiencia cardiaca, menos reconsultas a urgencias (OR = 0,83; IC95%, 0,76-0,91), hospitalizaciones (OR = 0,85; IC95%, 0,75-0,97) y eventos combinados (OR = 0,84; IC95%, 0,77-0,92). A mas ADU, menos estancias prolongadas. Entre otras interacciones, el incremento de ADU se asocio con mas reconsultas, hospitalizaciones y eventos combinados a los 30 dias del alta en hospitales sin UCE, pero no en hospitales con UCE. Conclusiones Las caracteristicas estructurales/organizativas de hospitales y SU y la agresividad en el tratamiento en urgencias influyen significativamente en los resultados en la ICA.

Resumo: Introdução e objetivos: A Internet é fundamental na divulgação de informação médica. Contudo, a ausência de controlo de qualidade potencia a “desinformação” da população. Pretendemos caraterizar a relevância e qualidade da informação sobre enfarte agudo do miocárdio em língua portuguesa no site YouTube (www.youtube.com). Métodos: Analisaram‐se 1.000 vídeos correspondentes aos primeiros 100 resultados da pesquisa no YouTube dos termos: “ataque + cardíaco”, “ataque + coração”, “enfarte ‐ cerebral”, “infarto ‐ cerebral”, “enfarte + miocárdio”, “enfarte + agudo + miocárdio”, “infarto + miocárdio”, “infarto + agudo + miocárdio”, “trombose + coração” e “trombose + coronária”. Excluíram‐se vídeos irrelevantes (n = 316), duplicados (n = 345), sem áudio (n = 24) e de língua não portuguesa (n = 106). Os vídeos elegíveis foram analisados quanto a origem, tema, público‐alvo e imprecisões científicas. A qualidade foi avaliada com os scores Health on the Net Code (HONCode, de 0‐8) e DISCERN (0‐5) – quanto maior, melhor a qualidade. Resultados: Incluíram‐se 242 vídeos, a maioria de formadores independentes (n = 95, 39%) e destinados à população‐geral (n = 202, 83,5%). Um terço (n = 79) apresentou imprecisões; vídeos de sociedades científicas e instituições de saúde/governamentais não apresentaram quaisquer imprecisões. A qualidade média foi baixa/moderada; apenas um vídeo apresentou boa qualidade, sem imprecisões. Instituições de saúde/governamentais foram a fonte com melhor qualidade (HONCode 4±1, DISCERN 2±1). Conclusões: A informação sobre enfarte agudo do miocárdio em língua portuguesa é irrelevante em um terço dos casos e um terço dos vídeos relevantes é impreciso. A qualidade média da informação é reduzida, sendo importante definir estratégias de controlo de qualidade da informação médica online. Abstract: Introduction and objectives: The Internet is a fundamental aspect of health information. However, the absence of quality control encourages misinformation. We aim to assess the relevance and quality of acute myocardial infarction videos shared on YouTube (www.youtube.com) in Portuguese. Methods: We analyzed 1,000 videos corresponding to the first 100 search results on YouTube using the following terms (in Portuguese): “cardiac + arrest”; “heart + attack”; “heart + thrombosis”; “coronary + thrombosis”; “infarction – brain”, “myocardial + infarction” and “acute + myocardial + infarction”. Irrelevant (n=316), duplicated (n=345), without audio (n=24) or non‐Portuguese (n=106) videos were excluded. Included videos were assessed according to source, topic, target audience and scientific inaccuracies. Quality of information was assessed using The Health on the Net Code (HONCode from 0 to 8) and DISCERN (from 0 to 5) scores – the higher the score, the better the quality. Results: 242 videos were included. The majority were from independent instructors (n=95, 39.0%) and were addressed to the general population (n=202, 83.5%). One third of the videos (n=79) contained inaccuracies while scientific society and governmental/health institution videos had no inaccuracies. The mean video quality was poor or moderate; only one video was good quality without any inaccuracies. Governmental/health institutions were the source with the best quality videos (HONCode 4±1, DISCERN 2±1). Conclusions: One third of the videos had irrelevant information and one third of the relevant ones contained inaccuracies. The average video quality was poor; therefore it is important to define strategies to improve the quality of online health information.

© 2020 Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common arrhythmia in the adult population worldwide, represents a significant burden in terms of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity and has repercussions on health economics. Oral anticoagulation (OAC) is key to stroke prevention in AF and, in recent years, results from landmark clinical trials of non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOAC) have triggered a paradigm shift in thrombocardiology. Despite these advances, there is still a significant residual vascular risk associated with silent AF, bleeding, premature sudden death and heart failure. The authors review AF epidemiologic data, the importance of new tools for early AF detection, the current role of catheter ablation for rhythm control in AF, the state-of-the-art in periprocedural OAC, the optimal management of major bleeding, the causes of residual premature death and future strategies for improvements in AF prognosis., A arritmia mais comum na população adulta em todo o mundo, a fibrilhação auricular (FA), contribui decisivamente para a elevada mortalidade e morbilidade cardiovascular, com repercussões na economia da saúde. A anticoagulação oral (ACO) é a chave para a prevenção do acidente vascular cerebral na FA. Nos últimos anos, os resultados dos grandes ensaios clínicos com os ACO não antagonista da vitamina K mudaram o paradigma na trombocardiologia. Apesar deste avanço, o risco vascular residual associado à FA silenciosa, hemorragia, morte súbita prematura e insuficiência cardíaca continua a ser significativo. Os autores fazem uma revisão dos dados epidemiológicos da FA, a importância das novas ferramentas para a deteção precoce da FA, o papel atual da ablação por cateter no controlo do ritmo na FA, o estado da arte na ACO periprocedimento, a gestão ideal de hemorragias graves, as causas de morte prematura residual e estratégias futuras para a melhoria do prognóstico da FA.

Aims We investigated the incidence, risk factors, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients with COVID-19 attending emergency departments (EDs), before hospitalization. Methods and Results We retrospectively reviewed all COVID-19 patients diagnosed with PE in 62 Spanish EDs (20% of Spanish EDs, case group) during the first COVID-19 outbreak. COVID-19 patients without PE and non-COVID-19 patients with PE were included as control groups. Adjusted comparisons for baseline characteristics, acute episode characteristics, and outcomes were made between cases and randomly selected controls (1:1 ratio). We identified 368 PE in 74 814 patients with COVID-19 attending EDs (4.92‰). The standardized incidence of PE in the COVID-19 population resulted in 310 per 100 000 person-years, significantly higher than that observed in the non-COVID-19 population [35 per 100 000 person-years; odds ratio (OR) 8.95 for PE in the COVID-19 population, 95% confidence interval (CI) 8.51–9.41]. Several characteristics in COVID-19 patients were independently associated with PE, the strongest being D-dimer >1000 ng/mL, and chest pain (direct association) and chronic heart failure (inverse association). COVID-19 patients with PE differed from non-COVID-19 patients with PE in 16 characteristics, most directly related to COVID-19 infection; remarkably, D-dimer >1000 ng/mL, leg swelling/pain, and PE risk factors were significantly less present. PE in COVID-19 patients affected smaller pulmonary arteries than in non-COVID-19 patients, although right ventricular dysfunction was similar in both groups. In-hospital mortality in cases (16.0%) was similar to COVID-19 patients without PE (16.6%; OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.65–1.42; and 11.4% in a subgroup of COVID-19 patients with PE ruled out by scanner, OR 1.48, 95% CI 0.97–2.27), but higher than in non-COVID-19 patients with PE (6.5%; OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.66–4.51). Adjustment for differences in baseline and acute episode characteristics and sensitivity analysis reported very similar associations. Conclusions PE in COVID-19 patients at ED presentation is unusual (about 0.5%), but incidence is approximately ninefold higher than in the general (non-COVID-19) population. Moreover, risk factors and leg symptoms are less frequent, D-dimer increase is lower and emboli involve smaller pulmonary arteries. While PE probably does not increase the mortality of COVID-19 patients, mortality is higher in COVID-19 than in non-COVID-19 patients with PE.

Copyright © 2020 Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved., © 2020 Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia. Published by Elsevier Espa ̃na, S.L.U. This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)., Introduction and objectives: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in Portugal and atherosclerosis is the most common underlying pathophysiological process. The aim of this study was to quantify the economic impact of atherosclerosis in Portugal by estimating disease-related costs. Methods: Costs were estimated based on a prevalence approach and following a societal perspective. Three national epidemiological sources were used to estimate the prevalence of the main clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis. The annual costs of atherosclerosis included both direct costs (resource consumption) and indirect costs (impact on population productivity). These costs were estimated for 2016, based on data from the Hospital Morbidity Database, the health care database (SIARS) of the Regional Health Administration of Lisbon and Tagus Valley including real-world data from primary care, the 2014 National Health Interview Survey, and expert opinion. Results: The total cost of atherosclerosis in 2016 reached 1.9 billion euros (58% and 42% of which was direct and indirect costs, respectively). Most of the direct costs were associated with primary care (55%), followed by hospital outpatient care (27%) and hospitalizations (18%). Indirect costs were mainly driven by early exit from the labor force (91%). Conclusions: Atherosclerosis has a major economic impact, being responsible for health expenditure equivalent to 1% of Portuguese gross domestic product and 11% of current health expenditure in 2016.

