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The health response to the COVID-19 pandemic has had significant impacts on neurorehabilitation provision both internationally and in New Zealand Telerehabilitation, the delivery of rehabilitation at a distance using information and communication technologies, was advocated as a means of addressing the rehabilitation needs of our patients while maintaining physical distancing and reducing the risk of viral transmission Despite research evidence indicating that telerehabilitation is as effective as in-person rehabilitation for people with neurological conditions, there were significant challenges in delivering and sustaining telerehabilitation practice We draw upon our experiences in delivering telerehabilitation in neurorehabilitation clinical practice and education to reflect on the process of practice change and to consider how these experiences can inform practice development in the future We propose that rehabilitation organisations and physiotherapists continue to develop capability to provide telerehabilitation;that physiotherapists and the physiotherapy profession focus on translating their communicative, relational and clinical skills to the digital space to ensure they are competent in telerehabilitation;and that, as a profession, we focus on what constitutes “best practice” in telerehabilitation, and how in-person and telerehabilitation can be integrated to provide engaging, evidence-based and person-centred rehabilitation © 2020, Physiotherapy New Zealand All rights reserved

Pilot study examining a profession-oriented rehabilitation concept for nursing professions Objectives: Nursing professions are associated with high levels of psychological distress, high numbers of absent days and premature retirement. To achieve higher return-to-work rates, psychosomatic rehabilitation is expected to offer treatments tailored to workplace demands. This pilot study is the first to examine the effects of a new workplace-oriented medical rehabilitation program for nursing professions. Methods: A total of N = 145 depressed patients in nursing occupations (86.9 % female; 50.9 ± 7.34 years) took part in a workplace-oriented rehabilitation program for nursing professions. At admission they were compared to N = 147 depressed patients (63.27 % female; 49.36 ± 7.58 years) in non-nursing professions regarding patterns of work-related experience and behaviour (AVEM) using a MANOVA with follow-up ANOVAs for individual subscales. Changes in work-related attitudes among the nursing professions following completion of the intervention were assessed using a MANOVA followed by repeated measures ANOVAs. The effect of the workplace- oriented intervention on depressiveness (BDI-II) was compared to a treatment program for depression using a mixed model after taking potentially confounding variables into account. Results: At entry, depressed patients in nursing professions scored significantly higher on AVEM scale willingness to work to exhaustion and lower on AVEM scale distancing ability compared to depressed patients in other professions. Following completion of the workplace-oriented intervention program for nursing professions, participants showed a significant reduction on AVEM scales subjective importance of work, willingness to work to exhaustion, and striving for perfection. Increasing scores were observed on the distancing ability and life satisfaction scales. Depression scores had significantly improved at discharge in both participants of the work-oriented intervention and the disorder-specific intervention for depressive disorders, whereas neither group differences nor interaction effects were found. Conclusions: The work-oriented intervention for nursing professions successfully induced changes in maladaptive work-related attitudes. Improvements in depressiveness did not significantly differ from an intervention targeting depression specifically.

The Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused a dramatic shift in radiology resident education. Primarily, physical distancing prompted a general transition to virtual learning. Common changes made by radiology residency programs included virtual rounds and readouts, the use of simulation technology, and case-based learning which utilized pedagogical approaches such as the flipped classroom for teaching residents. Virtual learning appears to be a suitable alternative to traditional, in-person learning, and may have a place post-pandemic as part of a blended curriculum with in-person and virtual components. The extent of disruption to radiology resident education varied based on the local impact of COVID-19 and the prevalence of redeployment, as did residents’ mental health and wellbeing. Accessibility of mental health resources for residents was highlighted as an issue that programs need to address during these difficult times. Moreover, the pandemic resulted in unavoidable reductions in procedural exposure which programs mitigated through the use of simulation technologies and virtual learning resources. Professional development activities such as mentorship and career planning were also dramatically impacted by the pandemic and remains a challenge that programs need to consider moving forward post-pandemic. The purpose of this review is to outline the changes made to radiology resident education as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and suggest what changes may be worthwhile to continue.

