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The high prevalence of low back pain associated with prolonged sitting as a result of work demands, is a major public health problem. Added to this is the sedentary lifestyle and full-time use of vehicles, keeping workers in this seated position. We now know the many benefits of regular exercise and physical activity. Inactivity is considered a risk factor associated with the development of lower back pain. We undertook this study to make subjects aware of the consequences of this posture. In addition, we wanted to help them relieve lower back pain and functional disability caused by prolonged sitting posture. To achieve this, we have set ourselves the goal of assessing the effect that the combination of a physical exercise program and massage with shea butter could have on lumbar pain and functional disability in inactive sedentary officials with full-time lumbar pain driving their vehicles. To achieve this goal, we brought together 45 subjects divided into three experimental groups. The results show that the group receiving the combination of an exercise and massage program with shea butter, experienced a significant decrease in pain and functional disability over the 6 weeks. Thus, the combination of an exercise and massage program with shea butter allows effective management of pain and functional disability in inactive sedentary officials.

Introduction: Because of the specificity of their care activities, hospital wastewater contains various contaminants such as germs, disinfectants, metals, pharmaceuticals and chemical reagents, potentially infectious or toxic, which can be harmful to living organisms, or create ecological damage. This study aimed to analyze the quality of wastewaters produced by university hospitals of Cotonou in Benin. Methods: We conduct an analytical cross-sectional study including 30 wastewater samples from selected hospitals. An analysis of variance was performed at the significance level of 0.05. Results: Microbiological analysis showed the presence of germs such as total coliform types, faecal coliforms, fecal streptococcus, staphylococcus, yeasts and Clostridium perfringens in hospital wastewater samples. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the microbial loads of various germs, except staphylococcus, between hospitals. With regard to the physicochemical parameters, only the conductivity complied with the standards for the discharge of wastewater into the environment. A significant difference was noted between hospitals, for the electrical conductivity of wastewater (p < 0.05). The average levels of metals detected in the wastewaters were in line with Benin’s standards. There was no difference between the average concentrations of metals except for copper (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The wastewater produced by the university hospitals of Cotonou is of poor quality and therefore requires adequate prior treatment before discharge into the environment.

Introduction: The effluents generated by hospital activities pose a potential danger to health and the environment. This study aimed to study the microbiological quality of the effluents produced by the university and hospital centres of Littoral department. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of 60 samples of hospital effluents from sewage treatment plants and septic tanks carried out during the period from April to June 2019. Samples at the station were made at the entrance and exit of the station. Samples for microbiological analysis were collected in pre-sterilized 500 mL glass bottles. Samples were kept between at 2°C - 8°C and in the dark to ensure satisfactory preservation. ANOVA one-way analysis of variance was performed for each microbiological parameter and principal component analysis (PCA) was also performed. Results: The bacteriological analyses carried out on the 60 samples taken showed a significant microbiological load. In fact, the bacteriological parameters measured and compared to the pollutant release standards in the environment show that the number of germs identified is above the recommended guideline values. The average values for total coliforms, faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci and staphylococci were: 3.91 × 105 UFC/100 mL, 0.52 × 105 UFC/100 mL, 3.92 × 105 UFC/100 mL and 1.36 × 105 UFC/100 mL, respectively. The most isolated bacteria were: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas horizyhabitans, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Most strains were resistant to at least 3 families of antibiotics (beta-lactams, aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones). Conclusion: These effluents therefore present health and environmental risks. It is of utmost importance to develop methods for the treatment of these effluents before their release into the natural environment.

Background Radioresistance remains a challenge for cancer radiotherapy. The present study aims to investigate the role of TMPRSS4 in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell radiosensitivity. Materials and methods After transfection of MDA-MD-468 triple negative breast cancer cells line by using the lentivirus vector, the effect of TMPRSS4 down-regulation on TNBC radiosensitivity was evaluated by using cloning assay and CCK-8 assay. The CCK-8 assay was also used for performing cell proliferation analysis. Western blot was carried out to detect the expression of certain proteins related to cell cycle pathways (cyclin D1), cell apoptosis pathways (Bax, Bcl2, and Caspase3), DNA damage and DNA damage repair (TRF2, Ku80 , ˠH2AX) . The cell cycle and cell apoptosis were also investigated using flow cytometer analysis. Results TMPRSS4 expression was down-regulated in MDA-MB-468 cells which enhanced MDA-MB-468 cells radiosensitivity. TMPRSS4 silencing also improved IR induced cell proliferation ability reduction and promoted cell arrested at G2/M phase mediated by 6 Gy IR associated with cyclin D1 expression inhibition. Moreover, TMPRSS4 inhibition enhanced TNBC apoptosis induced by 6 Gy IR following by over-expression of (Bax, Caspase3) and down-regulation of Bcl2 as the pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins, respectively. Otherwise, TMPRSS4 down-regulation increases DNA damage induced by 6 Gy IR and delays DNA damage repair respectively illustrated by downregulation of TRF2 and permanent increase of Ku80 and ˠH2AX expression at 1 h and 10 h post-IR. Conclusion Down-regulation of TMPRSS4 increases triple negative breast cancer cell radiosensitivity and the use of TMPRSS4 inhibitor can be encouraged for improving radiotherapy effectiveness in TNBC radioresistant patients.

It has been suggested that the persistence of coxsackieviruses-B (CV-B) in pancreatic beta cells plays a role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Yet, immunological effectors, especially natural killer (NK) cells, are supposed to clear virus-infected cells. Therefore, an evaluation of the response of NK cells to pancreatic beta cells persistently infected with CV-B4 was conducted. A persistent CV-B4 infection was established in 1.1B4 pancreatic beta cells. Infectious particles were found in supernatants throughout the culture period. The proportion of cells containing viral protein VP1 was low (

Background: TMPRSS4 is a novel Type II transmembrane serine protease found at the surface of the cells and is involved in the development and cancer progression. However, TMPRSS4 functions in breast cancer remain poor understand. The present study investigated the function of TMPRSS4 in the breast cancer cells and the potential mechanistic action underling. Materials and Methods: The lentiviral vectors causing TMPRSS4 down-regulation and over-expression were established and transfected in MDA-MB-468 and MCF-7 cells, respectively. By using the CCK- 8 assay, cell proliferation was analyzed. Moreover, western blot was used to detect the expression of certain proteins related to cell apoptosis (Bax and Bcl2) signaling pathway and telomere maintenance (POT1, TPP1, and UBE2D3). Cell cycle and cell apoptosis were also analyzed by using the Flow cytometry analysis. TMPRSS4 expression was detected at the mRNA level and protein level by performing qPCR and western blot technique, respectively. Results: TMPRSS4 expression is inhibited in stable transfected MDA-MB-468-shTMPRSS4 cells compared to the control MDA-MB-468-NC and its expression is up-regulated in stable transfected MCF-7-TMPTSS4 compared to its control MCF-7-NC. Moreover, TMPRSS4 silencing in breast cancer reduces cells proliferation by promoting cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase, cell apoptosis, and telomere maintenance impairment while the TMPRSS4 overexpression increases cells proliferation through cell apoptosis reduction and telomere maintenance reinforcement associated with insignificant change in cell cycle progression. Conclusion: TMPRSS4 plays important roles in cancer progression and may be considered as a good therapeutic target for cancer gene therapy especially breast cancer.

