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16 results on '"Wubshet Mamo"'

1. Protection Induced in Mice Vaccinated with Recombinant Collagen-Binding Protein (CnBP) and Alpha-Toxoid against Intramammary Infection withStaphylococcus aureus

Author

Gunnar Fröman, Hans-Peter Müller, and Wubshet Mamo

Subjects
Integrins, Staphylococcus aureus, Receptors, Collagen, Micrococcaceae, Necrosis, Staphylococcal Toxoid, Ratón, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Immunology, chemical and pharmacologic phenomena, Mastitis, medicine.disease_cause, complex mixtures, Microbiology, law.invention, Mice, Mammary Glands, Animal, Antigen, Pregnancy, law, Virology, medicine, Animals, biology, Toxoid, Drug Synergism, Staphylococcal Vaccines, Staphylococcal Infections, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Recombinant DNA, Female, medicine.symptom
Abstract

Mice vaccinated with a combination of two Staphylococcus aureus antigens consisting of a recombinant collagen-binding protein (CnBP) and alpha-toxoid (alpha-toxoid) were significantly protected from intramammary challenge infection with S. aureus. The average number of bacteria recovered from the glands of mice vaccinated with the combination of CnBP/alpha-toxoid was significantly lower compared to the average number of bacteria recovered from the glands of mice vaccinated with only CnBP or alpha-toxoid or controls (P< or =0.01). Histopathological examination of mammary glands of mice vaccinated with CnBP together with alpha-toxoid showed no pathological changes, whereas glands of mice vaccinated with CnBP or alpha-toxoid alone developed severe mastitis and showed both focal and disseminated necrosis.

Published
2000
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2. Field expansion of DNA polymerase chain reaction for early infant diagnosis of HIV-1: The Ethiopian experience

Author

Richard Freeman, Yohannes Mengistu, Zenebe Melaku, Yenew Kebede, Teferi Mekonen, Belete Tegbaru, Gudetta Tibesso, Tsehaynesh Messele, Wubshet Mamo, Tesfay Abreha, Aytenew Ashenafi, John N. Nkengasong, Bereket Hailegiorgis, Gonfa Ayana, Solomon Zewdu, Peter N. Fonjungo, Artur Ramos, Amilcar Tanuri, Mulu Girma, Thomas A. Kenyon, and Almaz Abebe

Subjects
Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, biology, DNA polymerase, business.industry, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Clinical Biochemistry, Disease progression, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), lcsh:RA1-1270, Laboratory Technologist, medicine.disease_cause, Early initiation, Dried blood spot, law.invention, Medical Laboratory Technology, HIV, Early Infant Diagnosis, Dried Blood Spot, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Laboratory rollout, quality assurance, law, Lessons from the Field, biology.protein, medicine, business, Quality assurance, Polymerase chain reaction
Abstract

Background: Early diagnosis of infants infected with HIV (EID) and early initiation of treatment significantly reduces the rate of disease progression and mortality. One of the challengesto identification of HIV-1-infected infants is availability and/or access to quality molecular laboratory facilities which perform molecular virologic assays suitable for accurate identificationof the HIV status of infants.Method: We conducted a joint site assessment and designed laboratories for the expansion of DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing based on dried blood spot (DBS) for EID insix regions of Ethiopia. Training of appropriate laboratory technologists and development of required documentation including standard operating procedures (SOPs) was carried out. The impact of the expansion of EID laboratories was assessed by the number of tests performed as well as the turn-around time.Results: DNA PCR for EID was introduced in 2008 in six regions. From April 2006 to April 2008, a total of 2848 infants had been tested centrally at the Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute (EHNRI) in Addis Ababa, and which was then the only laboratory with the capability to perform EID; 546 (19.2%) of the samples were positive. By November 2010, EHNRI and the six laboratories had tested an additional 16 985 HIV-exposed infants, of which 1915 (11.3%) were positive. The median turn-around time for test results was 14 days (range 14−21 days).Conclusion: Expansion of HIV DNA PCR testing facilities that can provide quality and reliable results is feasible in resource-limited settings. Regular supervision and monitoring for quality assurance of these laboratories is essential to maintain accuracy of testing.