Objective: Experts recommended that direct discharge without hospitalization (DDWH) for emergency departments (EDs) able to observe acute heart failure (AHF) patients should be 40%, and these discharged patients should fulfil the following outcome standards: 30-day all-cause mortality 40%. Considering DDWH patients altogether, outcomes A/C were above the recommended standards (4.3%/29.4%), while outcome B was nearly met (B = 10.1%). When analyzing individual EDs, 58.1% of them achieved the outcome B standard, while outcomes A/C standards were barely achieved (19.3%/9.7%). We observed clinically relevant linear/quadratic relationships between higher DDWH and worse outcomes B (weighted R-2 = 0.184/0.322) and C (weighted R-2 = 0.430/0.624), but not with outcome A (weighted R-2 = 0.002/0.022). Conclusions: The EDs of this nationwide cohort do not fulfil the standards for AHF patients with DDWH. High DDWH rates negatively impact ED revisit or hospitalization but not mortality. This may represent an opportunity for improvement in better selecting patients for early ED discharge and in ensuring early follow-up after ED discharge. (c) 2020 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Japanese College of Cardiology.

OBJECTIVE To describe the frequency, clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with acute heart failure (AHF) transferred directly from emergency departments to home hospitalisation (HH) and to compare them with those hospitalised in internal medicine (IM) or short-stay units (SSU). METHOD We included patients with AHF transferred to HH by hospitals that considered this option during the Epidemiology of Acute Heart Failure in Spanish Emergency Departments (EAHFE) 4-5-6 Registries and compared them with patients admitted to IM or SSU in these centres. We compared the adjusted all-cause mortality at 1 year and adverse events 30 days after discharge. RESULTS The study included 1473 patients (HH/IM/SSU: 68/979/384). The HH rate was 4.7% (95% CI, 3.8-6.0%). The patients in HH had few differences compared with those hospitalised in IM and SSUs. The HH mortality was 1.5%, and the HH median stay was 7.5 days (IQR, 4.5-12), similar to that of IM (median stay, 8 days; IQR, 5-13; p=.106) and longer than that of SSU (median stay, 4 days; IQR, 3-7; p

Resumen Objetivo Describir frecuencia, caracteristicas clinicas y evolucion de los pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca aguda (ICA) ingresados directamente desde urgencias en hospitalizacion a domicilio (HaD) asi como compararlos con los ingresados en medicina interna (MI) o unidad de corta estancia (UCE). Metodo Se incluyeron los pacientes con ICA ingresados en HaD por parte de los hospitales que contemplaban esta opcion durante los Registros EAHFE 4-5-6 y se compararon con los casos que ingresaron en MI o UCE en estos centros. Se compararon la mortalidad por cualquier causa al ano y los eventos adversos a los 30 dias tras el alta de forma ajustada. Resultados Se incluyeron 1.473 pacientes (HaD/MI/UCE: 68/979/384). La frecuencia de HaD fue del 4,7% (IC95% = 3,8-6,0%). Los pacientes en HaD tuvieron escasas diferencias respecto a los ingresados en MI y UCE. Su mortalidad durante el ingreso fue del 1,5% y la duracion de la estancia mediana fue de 7,5 dias (RIC = 4,5-12), parecida a MI (mediana = 8; RIC = 5-13; p = 0,106) y superior a UCE (mediana = 4; RIC = 3-7; p Conclusiones El ingreso directo desde urgencias en HaD es poco frecuente a pesar de ser una opcion segura en un determinado perfil de pacientes con ICA.

OBJECTIVES To investigate whether the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) patients with chest pain (CP) is more difficult based on the initial clinical and electrocardiogram (ECG) findings. METHODS We included consecutive CP patients attended at a single emergency department (ED) during a 10-year period. CABG status and the final diagnosis of ACS were considered as stated in the ED discharge report. We evaluated the frequency of 21 CP characteristics (CPC) and four ECG signatures, their individual and collective association with ACS, and ED length of stay (LOS) in CABG and non-CABG patients. RESULTS We included 34 429 patients [median age: 61 years; female: 41.8%; CABG: 2204 patients (6.4%)], and ACS was diagnosed in 6727 (19.5%; CABG/non-CABG 37.2%/18.3%; P < 0.001). CABG patients more frequently had CPC and ECG findings typically associated with ACS, but their final association with ACS was weaker than in non-CABG patients (only significant after adjustment for attendant diaphoresis, throat irradiation, ST-segment elevation and T-wave inversion). The collective discriminative capacity was significantly lower in CABG patients (area under the curve 0.710 vs. 0.793; P < 0.001), even after adjustment (0.708 vs. 0.790; P < 0.001). ED LOS was longer for CABG patients, overall (P < 0.001) and for patients diagnosed with ACS (P = 0.008) and non-ACS (P < 0.001), but these differences disappeared after adjustment. CONCLUSION CABG substantially reduces the diagnostic performance of CPC and ECG findings to suggest ACS. A longer LOS in the ED in CABG patients is more related to their baseline characteristics than to CABG itself.

Background The multiple estimation of risk based on the emergency department Spanish score in patients with acute heart failure (MEESSI-AHF) is a risk score designed to predict 30-day mortality in acute heart failure patients admitted to the emergency department. Using a derivation cohort, we evaluated the performance of the MEESSI-AHF risk score to predict 11 different short-term outcomes. Methods Patients with acute heart failure from 41 Spanish emergency departments (n=7755) were recruited consecutively in two time periods (2014 and 2016). Logistic regression models based on the MEESSI-AHF risk score were used to obtain c-statistics for 11 outcomes: three with follow-up from emergency department admission (inhospital, 7-day and 30-day mortality) and eight with follow-up from discharge (7-day mortality, emergency department revisit and their combination; and 30-day mortality, hospital admission, emergency department revisit and their two combinations with mortality). Results The MEESSI-AHF risk score strongly predicted mortality outcomes with follow-up starting at emergency department admission (c-statistic 0.83 for 30-day mortality; 0.82 for inhospital death, P=0.121; and 0.85 for 7-day mortality, P=0.001). Overall, mortality outcomes with follow-up starting at hospital discharge predicted slightly less well (c-statistic 0.80 for 7-day mortality, P=0.011; and 0.75 for 30-day mortality, P Conclusions The MEESSI-AHF risk score strongly predicts mortality outcomes in acute heart failure patients admitted to the emergency department, but the model performs poorly for outcomes involving hospital admission or emergency department revisit. There is a need to optimise this risk score to predict non-fatal events more effectively.

Background Left ventricular myocardial work (LVMW) is a novel method to evaluated left ventricular (LV) function using pressure-strain loops. It might correct global longitudinal strain (GLS) for afterload, being eventually useful to assess whether GLS reduction is due to reduced contractility (reflected as reduced myocardial work) or increased afterload (reflected as increased myocardial work). Aim To describe indices of LVMW in a group of patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis (AS). Methods We prospectively studied 104 consecutive patients (age: 71 years [IQR 66.5–75.5] years, 51% men) with severe symptomatic high gradient AS: mean transaortic pressure gradient: 56.5mmHg [IQR 46.8–67.8]; aortic valve area: 0.73cm2 [IQR 0.61–0.88]; indexed stroke volume: 47.7±1.3 mL/m2 (11 patients with low-flow AS), preserved LV ejection fraction (EV) (LVEF: 56.0% [51.0–61.3]; GLS: −14.5% [IQR −16.1 to −10.6]), with no previous coronary artery disease and no history of cardiomyopathy. Beyond complete transthoracic echocardiography, all patients underwent cardiac magnetic resonance for LV myocardium tissue characterization. As proposed for AS, LV systolic pressure was corrected adding the mean transaortic pressure gradient to non-invasive systolic blood pressure cuff measurement in the echocardiographic algorithm. Four LVMW indices were collected in 83 patients (patients excluded for atrial fibrillation, left bundle branch block or absence of non-invasive blood pressure registration) and correlated to LV function indexes, LV hypertrophy and remodeling, myocardial tissue characterization, BNP and troponin levels (Pearson or Spearman correlation). These same indexes were compared in patients with LV ejection fraction (EF) below and above 50%, normal and reduced flow and presence of replacement fibrosis. Results Global constructive work (GCW) (2658.6±76.4mmHg%), global myocardial work (GMW) (2218.7±74.9mmHg%) and global wasted work (GWE) (262.0mmHg% [198.8–339.5]) were high above normal with concomitant lower work efficiency (WE) (88.0% [83.2–91.8]. Weak correlations were found between LVMW indexes and parameters describing aortic valve severity, flow and LV function (table). Except for significant differences of LVMI in patients with reduced LV ejection fraction (GCW 2770.3±687.4 vs 2056.0±380.7mmHg%, p=0,014 and GMW 2362.5±657.9 vs 1621.3±319.9, p=0,021 in patients with LV EF>50% vs. LV EF Conclusions Global constructive and myocardial work are increased in these patients with severe aortic stenosis. This might reflect an increased afterload predominance rather than a LV functional impairment, particularly relevant in this group of patients with exclusive high gradient disease and preserved LVEF. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None. Correlations between LVMI – LV function