Background First ambitious target by 2020 of UNAIDS is that 90% of people living with HIV know their HIV status. In people older than 18 months of age, serological confirmation test is recommended to confirm HIV infection. Case presentation Here we report the case of a patient tested positive with HIV-1, ELISA, Murex® Ag⁄Ab Combination assay (OD450 = 0.802 and cutoff-OD = 0.279) and negative by using FIRST RESPONSE HIV1-2.O CARD TEST (version 2.0) RAPID HIV CARD TEST. Viral load performed with Cobas® TaqMan® 96/Cobas® Ampliprep® was 6.49log10. The virus could be sequenced in partial gag and pol genes and belonged to CRF02_AG clade. Conclusion Conventional PCR is a complementary method for the diagnosis of inconclusive HIV-1 serologies by antibodies.

Purpose or Objective To limit hospital visits and transportation of the patients with early breast cancer (BC) especially during the covid-19 pandemic, we aimed to implement a workflow of treatment to prepare and deliver adjuvant breast radiotherapy (RT) within 1 week. Materials and Methods Based on the Fast Forward RT schedule of 5 fractions of 5.2 Gy over 5 days for adjuvant BC, we designed a workflow to perform BC RT over 1 week from the first RT consultation to the end of treatment (figure 1). Patients were seen in consultation on Monday morning. The planning CT was carried out immediately after the consultation. A deep inspiration breath-hold technique was systematically offered to all patients. Automatic delineation using an artificial Intelligence (AI) based model with ART-PlanTM software was first corrected by a junior radiation oncologist (RO) then, independently by a senior RO. As 3D conformal RT failed to achieve dose constraints of the fast forward trial in many cases (due to breast hotspots), we developed a restricted IMRT (rIMRT) technique based on 2 tangential beams (internal and external) using inverse planning restricted optimization parameters to improve the dose homogeneity. Treatment planning was semi-automated by scripting the creation and optimization steps of rIMRT plans. After validation of the reliability of rIMRT treatment delivery by patient-specific quality assurance (PSQA) with gamma index evaluation on 20 patients, we decided to abandon systematic PSQAs. In-vivo dosimetry was validated by end-to-end controls and performed for each patient during the first fraction on Monday afternoon. Daily repositioning was controlled by portal images of the largest segment of each beam. Structured baseline, end of treatment and follow up evaluation forms were used to prospectively collect toxicities and oncological outcomes at each consultation. Patient agreement for data collection and analysis was prospectively obtained. $Φg Results From February 2021 to March 2021, the 1-week breast procedure was proposed to up to 3 patients/week, >65 years, in complete resection after conservative surgery, with pT1-T3 N0 BC, without tumor bed boost or regional lymph nodes irradiation. Six out of seven patients (85.7%) accepted the 1-week breast procedure. All procedures were successfully conducted over 5 days with complete patient and RT team satisfaction. A followup of acute toxicities by online consultation on day 10, structured evaluation forms and management decision trees has been implemented for these patients. No grade >2 acute toxicities (CTACE V4.0) have been reported so far. Conclusion The successful implementation of this comprehensive 1-week breast workflow with AI based delineation and semi-automated rIMRT without PSQA demonstrates the practical feasibility of the whole procedure over 5 days reducing drastically the coming-and-going to the hospital and the overall RT management time per patient. Our work opens the way for further development of comprehensive compact workflows in various settings.

BackgroundLiquid discharges from hospitals (effluents) threaten the environment and are now a central concern of all stakeholders in the health system and those in the protection of the environment. The management of effluents is a major problem in developing countries. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of effluent management at the level of university hospital centers (CHU) in the Littoral region in Benin.MethodsIt was a cross-sectional, descriptive, evaluative study that took place in 2020 to assess the “structure”, “process” and “results” components according to standard thresholds (Bad: ResultsIn all the CHUs, all the components, as well as the overall quality of the management of hospital effluents, had a score between 0 and 60%, with an assessment deemed bad. The poor quality of the process highlighted the non-compliance with standards relating to the management of hospital liquid discharges. Several factors linked to the “structure”, “process” and “results” components at the same time explain this poor management of university hospitals effluents.ConclusionThese effluents discharged without prior treatment into wastewater could constitute a source of dissemination of potentially pathogenic microorganisms. It is therefore important to develop methods for treating these effluents before they are released into the natural environment.

Background : Immunological and biochemical parameters are gaining more and more importance in the prognosis of diabetes and its complications. Here we assessed the predictive power of immunological parameters correlated with biochemical ones in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Material and Methods : 217 pregnant women were screened for GDM between the 2 nd and the 3 rd trimester of gestation, based on IAGDP methods in this cross-sectional descriptive study. Immunological and biochemical parameters were determined using appropriate methods. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analyses were conducted to assess the optimal cutoff and value of immunological to biochemical parameter ratios for predicting GDM. Results : 11.90% of pregnant women were diagnosed GDM positive. Serum glucose levels, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and total proteins were significantly increased while HDL-cholesterol decreased in women with GDM compared to controls. The levels of glycosylated hemoglobin and creatinine, as well as transaminase (AST and ALT) activities did not significantly differ between GDM and pregnant controls. Total leucocytes (white blood cell), lymphocyte and platelet numbers were significantly higher in women with GDM than in pregnant controls. We also found that the lymphocyte:HDL-C, monocyte:HDL-C and granulocyte:HDL-C ratios were significantly higher in women with GDM than in pregnant controls ( p = 0.001; p = 0.009 and p = 0.004 respectively). Women with a lymphocyte:HDL-C ratio greater than 3.66 had a 4-fold increased risk of developing GDM than those with lower ratios (odds ratio 4.00; 95% CI: 1.094 – 14.630; p =0.041). Conclusion : The lymphocyte:HDL-C, monocyte:HDL-C and granulocyte:HDL-C ratios may represent valuable makers, and the lymphocyte:HDL-C ratio in particular may have strong predictive power for GDM. This ratio can be easily assessed in patients.