Published
2013

3. Vaccination withStaphylococcus aureusfibrinogen binding proteins (FgBPs) reduces colonisation ofS. aureusin a mouse mastitis model

Author

Wubshet Mamo, Jan-Ingmar Flock, and Maria K. Bodén

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), Integrins, Receptors, Collagen, Necrosis, Ratón, Immunology, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Fibrinogen, Microbiology, Mice, Mammary Glands, Animal, Bacterial Proteins, medicine, Animals, Immunology and Allergy, Mastitis, Bovine, Binding protein, Vaccination, Fibrinogen binding, General Medicine, Staphylococcal Infections, medicine.disease, Antibodies, Bacterial, Mastitis, Disease Models, Animal, Infectious Diseases, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacterial Vaccines, Cattle, Female, medicine.symptom, Protein Binding, medicine.drug
Abstract

A mouse mastitis model was used to study the effect of vaccination with fibrinogen binding proteins and collagen binding protein from Staphylococcus aureus against challenge infection with S. aureus. The mice vaccinated with fibrinogen binding proteins showed reduced rates of mastitis compared with controls. Gross examination of challenged mammary glands of mice showed that the glands of mice immunized with fibrinogen binding proteins developed mild intramammary infection or had no pathological changes compared with glands from control mice. Histopathological examination of tissue sections from challenged glands showed that most glands from mice vaccinated with fibrinogen binding protein developed disseminated necrosis or had no pathological changes. A significantly reduced number of bacteria could be recovered in the glands from mice immunized with fibrinogen binding proteins as compared with controls. In a similar study, immunization of mice with collagen binding protein did not induce protection against challenge infection with S. aureus.

Published
1994
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4. In Vivo-Like Antigenic Surface Properties ofStaphylococcus aureusfrom Bovine Mastitis Induced upon Growth in Milk Whey

Author

Wubshet Mamo and Gunnar Fröman

Subjects
Agglutination, Staphylococcus aureus, Antigenicity, Micrococcaceae, Immunology, medicine.disease_cause, Microbiology, fluids and secretions, Antigen, In vivo, Virology, medicine, Animals, Mastitis, Bovine, Antigens, Bacterial, biology, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, food and beverages, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Antibodies, Bacterial, Mastitis, Milk, Polyclonal antibodies, Antigens, Surface, biology.protein, Cattle, Female, Bacteria
Abstract

Antigenic surface properties of Staphylococcus aureus strains grown in milk whey were compared with TSB-grown bacteria using immuno-gold electron microscopy. It is shown that colloidal gold (CG) particles coated with polyclonal antibody raised against Staphylococcus aureus surface antigen expressed in vivo bound to the surface of S. aureus strain F1440 grown in milk whey, but not to homologous bacteria grown in TSB. S. aureus strains grown in milk whey agglutinated in the presence of the polyclonal antibody, whereas the corresponding bacteria grown in TSB did not agglutinate. Immuno-gold particles did not bind to milk whey-grown bacteria treated with periodate. Periodate-treated milk whey-grown bacteria did not agglutinate in the presence of the polyclonal antibody, whereas periodate treatment had no effect on TSB-grown bacteria.

Published
1994
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5. Adhesion ofStaphylococcus aureusto Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells Induced by Growth in Milk Whey

Author

Wubshet Mamo and Gunnar Fröman

Subjects
Staphylococcus aureus, Protein Hydrolysates, Immunology, Mammary gland, Colony Count, Microbial, Mastitis, medicine.disease_cause, Microbiology, Bacterial Adhesion, Epithelium, Mammary Glands, Animal, fluids and secretions, Virology, medicine, Animals, biology, Periodic Acid, Caseins, food and beverages, Adhesion, equipment and supplies, biology.organism_classification, Trypsin, medicine.disease, In vitro, Milk, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cattle, Female, Bacteria, medicine.drug
Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bovine intramammary infection (mastitis) were tested for adhesion to bovine mammary epithelial cells after growth in milk whey or TSB. Bacteria grown in milk whey adhered more efficiently to mammary gland epithelial cells in vitro than the corresponding homologous bacteria grown in TSB. Trypsin treatment of milk whey-grown S. aureus had no effect on their adherence. Whereas, pretreatment with periodate significantly decreased bacterial adherence capacity. Periodate treatment of TSB-grown bacteria had no effect on adhesion to the mammary gland epithelial cells.