Resumen Antecedentes y objetivos Describir las caracteristicas clinicas y el pronostico–mortalidad intrahospitalaria, a 30 dias y a 12 meses y reconsulta en urgencias a 30 dias por insuficiencia cardiaca aguda– de pacientes atendidos en servicios de urgencias hospitalarios por insuficiencia cardiaca aguda de nueva aparicion o de novo (ICAN) y compararlas con los que consultan por insuficiencia cardiaca cronica descompensada (ICAD). Pacientes NOVICA es un analisis secundario del registro Epidemiology of Acute Heart Failure in Emergency Departments. Se compararon variables demograficas, caracteristicas basales, datos del episodio agudo y seguimiento a 30 dias y al ano de pacientes con ICAN e ICAD. Resultados Se analizaron 8647 pacientes, 3288 ICAN (38%) y 5359 ICAD (62%). Las ICAN asociaron menor comorbilidad, mejor estado basal, datos de menor gravedad del episodio agudo: menor uso de diureticos en perfusion intravenosa y de oxigenoterapia, menor tasa de hospitalizacion. Las ICAN ingresaron mas frecuentemente en cardiologia o unidades de cuidados intensivos y las ICAD en unidades de corta estancia. La mortalidad cruda a 30 dias y a 12 meses y la reconsulta a 30 dias fueron inferiores en pacientes con ICAN. No obstante, en el analisis ajustado solo la reconsulta a 30 dias fue inferior en las ICAN (p Conclusiones Los pacientes que consultan en servicios de urgencias hospitalarios por ICAN muestran un perfil clinico diferente a los pacientes con ICAD. En los analisis ajustados, no hay diferencias entre los dos grupos en relacion a mortalidad intrahospitalaria, a 30 dias ni a 12 meses.

Objectives This study investigated whether systemic corticosteroids (new onset) administered to patients with acute heart failure (AHF) have any association with outcomes, with differentiated analyses for patients with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as a comorbidity. Background Patients with undiagnosed dyspnea frequently receive corticosteroids in emergency departments while determining a final diagnosis, but their effect on the outcomes of patients with AHF without overt COPD exacerbation is unknown. Methods We selected patients with AHF from the EAHFE (Epidemiology of Acute Heart Failure in the Emergency Departments) registry, recording key data (new-onset corticosteroid therapy, COPD condition). Patients with and without COPD were analyzed separately. We calculated unadjusted and adjusted ratios for corticosteroid-treated compared with corticosteroid-untreated patients for 2 coprimary endpoints: 90-day all-cause mortality (from index episode) and 90-day post-discharge combined endpoint (all-cause mortality or readmission for AHF), with intermediate time-point estimations. Other secondary endpoints were calculated, and some sensitive and stratified analyses were performed. Results We analyzed 11,356 patients: 8,635 without COPD (841 corticosteroid-treated, 9.7%) and 2,721 with COPD (753 corticosteroid-treated, 27.7%). There were several differences between treated and untreated patients, essentially because corticosteroid-treated patients were sicker. Although unadjusted outcomes were worse in corticosteroid-treated patients, especially in patients without COPD, these differences disappeared after adjustment: hazard ratios for 90-day mortality (without/with COPD) were 0.91 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.76 to 1.10)/0.99 (95% CI: 0.78 to 1.26), and 1.09 (95% CI: 0.93 to 1.28)/1.02 (95% CI: 0.86 to 1.21) for the post-discharge combined endpoint. Analyses of intermediate time-point coprimary endpoints and secondary outcomes rendered similar estimations. Sensitivity and stratified analysis did not significantly modify these results. Conclusions There is no evidence of harm related to the new onset of systemic corticosteroid therapy during an episode of AHF, either in patients with or without concomitant COPD.

Background: Little is known about the prevalence and impact of risk of malnutrition on short-term mortality among seniors presenting with acute heart failure (AHF) in emergency setting. The objective was to determine the impact of risk of malnutrition on 30-day mortality risk among older patients who attended in Emergency Departments (EDs) for AHF. Material and methods: We performed a secondary analysis of the OAK-3 Registry including all consecutive patients >= 65 years attending in 16 Spanish EDs for AHF. Risk of malnutrition was defined by the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form (MNA-SF) < 12 points. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models were used to assess the association between risk of malnutrition and 30-day mortality. Results: We included 749 patients (mean age: 85 (SD 6); 55.8% females). Risk of malnutrition was observed in 594 (79.3%) patients. The rate of 30-day mortality was 8.8%. After adjusting for MEESSI-AHF risk score clinical categories (model 1) and after adding all variables showing a significantly different distribution among groups (model 2), the risk of malnutrition was an independent factor associated with 30-day mortality (adjusted OR by model 1 = 3.4; 95% CI 1.2-9.7; p = .020 and adjusted OR by model 2 = 3.1; 95% CI 1.1-9.0; p = .033) compared to normal nutritional status. Conclusions: The risk of malnutrition assessed by the MNA-SF is associated with 30-day mortality in older patients with AHF who were attended in EDs. Routine screening of risk of malnutrition may help emergency physicians in decision-making and establishing a care plan.

Resumen Introduccion y objetivos En los servicios de urgencias hospitalarios (SUH), la escala MEESSI estratifica a los pacientes diagnosticados de insuficiencia cardiaca aguda (ICA) segun su riesgo de mortalidad a 30 dias. Se valida la escala de riesgo MEESSI en una nueva cohorte de pacientes para evaluar su precision al estratificar el riesgo y compararla en diferentes entornos. Metodos Se incluyo a los pacientes consecutivos diagnosticados de ICA en 30 SUH durante enero y febrero de 2016. Se calculo la puntuacion MEESSI de cada paciente. El estadistico C midio la capacidad discriminatoria para predecir la mortalidad a 30 dias del modelo MEESSI completo y los modelos secundarios. Se realizaron comparaciones entre los subgrupos de pacientes de hospitales universitarios y comunitarios, de SUH con actividad alta, media o baja y de SUH que reclutaron o que no reclutaron a pacientes de la cohorte original de derivacion de la escala MEESSI. Resultados Se analizo a 4.711 pacientes (hospitales universitarios/comunitarios: 3.811/900; SUH alta/media/baja actividad: 2.695/1.479/537; SUH participantes/no participantes en el estudio de derivacion original: 3.892/819). La distribucion de pacientes segun las categorias de riesgo de la escala MEESSI fue: 1.673 (35,5%) de bajo riesgo, 2.023 (42,9%) de riesgo intermedio, 530 (11,3%) de alto riesgo y 485 (10,3%) de muy alto riesgo, con mortalidades a 30 dias del 2,0, el 7,8, el 17,9 y el 41,4% respectivamente. El estadistico C para el modelo completo fue 0,810 (IC95%, 0,790-0,830) y vario de 0,731 a 0,785 para los modelos secundarios. La capacidad discriminatoria de la escala de riesgo MEESSI fue similar entre los subgrupos de hospitales, entre SUH de distinta actividad y entre hospitales reclutadores originales y nuevos. Conclusiones La escala MEESSI estratifica con exito a los pacientes con ICA en los SUH segun el riesgo de muerte a 30 dias, lo cual puede ayudar en urgencias a la toma de decisiones sobre el destino de estos pacientes.

Background: Physical examination remains the cornerstone in the assessment of acute heart failure. There is a lack of adequately powered studies assessing the combined impact of both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and hypoperfusion on short-term mortality. Methods: Patients with acute heart failure from 41 Spanish emergency departments were recruited consecutively in 3 time periods between 2011 and 2016. Logistic regression models were used to assess the association of 30-day mortality with SBP ( Results: Among 10 979 patients, 1143 died within the first 30 days (10.2%). There was an inverse association between 30-day mortality and initial SBP (35.4%, 18.9%, 12.4%, and 7.5% for SBPP P P -for-interaction =0.043. Conclusions: Hypoperfusion confers an incremental risk of 30-day all-cause mortality not only in patients with low SBP but also in normotensive patients. On admission, physical examination plays a major role in determining prognosis in patients with acute heart failure.

