185,751 results on '"Viruses"'
Search Results
2. [The discovery of the ultraviruses and medicine].
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ZILBER LA
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- Humans, Medicine, Viruses
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- 1951
3. [The importance of virus research for practical medicine].
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KIKUTH W
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- Humans, Medicine, Research, Viruses
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- 1953
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4. Molecular biology, nucleic acids, and the future of medicine.
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Tatum EL
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- Congenital Abnormalities, Eugenics, Genetic Code, Humans, Metabolic Diseases genetics, Molecular Biology, Mutation, Neoplasms genetics, Virus Diseases genetics, Viruses, Biology, Medicine, Nucleic Acids
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- 1966
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5. [Basic principles of medicine. B. The peculiarities of life processes].
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LEESER O
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- Biochemical Phenomena, Biochemistry, Medicine, Viruses
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- 1955
6. [ELECTRON MICROSCOPY IN MEDICINE].
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TELKKAE A and VON BONSDORFFC
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- Bacteriology, Cell Biology, Cytodiagnosis, Electrons, Medicine, Microscopy, Microscopy, Electron, Viruses
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- 1963
7. Medicine 1969.
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Fishbein M
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- Biomedical Engineering, Calcitonin, Congenital Abnormalities, Contraception, Coronary Disease, Disorders of Sex Development surgery, Environmental Health, Female, Geriatrics, Humans, Labyrinth Diseases diagnosis, Male, Neoplasms, Prostaglandins, Substance-Related Disorders, Transplantation, United States, Viruses, Medicine
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- 1970
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8. Mechanism of bacteriophage-induced vaterite formation
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Andrzej Borkowski, Paweł Działak, Katarzyna Berent, Marta Gajewska, Marcin D. Syczewski, and Mirosław Słowakiewicz
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Amorphous calcium carbonate ,Vaterite ,Calcite ,Bacteriophage ,Viruses ,Precipitation of carbonates ,Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Abstract This study shows how bacterial viruses (bacteriophages, phages) interact with calcium carbonate during precipitation from aqueous solution. Using electron microscopy, epifluorescence microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and image analysis, we demonstrate that bacteriophages can strongly influence the formation of the vaterite phase. Importantly, bacteriophages may selectively bind both amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) and vaterite, and indirectly affect the formation of structural defects in calcite crystallites. Consequently, the surface properties of calcium carbonate phases precipitating in the presence of viruses may exhibit different characteristics. These findings may have significant implications in determining the role of bacterial viruses in modern microbially-rich carbonate sedimentary environments, as well as in biomedical technologies. Finally, the phage-vaterite system, as a biocompatible material, may serve as a basis for the development of promising drug delivery carriers.
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- 2024
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9. Onward Virus Transmission after Measles Secondary Vaccination Failure
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Isaac Tranter, Nicolas Smoll, Colleen L. Lau, Dusty-Lee Williams, Deborah Neucom, Donna Barnekow, and Amalie Dyda
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measles ,vaccination ,vaccine-preventable diseases ,secondary vaccination failure ,viruses ,vaccines ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Measles in persons with secondary vaccination failure (SVF) may be less infectious than cases in unvaccinated persons. Our systematic review aimed to assess transmission risk for measles after SVF. We searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases from their inception dates. Inclusion criteria were articles describing persons who were exposed to measles-infected persons who had experienced SVF. Across the included 14 studies, >3,030 persons were exposed to measles virus from SVF cases, of whom 180 were susceptible, indicating secondary attack rates of 0%–6.25%. We identified 109 cases of SVF from the studies; 10.09% (n = 11) of case-patients transmitted the virus, resulting in 23 further cases and yielding an effective reproduction number of 0.063 (95% CI 0.0–0.5). These findings suggest a remarkably low attack rate for SVF measles cases, suggesting that, In outbreak situations, public health management of unvaccinated persons could be prioritized over persons with SVF.
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- 2024
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10. Molecular Epidemiology of Western Equine Encephalitis Virus, South America, 2023–2024
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Aline Scarpellini Campos, Ana Claúdia Franco, Fernanda M. Godinho, Rosana Huff, Darlan S. Candido, Jader da Cruz Cardoso, Xinyi Hua, Ingra M. Claro, Paola Morais, Carolina Franceschina, Thales de Lima Bermann, Franciellen Machado dos Santos, Milena Bauermann, Tainá Machado Selayaran, Amanda Pellenz Ruivo, Cristiane Santin, Juciane Bonella, Carla Rodenbusch, José Carlos Ferreira, Scott C. Weaver, Vilar Ricardo Gewehr, Gabriel Luz Wallau, William M. de Souza, and Richard Steiner Salvato
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Western equine encephalitis virus ,viruses ,mosquito-borne alphavirus ,central nervous system infection ,alphavirus ,arbovirus ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) is a mosquitoborne virus that reemerged in December 2023 in Argentina and Uruguay, causing a major outbreak. We investigated the outbreak using epidemiologic, entomological, and genomic analyses, focusing on WEEV circulation near the Argentina‒Uruguay border in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. During November 2023‒April 2024, the outbreak in Argentina and Uruguay resulted in 217 human cases, 12 of which were fatal, and 2,548 equine cases. We determined cases on the basis of laboratory and clinical epidemiologic criteria. We characterized 3 fatal equine cases caused by a novel WEEV lineage identified through a nearly complete coding sequence analysis, which we propose as lineage C. Our findings highlight the importance of continued surveillance and equine vaccination to control future WEEV outbreaks in South America.