Published
1994
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6. Vaccination against Staphylococcus aureus mastitis: immunological response of mice vaccinated with fibronectin-binding protein (FnBP-A) to challenge with S. aureus

Author

Lennart Nelson, Torkel Wadström, Per R. Jonsson, Hans-Peter Müller, Martin Lindberg, Wubshet Mamo, and Jan-Ingmar Flock

Subjects
Staphylococcus aureus, Necrosis, Mice, Inbred Strains, Mastitis, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Mice, Mammary Glands, Animal, Immune system, Bacterial Proteins, medicine, Animals, Adhesins, Bacterial, Mastitis, Bovine, chemistry.chemical_classification, General Veterinary, General Immunology and Microbiology, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Staphylococcal Vaccines, Staphylococcal Infections, medicine.disease, Fusion protein, Vaccination, Disease Models, Animal, Infectious Diseases, Fibronectin binding, chemistry, Immunology, Molecular Medicine, Cattle, Female, medicine.symptom, Carrier Proteins, Glycoprotein, Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins
Abstract

Mice were immunized with fusion proteins encompassing the fibronectin-binding domain of a staphylococcal fibronectin-binding protein (FnBP-A). A specific antibody response against the fibronectin-binding part of the fusion proteins was detected in the serum of all vaccinated animals. The protective potential of these vaccinations was evaluated in a mouse mastitis model, using Staphylococcus aureus, strain SA113, for challenge. The mice vaccinated with FnBP fusion proteins showed a decreased number of bacteria recovered from the mammary glands and significantly reduced cases of severe mastitis. Histopathological examination of tissue from challenged glands of vaccinated mice revealed either no pathological reactions or disseminated inflammatory reactions with focal necrosis whereas four of six examined tissues from challenged glands of non-vaccinated animals showed total necrosis. A combination of FnBP fusion protein with staphylococcal alpha-toxoid did not increase the efficacy of the vaccination and animals vaccinated with alpha-toxoid alone were as sensitive to challenge as those from the non-vaccinated control group. Thus vaccination of mice with recombinant FnBP resulted in significant protection against challenge with S. aureus.

Published
1994
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7. Opsonization of Staphylococcus aureus with a fibronectin-binding protein antiserum induces protection in mice

Author

Per R. Jonsson, Wubshet Mamo, and Hans-Peter Müller

Subjects
Staphylococcus aureus, Necrosis, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Virulence, Mastitis, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Microbiology, Bacterial Adhesion, Mice, Bacterial Proteins, medicine, Animals, Adhesins, Bacterial, Antiserum, Opsonin Proteins, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Infectious Diseases, Fibronectin binding, biology.protein, Female, Rabbits, Antibody, medicine.symptom, Carrier Proteins, Bacteria, Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins
Abstract

The virulence of Staphylococcus aureus opsonized with an antiserum raised against a recombinant fibronectin-binding protein (FnBP) was compared with homologous, non-opsonized bacteria (treated with pre-immune serum) in a mouse mastitis model. Virulence was evaluated comparing the number of bacteria recovered from the infected mammary glands and according to the type of lesions produced. The average number of bacteria recovered from the mammary glands inoculated with S. aureus opsonized with FnBP-antiserum was significantly lower (up to 10 7 cfu/ml) than the average number of bacteria recovered after inoculation with non-opsonized bacteria (up to 10 10 cfu/ml). Gross examination of infected mammary glands showed that 65% of glands infected with opsonized bacteria developed low grade/or had no pathological changes, and 35% developed severe mastitis whereas, 75% of glands inoculated with non-opsonized bacteria developed severe mastitis and 25% low grade mastitis or had no pathological changes. According to the histopathological examination eight out of 10 glands inoculated with opsonized bacteria produced disseminated focal necrosis or had no pathological changes and two glands produced non reactive necrotic lesions. In contrast, only three out of 10 glands inoculated with non-opsonized homologous bacteria developed disseminated focal necrosis and had no pathological changes while seven glands developed total necrosis.

Published
1995

8. Binding of fibronectin and type II collagen to Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis: reduction of binding after growth in milk whey

Author

Wubshet Mamo, Mats Lindahl, and Per R. Jonsson

Subjects
Staphylococcus aureus, animal structures, Type II collagen, medicine.disease_cause, Microbiology, Tryptic soy broth, Bacterial Adhesion, chemistry.chemical_compound, fluids and secretions, Mammary Glands, Animal, medicine, Animals, Mastitis, Bovine, biology, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, food and beverages, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Trypsin, Mastitis, Culture Media, Fibronectins, Fibronectin, Papain, Infectious Diseases, Milk, chemistry, biology.protein, Cattle, Collagen, Bacteria, medicine.drug, Protein Binding
Abstract

The binding of fibronectin and type II collagen to Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bovine mastitis was found to be 20-80% lower for organisms grown in milk whey compared to those grown in tryptic soy broth (TSB). The reduced binding was accompanied by reduced surface hydrophobicity. The observed changes, after growth in milk whey, were not due to a mere adsorption of milk whey components. The binding of fibronectin and the degree of surface hydrophobicity of milk whey-grown bacteria became similar to that of TSB-grown bacteria after periodate treatment, whereas trypsin or papain treatments had no effect.