Rationale Intensive care unit (ICU) visitation restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic have drastically reduced family-engaged care. Understanding the impact of physical distancing on family members of ICU patients is needed to inform future policies. Objective To understand the experiences of family members of critically ill patients with COVID-19 when physically distanced from their loved ones and to explore ways clinicians may support them. Methods This qualitative study of an observational cohort study reports data from 74 family members of ICU patients with COVID-19 at ten US hospitals in four states, chosen based on geographic and demographic diversity. Adult family members of patients admitted to the ICU with COVID-19 during the early phase of the pandemic (February-June 2020) were invited to participate in a phone interview. Interviews followed a semi-structured guide to assess four constructs: illness narrative, stress experiences, communication experiences, and satisfaction with care. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using an inductive approach to thematic analysis. Results Among 74 interviewees, the mean age was 53.0 years; 55% were white, and 76% were female. Physical distancing contributed to substantial stress and harms (nine themes). Participants described profound suffering and psychological illness, unfavorable perceptions of care, and weakened therapeutic relationship between family members and clinicians. Three communication principles emerged as those most valued by family members: contact, consistency, and compassion (the 3Cs). Family members offered suggestions to guide clinicians faced with communicating with physically distanced families. Conclusions Visitation restrictions impose substantial psychological harms upon family members of critically ill patients. Derived from the voices of family members, our findings warrant strong consideration when implementing visitation restrictions in the ICU and advocate for investment in infrastructure (including staffing and videoconferencing) to support communication. This study offers family-derived recommendations to operationalize the 3Cs to guide and improve communication in times of physical distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.

This study aimed to assess the perception of the information provided about COVID-19 and the health protective behavior as potential factors of feelings of anxiety and happiness among the general population in Indonesia during the outbreak. We conducted an online survey using snowball sampling techniques. The online survey collected information about demographic data, self-report on information provision of COVID-19, health prevention behaviors, and feelings of anxiety and happiness. This study involved 3,686 participants from 33 provinces in Indonesia in the period from 2 nd of April to 4 th of April 2020. We found that the most frequent source of information reported was social media (91%), including WhatsApp, Instagram and Facebook. The majority of participants were satisfied with the amount of information provided (98%), however, 54% of the participants reported that no information or very little information about the screening/test and the treatment of COVID-19 was provided. With regard to health protective behaviors, 90% of participants reported that they implemented cough and sneezing etiquettes, 89% avoided handshakes, 84% applied physical distancing, 82% stayed at home, 78% were wearing a mask, 64% consumed multivitamins, 57% avoided touching the face, 51% did sun bathing, 45% did wash their hands, and 33% of participants exercised regular at home. High exposure of Information about COVID-19 and doing preventive measures were associated with greater anxiety. Nonetheless, some preventive measures appeared to be positively associated with feelings of happiness. Our results give an indications about the information provision, application of preventive measure and the factors associated with feelings of anxiety and happiness. This outcome can be valuable to formulate ways of information distribution and provision of psychological support for vulnerable groups during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic with its need for distancing has necessitated the use of virtual care in never before seen volumes. This review article aims to provide a primer on virtual care for cardiovascular professionals in Canada. The technology to facilitate remote patient interactions is already available but barriers exist. Adequate and effective cardiac virtual care (CVC) must be further developed given the need for rapid evaluation and close ongoing follow-up of patients, as seen in the areas of heart failure management, cardiac rehabilitation, electrophysiology, and hypertension. Many Canadian organizations have published resources to assist healthcare providers and patients navigate the unfamiliar virtual care landscape. While there are concerns surrounding issues such as patient privacy, access to technology, language discrepancies, and billing, these deficits provide opportunities for growth by healthcare organizations and technology companies. The integration of virtual care, home-based devices, and disruptive technologies emphasize the trend towards virtualization of healthcare, with the potential for greater personalization of healthcare interactions and continuity of care. Funding models were rapidly developed at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic and while some provinces have deemed these changes as permanent, the status from other provinces remains unknown. The foundations to support virtual care as a key modality for healthcare delivery in Canada have been built, and further developments may strengthen its viability as a long-term option., The COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated the use of cardiac virtual care (CVC) in unprecedented volumes in Canada. This review article aims to provide a primer on CVC for cardiovascular professionals in Canada. We review the landscape of CVC, describe the challenges and barriers inherent in this area, provide useful resources that facilitate the adoption of CVC in our day-to-day practice, and describe future developments in this method of care delivery.