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- 2024
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11. Infection Rates and Symptomatic Proportion of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza in Pediatric Population, China, 2023
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Chao Shi, Yuhe Zhang, Sheng Ye, Jiyang Zhou, Fuyu Zhu, Yumeng Gao, Yan Wang, Bingbing Cong, Shuyu Deng, You Li, Bing Lu, and Xin Wang
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COVID-19 ,SARS-CoV-2 ,coronavirus disease ,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ,viruses ,respiratory infections ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
We conducted a longitudinal cohort study of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza rates in childcare centers and schools in Wuxi, China, collecting 1,760 environmental samples and 9,214 throat swabs from 593 students (regardless of symptoms) in weekly collections during February–June 2023. We estimated a cumulative infection rate of 124.8 (74 episodes)/1,000 persons for SARS-CoV-2 and 128.2 (76 episodes)/1,000 persons for influenza. The highest SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was in persons 18 years of age, and for influenza, in children 4 years of age. The asymptomatic proportion of SARS-CoV-2 was 59.6% and 66.7% for influenza; SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic proportion was lower in 16–18-year-olds than in 4–6-year-olds. Only samples from frequently touched surface tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (4/1,052) and influenza (1/1,052). We found asynchronous circulation patterns of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza, similar to trends in national sentinel surveillance. The results support vaccination among pediatric populations and other interventions, such as environmental disinfection in educational settings.
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- 2024
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12. Role of Direct Sexual Contact in Human Transmission of Monkeypox Virus, Italy
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Giuseppe Sberna, Gabriella Rozera, Claudia Minosse, Licia Bordi, Valentina Mazzotta, Alessandra D’Abramo, Enrico Girardi, Andrea Antinori, Fabrizio Maggi, and Eleonora Lalle
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mpox ,monkeypox virus ,MPXV ,viruses ,zoonoses ,sexual contact ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
The 2022 global mpox outbreak was driven by human-to-human transmission, but modes of transmission by sexual relationship versus sexual contact remain unclear. We evaluated sexual transmission of mpox by using monkeypox virus (MPXV) G2R-mRNA as a marker of ongoing viral replication through in vitro experiments. We analyzed clinical samples of 15 MPXV-positive patients in Italy from different biological regions by using the setup method. The presence of MPXV DNA, MPXV G2R-mRNA, or both in all analyzed lesion swab samples, independent of viral load, confirmed a higher infectivity risk from skin lesions. Positivity for MPXV G2R-mRNA in nasopharyngeal swabs was associated with high MPXV load, whereas positive results for MPXV G2R-mRNA were obtained only in the 2 semen samples with the lowest MPXV loads. Our results suggest that close or skin-to-skin contact during sexual intercourse is the main route of sexual transmission and that semen is a minor driver of infection, regardless of MPXV load.
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- 2024
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13. Effects of Rotavirus Vaccination Coverage among Infants on Hospital Admission for Gastroenteritis across All Age Groups, Japan, 2011–2019
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Kenji Kishimoto, Susumu Kunisawa, Kiyohide Fushimi, and Yuichi Imanaka
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gastroenteritis ,rotavirus ,enteric infections ,viruses ,bacteria ,vaccination coverage ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
We assessed the effect of rotavirus vaccination coverage on the number of inpatients with gastroenteritis of all ages in Japan. We identified patients admitted with all-cause gastroenteritis during 2011–2019 using data from the Diagnosis Procedure Combination system in Japan. We used generalized estimating equations with a Poisson distribution, using hospital codes as a cluster variable to estimate the impact of rotavirus vaccination coverage by prefecture on monthly numbers of inpatients with all-cause gastroenteritis. We analyzed 294,108 hospitalizations across 569 hospitals. Higher rotavirus vaccination coverage was associated with reduced gastroenteritis hospitalizations compared with the reference category of vaccination coverage 80%, adjusted incidence rate ratio was 0.87 [95% CI 0.83–0.90]). Our results show that achieving higher rotavirus vaccination coverage among infants could benefit the entire population by reducing overall hospitalizations for gastroenteritis for all age groups.
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- 2024
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14. Avian and Human Influenza A Virus Receptors in Bovine Mammary Gland
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Charlotte Kristensen, Henrik E. Jensen, Ramona Trebbien, Richard J. Webby, and Lars E. Larsen
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influenza A virus ,influenza ,viruses ,host tropism ,sialic acid ,receptor ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
An outbreak of influenza A (H5N1) virus was detected in dairy cows in the United States. We detected influenza A virus sialic acid -α2,3/α2,6-galactose host receptors in bovine mammary glands by lectin histochemistry. Our results provide a rationale for the high levels of H5N1 virus in milk from infected cows.
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- 2024
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15. Mosquitoes as Vectors of Mycobacterium ulcerans Based on Analysis of Notifications of Alphavirus Infection and Buruli Ulcer, Victoria, Australia
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Andrew H. Buultjens, Ee Laine Tay, Aidan Yuen, N. Deborah Friedman, Timothy P. Stinear, and Paul D.R. Johnson
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Mycobacterium ulcerans ,tuberculosis and other mycobacteria ,Buruli ulcer ,vector-borne infections ,mosquito-borne diseases ,viruses ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Alphavirus infections are transmitted by mosquitoes, but the mode of transmission for Mycobacterium ulcerans, which causes Buruli ulcer, is contested. Using notification data for Victoria, Australia, during 2017–2022, adjusted for incubation period, we show close alignment between alphavirus and Buruli ulcer seasons, supporting the hypothesis of mosquito transmission of M. ulcerans.
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- 2024
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16. Retrospective Seroprevalence of Orthopoxvirus Antibodies among Key Populations, Kenya
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Kristi Loeb, Kieran A. Milner, Candice Lemaille, Brielle Martens, Derek Stein, Julie Lajoie, Souradet Y. Shaw, Anne W. Rimoin, Placide Mbala-Kingebeni, Nicole A. Hoff, Ryan S. Noyce, Keith R. Fowke, Joshua Kimani, Lyle McKinnon, and Jason Kindrachuk
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orthopoxvirus ,viruses ,sexually transmitted infections ,zoonoses ,seroprevalence ,antibodies ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
We identified a cluster of mpox exposures among key populations in Kenya through retrospective serologic screening. We identified strong seropositivity among sex workers and gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. These findings demonstrate the need for increased mpox surveillance among mpox-endemic and mpox-endemic–adjacent regions in Africa.