Background In May 2019, a confirmed dengue fever case was detected at the local hospital of Abomey-Calavi Commune in southern Benin. In Benin, there remains a dearth of literature concerning the distribution and biology of Aedes aegypti, the principal vector of dengue fever. This study was initiated by the Ministry of Health to partially fill this gap. The findings allowed us to assess the arboviral transmission risk incurred by the population of Abomey-Calavi to support programmatic decision-making. Methods Entomological assessments were conducted in 5% of the houses, meaning 314 houses selected from 11 boroughs in Abomey-Calavi Centre district and 9 villages in Hêvié district. The surveyed breeding sites were water containers located in (domestic) and around (peri-domestic) the dwellings. When a container was positive (housing larvae), a portion of the immature population was sampled with a larval dipper and poured into labeled jars. Immatures were then reared to adulthood at the Centre de Recheche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC) insectary. Adult mosquitoes were morphologically identified to species level by site and, a subsample of the collected Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were used for WHO susceptibility tube tests. Results Of the 1372 adult Aedes specimens which emerged from the collected larvae and pupae, 1356 Ae. aegypti (98.83%), 10 Ae. luteocephalus, and 4 Ae. vittatus were identified. The Breteau indices were 160.2 in Abomey-Calavi Centre and 150 in Hêvié, whereas the House indices were 58.5% and 61.6% in the respective districts. WHO insecticide susceptibility tube tests showed that the mortality rates were 38.71% in Abomey-Calavi Centre and 85.71% in Hêvié for permethrin, and 72.22% in Abomey-Calavi Centre and 100% in Hêvié for deltamethrin. Conclusion The two districts were highly infested by Ae. aegypti whose breeding sites were mostly man-made. Considering this, human behavioral change to substantially reduce the number of larval habitats is necessary to control the vector populations. As Aedes mosquitoes are day biters, the use of repellents such as ointments and smoke coils can also be useful.

BackgroundUnderstanding the molecular basis of insecticide resistance in mosquito, such asAnopheles funestus,is an important step in developing strategies to mitigate the resistance problem. This study aims to assess the role of theGSTe2gene in DDT resistance and determine the genetic diversity of this gene inAn. funestus.MethodsGene expression analysis was performed using microarrays and PCR while the potential mutation associated with resistance was determined using sequencing.ResultsLow expression level ofGSTe2gene was recorded in Burkina-Faso samples with a fold change of 3.3 while high expression (FC 35.6) was recorded in southern Benin in Pahou (FC 35.6) and Kpome (FC 13.3). The sequencing ofGSTe2gene in six localities showed that L119F-GSTe2mutation is almost getting fixed in highly DDT-resistant Benin (Pahou, Kpome, Doukonta) and Nigeria (Akaka Remo) mosquitoes with a low mutation rate observed in Tanongou (Benin) and Burkina-Faso mosquitoes.ConclusionThis study shows the key role of theGSTe2gene in DDT resistantAn. funestusin Benin. Polymorphism analysis of this gene across Benin revealed possible barriers to gene flow, which could impact the design and implementation of resistance management strategies in the country.

Smooth muscle tumor of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP) encompasses a broad group of uterine neoplasms that do not meet the current histologic criteria for a diagnosis of either benign or a malignant tumor. We made a retrospective review of patients´s folders with the histological diagnosis of STUMP in our department so that to describe the clinical and imagery features and assess the prognosis after surgery. We recorded 4 cases from 2016 to 2019. Patients were between 31 and 55 years old. The mean age of patients was 42.7 years and most of patients presented abdomino pelvic pain and uterine abnormal bleeding evolving at least more than 3 months. The clinical exam was not particular. Three patients benefited of pelvic ultrasound which described most of the time the aspect of uterine myoma. The MRI was performed for 3 patients also and showed an endometrial process infiltrating the myometrial wall for 2 patients. All of them underwent total hysterectomy and the histology described the aspect compatible with STUMP sometimes associated with uterine myomas or polyp. The first two years follow up did not find any recurrence and the prognostic seems to be good. The goal of this study is to describe the management and to assess the prognosis of patients diagnosed with STUMP in our department.

Background. The implication of the immune system in the physiopathology of pregnancy complicated by diabetes has been reported. Here, we investigated the effects of insulin treatment on the frequencies of immune cell subpopulations as well as T cell-derived cytokines in type 2 diabetic (T2D) pregnancy compared to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods. Fifteen (15) women with GDM, twenty (20) insulin-treated T2D pregnant women, and twenty-five (25) pregnant controls were selected. Immune cell subpopulation frequencies were determined in blood using flow cytometry. The proliferative capacity of T cells was performed, and serum and cell culture supernatant cytokine levels were also quantified. Results. The frequencies of total CD3+ and CD4+ T cells and nonclassical monocytes significantly increased in insulin-treated T2D pregnant women compared to pregnant controls. The proportions of CD4+ T cells as well as B cells were significantly higher in women with GDM than in pregnant controls. GDM was associated with high frequencies of total CD3+ and CD4+ T cells and B cell expansion, suggesting a concomitant activation of cellular and humoral immunity. Concomitantly, Th1/Th2 ratio, determined as IFN-γ/IL-4, was shifted towards Th1 phenotype in women with GDM and insulin-treated T2D pregnant women. Besides, isolated T cells elicited similar proliferative capacity in the three groups of women. Insulin-treated T2D pregnant women and women with GDM exhibited a low serum IL-10 level, without any change in the number of Treg cells. Conclusion. Our study showed that, despite insulin treatment, pregnant women with T2D displayed a proinflammatory status consistent with high proportions of CD3+ and CD4+ T cells, upregulation of Th1 cytokines, and low IL-10 production, suggesting a reduced immune-suppressive activity of regulatory T cells. However, GDM, although associated with proinflammatory status, has shown increased humoral immunity consistent with high proportion of CD19+ B cells. Thus, the lack of response to insulin in diabetes during pregnancy and clinical implications of these immunological parameters deserves further investigations.