Aortic stenosis was once considered a pure isolated valve obstacle challenging left ventricle driving force of contraction and flow generation. Left ventricular (LV) adaptation was merely interpreted as a uniform hypertrophic response to increased afterload. However, in these last 2 decades cardiac imaging research and some histopathology correlation studies brought insight towards the complex interaction between the vasculature, the valve and the myocardium. Verily, LV remodeling in this setting is a complex multidetermined process that goes further beyond myocardial hypertrophy. Ultrastructural changes involving both diffuse and replacement fibrosis of the myocardium take part and might explain the transition of clinical phenotypes with distinct prognosis, from compensated hypertrophy to LV maladaptive dysfunction and heart failure. Presently, the combined appropriate use of echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance may better assess the global LV afterload, hypertrophy and geometric remodeling, global and regional LV function, beyond ejection fraction, and structural changes that include the fibrotic burden of the myocardium. As a whole these may not only better stratify individual risk of disease progression but also identify patients benefiting from earlier valve intervention. In this paper, we review the maladaptive response of the LV to chronic pressure overload, describing the different signaling pathways and mechanisms that underly both hypertrophy and remodeling. Histomorphology changes in this setting are described and we try to make sense of the use of new imaging tools for LV characterization.

Introduction The presence of anaemia leads to a worse prognosis in patients with heart failure (HF). There are few data on the impact of anaemia on mortality in patients with acute heart failure (AHF), and the studies available are mainly retrospective, and include hospitalised patients. Objective Evaluate the role of anaemia on 30-day and 1-year mortality in patients with AHF attended in hospital emergency departments (HEDs). Methods We performed a multicentre, observational study of prospective cohorts of patients with AHF. The study variables were: Anaemia (haemoglobin < 12g/dL in women and

Altres ajuts: Ministerio de Sanidad; Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER); Fundació La Marató de TV3 (2015/2510); Novartis; Orion Pharma. Aims: To analyze the frequency with which patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) discharged after an acute heart failure (AHF) episode are treated with antineurohormonal drugs (ANHD), the variables related to ANHD prescription and their relationship with outcomes. Methods: We included consecutive HFpEF patients (left ventricular ejection fraction ≥50%) discharged after an AHF episode from 45 Spanish hospitals whose chronic medications and treatment at discharge were available. Patients were classified according to whether they were discharged with or without ANHD, including beta-blockers (BB), renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system inhibitors (RAASi) and mineralcorticosteroid-receptor antagonists (MRA). Co-primary outcomes consisted of 1-year all-cause mortality and 90-day combined adverse event (revisit to emergency department -ED-, hospitalization due to AHF or all-cause death). Secondary outcomes were 90-day adverse events taken individually. Adjusted associations of ANHD treatment with outcomes were calculated. Results: We analyzed 3,305 patients with HFpEF (median age: 83, 60% women), 2,312 (70%) discharged with ANHD. The ANHD most frequently prescribed was BB (45.8%). The 1-year mortality was 26.9% (adjusted HR for ANHD patients:1.17, 95%CI=0.98-1.38) and the 90-day combined adverse event was 54.4% (HR=1.14, 95%CI=0.99-1.31). ED revisit was significantly increased by ANHD (HR=1.15, 95%CI=1.01-1.32). MRA and BB were associated with worse results in some co-primary or secondary endpoints, while RAASi (alone) reduced 90-day hospitalization (HR=0.73, 98%CI=0.56-0.96). Conclusion: 70% of HFpEF patients are discharged with ANHD after an AHF episode. ANHD do not seem to reduce mortality or adverse events in HFpEF patients, only RAASi could provide some benefits, reducing the risk of hospitalization for AHF.

Resumen Antecedentes y objetivos Evaluar si los sintomas/signos de congestion en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca aguda (ICA) atendidos en los servicios de urgencias hospitalarios (SUH) permiten predecir la evolucion a corto plazo. Pacientes y metodos Pacientes consecutivos diagnosticados de ICA en 45 SUH del registro EAHFE. Recogimos variables clinicas de congestion sistemica (edemas en miembros inferiores, ingurgitacion yugular, hepatomegalia) y pulmonar (disnea de esfuerzo, disnea paroxistica nocturna, ortopnea y crepitantes pulmonares) analizando su asociacion con la mortalidad por cualquier causa a 30 dias, de forma cruda y ajustada por diferencias entre grupos. Resultados Analizamos 18.120 pacientes (mediana = 83 anos, rango intercuartil [RIC] = 76-88; mujeres = 55,7%). El 44,6% presentaba > 3 sintomas/signos congestivos. Individualmente, el riesgo ajustado de muerte a 30 dias se incremento un 14% para la existencia de ingurgitacion yugular (hazard ratio [HR] = 1,14; intervalo de confianza al 95% [IC 95%] = 1,01-1,28) y un 96% para la disnea de esfuerzo (HR = 1,96; IC 95% = 1,55-2,49). Valorados conjuntamente, el riesgo se incremento progresivamente con el numero de sintomas/signos presentes; asi, respecto a los pacientes sin sintomas/signos de congestion, el riesgo incremento un 109, 123 y 156% en pacientes con 1-2, 3-5 y 6-7 sintomas/signos, respectivamente. Estas asociaciones no mostraron interaccion con la disposicion final del paciente tras su atencion en urgencias (alta/hospitalizacion), con excepcion de edemas en extremidades inferiores, que tuvieron mejor pronostico en pacientes dados de alta (HR = 0,66; IC 95% = 0,49-0,89) que en los hospitalizados (HR = 1,01; IC 95% = 0,65-1,57; p interaccion Conclusion La presencia de mayor numero de sintomas/signos congestivos se asocio a una mayor mortalidad de cualquier causa a los 30 dias. Individualmente, la ingurgitacion yugular y la disnea de esfuerzo se asocian a mayor mortalidad a corto plazo.

INTRODUCTION: The presence of anaemia leads to a worse prognosis in patients with heart failure (HF). There are few data on the impact of anaemia on mortality in patients with acute heart failure (AHF), and the studies available are mainly retrospective, and include hospitalised patients. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the role of anaemia on 30-day and 1-year mortality in patients with AHF attended in hospital emergency departments (HEDs). METHODS: We performed a multicentre, observational study of prospective cohorts of patients with AHF. The study variables were: Anaemia (haemoglobin

Objective To identify patients at risk of in-hospital mortality and adverse outcomes during the vulnerable post-discharge period after the first acute heart failure episode (de novo AHF) attended at the emergency department. Methods This is a secondary review of de novo AHF patients included in the prospective, multicentre EAHFE (Epidemiology of Acute Heart Failure in Emergency Department) Registry. We included consecutive patients with de novo AHF, for whom 29 independent variables were recorded. The outcomes were in-hospital all-cause mortality and all-cause mortality and readmission due to AHF within 90 days post-discharge. A follow-up check was made by reviewing the hospital medical records and/or by phone. Results We included 3422 patients. The mean age was 80 years, 52.1% were women. The in-hospital mortality was 6.9% and was independently associated with dementia (OR = 2.25, 95% CI = 1.62-3.14), active neoplasia (1.97, 1.41-2.76), functional dependence (1.58, 1.02-2.43), chronic treatment with beta-blockers (0.62, 0.44-0.86) and severity of decompensation (6.38, 2.86-14.26 for high-/very high-risk patients). The 90-day post-discharge combined endpoint was observed in 19.3% of patients and was independently associated with hypertension (HR = 1.40, 1.11-1.76), chronic renal insufficiency (1.23, 1.01-1.49), heart valve disease (1.24, 1.01-1.51), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (1.22, 1.01-1.48), NYHA 3-4 at baseline (1.40, 1.12-1.74) and severity of decompensation (1.23, 1.01-1.50; and 1.64, 1.20-2.25; for intermediate and high-/very high-risk patients, respectively), with different risk factors for 90-day post-discharge mortality or rehospitalisation. Conclusions The severity of decompensation and some baseline characteristics identified de novo AHF patients at increased risk of developing adverse outcomes during hospitalisation and the vulnerable post-discharge phase, without significant differences in these risk factors according to patient age at de novo AHF presentation. [GRAPHICS] .