The recent Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to "social distancing" recommendations from public health organizations, as physical closeness bears the risk of person-to-person Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission. Here, it was explored if interpersonal distance preferences and touch behaviors in 41 countries were valid measures of physical distancing in contacts between strangers and whether they related to country-level variation in early dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 spread. The analysis, based on aggregated data from more than 9,000 participants, showed that variation in early dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 spread (i.e., total number of SARS-CoV-2 cases 20 days after the 100th case) was significantly and positively related to nonaffective touch behaviors between strangers, and significantly and negatively related to the preferred interpersonal distance between strangers. These findings suggest that the two measures are suitable for monitoring the extent to which recommendations on physical distance are implemented at the country-level in the context of COVID 19 outbreak. Further, they confirm that "physical distancing" is related to the dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic. It seems that an adaptation of social behaviors-that is, strict physical distancing from strangers-may result in a lower SARS-CoV-2 transmission rate. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Purpose COVID-19's infection rate among adolescents is increasing; hence, it is important to prevent it as it can spread in the community through transmission in schools. It is crucial to determine the extent to which adolescents follow COVID-19 preventive measures and identify factors relating to such behaviors to implement more effective health education. This study aimed to understand factors related to COVID-19 preventive behaviors using the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and the health belief model (HBM) among adolescents in South Korea. Design and methods A cross-sectional face-to-face questionnaire survey was conducted among 272 adolescents in South Korea. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the relationships between perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intention, and COVID-19 preventive behaviors. Results Among adolescents' COVID-19 preventive behavior scores, wearing masks was the highest and distancing was the lowest. Adolescents' adherence to COVID-19 preventive behaviors was directly or indirectly associated with their perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intention. Conclusions Attention to mitigate social isolation is important to improve compliance with COVID-19 preventive behaviors. Perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intention explained 61.3% of adolescents' COVID-19 preventive behaviors, there is a need for education to promote relevant factors. Practice implications To increase adolescent awareness of COVID-19 and increase attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control, nurses need to provide education including the evidence for COVID-19 preventive behavior to increase adolescents' understanding and active implementation of those behaviors.

Background Individuals with severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI) have a higher risk of contracting COVID‐19 than individuals without SPMI. In combination with physical distancing, hygiene protocols, and vaccines, quarantine and self‐isolation are primary means of viral containment. However, individuals with SPMI may experience more difficulties with mandated quarantine or self‐isolation because of their illness(es), stigma, and marginalization. To date, there is a lack of consensus on strategies that could aid such individuals in completing isolation. Aim This review aimed to synthesize evidence for interventions to support self‐isolation and mandated quarantine for COVID‐19 among individuals with SPMIs. Methods We followed the PRISMA guidelines, searching 19 electronic databases (9 published literature registries and 10 gray literature sources). We looked for relevant randomized controlled trials, quasi‐experimental studies, and program evaluations of the effectiveness of relevant psychosocial, pharmacological, harm reduction, and addiction management strategies to support isolation settings or quarantine requirements for individuals with any SPMI (e.g., any mental disorder, substance use disorder, or their combination). Findings Of 10,298 total records that were located, 5582 were duplicate citations. Upon screening the remaining 4716 unique records by title and abstract, we excluded a further 3562 records. Only one original article met our inclusion criteria after reviewing the full texts of the remaining 1154 citations. To support individuals experiencing homelessness during the COVID‐19 pandemic, San Francisco developed an isolation hotel that reduced COVID‐19 hospital strain for 1009 participants (25% had a mental health disorder and 26% had a substance use disorder). While 81% completed their hotel stay, 48 patients had behavioral health needs that exceeded the hotel's capabilities. No other studies met our review's eligibility criteria. Most articles located by the search simply proposed solutions or discussed the challenges brought by COVID‐19 for people with SPMIs. While some documents went a step further (e.g., shelter guidance documents to support individuals experiencing homelessness), these rarely addressed individuals with SPMIs directly. Conclusions This systematic review evaluated evidence from published and gray literature on interventions to support self‐isolation and mandated COVID‐19 quarantine for individuals with SPMIs. Only one study met our inclusion criteria. This study found a beneficial effect of a dedicated isolation hotel for individuals experiencing homelessness and COVID‐19—where approximately 25%–50% of the study sample had a mental or substance use disorder. While there has been an abundance of COVID‐19 protocols in general, information for SPMIs is lacking. As the pandemic continues and we better prepare for future pandemics, developing protocols for supporting SPMIs in this context is imperative., Highlights Individuals with severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI) have a higher risk of contracting COVID‐19 than individuals without SPMI.This review aimed to synthesize evidence for interventions to support self‐isolation and mandated quarantine for COVID‐19 among individuals with SPMIs.Only one study met our inclusion criteria. This study found a beneficial effect of a dedicated isolation hotel for individuals experiencing homelessness and COVID‐19—where approximately 25%–50% of the study sample had a mental or substance use disorder.While there has been an abundance of COVID‐19 protocols in general, information for SPMIs is lacking.As the pandemic continues and we better prepare for future pandemics, developing protocols for supporting SPMIs in this context is imperative.