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Targeted profiling of polyphenols in trees may reveal valuable sources of natural compounds with major applications in pharmacology and disease control. The current study targeted the profiling of polyphenols using HPLC-DAD in Quercus robur, Q. macrocarpa and Q. acutissima bark extracts. Free radical scavenging of each extract was investigated using antioxidant assays. Antimicrobial activities against a wide spectrum of bacteria and fungi were explored, as well as anticancer activities against different cancer cell lines. The HPLC-DAD analyses revealed the availability of several polyphenols in high amounts, including ellagic acid (in Q. robur) and caffeic acid (in Q. macrocarpa) in all three species. The bioactivity assay revealed high antioxidant activity in Q. robur compared to that of the other species, as well as phenolic standards. The three oak bark extracts showed clear antibacterial activities against most bacteria tested, with the highest antibacterial activities in the extracts of Q. robur. In addition, the three extracts showed higher antibacterial activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Micrococcus flavus, and Escherichia coli compared to that of other bacteria. There were strong antifungal activities against some fungi, such as Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium funiculosum, and Penicillium ochrochloron. There were also noticeable anticancer activities against MCF-7, HeLa, Jurkat, and HT-29 cell lines, with the highest anticancer activity in the extracts of Q. robur. This is the first study that reveals not only novel sources of important polyphenols (e.g. ellagic acid) in Q. robur, Q. macrocarpa and Q. acutissima bark but also their anticancer activities against diverse cancer cell lines.

Objective Hypertension results in more deaths than any other risk factor and has been on the rise in sub-Saharan Africa over the past few decades. Generic drugs have helped improve accessibility and affordability of antihypertensive therapy in developing countries. However, assessment of quality standards of these products is important. We performed a quality assessment of five commonly used antihypertensive generic drugs in 10 sub-Saharan African countries and studied the impact of price on quality. Methods Drug samples were prospectively collected using standardized methods between 2012 and 2014. We developed a validated reversed-phase liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method to accurately quantify the active ingredient in a certified public laboratory. Quality was defined based on the percentage ratio of measured to expected dosage of active ingredient. Results A total of 1185 samples were assessed, of which 70.0% were generic (n = 830). Among the generic drugs, the percentage of poor-quality drugs was 24.3% (n = 202/830). The percentage ratio of measured to expected dosage of active ingredient ranged from 49.2 to 111.3%; the majority (81.7%) of the poor-quality samples had insufficient quantity of the active ingredient. Moreover, poor quality was not associated with purchase price of the drug. Conclusion In this study from 10 sub-Saharan African countries, nearly one-quarter of the available generic antihypertensive drugs were found to be of poor quality. Concerted measures to improve the quality of antihypertensive drugs could lead to major improvements in hypertension control with attendant reduction of its deleterious consequences in low-income and middle-income countries.

A research on people suffering from visual disability which has the mobility of complex lumbo-pelvic femoral as major concern, meets a key demand

In many African countries in general, especially in Benin, being handicaped results in an image of irreducible disability.

Aims We investigated the relationships between control of glycemia and the frequencies of immune cell subpopulations and also the profile of circulating T cell cytokines in insulin-treated persons with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Methods Clinical data and blood samples were collected from two groups of persons with T1D exhibiting either adequate (AGC) or inadequate glycemic control (IGC), as well as from individuals without diabetes considered as a control group. Serum cytokine levels and immune cell subpopulation frequencies were determined. Results Irrespective of their capacity to control glycemia, the percentages of effector CD4+ T-cells and CD19+ B-cells were higher in persons with T1D than in controls, whilst monocytes were significantly more frequent in those with IGC than in controls. The overall frequencies of CD4+ T-cells, CD8+ T-cells and Foxp3+CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cells did not differ between the three groups. The serum levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ were lower in both groups with T1D compared to controls, whilst the level of IL-4 did not differ. The level of IL-10 was significantly lower in those with AGC compared to controls. Conclusion Our study shows that insulin treatment is associated with a Th2-biased systemic immune phenotype in persons with T1D, reflected by a high proportion of effector CD4+ T cells and CD19+ B cells and a down-regulation of Th1-type serum cytokines.

In Africa and more particularly in Benin, many cultural corporal practices are made to newborns to promote their development. Among these practices we have traditional body care that includes massage and various stretching exercises (mechanical manipulation of the body). And several conclusions of the studies carried out on the motor development of African children have put forward the hypothesis according to which these traditional bodily cares would be at the base of the motor precocity observed with the latter. It is to verify these conclusions that we set ourselves the objective of studying the effect of massage and mechanical manipulations on the motor development of 830 newborns in Benin. This longitudinal study grouped the newborns of the cities of Dangbo, Copargo, Kouandé and Comè declared apparently healthy by the head doctors of their health zones. Our results show that the group of newborns who received massage and mechanical manipulations of the body in their traditional body care acquired early motor skills (sitting, crawling, crawling, standing up and walk) before all the other two groups. And the group of newborns who only received the massage acquired all the motor skills that the newborns of the control group. This is proof that massage and mechanical manipulations of the body are the fundamental causes of the early development of Beninese infants.

Identifying phenols in ornamental trees may provide sources of natural compounds that have applications in the agricultural and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, we profiled phenolic acids in the bark of Quercus sp. using HPLC-DAD. Q. robur showed high ellagic acid (in Q. robur). Q. macrocarpa had high caffeic acid. All species showed antibacterial and antifungal activities. P. aeruginosa was the most sensitive species for bark extracts. The antifungal activities were high against A. flavus. The study revealed new natural sources of phenolic acids that have antimicrobial activities with agricultural and pharmaceutical applications.