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- 2024
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17. Non-HIV Immunocompetent Patient with COVID-19 and Severe Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia Co-Infection
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Songsong Yu and Tiecheng Yang
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COVID-19 ,2019 novel coronavirus disease ,coronavirus disease ,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ,SARS-CoV-2 ,viruses ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia is an opportunistic infection that affects HIV-infected and immunocompromised persons and rarely affects immunocompetent patients. However, after the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, some COVID-19 patients without immunocompromise or HIV were infected with P. jirovecii. Clinical manifestations were atypical, easily misdiagnosed, and rapidly progressive, and the prognosis was poor.
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- 2024
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18. Wastewater Surveillance to Confirm Differences in Influenza A Infection between Michigan, USA, and Ontario, Canada, September 2022–March 2023
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Ryland Corchis-Scott, Mackenzie Beach, Qiudi Geng, Ana Podadera, Owen Corchis-Scott, John Norton, Andrea Busch, Russell A. Faust, Stacey McFarlane, Scott Withington, Bridget Irwin, Mehdi Aloosh, Kenneth K.S. Ng, and R. Michael McKay
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influenza ,influenza A virus ,epidemiology ,vaccination ,prevalence ,viruses ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Wastewater surveillance is an effective way to track the prevalence of infectious agents within a community and, potentially, the spread of pathogens between jurisdictions. We conducted a retrospective wastewater surveillance study of the 2022–23 influenza season in 2 communities, Detroit, Michigan, USA, and Windsor-Essex, Ontario, Canada, that form North America’s largest cross-border conurbation. We observed a positive relationship between influenza-related hospitalizations and the influenza A virus (IAV) wastewater signal in Windsor-Essex (ρ = 0.785; p
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- 2024
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19. Detection of Nucleocapsid Antibodies Associated with Primary SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Unvaccinated and Vaccinated Blood Donors
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Eduard Grebe, Mars Stone, Bryan R. Spencer, Akintunde Akinseye, David Wright, Clara Di Germanio, Roberta Bruhn, Karla G. Zurita, Paul Contestable, Valerie Green, Marion C. Lanteri, Paula Saa, Brad J. Biggerstaff, Melissa M. Coughlin, Steve Kleinman, Brian Custer, Jefferson M. Jones, and Michael P. Busch
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COVID-19 ,SARS-CoV-2 ,viruses ,respiratory infections ,zoonoses ,vaccine-preventable diseases ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Nucleocapsid antibody assays can be used to estimate SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence in regions implementing spike-based COVID-19 vaccines. However, poor sensitivity of nucleocapsid antibody assays in detecting infection after vaccination has been reported. We derived a lower cutoff for identifying previous infections in a large blood donor cohort (N = 142,599) by using the Ortho VITROS Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Total-N Antibody assay, improving sensitivity while maintaining specificity >98%. We validated sensitivity in samples donated after self-reported swab-confirmed infections diagnoses. Sensitivity for first infections in unvaccinated donors was 98.1% (95% CI 98.0–98.2) and for infection after vaccination was 95.6% (95% CI 95.6–95.7) based on the standard cutoff. Regression analysis showed sensitivity was reduced in the Delta compared with Omicron period, in older donors, in asymptomatic infections,
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- 2024
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20. Fatal SARS-CoV-2 Infection among Children, Japan, January–September 2022
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Shingo Mitsushima, Yuichiro Yahata, Yuuki Tsuchihashi, Chiaki Ikenoue, Munehisa Fukusumi, Shogo Otake, Tomoe Shimada, Takuya Yamagishi, Hajime Kamiya, Yusuke Kobayashi, Hitomi Kurosu, Mai Okuyama, Saeko Morino, Miho Shibamura, Sayaka Takanashi, Taro Kamigaki, Kanako Otani, Manami Nakashita, Hanae Ito, Ayako Miyazaki, Masaya Koshiko, Masanao Harakuni, Megumi Onuma, Hiroko Chiba, Maki Masutani, Natsu Sudani, Yuka Satsuki, Taketoshi Takara, Akira Oka, Tomohiro Katsuta, Naoki Shimizu, Akihiko Saitoh, Tetsuya Sakamoto, Motoi Suzuki, and Tomimasa Sunagawa
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COVID-19 ,2019 novel coronavirus disease ,coronavirus disease ,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ,SARS-CoV-2 ,viruses ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
To determine the characteristics of pediatric patients 0–19 years of age who died after onset of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Japan during January 1–September 30, 2022, we reviewed multiple sources. We identified 62 cases, collected detailed information from medical records and death certificates, and conducted interviews, resulting in 53 patients with detailed information for our study. Among 46 patients with internal causes of death (i.e., not external causes such as trauma), 15% were
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- 2024
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21. Geographic Distribution of Rabies Virus and Genomic Sequence Alignment of Wild and Vaccine Strains, Kenya
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Evalyne N. Wambugu, Gathii Kimita, Sarah N. Kituyi, Michael A. Washington, Clement Masakhwe, Lucy M. Mutunga, Gurdeep Jaswant, S.M. Thumbi, Brian C. Schaefer, and John N. Waitumbi
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Rabies ,rabies virus ,lyssavirus ,viruses ,zoonoses ,diversity ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Rabies, a viral disease that causes lethal encephalitis, kills ≈59,000 persons worldwide annually, despite availability of effective countermeasures. Rabies is endemic in Kenya and is mainly transmitted to humans through bites from rabid domestic dogs. We analyzed 164 brain stems collected from rabid animals in western and eastern Kenya and evaluated the phylogenetic relationships of rabies virus (RABV) from the 2 regions. We also analyzed RABV genomes for potential amino acid changes in the vaccine antigenic sites of nucleoprotein and glycoprotein compared with RABV vaccine strains commonly used in Kenya. We found that RABV genomes from eastern Kenya overwhelmingly clustered with the Africa-1b subclade and RABV from western Kenya clustered with Africa-1a. We noted minimal amino acid variances between the wild and vaccine virus strains. These data confirm minimal viral migration between the 2 regions and that rabies endemicity is the result of limited vaccine coverage rather than limited efficacy.