Published
1992

9. A periodate-sensitive anti-phagocytic surface structure, induced by growth in milk whey, on Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis

Author

I. Larsson, Ingemar Björk, Mats Lindahl, Wubshet Mamo, and C. Hallén Sandgren

Subjects
Staphylococcus aureus, Neutrophils, Microorganism, Carbohydrates, medicine.disease_cause, Microbiology, Tryptic soy broth, chemistry.chemical_compound, fluids and secretions, Phagocytosis, medicine, Animals, Mastitis, Bovine, biology, Cell Membrane, Periodic Acid, food and beverages, Periodate, Complement C3, Staphylococcal Infections, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Trypsin, Mastitis, Papain, Infectious Diseases, Milk, chemistry, Luminescent Measurements, Cattle, Female, Bacteria, medicine.drug
Abstract

The phagocytic and chemiluminescent activity of purified bovine neutrophils in response to two Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from mastitic bovine milk and grown in milk whey was studied. The activity was significantly reduced compared with the response elicited by the same strains grown in tryptic soy broth (TSB). A mild periodate treatment of the milk whey-grown strains resulted in a significant increase of both chemiluminescence and phagocytosis, whereas trypsin, subtilisin or papain treatment had no effect. The decreased binding of complement factor C3 to milk-whey-grown bacteria was restored to the level of TSB-grown homologous organisms by periodate treatment. Moreover, this treatment, but not treatment with trypsin, increased the surface hydrophobicity of milk-whey-grown bacteria. The chemiluminescent activity was as high towards heat-killed as towards live bacteria. Also, incubation of heat-killed TSB-grown bacteria in milk whey did not alter the chemiluminescent response, indicating that the reduced neutrophil activity towards milk-whey-grown bacteria was not due to binding of milk components to the microorganisms. These results strongly suggest that bovine mastitis S. aureus strains grown in milk whey produce an anti-phagocytic surface structure. This structure is heat- and protease-resistant and renders the bacterial surface hydrophilic. The anti-phagocytic material is altered or, more likely, released from the bacterial surface on periodate treatment and is probably of carbohydrate nature.

Published
1991

10. Induction of anti-phagocytic surface properties of Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis by growth in milk whey

Author

Per R. Jonsson, Charlotte Hallén Sandgren, Mats Lindahl, and Wubshet Mamo

Subjects
Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcaceae, Neutrophils, Surface Properties, Phagocytosis, medicine.disease_cause, Microbiology, Peritoneal cavity, fluids and secretions, In vivo, medicine, Animals, Mastitis, Bovine, biology, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, food and beverages, General Medicine, Staphylococcal Infections, equipment and supplies, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Respiratory burst, Mastitis, medicine.anatomical_structure, Milk, Cattle, Female, Bacteria
Abstract

Summary The respiratory burst activity of bovine polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells in response to milk whey- and TSB-grown S. aureus strains isolated from bovine mastitis was studied in whole blood chemiluminescence (CL) and in a CL system with purified bovine neutrophils. In both cases milk whey-grown S. aureus strains elicited significantly less CL than homologous strains grown in TSB. Ingestion of milk whey-grown S. aureus strains by bovine neutrophils was also considerably lower than that of the corresponding homologous organisms grown in TSB. Binding of complement factor C3 to serum-opsonized milk whey-grown S. aureus strains was lower compared with TSB-grown homologous organisms. Moreover, 5 of 6 S. aureus strains grown in milk whey were significantly more resistant to in vivo clearance from the peritoneal cavity of mice compared with homologous bacteria grown in TSB. S. aureus strains grown in TSB exhibited hydrophobic surface properties, whereas homologous strains grown in milk whey were hydrophilic.

Published
1991

11. Enhanced virulence of Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis induced by growth in milk whey

Author

Per R. Jonsson, Wubshet Mamo, and Mats Lindahl

Subjects
Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcaceae, Bacterial Toxins, Virulence, medicine.disease_cause, Microbiology, Tryptic soy broth, chemistry.chemical_compound, Mice, Necrosis, fluids and secretions, Mammary Glands, Animal, Extracellular, medicine, Animals, Mastitis, Bovine, General Veterinary, biology, Toxin, food and beverages, General Medicine, Staphylococcal Infections, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Mastitis, Culture Media, Milk, chemistry, Cattle, Female, Bacteria
Abstract

The virulence towards mice of Staphylococcus aureus strains from bovine mastitis was enhanced upon growth in milk whey compared to homologous organisms grown in tryptic soy broth (TSB). In the mouse mastitis model, S. aureus grown in milk whey caused more severe lesions than homologous strains grown in TSB. Staphylococcus aureus strain F1440 grown in milk whey induced 75% mortality and local necrotic reaction in subcutaneously inoculated mice, whereas the homologous strain grown in TSB caused only 5% mortality and slight skin reaction. Extracellular capsule on milk whey-grown. S. aureus could not be demonstrated. However, diffuse type colony morphology could be correlated with an increased virulence of S. aureus towards mice.