Objectives We aimed to investigate whether the implementation of personal protective measures against coronavirus disease 2019 reduced the transmission of influenza-like illnesses. Methods We followed 758 international students from 95 countries located in five continents from October 2020 to March 2021. Their frequency of wearing masks, social distancing, washing hands, and avoiding crowded places as well as their reported cases of influenza-like illnesses were examined. We used Kaplan-Meier analysis to compare the occurrence of symptoms of influenza-like illnesses among participants who adhered with those who did not adhere to the personal protective measures. Results From October 2020 to March 2021, 139 (18%) students reported symptoms of influenza-like illnesses. The survival analysis showed that students who frequently wore face masks, exercised physical distancing, and disinfected their hands had a reduced risk of influenza-like illnesses. We found a two-fold increased risk of influenza-like illnesses among participants who did not implement all the personal protective measures as compared with those who adhered to the measures (Hazard ratio=2.16, 95%CI=1.53-3.05, P

BackgroundHealthcare workers (HCWs) are frontline responders to emergency infectious disease outbreaks such as COVID-19. To avoid the rapid spread of disease, adherence to protective measures is paramount. We investigated rates of correct use of personal protective equipment (PPE), hand hygiene and physical distancing in UK HCWs who had been to their workplace at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic and factors associated with adherence.MethodsWe used an online cross-sectional survey of 1035 UK healthcare professionals (data collected 12–16 June 2020). We excluded those who had not been to their workplace in the previous 6 weeks, leaving us with a sample size of 831. Respondents were asked about their use of PPE, hand hygiene and physical distancing in the workplace. Frequency of uptake was reported descriptively; adjusted logistic regressions were used to separately investigate factors associated with adherence to use of PPE, maintaining good hand hygiene and physical distancing from colleagues.ResultsAdherence to personal protective measures was suboptimal (PPE use: 80.0%, 95% CI 77.3 to 82.8; hand hygiene: 67.8%, 95% CI 64.6 to 71.0; coming into close contact with colleagues: 74.7%, 95% CI 71.7 to 77.7). Adherence to PPE use was associated with having received training about health and safety in the workplace for COVID-19, greater perceived social pressure to adopt the behaviour and availability of PPE. Non-adherence was associated with fatalism about COVID-19 and greater perceived difficulty of adopting protective measures. Workplace design using markings to facilitate distancing was associated with adherence to physical distancing.ConclusionsUptake of personal protective behaviours among UK HCWs at the start of the pandemic was variable. Factors associated with adherence provide insight into ways to support HCWs to adopt personal protective behaviours, such as ensuring that adequate PPE is available and designing workplaces to facilitate physical distancing.

Purpose People diagnosed with cancer experience high distress levels throughout diagnosis, treatment, and survivorship. Untreated distress is associated with poor outcomes, including worsened quality of life and higher mortality rates. Distress screening facilitates need-based access to supportive care which can optimize patient outcomes. This qualitative interview study explored outpatients’ perceptions of a distress screening process implemented in an Australian cancer center. Methods Adult, English-speaking cancer outpatients were approached to participate in face-to-face or phone interviews after being screened by a clinic nurse using the distress thermometer (DT). The piloted semi-structured interview guide explored perceptions of the distress screening and management process, overall well-being, psychosocial support networks, and improvement opportunities for distress processes. Thematic analysis was used. Results Four key themes were identified in the 19 interviews conducted. Distress screening was found to be generally acceptable to participants and could be conducted by a variety of health professionals at varied time points. However, some participants found “distress” to be an ambiguous term. Despite many participants experiencing clinical distress (i.e., DT ≥ 4), few actioned referrals; some noted a preference to manage and prevent distress through informal support and well-being activities. Participants’ diverse coping styles, such as positivity, acceptance, and distancing, also factored into the perceived value of screening and referrals. Conclusion and implications Screening models only measuring severity of distress may not be sufficient to direct care referrals, as they do not consider patients’ varying coping strategies, external support networks, understanding of distress terminology, and motivations for accessing supportive care services.