Background Insecticide resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes is threatening the success of malaria control programmes. In order to implement suitable insecticide resistance management strategies, it is necessary to understand the underlying mechanisms involved. To achieve this, the molecular basis of permethrin and DDT resistance in the principal malaria vector, Anopheles funestus from inland Benin (Kpome), was investigated. Results Here, using a microarray-based genome-wide transcription and qRT-PCR analysis, we showed that metabolic resistance mechanisms through over-expression of cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase genes (GSTs) are a major contributor to DDT and permethrin resistance in Anopheles funestus from Kpome. The GSTe2 gene was the most upregulated detoxification gene in both DDT- [fold-change (FC: 16.0)] and permethrin-resistant (FC: 18.1) mosquitoes suggesting that upregulation of this gene could contribute to DDT resistance and cross-resistance to permethrin. CYP6P9a and CYP6P9b genes that have been previously associated with pyrethroid resistance were also significantly overexpressed with FC 5.4 and 4.8, respectively, in a permethrin resistant population. Noticeably, the GSTs, GSTd1-5 and GSTd3, were more upregulated in DDT-resistant than in permethrin-resistant Anopheles funestus suggesting these genes are more implicated in DDT resistance. The absence of the L1014F or L1014S kdr mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene coupled with the lack of directional selection at the gene further supported that knockdown resistance plays little role in this resistance. Conclusions The major role played by metabolic resistance to pyrethroids in this An. funestus population in Benin suggests that using novel control tools combining the P450 synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO), such as PBO-based bednets, could help manage the growing pyrethroid resistance in this malaria vector in Benin. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3115-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Nephroblastoma is one of the most common causes of abdominal-pelvic mass in children. It still raises a diagnostic problem because of the wide variety of causes of abdominal-pelvic mass but also because of the delays in consultation in sub-Saharan black Africa and consequently the discovery of the mass at a very late and sometimes metastatic stage. Yet nephroblastoma is a very chemo-sensitive malignancy requiring diagnosis at an early stage; a procedure in which medical imaging is essential. We report the case of a large abdominal-pelvic mass in a three-year-old girl in whom the abdominal-pelvic CT allowed to diagnose nephroblastoma with liver metastases. Our objective is to demonstrate the contribution of computed tomography in the diagnosis of large abdominal-pelvic mass of the child and discuss other causes of abdominal-pelvic mass of the child.

The total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents in leaf extracts of Calibrachoa x hybrida (C.h.) (Solanaceae) international cultivars, as well as their overall antioxidant activities using DPPH and linoleic acid assays, were investigated. Furthermore, the antifungal and the antibacterial activities were examined against a wide spectrum of micro-organisms. DPPH and linoleic acid assays ranged from 62.1 to 80.1% and of 74.1–93.4%, respectively. C.h. Superbells® Trailing Rose (CHST), C.h. Superbells® Frost Fire, C.h. Superbells® Strawberry Punch, C.h. Superbells® Dreamsicle and C.h. Superbells® Plum (CHSP) varied in their antifungal and the antibacterial activities against a wide spectrum of micro-organisms. CHSP exhibited the highest antioxidant, antifungal and antibacterial activities followed by CHST. These activities might be attributed to the presence of phenolic, flavonoid and tannin compounds, indicating that these cultivars might be potential sources of therapeutic substances.

Resume Nous rapportons le cas d’un patient hypertendu diabetique, porteur d’un stimulateur cardiaque et qui a presente des precordialgies d’effort suivies de lipothymie. L’examen initial etait normal ; le seuil de stimulation ventriculaire etait de 1,125 volts (V) et les enzymes cardiaques normales. L’epreuve d’effort a reproduit les precordialgies suivies d’une perte de capture ventriculaire responsable d’asystolies. Une coronarographie a revele une stenose serree de l’interventriculaire anterieure proximale, dilatee par un stent actif. L’epreuve d’effort de controle etait revenue normale. Une thrombose du stent huit jours plus tard a entraine un syndrome coronarien aigu avec des syncopes a repetition dues a une perte de capture ventriculaire. Le seuil de stimulation ventriculaire etait alors de 2,25 V. Apres revascularisation et stabilisation de l’etat clinique du patient, ce seuil etait revenu a 1,125 V. Cette observation a bien confirme que l’insuffisance coronarienne pouvait majorer de seuil de stimulation ; elle souligne egalement l’utilite des algorithmes de capture automatique chez les patients coronariens. Le test d’effort peut non seulement contribuer a detecter l’insuffisance coronarienne mais permet aussi l’optimisation de la programmation du pacemaker.

How could we explain the mechanism driving the effects of Urban Green Space (UGS) on human health? This mechanism is a complex one suggesting, on one hand, an indirect effect of UGS Provision (measured as quantity, quality or accessibility of UGS) on health through UGS Exposure (measured as visit frequency to UGS, duration of visit or intensity of activities taking place during the visit). On the other hand, UGS Provision may have an indirect effect on Exposure, mediated by people's perception of UGS. The mechanism further suggests that UGS Exposure may influence indirectly human Health but mediated by human motivation to use UGS. We tested these different expectations by fitting 12 alternative structural equation models (SEMs) corresponding to four different scenarios, depending on how UGS Provision was approximated. We show that SEMs where i) Provision is approximated as UGS quantity, and Exposure as duration (SEMi), ii) Provision is approximated as quantity, and Exposure as intensity (SEMii) and iii) Provision is approximated as distance of the closest UGS from people's house, and Exposure as intensity (SEMiii) are equally the best of all 12 SEMs tested. However, apart from the SEMi that has no significant path, SEMii and SEMiii have the same significant path (motivation ~ intensity; β = 7.86±2.03, p = 0.0002), suggesting that visits to UGS may be motivated by opportunities of physical activities offered by UGS. In all our scenarios, the best SEM is always the one where Exposure is measured as intensity, irrespective of how Provision is approximated. This suggests that it is not only UGS provision that matters the most in the mechanism linking UGS to human health improvement, but rather intensity, i.e. the type of activities people engage in when they visit UGSs. Overall, our findings support the theoretical model tested in this study.

Enteroviruses, especially group B coxsackieviruses (CV-B), have been associated with the development of chronic diseases such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). The pathological mechanisms that trigger virus-induced autoimmunity against islet antigens in T1D are not fully elucidated. Animal and human studies suggest that NK cells response to CV-B infection play a crucial role in the enteroviral pathogenesis of T1D. Indeed, CV-B-infected cells can escape from cytotoxic T cells recognition and destruction by inhibition of cell surface expression of HLA class I antigen through non-structural viral proteins, but they can nevertheless be killed by NK cells. Cytolytic activity of NK cells towards pancreatic beta cells persistently-infected with CV-B has been reported and defective viral clearance by NK cells of patients with T1D has been suggested as a mechanism leading to persistence of CV-B and triggering autoimmunity reported in these patients. The knowledge about host antiviral defense against CV-B infection is not only crucial to understand the susceptibility to virus-induced T1D but could also contribute to the design of new preventive or therapeutic approaches for individuals at risk for T1D or newly diagnosed patients.