Published
1991

12. Death and Seeking Alternative Therapy Largely Accounted for Lost to Follow-up of Patients on ART in Northwest Ethiopia: A Community Tracking Survey.

Author

Wubshet, Mamo, Berhane, Yemane, Worku, Alemayehu, and Kebede, Yigzaw

Subjects
*HIV infections, *THERAPEUTICS, *FOLLOW-up studies (Medicine), *HEALTH outcome assessment, *ANTIRETROVIRAL agents, *MEDICAL quality control, *DEATH, *CLINICAL epidemiology
Abstract

Background: Antiretroviral treatment programs in sub-Saharan African countries are highly affected by LTF. Tracking patients lost to follow-up and understanding their status is essential to maintain program quality and to develop targeted interventions to prevent LTF. We aimed to determine the outcome and factors associated with LTF. Method: A lost to follow-up community tracking survey was conducted to determine the reasons, outcomes and factors associated with LTF at the University of Gondar Hospital, northwest Ethiopia. All patients were tracked at home to ascertain outcome status for lost to follow-up (death and non-death losses). Result: Out of the 551 patients LTF, 486 (88.20%) were successfully tracked. Death was the most common reason accounted for 233 (47.94%) of the lost to follow-up. Reasons for non-deaths losses include: stopped antiretroviral treatment due to different reasons, 135(53.36%), and relocation to another antiretroviral treatment program by self- transfer, 118(46.64%). The rate of mortality in the first six months was 72.12 per 100 person-years (95% CI: 61.80–84.24) but this sharply decreased after 12 months to 7.92 per 100 person-years (95% CI: 4.44–14.41). Baseline clinical characteristics were strongly associated with mortality. Conclusion: Death accounts for about half of the loss to follow up. Most deaths occur in the first six months of loss. Seeking alternative therapy is another major reason for loss to follow up. Early tracking mechanisms are necessary to prevent death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2013
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13. Binding of fibronectin, fibrinogen and type II collagen to streptococci isolated from bovine mastitis

Author

Annika Sundås, Torkel Wadström, Wubshet Mamo, and Gunnar Fröman

Subjects
Type II collagen, Plasma protein binding, medicine.disease_cause, Fibrinogen, Microbiology, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcal Infections, medicine, Animals, Binding site, Mastitis, Bovine, Binding Sites, biology, Streptococcus, Chemistry, Fibronectins, Fibronectin, Kinetics, Infectious Diseases, Fibronectin binding, biology.protein, Cattle, Female, Collagen, Protein Binding, medicine.drug
Abstract

Binding of 125I-labelled fibronectin, fibrinogen and type II collagen to group B (S. agalactiae), group C (S. dysgalactiae and S zooepidemicus), group E (S. uberis) and nontypable streptococci isolated from bovine mastitis was studied. S. agalactiae and S. uberis were found to bind low levels of all three proteins, while S. zooepidemicus bound high levels. Binding of the proteins to S. dysgalactiae varied, i.e. fibronectin was high, fibrinogen moderate and collagen low. Nontypable strains showed moderate or low binding of all proteins. Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic strains were found to bind fibronectin. For S. dysgalactiae the specific fibronectin binding ranged from 70% to 10% and for S. zooepidemicus it was more than 80% and this binding was sensitive to papain treatment. The binding of 29K-fibronectin fragment to one S. dysgalactiae strain showed an affinity of KD = 2.6 x 10(-8) M and the number of binding sites per colony forming unit (CFU) was calculated at 11,000.