The Covid-19 pandemic, besides having an impact on the economy, education and society, also impacts on health, one of which is impact on women's reproductive health services, reproductive health services for women are a form of necessity or cannot be postponed. Many women face several changes as a result of social and physical distancing, including for their reproductive health checks. One of these services is the use of contraceptives. Contraceptive use during The covid-19 pandemic is one of the efforts that must be done in couples of childbearing age (PUS) which are expected to postpone pregnancy before the covid-19 pandemic. health workers continue to monitor the use of contraception for women's reproductive health.

Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Stringent social restrictions imposed during 2020 to counter the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic could significantly affect the wellbeing and quality of life of people with dementia living in the community and their family carers. We explored the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on people with dementia and family carers in England and considered how negative effects might be mitigated. We conducted semi-structured telephone interviews with 11 people with dementia and 11 family carers who were ongoing participants in the IDEAL cohort during the initial ‘lockdown’ period in May and June 2020, and follow-up interviews with five people with dementia and two carers as restrictions were eased in July. We analysed interview data and triangulated the findings with issues raised in dementia-specific online forums. Findings showed some people with dementia were coping well, but others experienced a range of negative impacts, with varying degrees of improvement as restrictions were eased. The need for clear personalised information relating to COVID-19 and the value of support in the form of regular ‘just checking’ phone calls was emphasised. This exceptional situation provides a natural demonstration of how social and psychological resources shape the potential to ‘live well’ with dementia. While some support is recommended for all, a personalised approach to determine needs and coping ability would ensure that further practical and emotional support is targeted effectively. National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) IDEAL COVID-19 Dementia Initiative (IDEAL-CDI); NIHR Policy Research Unit in Older People and Frailty (Policy Research Unit Programme reference number PR-PRU-1217-21502); Funded by Alzheimer's Society | UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) Identifying and mitigating the individual and dyadic impact of COVID-19 and life under physical distancing on people with dementia and carers (INCLUDE).

The COVID-19 global pandemic highlights pre-existing inequities as well as the challenge of ensuring the protection of children’s human rights in countries like Canada that have ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. SARS-CoV-2, referred to as the 2019 novel Coronavirus disease or COVID-19, presents a significant threat to public health. Although children are considered to be low risk of contracting, spreading, and serious complications of the disease, are considerably impacted by COVID-19 government-sanctioned distancing measures. COVID-19 is a persistent public health threat, thus, the long-term consequences are largely unknown. This qualitative research study, a content analysis of online Canadian media reports of COVID-19 and children, engaged transdisciplinary social justice methodology, social constructions of childhood at the intersection of race, socio-economic status, gender, and disability. The findings suggest COVID-19 reinforces the impact of social exclusion and economic disparity on equity-seeking young people and families in Canada.

During 2020, Victoria was the Australian state hardest hit by COVID-19, but was successful in controlling its second wave through aggressive policy interventions. We calibrated a detailed compartmental model of Victoria’s second wave to multiple geographically-structured epidemic time-series indicators. We achieved a good fit overall and for individual health services through a combination of time-varying processes, including case detection, population mobility, school closures, physical distancing and face covering usage. Estimates of the risk of death in those aged ≥75 and of hospitalisation were higher than international estimates, reflecting concentration of cases in high-risk settings. We estimated significant effects for each of the calibrated time-varying processes, with estimates for the individual-level effect of physical distancing of 37.4% (95%CrI 7.2−56.4%) and of face coverings of 45.9% (95%CrI 32.9−55.6%). That the multi-faceted interventions led to the dramatic reversal in the epidemic trajectory is supported by our results, with face coverings likely particularly important., The state of Victoria, Australia experienced a substantial second wave of COVID-19 but brought it under control with strict non-pharmaceutical interventions. Here, the authors model the second wave in Victoria to estimate the impacts of the different interventions.

Introduction Staff-to-staff transmission of SARS-CoV-2 poses a significant risk to the Emergency Department (ED) workforce. We measured close ( 10 min) staff interactions in a busy pediatric Emergency Department in common work areas over time as the pandemic unfolded, measuring the effectiveness of interventions meant to discourage such close contact. Methods We used a Real-Time Locating System to measure staff groupings in crowded common work areas lasting ten or more minutes. We compared the number of these interactions pre-pandemic with those occurring early and then later in the pandemic, as distancing interventions were suggested and then formalized. Nearly all healthcare workers in the ED were included, and the duration of interactions over time were evaluated as well. Results and conclusions This study included a total of 12,386 pairs of staff-to-staff encounters over three time periods including just prior to the pandemic, early in the pandemic response, and later in the steady-state pandemic response. Pairs of staff averaged 0.89 high-risk interactions hourly prior to the pandemic, and this continued early in the pandemic with informal recommendations (0.80 high-risk pairs hourly). High-risk staff encounters fell significantly to 0.47 interactions per hour in the steady-state pandemic with formal distancing guidelines in place and decreased patient and staffing volumes. The duration of these encounters remained stable, near 16 min. Close contact between healthcare staff workers did significantly decrease with formal distancing guidelines, though some high-risk interactions remained, warranting additive protective measures such as universal masking.