Mature cystic teratomas (or more conventionally dermoid cysts) are the most frequent germ ovarian tumors (90 to 95% of cases) and represent 20 to 25% of organic ovarian tumors. It is almost always a benign lesion that can occur at any age, but most often in young women. Degeneration is seen only in less than 2% of cases, especially after menopause. It corresponds to the transformation of one of the elements of the dermoid cyst into a cancerous tissue of a non-germinal nature which can be either an epidermoid carcinoma, an adenocarcinoma, or exceptionally a sarcoma or a melanoma. The diagnosis of certainty is established by the anatomopathological study of the surgical part. The treatment of cancerous teratomas is surgical and analogous to that of malignant epithelial tumors of the ovary. We report an observation through which we carried out a review of the literature to specify the epidemiological, anatomopathological, clinical, radiological characteristics and the therapeutic management of cancerous teratomas of the ovary

Background:Insecticides resistance inAnophelesmosquitoes limits Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLIN) used for malaria control in Africa, especially Benin. This study aimed to evaluate the bio-efficacy of current LLINs in an area whereAn. funestuss.l.andAn. gambiaehave developed multi-resistance to insecticides, and to assess in experimental huts the performance of a mixed combination of pyrethroids and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) treated nets on these resistant mosquitoes.Methods:The study was conducted at Kpomè, Southern Benin. The bio-efficacy of LLINs againstAn. funestus and An. gambiaewas assessed using the World Health Organization (WHO) cone and tunnel tests. A released/recapture experiment following WHO procedures was conducted to compare the efficacy of conventional LLINs treated with pyrethroids only and LLINs with combinations of pyrethroids and PBO. Prior to huts trials, we confirmed the level of insecticide and PBO residues in tested nets using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Results:Conventional LLINs (Type 2 and Type 4) have the lowest effect against local multi-resistantAn. funestus s.s. and An. coluzziipopulations from Kpomè. Conversely, when LLINs containing mixtures of pyrethroids and PBO (Type 1 and Type 3) were introduced in trial huts, we recorded a greater effect against the two mosquito populations (P < 0.0001). Tunnel test withAn. funestus s.s.revealed mortalities of over 80% with this new generation of LLINs (Type 1 and Type 3),while conventional LLINs produced 65.53 ± 8.33% mortalities for Type 2 and 71.25 ±7.92% mortalities for Type 4. Similarly, mortalities ranging from 77 to 87% were recorded with the local populations ofAn. coluzzii.Conclusion:This study suggests the reduced efficacy of conventional LLINs (Pyrethroids alone) currently distributed in Benin communities whereAnophelespopulations have developed multi-insecticide resistance. The new generation nets (pyrethroids+PBO) proved to be more effective on multi-resistant populations of mosquitoes.

The effect of the ethanolic extract Khaya senegalensis on some biochemical parameters was tested in rabbits with normal glucose and glucose overload. Phytochemical screening after three batches of 6 rabbits race (TBD) were treated with the extract in oral doses of respectively 10, 25 and 50 mg/kg body weight for 30 days; three other groups receiving respectively these doses of the extract were placed under a priori temporary overload of glucose; a control group received instead distilled water treatment. Blood glucose, triglycerides and total cholesterol were measured by spectrophotometry and weight gain of the animals was performed at the beginning of the experiment and every 2 weeks during the study period. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of polyphenolic compounds (majority) of saponins of anthracene derivatives and steroids in the extract. The test results indicate that under the dose of 50 mg/kg body weight (BW) there was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in blood glucose after 24 hours. The extract had no effect on the lipid profile or body weight of rabbits.

Objectifs: Le present travail vise a etudier la denutrition et l’anemie chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans recus en consultation et/ou hospitalises au service de pediatrie de l’Hopital de Zone Abomey-Calavi / So-Ava dans le Departement de l’Atlantique au Sud du Benin Methodes et Resultats: L’etude est portee sur 301 enfants recus en consultation et/ou hospitalises et leurs meres sont soumises a un questionnaire elabore a cet effet. Les indices anthropometriques ont ete calcules a l’aide du logiciel WHO Anthro® (Version 3.2.2). Les donnees biologiques ont ete collectees dans les dossiers des enfants. 25,25% des enfants etaient emacies, 24,25% accusaient un retard de croissance et 31,89% presentaient une insuffisance ponderale. Par ailleurs, 56,48% des enfants souffraient de l’anemie. Parmi ceuxci, 30% presentaient une anemie severe, 13,53% une anemie moderee et 56,47% une anemie legere. 58,83% des enfants ont une anemie normochrome et 72,94% ont une anemie microcytaire. La cause principale de l’anemie identifiee est la carence en fer due a un apport insuffisant en fer et/ou une perte de fer par l’organisme causee par les infections parasitaires (paludisme, les vers intestinaux) et bacteriennes. Conclusion et Applications des resultats: Il ressort de cette etude, que la denutrition (sous ses differentes formes) et l’anemie nutritionnelle demeurent un probleme de sante publique au sein de la population infantile de la Commune d’Abomey-Calavi. Il est alors necessaire de renforcer les seances de sensibilisation et une education nutritionnelle de la population sur les bonnes habitudes alimentaires et hygieniques. Une politique en faveur de la supplementation en fer, du controle de paludisme et du deparasitage systematique des enfants permettrait de reduire l’incidence de l’anemie. Mots cles: Benin, etat nutritionnel, anemie nutritionnelle, carence en fer, education nutritionnelle English Title: Anemia in children under 5 received in consultation at the pediatric ward of Abomey-Calavi / So-Ava Zone Hospital (Southern Benin) English Abstract Objectives: The present work aims at studying malnutrition and anemia in children under 5 years of age received in consultation and / or hospitalized at the pediatric ward of Abomey-Calavi / So-Ava Zone Hospital in the Department of the Atlantic in southern Benin. Methods and Results: The study is carried out on 301 children received in consultation and / or hospitalized and their mothers are subjected to a questionnaire elaborated for this purpose. Anthropometric indices were calculated using the WHO Anthro® software. Biological data were collected from the children's files. 25.25% of the children were emaciated, 24.25% were stunted and 31.89% were underweight. In addition, 56.48% of children suffered from anemia. Of these, 30% had severe anemia, 13.53% had moderate anemia, and 56.47% had mild anemia. 58.83% of children have normochromic anemia and 72.94% have microcytic anemia. The main cause of the identified anemia is iron deficiency due to an insufficient dietary intake of iron and / or a loss of iron by the body caused by parasitic infections (malaria, intestinal worms) and bacterial infections. Conclusion and Applications of the results: It emerges from this study that malnutrition (in its various forms) and nutritional anemia remain a public health problem among the child population of the Commune of Abomey-Calavi. It is then necessary to reinforce the sensitization sessions and a nutritional education of the population on the good habits of food and hygienic. A policy favoring iron supplementation, and malaria control and deworming reduction systematic reduction of children would reduce the incidence of anemia Keywords: Benin, nutritional status, nutritional anemia, iron deficiency, nutritional education