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- 2024
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22. Rustrela Virus in Wild Mountain Lion (Puma concolor) with Staggering Disease, Colorado, USA
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Karen A. Fox, Angele Breithaupt, Martin Beer, Dennis Rubbenstroth, and Florian Pfaff
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Rustela virus ,rubivirus ,viruses ,encephalomyelitis ,encephalitis ,ataxia ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
We identified a rustrela virus variant in a wild mountain lion (Puma concolor) in Colorado, USA. The animal had clinical signs and histologic lesions compatible with staggering disease. Considering its wide host range in Europe, rustrela virus should be considered as a cause for neurologic diseases among mammal species in North America.
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- 2024
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23. Characterization of Influenza D Virus Reassortant Strain in Swine from Mixed Pig and Beef Farm, France
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Stéphane Gorin, Gautier Richard, Séverine Hervé, Eric Eveno, Yannick Blanchard, Agnès Jardin, Nicolas Rose, and Gaëlle Simon
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Influenza D virus ,influenza ,viruses ,pig ,swine ,reassortant ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Influenza D virus was isolated from pigs on a mixed pig and beef farm in France. Investigation suggested bull-to-pig transmission and spread among pigs. The swine influenza D virus recovered was a reassortant of D/660 and D/OK lineages. Reported mutations in the receptor binding site might be related to swine host adaptation.
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- 2024
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24. Recurrent Occupational Hantavirus Infections Linked to Feeder Rodent Breeding Farm, Taiwan, 2022
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Kung-Ching Wang, Chih-Kai Chang, Shu-Fen Chang, Pei-Yun Shu, Hsi-Chieh Wang, Shin-Wei Su, Fang-Ling Lin, Chung-Yu Wang, and Chia-ping Su
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hantaviruses ,viruses ,zoonoses ,occupational diseases ,feeder rodent farms ,Taiwan ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
We investigated 2 acute cases and 1 previous case of Seoul hantavirus infection in workers in a feeder rodent breeding farm in Taiwan. Prevalence of hantavirus IgG among the tested feeder rats was 37.5%. Appropriate prevention measures, including using disinfection protocols and personal protective equipment, are crucial to lowering risk.
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- 2024
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25. Multiplex Dual-Target Reverse Transcription PCR for Subtyping Avian Influenza A(H5) Virus
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Malaya K. Sahoo, Ingrid E.A. Morante, ChunHong Huang, Daniel Solis, Fumiko Yamamoto, Uzoamaka C. Ohiri, Daniel Romero, and Benjamin A. Pinsky
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influenza ,avian influenza ,viruses ,PCR ,subtyping ,H5 ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
An increased risk for human infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses is of concern. We developed an internally controlled, dual-target reverse transcription PCR for influenza A(H5) subtyping. This test could be used to detect influenza A(H5) in clinical samples.
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- 2024
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26. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Kinetics in Serum, Saliva, and Urine, Iran, 2018
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Malihe Metanat, Seyed Dawood Mousavi Nasab, Tahmineh Jalali, Fahimeh Bagheri Amiri, Neda Sadat Torab Jahromi, Mahsa Tavakoli, Mohammad Hassan Pouriayevali, Mohammad Mehdi Gouya, and Mostafa Salehi-Vaziri
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Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever ,vector-borne infections ,arboviruses ,zoonoses ,viral kinetics ,viruses ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Little is known about using noninvasive samples for diagnosing Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF). We investigated detection of CCHF virus in serum, saliva, and urine samples. Our results indicate that serum is the best sample type for CCHF diagnosis; saliva can be used for noninvasive sampling.
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- 2024
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27. Breast cancer, viruses, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)
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Lisa M. James and Apostolos P. Georgopoulos
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Breast cancer ,Viruses ,Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) ,Immunogenicity ,Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Abstract Several viruses have been implicated in breast cancer, including human herpes virus 4 (HHV4), human herpes virus 5 (HHV5), human papilloma virus (HPV), human JC polyoma virus (JCV), human endogenous retrovirus group K (HERVK), bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV). Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is involved in virus elimination and has been shown to influence breast cancer protection/susceptibility. Here we investigated the hypothesis that the contribution of a virus to development of breast cancer would depend on the presence of the virus, which, in turn, would be inversely related to the success of its elimination. For that purpose, we estimated in silico predicted binding affinities (PBA) of proteins of the 7 viruses above to 127 common HLA alleles (69 Class I [HLA-I] and 58 Class II HLA-II]) and investigated the association of these binding affinities to the breast cancer—HLA (BC-HLA) immunogenetic profile of the same alleles. Using hierarchical tree clustering, we found that, for HLA-I, viruses BLV, JCV and MMTV were grouped with the BC-HLA, whereas, for HLA-II, viruses BLV, HERVK, HPV, JCV, and MMTV were grouped with BC-HLA. Finally, for both HLA classes, the average PBAs of the viruses grouped with the BC-HLA profile were significantly lower than those of the other, non BC-HLA associated viruses. Assuming that low PBAs are likely associated with slower viral elimination, these findings support the hypothesis that a defective/slower elimination and, hence, longer persistence and inefficient/delayed production of antibodies against them underlies the observed association of the low-PBA group with breast cancer.