Published
1987
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14. Effect of milk on surface properties ofStaphylococcus aureusfrom bovine mastitis

Author

Torkel Wadström, Wubshet Mamo, Stellan Hjertén, and Ferenc Rozgonyi

Subjects
Micrococcaceae, food.ingredient, biology, Hydrophilic interaction chromatography, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease_cause, medicine.disease, Microbiology, Mastitis, Electrophoresis, food, Staphylococcus aureus, Genetics, medicine, Agar, Food science, Molecular Biology, Incubation, Bacteria
Abstract

The surface hydrophobicity of cells of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bovine mastitis grown on conventional agar and broth media was drastically reduced after incubation with bovine milk. Strains grown in high carbohydrate-high salt media yielded cells with reduced surface hydrophobicity compared to cells grown in conventional media, and adding bovine milk to minimal medium also yielded cells with reduced surface hydrophobicity, as determined by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and the salt aggregation test. Incubation of strains in milk and growth in a medium supplemented with bovine milk also significantly changed bacterial surface charge as determined by free-zone electrophoresis. Strains with high or with decreased adsorptive and aggregating properties did not produce surface capsule or slime. Heat treatment (60° C or 80° C) of the bacterial suspensions did not significantly change their adsorptive and aggregating properties.

Published
1987
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15. Interaction of sub-epithelial connective tissue components with Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci from bovine mastitis

Author

Wubshet Mamo, Torkel Wadström, and Gunnar Fröman

Subjects
Staphylococcus, Type II collagen, Staphylococcus chromogenes, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Microbiology, medicine, Animals, Mastitis, Bovine, General Veterinary, Fibrinogen binding, Fibrinogen, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, Blood proteins, Fibronectins, Fibronectin, Fibronectin binding, Staphylococcus aureus, biology.protein, Cattle, Female, Collagen, Coagulase, Protein Binding
Abstract

• Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) isolated from bovine mastitis were examined for their ability to interact with 125I-labelled fibronectin, fibrinogen and type II collagen. Their relative surface hydrophobicity and production of extracellular capsule were also investigated. Almost all S. aureus strains bound fibronectin (mean value 23%), fibrinogen (mean value 12%) and type II collagen (mean value 16%). CNS bound fibronectin (mean value 6%) and type II collagen (mean value 7%), but not fibrinogen (mean value 2%). • The specificity of binding of these proteins to S. aureus strain F1440 and to coagulase-negative Staphylococcus chromogenes strain BO52 was studied by adding an excess of unlabelled proteins. Fibronectin and collagen binding were observed to be specific, varying between 50 and 75%, whereas the specificity of fibrinogen binding to S. aureus strain F1440 was lower (26%). Most of the S. aureus strains (63%) showed very high surface hydrophobicity (autoaggregation) or lower hydrophobicity (29% of the strains) and the rest were hydrophilic. None of the CNS strains autoaggregated, 44% were classified as hydrophilic strains. Hydrophilic strains (except the reference strains) did not show extracellular capsule production. However, the encapsulated (reference) strains showed low binding to these proteins as compared to their unencapsulated variants. • Pre-treatment of S. aureus strain F1440 and S. chromogenes strain BO52 with trypsin decreased their fibronectin binding capacity and surface hydrophobicity, whereas pre-treatment with bovine milk (except on collagen binding to strain F1440) did not significantly affect binding to these proteins. • These data indicate that S. aureus and CNS isolated from bovine udder infection have the ability to bind to tissue matrix and plasma proteins which may be exposed in the traumatized or toxin-damaged udder epithelial lesions.