Background The growing menace of poor quality and falsified drugs constitutes a major hazard, compromising healthcare and patient outcomes. Efforts to assess drug standards worldwide have almost exclusively focused on anti-microbial drugs; with no study to date on cardiovascular drugs. Our study aims to assess quality of seven routinely used cardiovascular medications (anticoagulants, antihypertensives and statins) in ten Sub-Saharan African countries. Methods Drugs were prospectively collected using standardized methods between 2012 and 2014 from licensed (random pharmacies) and unlicensed (street-markets) places of sale in Africa. We developed a validated reversed-phase liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method to accurately quantify the active ingredient in a certified public laboratory. Three quality categories were defined based on the ratio of the measured to the expected dosage of the active ingredient: A (good quality): 95% to 105%, B (low quality): 85 to 94.99% or 105.01 to 115%, C (very low quality): 115%. Results All expected medicines (n=3468 samples) were collected in Benin, Burkina-Faso, Congo-Brazzaville, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Guinea, Cote d'Ivoire, Mauritania, Niger, Togo and Senegal. Out of the 1530 samples randomly tested, poor quality (types B and C) was identified in 249 (16.3%) samples. The prevalence of poor quality was significantly increased in certain specific drugs (amlodipine 29% and captopril 26%), in generic versions (23%) and in drugs produced in Asia (35%). The proportion of poor quality reached 50% when drugs produced in Asia were sold in street-markets. Conclusion In this first study assessing the quality of cardiovascular drugs in Africa, we found a significant proportion of poor quality drugs. This requires continued monitoring strategies.

The mechanism of action of the antidiabetic capacity of Momordica charantia is still under investigation. Here, we assessed phytochemical compositions, antioxidant activity, and effects of total and filtered fruit and leafy stem juices of Momordica charantia on human T cell proliferation and differentiation through quantification of Th1/Th2 cytokines. In the absence of stimulation, total fruit and leafy stem juices induced significant T cell proliferation. Under PHA stimulation, both juices potentiated plant-induced T cell proliferation. However, the filtered fruit and leafy stem juices significantly inhibited PHA-stimulated T cell proliferation, while neither juice influenced T cell proliferation. Moreover, total and filtered fruit juice increased IL-4 secretion, while total and filtered leafy stem juice enhanced IFN-γ production. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, anthocyans, steroids, and triterpenoids in both juices. Alkaloids, quinone derivatives, cardenolides, and cyanogenic derivatives were undetectable. The saponins present in total juices were undetectable after filtration. Moreover, both juices had appreciable antioxidant capacity. Our study supports the type 1 antidiabetic effect of filtered fruit juice of M. charantia which may be related to its immunosuppressive and T-helper 2 cell inducing capacities. Due to their immune-stimulatory activities and their ability to increase T-helper 1 cell cytokines, total fruit and leafy stem juices may serve in the treatment of immunodeficiency and certain infections.

Background/Objective. We investigate the effect of antidiabetic Momordica charantia fruit juice on T cells’ differentiation, through plasmatic cytokine quantification in type 1 diabetic rats (T1D). Methods. Male Wistar rats were rendered diabetic by the injection of five low doses of streptozotocin. Then, animals were treated with Momordica charantia fruit juice for 28 consecutive days. Plasmatic levels of Th1 interleukin- (IL-) 02 and interferon- (IFN-) γ, Th2 (IL-4), and regulatory (IL-10) cytokines were determined in rats. Results. We observed that fruit juice induced a significant decrease in blood glucose of T1D rats. Besides, the concentrations of IL-2 and IFN-γ significantly increased while those of IL-4 and IL-10 diminished in diabetic rats compared to control animals. Interestingly, after treatment with Momordica charantia fruit juice, IL-4 and IL-10 levels significantly increased in diabetic rats, while IL-2 and IFN-γ concentrations decreased, suggesting a Th2 phenotype in these animals. Phytochemical analysis of the fruit juice revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, and coumarins, compounds which possess antioxidant activity. Conclusion. This study shows that Momordica charantia fruit juice, by lowering the hyperglycemia, induced a shift of proinflammatory Th1 phenotype in T1D rats towards a favorable anti-inflammatory Th2 status. These effects might be due to the presence of antioxidant compounds in the juice and confirms the use of this plant in the treatment of autoimmune type 1 diabetes.

We hypothesised that maternal diabetes impairs kidney formation in offspring via augmented expression of hedgehog interacting protein (HHIP). Our gene-array results were performed in neonatal kidneys from our murine model of maternal diabetes and indicated that Hhip expression was significantly modulated by maternal diabetes.We systematically examined the functional role of HHIP in kidney formation in our murine maternal diabetes model and elucidated the potential mechanisms related to dysnephrogenesis in vitro.The kidneys of the offspring of diabetic dams, compared with those of the offspring of control non-diabetic dams, showed retardation of development--small kidneys and less ureteric bud (UB) branching morphogenesis. Augmented HHIP expression was observed in the offspring of diabetic dams, initially localised to differentiated metanephric mesenchyme and UB epithelium and subsequently in maturing glomerular endothelial and tubulointerstitial cells. The heightened HHIP targeting TGF-β1 signalling was associated with dysmorphogenesis. In vitro, HHIP overexpression decreased sonic hedgehog and paired box gene 2 proteins (SHH and PAX2, respectively) and increased transcriptional nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB, p50/p65), phosphorylation of p53, and TGF-β1 expression. In contrast, overexpression of PAX2 inhibited HHIP and NFκB and activated SHH, N-myc and p27(Kip1) expression. Moreover, high glucose stimulated HHIP expression, and then targeted TGF-β1 signalling. Thus, PAX2, via a negative autocrine feedback mechanism, attenuated the stimulatory effect of high glucose on HHIP expression.Maternal diabetes modulates kidney formation in young progeny mediated, at least in part, via augmented HHIP expression.