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- 2024
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28. Strategies to Enhance COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake among Prioritized Groups, Uganda–Lessons Learned and Recommendations for Future Pandemics
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Daniel Kiiza, Judith Nanyondo Semanda, Boneventure Brian Kawere, Claire Ajore, Christopher Kaliisa Wasswa, Andrew Kwiringira, Emmanuel Tumukugize, Joel Sserubidde, Nashiba Namyalo, Ronald Baker Wadria, Peter Mukiibi, Julie Kasule, Ivan Chemos, Acham Winfred Ruth, Ritah Atugonza, Flora Banage, Yvette Wibabara, Immaculate Ampaire, Alfred Driwale, Waverly Vosburgh, Lisa Nelson, Mohammed Lamorde, and Amy Boore
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COVID-19 ,SARS-CoV-2 ,viruses ,respiratory infections ,zoonoses ,vaccine-preventable diseases ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
COVID-19 vaccination was launched in March 2021 in Uganda and initially prioritized persons >50 years of age, persons with underlying conditions, healthcare workers, teachers, and security forces. However, uptake remained low 5 months after the program launch. Makerere University’s Infectious Diseases Institute supported Uganda’s Ministry of Health in optimizing COVID-19 vaccination uptake models by using point-of-care, place of worship, and place of work engagement and the Social Assistance Grant for Empowerment model in 47 of 135 districts in Uganda, where we trained influencers to support mobilization for vaccination outreach under each model. During July–December, vaccination rates increased significantly in targeted regions, from 92% to 130% for healthcare workers, 40% to 90% for teachers, 25% to 33% for security personnel, 6% to 15% for persons >50 years of age, and 6% to 11% for persons with underlying conditions. Our approach could be adopted in other targeted vaccination campaigns for future pandemics.
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- 2024
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29. COVID-19 Death Determination Methods, Minnesota, USA, 2020–2022
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Lydia J. Fess, Ashley Fell, Siobhan O’Toole, Paige D’Heilly, Stacy Holzbauer, Leslie Kollmann, Amanda Markelz, Keeley Morris, Abbey Ruhland, Scott Seys, Elizabeth Schiffman, Haley Wienkes, Zachary Zirnhelt, Stephanie Meyer, and Kathryn Como-Sabetti
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COVID-19 ,2019 novel coronavirus disease ,coronavirus disease ,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ,SARS-CoV-2 ,viruses ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Accurate and timely mortality surveillance is crucial for elucidating risk factors, particularly for emerging diseases. We compared use of COVID-19 keywords on death certificates alone to identify COVID-19 deaths in Minnesota, USA, during 2020–2022, with use of a standardized mortality definition incorporating additional clinical data. For analyses, we used likelihood ratio χ2 and median 1-way tests. Death certificates alone identified 96% of COVID-19 deaths confirmed by the standardized definition and an additional 3% of deaths that had been classified as non–COVID-19 deaths by the standardized definition. Agreement between methods was >90% for most groups except children, although agreement among adults varied by demographics and location at death. Overall median time from death to filing of death certificate was 3 days; decedent characteristics and whether autopsy was performed varied. Death certificates are an efficient and timely source of COVID-19 mortality data when paired with SARS-CoV-2 testing data.
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- 2024
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30. Sialic Acid Receptor Specificity in Mammary Gland of Dairy Cattle Infected with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus
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Rahul K. Nelli, Tyler A. Harm, Chris Siepker, Jennifer M. Groeltz-Thrush, Brianna Jones, Ning-Chieh Twu, Ariel S. Nenninger, Drew R. Magstadt, Eric R. Burrough, Pablo E. Piñeyro, Marta Mainenti, Silvia Carnaccini, Paul J. Plummer, and Todd M. Bell
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sialic acid ,influenza ,viruses ,Neu5Ac ,α2,3-gal ,α2,6-gal ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
In March 2024, the US Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service reported detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus in dairy cattle in the United States for the first time. One factor that determines susceptibility to HPAI H5N1 infection is the presence of specific virus receptors on host cells; however, little is known about the distribution of the sialic acid (SA) receptors in dairy cattle, particularly in mammary glands. We compared the distribution of SA receptors in the respiratory tract and mammary gland of dairy cattle naturally infected with HPAI H5N1. The respiratory and mammary glands of HPAI H5N1–infected dairy cattle are rich in SA, particularly avian influenza virus–specific SA α2,3-gal. Mammary gland tissues co-stained with sialic acids and influenza A virus nucleoprotein showed predominant co-localization with the virus and SA α2,3-gal. HPAI H5N1 exhibited epitheliotropism within the mammary gland, and we observed rare immunolabeling within macrophages.
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- 2024
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31. Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus among Dairy Cattle, Texas, USA
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Judith U. Oguzie, Lyudmyla V. Marushchak, Ismaila Shittu, John A. Lednicky, Aaron L. Miller, Haiping Hao, Martha I. Nelson, and Gregory C. Gray
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influenza ,viruses ,cattle ,influenza A virus ,highly pathogenic avian influenza virus ,epidemiology ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
During March and April 2024, we studied dairy cattle specimens from a single farm in Texas, USA, using multiple molecular, cell culture, and next-generation sequencing pathogen detection techniques. Here, we report evidence that highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus strains of clade 2.3.4.4b were the sole cause of this epizootic.
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- 2024
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32. Alongshan Virus Infection in Rangifer tarandus Reindeer, Northeastern China
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Wenbo Xu, Wei Wang, Liang Li, Nan Li, Ziyan Liu, Lihe Che, Guanyu Wang, Kaiyu Zhang, Xianmin Feng, Wen-Jing Wang, Quan Liu, and Zedong Wang
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viruses ,vector-borne infections ,Alongshan virus ,reindeer ,Rangifer tarandus ,infection ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
We investigated Alongshan virus infection in reindeer in northeastern China. We found that 4.8% of the animals were viral RNA–positive, 33.3% tested positive for IgG, and 19.1% displayed neutralizing antibodies. These findings suggest reindeer could serve as sentinel animal species for the epidemiologic surveillance of Alongshan virus infection.