Published
1988

16. Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author

Vasiliki Stathopoulou, Kiran Thapa, Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa, Azeem Majeed, Hjalte Holm Andersen, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Alireza Mohammadi, John J. McGrath, Konstantin Kazanjan, Naohiro Yonemoto, Guoqing Hu, Yousef Khader, Suzanne Barker-Collo, Frida Namnyak Ngalesoni, Jennifer O Lam, Laetitia Huiart, Xiaofeng Liang, Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin, Lalit Dandona, Felix Masiye, Joseph R Fitchett, Derrick A Bennett, Rosana E. Norman, Theo Vos, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Rahman Shiri, Melvin Barrientos Marzan, Charles R. Newton, Kelly Cercy, Masoud Vaezghasemi, Elena Alvarez Martin, Christopher Troeger, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Amany H Refaat, Ruben Castro, Amiran Gamkrelidze, Michael R. Phillips, Samath D Dharmaratne, Reed J D Sorensen, Roderick J. Hay, Johan Ärnlöv, Ivo Rakovac, Alexandra Brazinova, Nancy Fullman, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Liliana G Ciobanu, Nader Jahanmehr, Yuming Guo, Luigi Naldi, Rana Jawad Asghar, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, Corine Karema, Biju Abraham, Rynaz H S Rabiee, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Philimon Gona, Jonathan I. Silverberg, Alexandria Brown, Kovin Naidoo, Suleman Atique, Yun Jin Kim, Benn Sartorius, Hwashin Hyun Shin, George Mugambage Ruhago, Adugnaw Berhane, Tesfaye Tekle, Abdur Rahman Khan, Vipin Gupta, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Héctor Gómez-Dantés, Jun She, Ted R. Miller, Tolesa Bekele, Yohannes Kinfu, Srinivas Murthy, Alaa Badawi, Mahfuzar Rahman, Raghib Ali, Robert G. Weintraub, Nicholas Steel, Khalid A Altirkawi, Muhammad Imran Nisar, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Thomas N. Williams, Adrian Davis, Usha Ram, Nobuyuki Horita, Qingyang Xiao, Bishal Gyawali, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Eun-Kee Park, Subas Neupane, Mohammad Tavakkoli, Lorenzo Monasta, Roman Topor-Madry, Marc-Alain Widdowson, James Leigh, Padukudru Anand Mahesh, Stephen M. Amrock, Stefan Ma, Virendra Singh, Amir Kasaeian, Mahdi Mahdavi, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Julio Cesar Campuzano, Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño, Jean B. Nachega, Hamid Asayesh, Pratik Pinal Doshi, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Peter J. Hotez, Ying Jiang, Girma Temam Shifa, Warren D. Lo, Francis Apolinary Mhimbira, Joan B. Soriano, Ritul Kamal, Young-Ho Khang, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, Daniel C Casey, Adeladza Kofi Amegah, Demewoz Haile, Tomi Akinyemiju, Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Rajeev Gupta, Rosario Cárdenas, Peter W. Gething, Ami R. Moore, Marie Ng, Maigeng Zhou, Ferrán Catalá-López, Anders Larsson, Ratilal Lalloo, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Bach Xuan Tran, Chigozie Jesse Uneke, Marina Shakh-Nazarova, Jamie Hancock, Yohannes Adama Melaku, Jasvinder A. Singh, Isabela M. Benseñor, Shafiu Mohammed, Rajiv Chowdhury, Hedyeh Ebrahimi, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Belinda K Lloyd, Samir Bhatt, Geoffrey Buckle, Tissa Wijeratne, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Robert W Aldridge, Luca Ronfani, Raj Kumar Verma, Jagdish Khubchandani, Irma Khonelidze, Ai Koyanagi, Teshome Gebre, Michael Kutz, Om Prakash Singh, Ana Maria Nogales Vasconcelos, Margaret Lind, Svetlana Popova, Hmwe H Kyu, Tom Achoki, Laith J. Abu-Raddad, Zacharie Tsala Dimbuene, Henock Yebyo, Mehdi Yaseri, Max Petzold, Sungho Won, Semaw Ferede Abera, Devina Nand, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Abdishakur M. Abdulle, Yingfeng Zheng, Soewarta Kosen, Aleksandra Barac, Mahboubeh Parsaeian, Yuichiro Yano, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Simon I. Hay, Luke D. Knibbs, Balem Demtsu Betsu, Solomon Abrha Damtew, Ileana Heredia-Pi, Boris Bikbov, Bemnet Amare Tedla, Daniel Kim, Ulrich O Mueller, Khurshid Alam, Andrew H. Kemp, Austin Carter, Chuanhua Yu, Ibrahim A Khalil, João Mário Pedro, Atsushi Goto, Arsène Kouablan Adou, Scott B. Patten, Nicola Low, Julio Cesar Montañez Hernandez, Heidi J. Larson, Worku Tefera, Sanjay Zodpey, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Hsing-Yi Chang, Jacqueline Castillo Rivas, Donal Bisanzio, Hilda L Harb, Meghan D. Mooney, John N Newton, Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov, Marcella Montico, Mojde Mirarefin, Vinay Nangia, Edgar P. Simard, Ben Schöttker, Michael Brainin, Ziad A. Memish, Rafael Lozano, Damian G Hoy, Gebre Yitayih Abyu, Alexis J Handal, Saleem M Rana, Francesco Saverio Violante, Monika Sawhney, Eyal Oren, Iqbal R. F. 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Subjects
Pediatrics, Nutrition and Disease, Global Health, Communicable Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Voeding en Ziekte, Infant Mortality, Compensation law of mortality, Global health, Medicine, LIFE EXPECTANCY, 030212 general & internal medicine, DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES, 10. No inequality, Medicine(all), NEWBORN BABIES, Medicine (all), Mortality rate, 1. No poverty, DEATH, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, General Medicine, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, Stillbirth, 3. Good health, Child Mortality, SURVIVAL, CHILD-MORTALITY, HEALTH, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, DEVELOPMENT GOAL 4, Human, INTERVENTIONS, medicine.medical_specialty, RJ, INTEGRATED APPROACH, Developing country, Communicable Diseases, neonatal, 03 medical and health sciences, Medicine, General & Internal, 030225 pediatrics, General & Internal Medicine, Life Science, Humans, Global Burden of Disease Study, VLAG, Estimation, Science & Technology, business.industry, Klinisk medicin, Infant, GBD 2015 Child Mortality Collaborators, Infant mortality, Malaria, Child mortality, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Life expectancy, Clinical Medicine, RG, business, Demography