The objectives were to determine the impact of frailty and disability on 30-day mortality and whether the addition of these variables to HFRSS EFFECT risk score (FBI-EFFECT model) improves the short-term mortality predictive capacity of both HFRSS EFFECT and BI-EFFECT models in older patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) atended in the emergency department. We performed a retrospective analysis of OAK Registry including all consecutive patients ≥65 years old with ADHF attended in 3 Spanish emergency departments over 4 months. FBI-EFFECT model was developed by adjusting probabilities of HFRSS EFFECT risk categories according to the 6 groups (G1: non frail, no or mildly dependent; G2: frail, no or mildly dependent; G3: non frail, moderately dependent; G4: frail, moderately dependent; G5: severely dependent; G6: very severely dependent).We included 596 patients (mean age: 83 [SD7]; 61.2% females). The 30-day mortality was 11.6% with statistically significant differences in the 6 groups (p

Objective We investigated which factors predict late presentation (LP) to the emergency department (ED) in patients with non-traumatic chest pain (CP). Methods All CP cases attended at a single ED (2008–2017) were included. LP was considered if time from CP onset to ED arrival was >6 h. We analyzed associations between 42 patient/CP-related characteristics and LP in the whole cohort and in patients with CP due to acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Results The cohort included 25,693 cases (LP=50.6%; ACS=19.0%). Twenty factors were associated with LP, and 8 were also found in patients with ACS: CP of short-duration, aggravated by exertion or breathing/movement, undulating or recurrent CP increased the risk of LP, whereas CP accompanied by diaphoresis, irradiated to the throat, and chronic treatment with nitrates decreased the risk of LP. Exertional and recurrent CP were associated with both, LP and ACS. Conclusion Some characteristics, mainly CP-related, may lead to LP to the ED. CP aggravated by exercise and recurrent CP were associated with both LP and a final diagnosis of ACS. Practice implications Patient educational initiatives should consider these two features as potential warnings for ACS and thereby encourage patients to seek early medical consultation.

Background Progressive myocardial fibrosis takes part in left ventricular (LV) remodeling in aortic stenosis (AS) and drives the transition from hypertrophy to heart failure. Replacement fibrosis may be characterized by late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). Aim To assess the prevalence and association between LGE and indexes of LV function in patients with severe aortic stenosis. Methods We prospectively studied 53 consecutive patients (age: 71±8 years [min. 51–max. 84], 54.7% men) with severe symptomatic AS, referred for surgical aortic valve replacement with no previous history of ischemic cardiomyopathy. Aortic valve mean gradient was 54.6 mmHg [IQR 46.6–63.2] and aortic valve area 0.74cm2 [IQR 0.61–0.89]; all patients with high gradient, 4 with low-flow. CMR with tissue characterization (T1 mapping, LGE and extracellular volume by ECV quantification – using 5SD from remote myocardium as signal intensity cut-off), was performed before surgery. AS severity indexes, LV mass, systolic and diastolic LV function indexes including global longitudinal strain (GLS) and torsion were compared in both groups of patients, with and without LGE. Results Mid-wall LGE was present in 36 patients (67.9%) with a median fraction of 6.0% [IQR 4.9–12.7%] of LV mass. Native T1 value and ECV were within normal ranges (median values: 1047ms [IQR 1028–1084]; 22% [IQR 18–25], respectively). Median CMR LV ejection fraction and mass were 64.5% [IQR 51.3–70.8%] (11 patients with reduced EF) and 76.5g/m2 [IQR 57.4–94.8g/m2], respectively. Median GLS was −13.9% [IQR −11.4 to −17.0%] and torsion was 24.2° [IQR 19.8–32.5°]. Patients with LGE had significantly higher LV mass (87.1g/m2 vs 63.3 g/m2, p=0.001), worse GLS (−14.4% vs −16.9%, p=0.041) and higher NT-proBNP values (1333.7ng/mL vs 559.9ng/mL, p=0.004) (Figure). Conclusions Non-ischemic LGE is common in this group of patients with severe symptomatic high gradient aortic stenosis. As it is more prevalent in patients with more pronounced LVH, lower longitudinal deformation and higher NT-proBNP values, it probably represents a more advanced stage of the disease. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

Relative apical sparing (RAS) of LV longitudinal strain (LS) is a red flag for diagnostic suspicion of amyloid cardiomyopathy (AC). However, it may present in pts with aortic stenosis (AS), where the prevalence of transthyretin AC is being increasingly reported. Aim To describe the prevalence of RAS deformation pattern in patients with AS and its clinical significance. Methods We prospectively studied 53 pts (71±8y, 54.7% men) with severe symptomatic AS - mean gradient (AVM): 54.6 mmHg; aortic valve area 0.74cm2, referred for surgical replacement with no previous history of ischemic cardiomyopathy. Beyond ECG and transthoracic echo (TTE), all pts underwent CMR, with tissue characterization before surgery. RAS was defined as average apical LS / average basal LS + average mid LS >1 at 2D LV LS analysis. Aortic valve replacement and septal myocardial biopsy were already performed in 26 pts. AS severity indexes, LV remodelling and tissue characterization were compared in both groups, with and without RAS. Results RAS was present in 16 pts (30.8%). There were neither pseudoinfarct pattern or low voltage at ECG, nor infiltration suspicion from CMR study (native T1 value 1047ms [IQR 1028–1084]; ECV 22% [IQR 18–25]). Furthermore, none of the pts had suspicion of amyloid deposition at histopathology. Median CMR LVEF was 64.5% [IQR 51.3–70.8%] and 36 pts (67.9%) had non-ischemic DE, with a median fraction of 6.0% [IQR 4.9–12.7%] of LV mass. Comparing both groups, RAS cohort showed a significantly higher AVM, relative wall thickness, maximum septal thickness, peak systolic dispersion and higher LV indexed mass, DE and lower LVEF at CMR. RAS group has also higher NT pro BNP (Table). Conclusions RAS is common in this group of pts despite the absence of clinical and histological signs of myocardial infiltration. RAS occurs with worse indexes of LV remodeling and fibrosis consistent with a more advanced stage of the disease. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

Introduction and objectives: The Internet is a fundamental aspect of health information. However, the absence of quality control encourages misinformation. We aim to assess the relevance and quality of acute myocardial infarction videos shared on YouTube (www.youtube.com) in Portuguese. Methods: We analyzed 1,000 videos corresponding to the first 100 search results on YouTube using the following terms (in Portuguese): “cardiac + arrest”; “heart + attack”; “heart + thrombosis”; “coronary + thrombosis”; “infarction – brain”, “myocardial + infarction” and “acute + myocardial + infarction”. Irrelevant (n=316), duplicated (n=345), without audio (n=24) or non‐Portuguese (n=106) videos were excluded. Included videos were assessed according to source, topic, target audience and scientific inaccuracies. Quality of information was assessed using The Health on the Net Code (HONCode from 0 to 8) and DISCERN (from 0 to 5) scores – the higher the score, the better the quality. Results: 242 videos were included. The majority were from independent instructors (n=95, 39.0%) and were addressed to the general population (n=202, 83.5%). One third of the videos (n=79) contained inaccuracies while scientific society and governmental/health institution videos had no inaccuracies. The mean video quality was poor or moderate; only one video was good quality without any inaccuracies. Governmental/health institutions were the source with the best quality videos (HONCode 4±1, DISCERN 2±1). Conclusions: One third of the videos had irrelevant information and one third of the relevant ones contained inaccuracies. The average video quality was poor; therefore it is important to define strategies to improve the quality of online health information. Resumo: Introdução e objetivos: A Internet é fundamental na divulgação de informação médica. Contudo, a ausência de controlo de qualidade potencia a “desinformação” da população. Pretendemos caraterizar a relevância e qualidade da informação sobre enfarte agudo do miocárdio em língua portuguesa no site YouTube (www.youtube.com). Métodos: Analisaram‐se 1.000 vídeos correspondentes aos primeiros 100 resultados da pesquisa no YouTube dos termos: “ataque + cardíaco”, “ataque + coração”, “enfarte ‐ cerebral”, “infarto ‐ cerebral”, “enfarte + miocárdio”, “enfarte + agudo + miocárdio”, “infarto + miocárdio”, “infarto + agudo + miocárdio”, “trombose + coração” e “trombose + coronária”. Excluíram‐se vídeos irrelevantes (n = 316), duplicados (n = 345), sem áudio (n = 24) e de língua não portuguesa (n = 106). Os vídeos elegíveis foram analisados quanto a origem, tema, público‐alvo e imprecisões científicas. A qualidade foi avaliada com os scores Health on the Net Code (HONCode, de 0‐8) e DISCERN (0‐5) – quanto maior, melhor a qualidade. Resultados: Incluíram‐se 242 vídeos, a maioria de formadores independentes (n = 95, 39%) e destinados à população‐geral (n = 202, 83,5%). Um terço (n = 79) apresentou imprecisões; vídeos de sociedades científicas e instituições de saúde/governamentais não apresentaram quaisquer imprecisões. A qualidade média foi baixa/moderada; apenas um vídeo apresentou boa qualidade, sem imprecisões. Instituições de saúde/governamentais foram a fonte com melhor qualidade (HONCode 4±1, DISCERN 2±1). Conclusões: A informação sobre enfarte agudo do miocárdio em língua portuguesa é irrelevante em um terço dos casos e um terço dos vídeos relevantes é impreciso. A qualidade média da informação é reduzida, sendo importante definir estratégias de controlo de qualidade da informação médica online.

© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contactjournals.permissions@oup.com, Aims: This paper sought to estimate the burden of disease attributable to atherosclerosis in mainland Portugal in 2016. Methods and results: The burden of atherosclerosis was measured in disability-adjusted life years (DALY) following the latest 2010 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) methodology. DALYs were estimated as the sum of years of life lost (YLL) with years lived with disability (YLD). The following clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis were included: ischemic heart disease (IHD) (including acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stable angina, and ischemic heart failure (IHF)), ischemic cerebrovascular disease (ICVD) and peripheral arterial disease (PAD). YLL were estimated based on all-cause mortality data for the Portuguese population and mortality due to IHD, ICVD and PAD for the year 2016 sourced from national statistics. Standard life expectancy was sourced from the GBD study. YLD corresponded to the product of the number of prevalent cases by an average disability weight (DW) for all possible combinations of disease. Prevalence data for the different clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis were sourced from epidemiological studies. DW were sourced from the published literature. In 2016, 15,123 deaths were attributable to atherosclerosis, which corresponded to 14.3% of overall mortality in mainland Portugal. DALYs totaled 260,943, 75% due to premature death (196,438 YLL) and 25% due to disability (64,505 YLD). Conclusion: Atherosclerosis entails a high disease burden to society. A large part of this burden would be avoidable if evidence-based effective and cost-effective interventions targeting known risk factors, from prevention to treatment, were implemented., This study was funded by Bayer Portugal, Lda. Funding was independent of the study outcomes.

Background The coexistence of other comorbidities confers poor outcomes in patients with acute heart failure. Our aim was to determine the characteristics of patients with acute heart failure and cardiorenal anaemia syndrome and the relationship between renal dysfunction and anaemia, alone or combined as cardiorenal anaemia syndrome, on short-term outcomes. Methods We analysed the Epidemiology of Acute Heart Failure in Emergency Departments registry (cohort of patients with acute heart failure in Spanish emergency departments). Renal dysfunction was defined by an estimated glomerular filtration rate 10 days), in-hospital mortality during the index event, and reconsultation and the combination of 30-day post-discharge reconsultation/death. These short-term outcomes were compared and adjusted for differences among groups. Results Of the 13,307 patients analysed, CRAS+ (36.4%) was associated with older age, multiple comorbidities, chronic use of loop diuretics, oedemas and hypotension. The 30-day mortality in CRAS+ was greater than in CRAS– (hazard ratio = 1.46, 95% confidence interval = 1.26–1.68) and RD–/A– (hazard ratio = 1.83, 95% confidence interval = 1.46–2.28) control groups. The mortality level was also higher in RD+/A– (hazard ratio = 1.40, 95% confidence interval = 1.10–1.78) and higher, but not statistically significant, in RD–/A+ (hazard ratio = 1.28, 95% confidence interval = 0.99–1.63) with respect to RD–/A–. All of the secondary outcomes, when related to CRAS– and RD–/A– control groups, were worse for CRAS+ and to a lesser extent, RD+/A–, being more rarely observed in RD–/A+. Conclusions Cardiorenal anaemia syndrome in acute heart failure is related to greater mortality and worse short-term outcomes, and the impact of renal dysfunction and anaemia seems to be additive.

Introduction and objectives: To determine whether structural/organizational characteristics of hospitals and emergency departments (EDs) affect acute heart failure (AHF) outcomes. Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of the EAHFE Registry. Six hospital/ED characteristics were collected and were related to 7 postindex events and postdischarge outcomes, adjusted by the period of patient inclusion, baseline patient characteristics, AHF episode features, and hospital and ED characteristics. The relationship between discharge directly from the ED (DDED) and outcomes was assessed, and interaction was analyzed according to the hospital/ED characteristics. Results: We analyzed 17 974 AHF episodes included by 40 Spanish EDs. Prolonged stays were less frequent in high-technology hospitals and those with hospitalization at home and with high-inflow EDs, and were more frequent in hospitals with a heart failure unit (HFU) and an ED observation unit. In-hospital mortality was lower in high-technology hospitals (OR, 0.78; 95%CI, 0.65-0.94). Analysis of 30-day postdischarge outcomes showed that hospitals with a short-stay unit (SSU) had higher hospitalization rates (OR, 1.19; 95%CI, 1.02-1.38), high-inflow EDs had lower mortality (OR, 0.73; 95%CI, 0.56-0.96) and fewer combined events (OR, 0.87; 95%CI, 0.76-0.99), while hospitals with HFU had fewer ED reconsultations (OR, 0.83; 95%CI, 0.76-0.91), hospitalizations (OR, 0.85; 95%CI, 0.75-0.97), and combined events (OR, 0.84; 95%CI, 0.77-0.92). The higher the percentage of DDED, the fewer the prolonged stays. Among other interactions, we found that more frequent DDED was associated with more 30-day postdischarge reconsultations, hospitalizations and combined events in hospitals without SSUs, but not in hospitals with an SSU. Conclusions: AHF outcomes were significantly affected by the structural/organizational characteristics of hospitals and EDs and their aggressiveness in ED management. (C) 2020 Sociedad Espanola de Cardiologia. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

Background We aimed to externally validate an emergency department triage algorithm including five hierarchical clinical variables developed to identify chest pain patients at low risk of having an acute coronary syndrome justifying delayed rather than immediate evaluation. Methods In a single-centre cohort enrolling 29,269 consecutive patients presenting with chest pain, the performance of the algorithm was compared against the emergency department discharge diagnosis. In an international multicentre study enrolling 4069 patients, central adjudication by two independent cardiologists using all data derived from cardiac work-up including follow-up served as the reference. Triage towards ‘low-risk’ required absence of all five clinical ‘high-risk’ variables: history of coronary artery disease, diabetes, pressure-like chest pain, retrosternal chest pain and age above 40 years. Safety (sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV)) and efficacy (percentage of patients classified as low risk) was tested in this initial proposal (Model A) and in two additional models: omitting age criteria (Model B) and allowing up to one (any) of the five high-risk variables (Model C). Results The prevalence of acute coronary syndrome was 9.4% in the single-centre and 28.4% in the multicentre study. The triage algorithm had very high sensitivity/NPV in both cohorts (99.4%/99.1% and 99.9%/99.1%, respectively), but very low efficacy (6.2% and 2.7%, respectively). Model B resulted in sensitivity/NPV of 97.5%/98.3% and 96.1%/89.4%, while efficacy increased to 14.2% and 10.4%, respectively. Model C resulted in sensitivity/NPV of 96.7%/98.6% and 95.2%/91.3%, with a further increase in efficacy to 23.1% and 15.5%, respectively. Conclusion A triage algorithm for the identification of low-risk chest pain patients exclusively based on simple clinical variables provided reasonable performance characteristics possibly justifying delayed rather than immediate evaluation in the emergency department.

Objectives Investigating whether it is safe or not to administrate diuretics to patients arriving at emergency departments in a stage of acute dyspnea but without a final diagnosis of acute heart failure. Methods We analyzed an unselected multinational sample of patients with dyspnea without a final diagnosis of acute heart failure from Global Research on Acute Conditions Team (France, Lithuania, Tunisia) and Basics in Acute Shortness of Breath Evaluation (Switzerland) registries. Thirty-day all-cause mortality and 30-day postdischarge all-cause readmission rate of treated patients with diuretics at emergency departments were compared with untreated patients by unadjusted and adjusted hazard and odds ratios. Interaction and stratified analyses were performed. Results We included 2505 patients. Among them, 365 (14.6%) received diuretics in emergency departments. Thirty-day mortality was 4.5% (treated/untreated = 5.2%/4.3%, hazard ratio: 1.22; 95% confidence interval, 0.75-2.00) and 30-day readmission rate was 11.3% (14.7%/10.8%, odds ratio: 1.41; 95% confidence interval, 0.95-2.11). After adjustment, no differences were found between two groups in mortality (hazard ratio: 0.86; 95% confidence interval, 0.51-1.44) and readmission (odds ratio: 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 0.72-1.82). Age significantly interacted with the use of diuretics and readmission (P = 0.03), with better prognosis when used in patients >80 years (odds ratio: 0.27; 95% confidence interval, 0.07-1.03) than in patients ≤80 years (odds ratio: 1.56; 95% confidence interval, 0.94-2.63). Conclusions Diuretic administration to patients presenting to emergency departments with dyspnea while they were undiagnosed and in whom acute heart failure was finally excluded was not associated with 30-day all-cause mortality and 30-day postdischarge all-cause readmission rate.