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- 2024
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33. Bluetongue Virus Serotype 3 and Schmallenberg Virus in Culicoides Biting Midges, Western Germany, 2023
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Anja Voigt, Helge Kampen, Elisa Heuser, Sophie Zeiske, Bernd Hoffmann, Dirk Höper, Mark Holsteg, Franziska Sick, Sophia Ziegler, Kerstin Wernike, Martin Beer, and Doreen Werner
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Bluetongue virus ,viruses ,BTV-3 ,vector-borne infections ,Culicoides ,midges ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
In October 2023, bluetongue virus serotype 3 (BTV-3) emerged in Germany, where Schmallenberg virus is enzootic. We detected BTV-3 in 1 pool of Culicoides biting midges collected at the time ruminant infections were reported. Schmallenberg virus was found in many vector pools. Vector trapping and analysis could elucidate viral spread.
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- 2024
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34. Orthohantaviruses in Misiones Province, Northeastern Argentina
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María Victoria Vadell, Eliana Florencia Burgos, Daniela Lamattina, Carla Bellomo, Valeria Martínez, Rocío Coelho, Cecilia Lanzone, Carolina Alicia Labaroni, Laura Tauro, Oscar Daniel Salomón, and Isabel Elisa Gómez Villafañe
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viruses ,orthohantavirus ,Hantaviridae ,rodents ,hantavirus pulmonary syndrome ,pathogen-host system ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Few cases of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome have been reported in northeastern Argentina. However, neighboring areas show a higher incidence, suggesting underreporting. We evaluated the presence of antibodies against orthohantavirus in small rodents throughout Misiones province. Infected Akodon affinis montensis and Oligoryzomys nigripes native rodents were found in protected areas of Misiones.
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- 2024
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35. Fatal Infection in Ferrets after Ocular Inoculation with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus
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Jessica A. Belser, Xiangjie Sun, Joanna A. Pulit-Penaloza, and Taronna R. Maines
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influenza ,avian influenza A(H5N1) ,ferret ,ocular ,pathogenesis ,viruses ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Ocular inoculation of a clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus caused severe and fatal infection in ferrets. Virus was transmitted to ferrets in direct contact. The results highlight the potential capacity of these viruses to cause human disease after either respiratory or ocular exposure.
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- 2024
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36. Optimizing Disease Outbreak Forecast Ensembles
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Spencer J. Fox, Minsu Kim, Lauren Ancel Meyers, Nicholas G. Reich, and Evan L. Ray
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Infectious disease forecasting ,ensemble forecasting ,outbreak ,disease models ,viruses ,COVID-19 ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
On the basis of historical influenza and COVID-19 forecasts, we found that more than 3 forecast models are needed to ensure robust ensemble accuracy. Additional models can improve ensemble performance, but with diminishing accuracy returns. This understanding will assist with the design of current and future collaborative infectious disease forecasting efforts.
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- 2024
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37. SARS-CoV-2 Dynamics in the Premier League Testing Program, United Kingdom
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Adam J. Kucharski, Timothy W. Russell, Joel Hellewell, Sebastian Funk, Andrew Steele, W. John Edmunds, and Mark Gillett
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COVID-19 ,SARS-CoV-2 ,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ,viruses ,respiratory infections ,zoonoses ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
During 2020–2022, players and staff in the English Premier League in the United Kingdom were tested regularly for SARS-CoV-2 with the aim of creating a biosecure bubble for each team. We found that prevalence and reinfection estimates were consistent with those from other studies and with community infection trends.
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- 2024
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38. Persistence of Influenza H5N1 and H1N1 Viruses in Unpasteurized Milk on Milking Unit Surfaces
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Valerie Le Sage, A.J. Campbell, Douglas S. Reed, W. Paul Duprex, and Seema S. Lakdawala
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influenza ,H5N1 ,H1N1 ,viruses ,zoonoses ,respiratory infections ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Examining the persistence of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) from cattle and human influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic viruses in unpasteurized milk revealed that both remain infectious on milking equipment materials for several hours. Those findings highlight the risk for H5N1 virus transmission to humans from contaminated surfaces during the milking process.
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- 2024
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39. Infective SARS-CoV-2 in Skull Sawdust at Autopsy, Finland
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Jonas N. Kantonen, Suvi Kuivanen, Teemu Smura, Henri Puttonen, Eliisa Kekäläinen, Antti Sajantila, Liisa Myllykangas, Anu Kantele, Olli Vapalahti, Mikko I. Mäyränpää, and Olli Carpén
- Subjects
COVID-19 ,SARS-CoV-2 ,respiratory infections ,viruses ,zoonoses ,tissue distribution ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
We assessed the distribution of SARS-CoV-2 at autopsy in 22 deceased persons with confirmed COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 was found by PCR (2/22, 9.1%) and by culture (1/22, 4.5%) in skull sawdust, suggesting that live virus is present in tissues postmortem, including bone. Occupational exposure risk is low with appropriate personal protective equipment.
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- 2024
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40. Novel Genotypes of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b Viruses, Germany, November 2023
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Ann Kathrin Ahrens, Anne Pohlmann, Christian Grund, Timm Harder, and Martin Beer
- Subjects
influenza ,H5N1 ,zoonoses ,highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses ,viruses ,respiratory infections ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Several subtypes and many different genotypes of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of subtype H5 clade 2.3.4.4b have repeatedly caused outbreaks in Germany. Four new highly pathogenic avian influenza genotypes emerged in November 2023 after reassortment with low pathogenicity precursors, replacing genotype BB, which had dominated in Europe since 2022.