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Established in 2000, Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG4) catalysed extraordinary political, financial, and social commitments to reduce under-5 mortality by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. At the country level, the pace of progress in improving child survival has varied markedly, highlighting a crucial need to further examine potential drivers of accelerated or slowed decreases in child mortality. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides an analytical framework to comprehensively assess these trends for under-5 mortality, age-specific and cause-specific mortality among children under 5 years, and stillbirths by geography over time. METHODS: Drawing from analytical approaches developed and refined in previous iterations of the GBD study, we generated updated estimates of child mortality by age group (neonatal, post-neonatal, ages 1-4 years, and under 5) for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational geographies, from 1980-2015. We also estimated numbers and rates of stillbirths for these geographies and years. Gaussian process regression with data source adjustments for sampling and non-sampling bias was applied to synthesise input data for under-5 mortality for each geography. Age-specific mortality estimates were generated through a two-stage age-sex splitting process, and stillbirth estimates were produced with a mixed-effects model, which accounted for variable stillbirth definitions and data source-specific biases. For GBD 2015, we did a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in child mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and annualised rates of decrease for under-5 mortality and stillbirths as they related to the Soci-demographic Index (SDI). Second, we examined the ratio of recorded and expected levels of child mortality, on the basis of SDI, across geographies, as well as differences in recorded and expected annualised rates of change for under-5 mortality. Third, we analysed levels and cause compositions of under-5 mortality, across time and geographies, as they related to rising SDI. Finally, we decomposed the changes in under-5 mortality to changes in SDI at the global level, as well as changes in leading causes of under-5 deaths for countries and territories. We documented each step of the GBD 2015 child mortality estimation process, as well as data sources, in accordance with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). FINDINGS: Globally, 5·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 5·7-6·0) children younger than 5 years died in 2015, representing a 52·0% (95% UI 50·7-53·3) decrease in the number of under-5 deaths since 1990. Neonatal deaths and stillbirths fell at a slower pace since 1990, decreasing by 42·4% (41·3-43·6) to 2·6 million (2·6-2·7) neonatal deaths and 47·0% (35·1-57·0) to 2·1 million (1·8-2·5) stillbirths in 2015. Between 1990 and 2015, global under-5 mortality decreased at an annualised rate of decrease of 3·0% (2·6-3·3), falling short of the 4·4% annualised rate of decrease required to achieve MDG4. During this time, 58 countries met or exceeded the pace of progress required to meet MDG4. Between 2000, the year MDG4 was formally enacted, and 2015, 28 additional countries that did not achieve the 4·4% rate of decrease from 1990 met the MDG4 pace of decrease. However, absolute levels of under-5 mortality remained high in many countries, with 11 countries still recording rates exceeding 100 per 1000 livebirths in 2015. Marked decreases in under-5 deaths due to a number of communicable diseases, including lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, measles, and malaria, accounted for much of the progress in lowering overall under-5 mortality in low-income countries. Compared with gains achieved for infectious diseases and nutritional deficiencies, the persisting toll of neonatal conditions and congenital anomalies on child survival became evident, especially in low-income and low-middle-income countries. We found sizeable heterogeneities in comparing observed and expected rates of under-5 mortality, as well as differences in observed and expected rates of change for under-5 mortality. At the global level, we recorded a divergence in observed and expected levels of under-5 mortality starting in 2000, with the observed trend falling much faster than what was expected based on SDI through 2015. Between 2000 and 2015, the world recorded 10·3 million fewer under-5 deaths than expected on the basis of improving SDI alone. INTERPRETATION: Gains in child survival have been large, widespread, and in many places in the world, faster than what was anticipated based on improving levels of development. Yet some countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, still had high rates of under-5 mortality in 2015. Unless these countries are able to accelerate reductions in child deaths at an extraordinary pace, their achievement of proposed SDG targets is unlikely. Improving the evidence base on drivers that might hasten the pace of progress for child survival, ranging from cost-effective intervention packages to innovative financing mechanisms, is vital to charting the pathways for ultimately ending preventable child deaths by 2030. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Erratum: Department of Error, The Lancet,Volume 389, Issue 10064, 2017, Page e1. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32608-3

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2016
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