Objective: To investigate whether patients with an acute heart failure (AHF) episode triggered by infection present different outcomes compared to patients with no trigger and the effects of early antibiotic administration (EAA) and hospitalisation. Methods: Two groups were made according to the AHF trigger: infection (G1) or none identified (G2). The primary outcome was 13-week (91-days) all-cause mortality, and secondary outcomes were 13-week post-discharge mortality, readmission or combined endpoint. Comparisons are presented as unadjusted and adjusted (MEESSI risk score) hazard ratios (uHR/aHR) for G1 compared to G2 patients, also estimated by weeks. Stratified analysis by EAA (provided/not provided) and patient disposition (discharged/hospitalised) was performed. Results: We included 6727 patients (G1 = 3973; G2 = 2754). The 13-week mortality uHR was 1.11 (0.99-1.25; p = 0.06; with significant increases in the first 3 weeks), and the aHR was 0.91 (0.81-1.02; p = 0.11). There were no differences in unadjusted secondary post-discharge outcomes; however, G1 outcomes significantly improved after adjustment: aHR 0.83 (0.71-0.96; p = 0.01) for mortality, 0.92 (0.84-0.99; p = 0.04) for readmission, and 0.92 (0.85-0.99; p = 0.04) for the combined endpoint. We found a differentiated effect of hospitalisation (p < 0.05 for interaction; better post-discharge readmission and combined outcomes in G1), and a trend (p = 0.06) to lower mortality in G1 patients with EAA. Additionally, there were some differences between groups in baseline and acute episode characteristics. Conclusion: AHF triggered by infection is not associated with a higher mid-term mortality and has better post-discharge outcomes; however, the first 3 weeks are an extremely vulnerable period. Since hospitalisation could have a role in limiting adverse post-discharge events, and EAA in reducing mortality, these relationships should be prospectively explored in further studies.

Background and objective To compare the outcome of patients with acute heart failure (AHF) with a mid-range left ventricular ejection fraction (HFmrEF) with patients with a reduced (HFrEF) or preserved (HFpEF) left ventricular ejection fraction. Patients and method A prospective observational study included patients diagnosed with AHF in 41 emergency departments. Patients were divided into 3 groups: HFrEF Results Three thousand nine hundred and fifty-eight patients were included: 580 HFmrEF (14.6%), 929 HFrEF (23.5%) and 2449 HFpEF (61.9%). Global mortality at one year was 28.5%. The crude mortality of the HFmrEF group was similar to that of the HFpEF group (HR 1.009; 95% CI 0.819–1.243; p = 0.933) and lower than the HFrEF group (HR 0.800; 95% CI 0.635–1.008; p = 0.058), but after adjustment for discordant basal characteristics among groups, the mortality of the HFmrEF group did not differ from that of the HFpEF (HRa 1.025; 95% CI 0.825–1.275; p = 0.821) or HFrEF group (HRa 0.924; 95% CI 0.720–1.186; p = 0.535). Neither were significant differences found between the HFmrEF group and the other 2 groups in the analysis stratified according to admission or discharge direct from the emergency department. Conclusion Mortality at one-year after an AHF episode in patients with HFmrEF does not differ from that of patients with HFpEF or HfrEF, either globally or based on the main destinations after emergency department care.

To analyse time trends in patient characteristics, clinical course, hospitalisation rate, and outcomes in acute heart failure along a 10-year period (2007–2016). The EAHFE registry has prospectively collected 13,971 consecutive AHF patients diagnosed in 41 Spanish emergency departments (EDs) at five different time points (2007/2009/2011/2014/2016). Eighty patient-related variables and outcomes were described and statistically significant changes along time were evaluated. We also compared our data with large ED- and hospital-based registries. Compared to other large registries, our patients were older [80 (10) years], more frequently women (55.5%), and had a higher prevalence of hypertension (83.5%) and a lower prevalence of ischaemic cardiomyopathy (29.4%). De novo AHF was observed in 39.6%. 63.6% showed some degree of functional dependence and 56.1% had preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). 56.8% of the patients arrived at the ED by ambulance, 4.5% arrived hypotensive, and 21.3% hypertensive. Direct discharge from the ED home was seen in 24.9%, and internal medicine (32.5%) and cardiology (15.8%) were the main hospital destinations. Triggers for decompensation were identified in 75.4%, the most being frequent infection (35.2%) and rapid atrial fibrillation (14.7%). The AHF phenotypes were: warm/wet 82.0%, warm/dry 6.2%, cold/wet 11.1%, and cold/dry 0.7%. The length of hospitalisation was 9.3 (8.6) days, and in-hospital, 30-day, and 1-year all-cause mortality were 7.8, 10.2 and 30.3%, respectively; and 30-day re-hospitalisation and ED revisit due to AHF were 16.9 and 24.8%, respectively. Thirty-nine of the eighty characteristics studied showed significant changes over time, while all outcomes remained unchanged along the 10-year period. The EAHFE Registry is the first European ED-based registry describing the characteristics, clinical course, and outcomes of a cohort resembling the universe of patients with AHF. Significant changes were observed over time in some aspects of AHF characteristics and management, but not in outcomes.

Even with improvements in lifestyle interventions, better control of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, and improvements in CV outcomes, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Portugal and Europe. Atherogenic dyslipidemias, particularly hypercholesterolemia, have a crucial causal role in the development of atherosclerotic CVD. The clinical approach to a patient with dyslipidemia requires an accurate diagnosis, based on harmonized and standardized lipid and lipoprotein laboratory assessments. Results and reports of these tests, together with assessment of total CV risk and the respective therapeutic targets, will help ensure that clinical guidelines and good clinical practices are followed, increasing the reliability of screening for lipid disorders, producing more accurate diagnoses and CV risk stratification, and improving CV prevention. To this end, this consensus aims to provide clinicians with practical guidance for the harmonization and standardization of laboratory lipid tests, focusing on the most recent dyslipidemia management guidelines. Resumo: Apesar da melhor intervenção nos estilos de vida, do melhor controlo dos fatores de risco cardiovascular (CV) e da melhoria dos resultados CV, a doença cardiovascular (DCV) continua a ser a principal causa de morbilidade e mortalidade em Portugal e na Europa. A dislipidemia aterogénica, nomeadamente a hipercolesterolemia, tem um papel causal no desenvolvimento de DCV aterosclerótica. A abordagem clínica de um doente com dislipidemia preceitua um diagnóstico atento, sustentado em procedimentos laboratoriais harmonizados e padronizados. Os resultados e relatórios dos testes de lipídios se ajuntarem o risco CV total e os respetivos alvos terapêuticos garantem que as diretrizes clínicas e as boas práticas clínicas estão a ser seguidas e respeitadas, o que aumenta a segurança no rastreio e no diagnóstico das alterações lipídicas e da estratificação de risco e melhora a prevenção CV. Nesse sentido, este consenso tem como objetivo fornecer aos clínicos orientações práticas para a harmonização e padronização dos testes laboratoriais lipídicos, com foco nas diretrizes mais recentes da abordagem das dislipidemias. Keywords: Dyslipidemia, Cardiovascular risk, Laboratory procedures, Laboratory reports, Harmonization, Standardization, Palavras-chave: Dislipidemia, Risco cardiovascular, Procedimentos laboratoriais, Relatórios laboratoriais, Harmonização, Padronização

Subaortic septal myectomy is usually performed to mitigate obstruction in patients with the obstructive form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) or in those with congenital subaortic stenosis. Moreover, it is combined with aortic valve replacement in patients with severe aortic valve stenosis (SAS) and asymmetrical septal hypertrophy causing concomitant left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. When both conditions coexist, it is conceptually difficult to identify a cardiomyopathy beyond an adaptive myocardial hypertrophy, strictly related to pressure overload. Myectomy histopathology might be useful to enlighten the cause of the obstruction and establish the diagnosis.The aim was to describe the pathological findings of surgical septal myectomy specimens obtained from a group of patients with diverse clinical diagnosis, including HCM, severe aortic stenosis, and asymmetrical septal hypertrophy.This was a retrospective study of 56 patients undergoing septal myectomy along a 10-year period at a tertiary cardiac surgical center. Clinical, interventional, and anatomopathological findings between patients with and without a preoperative diagnosis of HCM were analyzed and compared.Mean age at intervention was 67.5±20.5 years; 37 (66.1%) were female Preoperative diagnosis of sarcomeric obstructive HCM was assumed in 23 (41.1%) patients. All the other patients (58.9%) were referred for surgery with preoperative diagnosis of asymmetric septal hypertrophy, mainly in the context of severe aortic stenosis (24 patients). Twenty-seven (48.2%) patients had a greater than 30 mmHg intraventricular gradient at rest. Patients with presumed HCM were significantly younger (56.5±15.8 vs. 70.2±13.3 years, P.001), had higher prevalence of significant intraventricular obstruction at rest [20 (87.0%) vs. 8 (34.8%), P.001], and more frequently had moderate or severe mitral regurgitation [9 (39.1%) vs. 5(15.1%), P=.043]. All patients with aortic valve stenosis underwent both aortic valve replacement and septal myectomy. Twelve (52.1%) of the patients with obstructive HCM had isolated septal myectomy, while in the remaining 11, the procedure was combined with intervention on the mitral valve. Histopathological final diagnosis was of nonspecific reactive myocardial hypertrophy in all but 4 (92.2%) patients. In those, 2 (3.6%) had the final diagnosis of HCM and 2 (3.6%) the diagnosis of congenital subaortic membranous stenosis with reactive myocardial hypertrophy. Different grades of subendocardial fibroelastosis and myocardial fibrosis, mainly interstitial, were present [27 (48.2%) and 18 (32%) patients, respectively]. When microscopic data were compared between patients with or without a preoperative clinical diagnosis of HCM, no significant differences were found.In patients submitted to surgical septal myectomy, histology was mostly indistinctive among different clinical entities. Since different myocardial hypertrophy etiologies may share similar pathological expression, there is a need for detailed clinical assessment when trying to define the best strategy for clinical management.