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- 2024
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41. Serosurvey of Chikungunya Virus in Old World Fruit Bats, Senegal, 2020–2022
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William M. de Souza, Alioune Gaye, El Hadji Ndiaye, Angelica L. Morgan, El Hadji Daouda Sylla, Faty Amadou SY, Mawlouth Diallo, and Scott C. Weaver
- Subjects
Chikungunya virus ,Old World fruit bats ,Senegal ,viruses ,zoonoses ,vector-borne infections ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
We conducted a cross-sectional serosurvey for chikungunya virus (CHIKV) exposure in fruit bats in Senegal during 2020–2023. We found that 13.3% (89/671) of bats had CHIKV IgG; highest prevalence was in Eidolon helvum (18.3%, 15/82) and Epomophorus gambianus (13.7%, 63/461) bats. Our results suggest these bats are naturally exposed to CHIKV.
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- 2024
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42. Emergence of Indigenous Dengue Fever, Niger, October 2023
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Habibatou Idé Amadou, Saada Moussa, Ibrahim Issa Arzika, Hadiza Ousmane, Soumana Amadou, Balki Aoula, Abdoulaye Ousmane, Ibrahim Maman Laminou, and Adamou Lagare
- Subjects
Dengue ,dengue fever ,dengue virus ,indigenous ,Niger ,viruses ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Dengue fever is a growing worldwide public health concern. In mid-October 2023, multiple cases of uncommon febrile illness were reported among patients in Niamey, Niger. Fifteen samples were tested by using molecular methods, from which 7 (46.66%) were confirmed positive for mosquitoborne dengue virus belonging to serotypes 1 and 3.
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- 2024
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43. Serosurvey of Blood Donors to Assess West Nile Virus Exposure, South-Central Spain
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Mario Frías, Javier Caballero-Gómez, Ana Vázquez, Elena Madrigal, Francisco Ruiz-Fons, Marina Gallo, Laura Herrero, María Jarilla, Ignacio García-Bocanegra, and Antonio Rivero-Juárez Antonio Rivero
- Subjects
West Nile virus ,virus neutralization test ,viruses ,vector-borne infections ,zoonoses ,serosurvey ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
We analyzed West Nile Virus (WNV) exposure from 1,222 blood donors during 2017–2018 from an area of south-central Spain. Results revealed WNV seroprevalence of 0.08% (95% CI 0.004%–0.4%) in this population. Our findings underscore the need for continued surveillance and research to manage WNV infection in this region.
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- 2024
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44. Electronic Health Record–Based Algorithm for Monitoring Respiratory Virus–Like Illness
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Noelle M. Cocoros, Karen Eberhardt, Vu-Thuy Nguyen, Catherine M. Brown, Alfred DeMaria, Lawrence C. Madoff, Liisa M. Randall, and Michael Klompas
- Subjects
respiratory infections ,viruses ,electronic health records ,algorithms ,disease surveillance ,respiratory virus–like illness ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Viral respiratory illness surveillance has traditionally focused on single pathogens (e.g., influenza) and required fever to identify influenza-like illness (ILI). We developed an automated system applying both laboratory test and syndrome criteria to electronic health records from 3 practice groups in Massachusetts, USA, to monitor trends in respiratory viral–like illness (RAVIOLI) across multiple pathogens. We identified RAVIOLI syndrome using diagnosis codes associated with respiratory viral testing or positive respiratory viral assays or fever. After retrospectively applying RAVIOLI criteria to electronic health records, we observed annual winter peaks during 2015–2019, predominantly caused by influenza, followed by cyclic peaks corresponding to SARS-CoV-2 surges during 2020–2024, spikes in RSV in mid-2021 and late 2022, and recrudescent influenza in late 2022 and 2023. RAVIOLI rates were higher and fluctuations more pronounced compared with traditional ILI surveillance. RAVIOLI broadens the scope, granularity, sensitivity, and specificity of respiratory viral illness surveillance compared with traditional ILI surveillance.
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- 2024
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45. Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Seals, St. Lawrence Estuary, Quebec, Canada
- Author
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Stéphane Lair, Louise Quesnel, Anthony V. Signore, Pauline Delnatte, Carissa Embury-Hyatt, Marie-Soleil Nadeau, Oliver Lung, Shannon T. Ferrell, Robert Michaud, and Yohannes Berhane
- Subjects
influenza ,avian influenza ,respiratory infections ,viruses ,encephalitis ,H5N1 ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
We describe an unusual mortality event caused by a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus clade 2.3.4.4b involving harbor (Phoca vitulina) and gray (Halichoerus grypus) seals in the St. Lawrence Estuary, Quebec, Canada, in 2022. Fifteen (56%) of the seals submitted for necropsy were considered to be fatally infected by HPAI H5N1 containing fully Eurasian or Eurasian/North American genome constellations. Concurrently, presence of large numbers of bird carcasses infected with HPAI H5N1 at seal haul-out sites most likely contributed to the spillover of infection to the seals. Histologic changes included meningoencephalitis (100%), fibrinosuppurative alveolitis, and multiorgan acute necrotizing inflammation. This report of fatal HPAI H5N1 infection in pinnipeds in Canada raises concerns about the expanding host of this virus, the potential for the establishment of a marine mammal reservoir, and the public health risks associated with spillover to mammals. Nous décrivons un événement de mortalité inhabituelle causé par un virus de l’influenza aviaire hautement pathogène A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b chez des phoques communs (Phoca vitulina) et gris (Halichoerus grypus) dans l’estuaire du Saint-Laurent au Québec, Canada, en 2022. Quinze (56%) des phoques soumis pour nécropsie ont été considérés comme étant fatalement infectés par le virus H5N1 de lignées eurasiennes ou de réassortiment eurasiennes/nord-américaines. Un grand nombre simultané de carcasses d’oiseaux infectés par le H5N1 sur les sites d’échouement a probablement contribué à la contamination de ces phoques. Les changements histologiques associés à cette infection incluaient : méningo-encéphalite (100%), alvéolite fibrinosuppurée et inflammation nécrosante aiguë multi-organique. Cette documentation soulève des préoccupations quant à l’émergence de virus mortels, à la possibilité d’établissement de réservoirs chez les mammifères marins, et aux risques pour la santé publique associés aux propagations du virus chez les mammifères.