International audience; Regulatory T (Treg) cells are important to induce and maintain immunological self-tolerance. Although the progress accomplished in understanding the functional mechanism of Treg cells, intracellular molecules that control the mechanisms of their suppressive capacity are still on investigation. The present study showed that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha deficiency impaired the suppressive activity of Treg cells on CD4(+)CD25(-) and CD8(+) T cell proliferation. In Treg cells, PPARα gene deletion also induced a decrease of migratory abilities, and downregulated the expression of chemokine receptors (CCR-4, CCR-8 and CXCR-4) and p27(KIP1) mRNA. Treg cells from PPARα(-/-) mice also lost their anergic property. Since low Treg activity, as observed in PPARα(-/-) mice, is known to be associated with the inhibition of tumor growth, we inoculated these mice with B16 melanoma cells and assessed tumor proliferation. In PPARα(-/-) mice, cancer growth was significantly curtailed, and it was correlated with high expression of granzyme B and perforin mRNA in tumor bed. Degranulation of cytolytic molecules by CD8(+) T cells, assessed by a perforin-release marker CD107a expression, was higher in PPARα(-/-) mice than that in wild-type mice. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in melanoma tumors in PPARα(-/-) mice exhibited high pro-inflammatory Th1 phenotype. Consistently, adoptive transfer into lymphopenic RAG2(-/-) mice of total PPARα(-/-)splenic T cells inhibited more the growth rate of B16 tumor than the wild type splenic T cells. Our findings suggest that PPARα deficiency, by diminishing Treg cell functions and upregulating pro-inflammatory T cell phenotype, exerts an in vivo anti-cancer properties.

International audience; Objective: Plasma phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) is a key determinant of lipoprotein metabolism, and both animal and human studies converge to indicate that PLTP promotes atherogenesis and its thromboembolic complications. Moreover, it has recently been reported that PLTP modulates inflammation and immune responses. Although earlier studies from our group demonstrated that PLTP can modify macrophage activation, the implication of PLTP in the modulation of T-cell-mediated immune responses has never been investigated and was therefore addressed in the present study. Approach and results: In the present study, we demonstrated that PLTP deficiency in mice has a profound effect on CD4(+) Th0 cell polarization, with a shift towards the anti-inflammatory Th2 phenotype under both normal and pathological conditions. In a model of contact hypersensitivity, a significantly impaired response to skin sensitization with the hapten-2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) was observed in PLTP-deficient mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Interestingly, PLTP deficiency in mice exerted no effect on the counts of total white blood cells, lymphocytes, granulocytes, or monocytes in the peripheral blood. Moreover, PLTP deficiency did not modify the amounts of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocyte subsets. However, PLTP-deficiency, associated with upregulation of the Th2 phenotype, was accompanied by a significant decrease in the production of the pro-Th1 cytokine interleukin 18 by accessory cells. Conclusions: For the first time, this work reports a physiological role for PLTP in the polarization of CD4(+) T cells toward the pro-inflammatory Th1 phenotype.

La malnutrition constitue un probleme de sante publique dans les pays en developpement. La frequentation des enfants dans les services de vaccination est une opportunite pour apprecier leur etat nutritionnel. Il etait question dans cette etude, d’evaluer l’etat nutritionnel des enfants de moins de 5 ans recus a l’Unite de Vaccination du Centre de Sante de Hounsouko a Porto-Novo. Il s’agit d’une etude transversale a visee descriptive et analytique portee sur 350 enfants de 0 a 59 mois recus dans ledit centre. Les donnees anthropometriques ont ete collectees. A partir de ces donnees, ont ete calcules les indices Poids-pour-Taille, Taille-pour-Age, Poids-pour-Age. Ces donnees ont ete traitees et analysees par les logiciels WHO Anthro®. Il ressort des resultats que 7,4% des enfants etaient emacies, 30,3% presentaient un retard de croissance et 12,3% avaient une insuffisance ponderale. Par contre, 45,9% des enfants presentaient une surcharge ponderale dont 11,7% d’obeses. Par ailleurs, la surcharge ponderale touchait 65% des enfants de moins 5 mois. Les courbes de distribution des enfants comparativement aux courbes de reference sont decalees vers la gauche pour P/A et T/A, et vers la droite pour P/T evoquant respectivement une tendance a un etat de sous-nutrition et de surnutrition. © 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Mots cles: Benin, etat nutritionnel, emaciation, retard de croissance, insuffisance ponderale, double fardeau "malnutrition" English Title: Nutritional status of children under 5 years received Immunization Unit of the Health Center of Hounsouko in Porto-Novo (Benin Southern) English Abstract Malnutrition is a public health problem in developing countries. The attendance of children in immunization services is an opportunity to appreciate their nutritional status. At issue in this study to assess the nutritional status of children under 5 years received Immunization Unit of the Health Center of Hounsouko in Porto-Novo. This is a cross-sectional study descriptive and analytical scope covered 350 children aged 0 to 59 months received in said center. Anthropometric data were collected. From these data were calculated indices Weight for Height, Height-for-age, weight-for-age. These data were processed and analyzed by the WHO Anthro® software. The results show that 7.4% of children were emaciated, 30.3% were stunted and 12.3% were underweight. By cons, 45.9% of children were overweight with 11.7% obese. Furthermore, overweight touched 65% of children aged 5 months less. Distribution of children compared to reference curves are shifted to the left to P/A and T/A, and right for P/T respectively evoking a tendency to a state of under nutrition and over-nutrition. © 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Benin, nutritional status, wasting, stunting, underweight, double burden "malnutrition"

Background: The role of the immune system in insulin resistance associated with type 2 diabetes has been suggested. Objectives : We assessed the profile of Th1/Th2 cytokines along with the frequencies of immune cells in insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients (T2DP). Methods : 45 T2D patients and 43 age-matched healthy subjects were selected. Serum concentrations of T-helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cytokines and the frequencies of innate and adaptive immunity cells were assessed. Results : T2DP were hyperglycemic and showed high level of insulin, normal levels of triglycerides and total-cholesterol and without any change in HDL-cholesterol.Compared to healthy subjects, T2DP exhibited significant decreased frequencies of neutrophils, without any change in monocytes, eosinophils and natural killer cells. The percentages of total lymphocytes (CD3+) and CD8+-T-cells decreased whereas those of regulatory T-cells increased without any change in CD4+ T-cells in T2DP. Interestingly, the frequencies of effector CD4+-T and B-cells increased in T2DP. Serum concentrations of IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-4 decreased while IL-10 significantly enhanced in T2DP, suggesting a differentiation of CD4+T helper cells towards IL-10-producing- Teff-cells in these patients. Conclusion: Insulin-treated type 2 diabetes is associated with anti-inflammatory profile consistent with differentiation of CD4+-Th-cells towards IL-10-producing-Teff-cells, concomitant with increased frequencies of Treg and B-cells, and this may probably offer prevention against certain infections or autoimmune/inflammatory diseases. Keywords : Type 2 diabetes, Insulin, Immune cells, Th1/Th2 polarization.