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As a commonly used organophosphorus flame retardant (OPFR), tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) has become an environmental pollutant. Studies have shown that TDCIPP exposure has many toxic effects, such as neurotoxicity, reproductive development toxicity and endocrine disturbance. CircRNAs are circular noncoding RNAs that have been found to play important roles in the occurrence of a variety of diseases. However, it is unclear whether circRNAs play a role in the cytotoxicity induced by TDCIPP exposure. In this study, we analysed the circRNA microarray results of a control group and a TDCIPP exposure group of PC12 cells and detected 3432 differentially expressed circRNAs (P 0.05), of which 1682 were upregulated and 1750 were downregulated in the TDCIPP-exposure group. The expression levels of 2 upregulated and 3 downregulated circRNAs were verified by real-time quantitative PCR, and the results were consistent with the microarray results. Then, ceRNA analysis was performed on several kinds of circRNAs to predict the possible binding miRNAs and binding sites. The target genes were analysed by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. Through predictive analysis, it was found that rno_circRNA_013845, rno-miR-361-3p, and rno-miR-702-3p may be involved in the regulation of Traf2 expression, thereby affecting the expression of the downstream NF-κB signalling pathway and causing apoptosis.

The objective of this study was to adapt a novel near-infrared diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) flow-oximeter for simultaneous and continuous monitoring of relative changes in cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and cerebral oxygenation (i.e. oxygenated/deoxygenated/total hemoglobin concentration: Δ[HbO2]/Δ[Hb]/ΔTHC) during overnight nocturnal polysomnography (NPSG) diagnostic test for obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea (OSAH). A fiber-optic probe was fixed on subject's frontal head and connected to the DCS flow-oximeter through a custom-designed fiber-optic connector, which allowed us to easily connect/detach the optical probe from the device when the subject went to bathroom. To minimize the disturbance to the subject, the DCS flow-oximeter was remotely operated by a desktop located in the control room. The results showed that apneic events caused significant variations in rCBF and ΔTHC. Moreover, the degrees of variations in all measured cerebral variables were significantly correlated with the severity of OSAH as determined by the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), demonstrating the OSAH influence on both CBF and cerebral oxygenation. Large variations in arterial blood oxygen saturation (SaO2) were also found during OSAH. Since frequent variations/disturbances in cerebral hemodynamics may adversely impact brain function, future study will investigate the correlations between these cerebral variations and functional impairments for better understanding of OSAH pathophysiology.

To study the risk of retinal thermal injury from 532 nm laser during photodynamic therapy (PDT) for choroidal neovascularization (CNV) by measuring the retinal temperat ure increase of rabbit eyes. A microthermocouple technique was developed to measure retinal temperature increase du ring PDT in pigmented and non-pigmented rabbit eyes. The 532 nm laser exposures were performed with 100-s duration, 2-mm spot size, and retinal irradiance ranging from 400 to 1600 mW/cm 2 . A K-type microthermocouple was inserted through the sclerotomy and advanced until the tip reached the retina at the posterior pole. The thermocouple was connected a computer that recorded and analyzed retinal temperature data. The results showed that the retinal temperature increase during laser exposure was proportional to retinal irradiance with a particular spot diameter, exposure duration, wavelength, and fundus pigmentation. And the measured retinal temperature increases in pigmented rabbits were a little higher than those in albino rabbits under the same radiant condition. Retinal threshold irradiance re quired for visible lesions at laser wavelength of 532 nm with 2.0-mm spot size and 100-s duration was 1657 mW/cm

A portable diffuse optical tissue flow-oximeter has been developed for evaluation of revascularization effects on ischemic muscle blood flow and oxygenation. The revascularization repairs of macro-circulation result in acute blood flow improvements in muscle microvasculature.

Technology for fluorescence spectral imaging of microscopic has made significant strides advantages in the past several years. These advances have led to the enhanced choice of suitable diagnosis bases. Of course, fluorescence imaging can facilitate the study of disease at the molecular level in vivo. And this type of optical imaging has enabled real-time research to track cell movement, cell growth and other cell functions. With the addition of spectral imaging, fluorescence spectral imaging could complete a so-called 4-dimension imaging for the object. The investigator can obtain either the color imaging information or the information beyond it. The combination of both of them could show the relative completeness message. For evolution of software tools to deal with the resulting high-dimensionality datasets, it is necessary to find some effective and comparative reliable datasets analytical methods. In this paper, it also describes some quantitative fluorescence in tissue and addresses further applications of fluorescence spectral imaging. It includes MSE (Minimum Squared Error), PCA (Principal Components Analysis), ICA (Independent Component Analysis), FEA (Finite-Element Analysis), wavelet theory and their applications. They are useful in intact animals for disease detection, screening, diagnosis, treatment evaluation and drug development.

Arterial revascularization in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) reestablishes large arterial blood supply to the ischemic muscles in lower extremities via bypass grafts or percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). Currently no gold standard is available for assessment of revascularization effects in lower extremity muscles. This study tests a novel near-infrared diffuse correlation spectroscopy flow-oximeter for monitoring of blood flow and oxygenation changes in medial gastrocnemius (calf) muscles during arterial revascularization. Twelve limbs with PAD undergoing revascularization were measured using a sterilized fiber-optic probe taped on top of the calf muscle. The optical measurement demonstrated sensitivity to dynamic physiological events, such as arterial clamping/releasing during bypass graft and balloon inflation/deflation during PTA. Significant elevations in calf muscle blood flow were observed after revascularization in patients with bypass graft (+48.1 ± 17.5%) and patients with PTA (+43.2 ± 11.0%), whereas acute post-revascularization effects in muscle oxygenation were not evident. The decoupling of flow and oxygenation after revascularization emphasizes the need for simultaneous measurement of both parameters. The acute elevations/improvements in calf muscle blood flow were associated with significant improvements in symptoms and functions. In total, the investigation corroborates potential of the optical methods for objectively assessing the success of arterial revascularization.

A portable diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) flowmeter has been extended to measure both tissue blood flow and oxygenation (namely, DCS flow oximeter). For validation purposes, calf muscle blood oxygenation during cuff inflation and deflation was measured concurrently using the DCS flow oximeter and a commercial tissue oximeter. The oxygenation traces from the two measurements exhibited similar dynamic responses, and data were highly correlated (r(mean)0.9, P10(-5), n=10). The portable, inexpensive, and easy-to-use DCS flow oximeter holds promise for bedside monitoring of tissue blood flow and oxygenation in clinics.