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- 2024
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46. Introduction of New Dengue Virus Lineages of Multiple Serotypes after COVID-19 Pandemic, Nicaragua, 2022
- Author
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Cristhiam Cerpas, Gerald Vásquez, Hanny Moreira, Jose G. Juarez, Josefina Coloma, Eva Harris, Shannon N. Bennett, and Ángel Balmaseda
- Subjects
dengue ,neglected disease ,dengue virus ,genome ,serotypes ,viruses ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Major dengue epidemics throughout Nicaragua’s history have been dominated by 1 of 4 dengue virus serotypes (DENV-1–4). To examine serotypes during the dengue epidemic in Nicaragua in 2022, we performed real-time genomic surveillance in-country and documented cocirculation of all 4 serotypes. We observed a shift toward co-dominance of DENV-1 and DENV-4 over previously dominant DENV-2. By analyzing 135 new full-length DENV sequences, we found that introductions underlay the resurgence: DENV-1 clustered with viruses from Ecuador in 2014 rather than those previously seen in Nicaragua; DENV-3, which last circulated locally in 2014, grouped instead with Southeast Asia strains expanding into Florida and Cuba in 2022; and new DENV-4 strains clustered within a South America lineage spreading to Florida in 2022. In contrast, DENV-2 persisted from the formerly dominant Nicaragua clade. We posit that the resurgence emerged from travel after the COVID-19 pandemic and that the resultant intensifying hyperendemicity could affect future dengue immunity and severity.
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- 2024
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47. Incubation Period and Serial Interval of Mpox in 2022 Global Outbreak Compared with Historical Estimates
- Author
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Luis Ponce, Natalie M. Linton, Wu Han Toh, Hao-Yuan Cheng, Robin N. Thompson, Andrei R. Akhmetzhanov, and Jonathan Dushoff
- Subjects
mpox ,monkeypox virus ,viruses ,global outbreak ,incubation period ,serial interval ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Understanding changes in the transmission dynamics of mpox requires comparing recent estimates of key epidemiologic parameters with historical data. We derived historical estimates for the incubation period and serial interval for mpox and contrasted them with pooled estimates from the 2022 outbreak. Our findings show the pooled mean infection-to-onset incubation period was 8.1 days for the 2022 outbreak and 8.2 days historically, indicating the incubation periods remained relatively consistent over time, despite a shift in the major mode of transmission. However, we estimated the onset-to-onset serial interval at 8.7 days using 2022 data, compared with 14.2 days using historical data. Although the reason for this shortening of the serial interval is unclear, it may be because of increased public health interventions or a shift in the mode of transmission. Recognizing such temporal shifts is essential for informed response strategies, and public health measures remain crucial for controlling mpox and similar future outbreaks.
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- 2024
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48. Estimates of SARS-CoV-2 Hospitalization and Fatality Rates in the Prevaccination Period, United States
- Author
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Isabel Griffin, Jessica King, B. Casey Lyons, Alyson L. Singleton, Xidong Deng, Beau B. Bruce, and Patricia M. Griffin
- Subjects
COVID-19 ,2019 novel coronavirus disease ,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ,SARS-CoV-2 ,hospitalization ,viruses ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Few precise estimates of hospitalization and fatality rates from COVID-19 exist for naive populations, especially within demographic subgroups. We estimated rates among persons with SARS-CoV-2 infection in the United States during May 1–December 1, 2020, before vaccines became available. Both rates generally increased with age; fatality rates were highest for persons >85 years of age (24%) and lowest for children 1–14 years of age (0.01%). Age-adjusted case hospitalization rates were highest for African American or Black, not Hispanic persons (14%), and case-fatality rates were highest for Asian or Pacific Islander, not Hispanic persons (4.4%). Eighteen percent of hospitalized patients and 44.2% of those admitted to an intensive care unit died. Male patients had higher hospitalization (6.2% vs. 5.2%) and fatality rates (1.9% vs. 1.5%) than female patients. These findings highlight the importance of collecting surveillance data to devise appropriate control measures for persons in underserved racial/ethnic groups and older adults.
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- 2024
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49. Evolution and Antigenic Differentiation of Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus, China
- Author
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Yang Liu, Yuhua Chen, Zhiyi Yang, Yaozhong Lin, Siyuan Fu, Junhong Chen, Lingyu Xu, Tengfei Liu, Beibei Niu, Qiuhong Huang, Haixia Liu, Chaofeng Zheng, Ming Liao, and Weixin Jia
- Subjects
Viruses ,zoonoses ,avian influenza ,H7N9 ,evolution ,antigenic drift ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
We characterized the evolution and molecular characteristics of avian influenza A(H7N9) viruses isolated in China during 2021–2023. We systematically analyzed the 10-year evolution of the hemagglutinin gene to determine the evolutionary branch. Our results showed recent antigenic drift, providing crucial clues for updating the H7N9 vaccine and disease prevention and control.
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- 2024
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50. Concurrent Infection with Clade 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N6 and H5N1 Viruses, South Korea, 2023
- Author
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Gyeong-Beom Heo, Yong-Myung Kang, Se-Hee An, Yeongbu Kim, Ra Mi Cha, Yunyueng Jang, Eun-Kyoung Lee, Youn-Jeong Lee, and Kwang-Nyeong Lee
- Subjects
influenza ,highly pathogenic avian influenza virus ,viruses ,poultry ,duck ,H5N6 ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 and H5N1 viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b were simultaneously introduced into South Korea at the end of 2023. An outbreak at a broiler duck farm consisted of concurrent infection by both viruses. Sharing genetic information and international surveillance of such viruses in wild birds and poultry is critical.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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