Resumen Fundamento y objetivos Definir en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca aguda (ICA) dados de alta directamente desde Urgencias: las tasas de reconsulta a Urgencias y hospitalizacion por ICA y de muerte por cualquier causa a 30 dias; la tasa de estos 3 episodios combinados a 7 dias; y los factores asociados con tales episodios. Pacientes y metodo Incluimos pacientes diagnosticados consecutivamente de ICA durante 2 meses en 27 servicios de urgencias hospitalarios (SUH) dados de alta sin hospitalizacion. Recogimos 43 variables independientes, con seguimiento a 30 dias, e investigamos los factores predictivos para episodios adversos mediante regresion de Cox. Resultados Evaluamos 785 pacientes (78 ± 9 anos, 54,7% mujeres). Las tasas de reconsulta, hospitalizacion y mortalidad a 30 dias, y de episodio combinado a 7 dias fueron de 26,1, 15,7, 1,7 y 10,6%, respectivamente. Los factores independientes asociados a reconsulta fueron no administrar diureticos intravenosos en urgencias (HR 2,86; IC 95% 2,01-4,04), tasa de filtrado glomerular (TFG) Conclusion Presentamos por primera vez en Espana las tasas de episodios adversos en pacientes con ICA dados de alta directamente desde los SUH y definimos los factores asociados, lo cual deberia ayudar a determinar acciones para mejorar la seleccion de los pacientes candidatos al alta directa desde Urgencias.

Objectives The authors sought to evaluate clinical outcomes of patients after an episode of acute heart failure (AHF) according to their adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet). Background It has been proved that MedDiet is a useful tool in primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. However, it is unknown whether adherence to MedDiet is associated with better outcomes in patients who have already experienced an episode of AHF. Methods We designed a prospective study that included consecutive patients diagnosed with AHF in 7 Spanish emergency departments (EDs). Patients were included if they or their relatives were able to answer a 14-point score of adherence to the MedDiet, which classified patients as adherents (≥9 points) or nonadherents (≤8 points). The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality at the end of follow-up, and secondary endpoints were 1-year ED revisit without hospitalization, rehospitalization, death, and a combined endpoint of all these variables for patients discharged after the index episode. Unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated. Results We included 991 patients (mean age of 80 ± 10 years, 57.8% women); 523 (52.9%) of whom were adherent to the MedDiet. After a mean follow-up period of 2.1 ± 1.3 years, no differences were observed in survival between adherent and nonadherent patients (HR of adherents [HR adh ] = 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.73 to 1.02). The 1-year cumulative ED revisit for the whole cohort was 24.5% (HR adh = 1.10; 95% CI: 0.84 to 1.42), hospitalization 43.7% (HR adh = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.61 to 0.90), death 22.7% (HR adh = 1.05; 95% CI: 0.8 to 1.38), and combined endpoint 66.8% (HR adh = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.76 to 1.04). Adjustment by age, hypertension, peripheral arterial disease, previous episodes of AHF, treatment with statins, air-room pulsioxymetry, and need for ventilation support in the ED rendered similar results, with no statistically significant differences in mortality (HR adh = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.80 to 1.13) and persistence of lower 1-year hospitalization for adherents (HR adh = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.62 to 0.93). Conclusions Adherence to the MedDiet did not influence long-term mortality after an episode of AHF, but it was associated with decreased rates of rehospitalization during the next year.

The biology of H2 S is a still developing area of research and several biological functions have been recently attributed to this gaseous molecule in many physiological systems, including the cardiovascular, urogenital, respiratory, digestive and central nervous system (CNS). H2 S exerts anti-inflammatory effects and can be considered an endogenous mediator with potential effects on gastrointestinal motility. During the last few years, we have investigated the role of H2 S as a regulator of gastrointestinal motility using both animal and human tissues. The aim of the present work is to review published data regarding the potential role of H2 S as a signalling molecule regulating physiopathological processes in gastrointestinal motor function. H2 S is endogenously produced by defined enzymic pathways in different cell types of the intestinal wall including neurons and smooth muscle. Inhibition of H2 S biosynthesis increases motility and H2 S donors cause smooth muscle relaxation and inhibition of propulsive motor patterns. Impaired H2 S production has been described in animal models with gastrointestinal motor dysfunction. The mechanism(s) of action underlying these effects may include several ion channels, although no specific receptor has been identified. At this time, even though there is much experimental evidence for H2 S as a modulator of gastrointestinal motility, we still do not have conclusive experimental evidence to definitively propose H2 S as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the gastrointestinal tract, causing nerve-mediated relaxation.

Aims This study aimed to determine the frequency of detectable relaxin-2 concentrations and associated factors in patients with acute heart failure (AHF) and to establish relationships with short-term outcome and clinical and analytical parameters. Methods and results We performed a prospective, analytical, observational, multicentre study with cohort follow-up. We collected sociodemographic variables, previous history, basal status, previous treatment, vital signs, electrocardiographic and analytical data in the emergency department. Relaxin-2 was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (detection limit: 1.5 pg/mL). The primary event was 30-day all-cause mortality. We compared clinical characteristics and outcomes between patients with undetectable and detectable concentrations, and across concentration quartile groups in the latter. We analysed data for 522 patients (mean ± standard deviation age: 80.9 ± 9.1 years; 53.6% women). In 92 (17.6%) patients, relaxin-2 concentrations were undetectable. This finding was associated with male sex, absence of heart valve disease and treatment with aldosterone receptor antagonists. The incidence of 30-day mortality was significantly lower (2.2% vs. 9.1%; P = 0.03) in these patients even after adjustment for differences between groups (hazard ratio: 0.22, 95% confidence interval 0.05–0.92; P = 0.038). There were no associations with age or sex. Among the 430 (82.4%) patients with detectable relaxin-2 concentrations, values did not differ between subjects who remained alive [median: 30.9 pg/mL; interquartile range (IQR) 15.8–74.7 pg/mL] and those who had died (median: 30.9 pg/mL; IQR 15.6–85.2 pg/mL) (P = 0.89). Analysis of patients according to relaxin-2 concentration quartiles showed no differences in mortality. Relaxin-2 was correlated, albeit weakly, with haemoglobin values (R2 = 0.018, P = 0.005), but not with NT-proBNP, age or left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Conclusions Patients with AHF and undetectable relaxin-2 concentrations have lower 30-day mortality. In contrast, there were no linear relationships between blood concentrations within the measurable range and mortality, NT-proBNP or LVEF.

We tested the hypothesis that early measurement of galectin-3 at the emergency department (ED) during an episode of acute heart failure (AHF) allows predicting short- and long-term outcomes.We performed an exploratory study including 115 patients consecutively diagnosed with AHF in a single ED. Clinical and analytical variables were recorded. The primary endpoint was 30-day all-cause mortality, and secondary endpoints were 30-day composite outcome (death, rehospitalization or ED reconsultation, whichever first) and 1-year mortality.Seven patients (6.1%) died within 30 days and 43 (37.4%) within 1 year. The 30-day composite endpoint was observed in 21.1% of patients. Galectin-3 was correlated with NT-proBNP and the glomerular filtration rate but not with age and s-cTnI. Measured at time of ED arrival, galectin-3 showed good discriminatory capacity for 30-day mortality (AUC ROC: 0.732; 95% CI 0.512-0.953; p = 0.041) but not for 1-year mortality (0.521; 0.408-0.633; p = 0.722). Patients with galectin-3 concentrations 42 μg/L had an OR = 7.67(95%CI = 1.57-37.53; p = 0.012) for 30-day mortality. Conversely, NT-proBNP only showed predictive capacity for 1-year mortality (0.642; 0.537-0.748; p = 0.014). Patients with NT-proBNP concentrations 5400 ng/L had an OR = 4.34 (95%CI = 1.93-9.77; p 0.001) for 1-year mortality. These increased short- (galectin-3) and long-term (NT-proBNP) risks remained significant after adjustment for age or renal function. s-cTnI failed in both short- and long term death prediction. No biomarker predicted the short-term composite endpoint.These results suggest that galectin-3 could help to monitor the risk of short-term mortality in unselected patients with AHF attended in the ED.