Highlights • The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic may be especially potent for individuals with PTSD. • PE is a well-established and efficacious treatment for PTSD. • Clinical practice strategies aid in implementation of PE during the COVID-19 pandemic., The unprecedented effects and duration of the COVID-19 crisis are likely to elevate the population’s level of anxiety due to psychological stress, economic hardship, and social isolation. This effect may be especially potent for individuals with preexisting mental health conditions, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Prolonged Exposure (PE) therapy is a highly effective treatment for PTSD across trauma-exposed populations, and has been implemented effectively via telehealth. Nevertheless, PE implementation via telehealth may require specific adaptations during the COVID-19 crisis due to public health mandates calling for sheltering in place and physical distancing. This paper discusses strategies for implementing PE for PTSD during the COVID-19 pandemic, which may also be applied to other situations in which physical distancing must be considered.

The COVID‐19 pandemic represents a unique global challenge. To deter its spread, several countries have put lockdown and physical distancing measures in place that could have potentially harmful consequences on people's mental health. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the relationship between anxiety and perceived stress in individuals who were experiencing the COVID‐19 lockdown measures, while also analyzing the impact of coping strategies interacting with defence mechanisms. A sample of 1408 individuals (M age = 34.69; SD = 11.87) completed the Ten Item Perceived Stress Scale, State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory—Form X3, Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced and Forty‐Item Defense Style Questionnaire, after providing written informed consent. Results highlighted the significant impact of state anxiety levels on perceived stress, both directly and indirectly. The indirect pathways have been explored by performing three mixed serial‐parallel mediation analyses, where significant associations between coping strategies (Social Support, Avoidance Strategies, Positive Attitude, Problem‐solving and Turning to Religion) and mature, neurotic, or immature defences have been found. These findings may contribute to orientate prevention and intervention activity during the several management phases of COVID‐19.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, during the Spring 2020 semester universities cancelled campus activities and moved all instruction online resulting in significant changes for college students. This study examined COVID-related concerns, engagement in preventive behaviors, barriers to academic success, and the impact of the pandemic on academic performance and career plans among 743 undergraduate students. Highest concerns were expressed for health of family and the pandemic’s economic effects. Over 70% reported engaging in preventive behaviors, with hand washing, wearing a face mask, and social distancing most prevalent. Despite anxiety, distracted home environments, and time management difficulties, most students indicated a relatively small effect of the pandemic on their academic success and anticipated career choice. Significant relationships were found between concern for contracting the virus and engaging in preventive behaviors, and between perceived barriers to academic success and change in academic performance.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus diseases (COVID)-19 outbreak around the world has prompted the government to urge its citizens to take precautionary measures to minimize the incidence of COVID-19, which has been continued to attack the world, including Indonesia. The pandemic has led to a massive global public health campaign to slow the spread of the virus by increasing hand washing, reducing face touching, wearing masks in public, and physical distancing. AIM: This study aims to analyze the sociodemographic relationship of knowledge, attitudes, and practices of preventing COVID-19. METHOD: This study was an analytic survey with a cross-sectional study design, conducted for 3 months with number of samples 356 people spared across four districts and cities in North Sulawesi Province. There are two types of data collection those are through Google forms and face to face questions. The studied variables are sociodemography as independent variables and knowledge, attitude, and behavior of COVID-19 prevention. Data were analyzed with Chi-square test. RESULTS: The result of study, only gender has a relationship toward people’s attitudes toward COVID-19 prevention with p = 0.046;while most of the variables, namely, age (0.333), education (0.085), occupation (0.152), and income (0.966), did not have a significant relationship with attitudes toward the prevention of COVID-19. Gender has a relationship toward people’s attitudes toward COVID-19 prevention with p = 0.046;while most of the variables, namely, age (0.333), education (0.085), occupation (0.152), and income (0.966), did not have a significant relationship with attitudes toward the prevention of COVID-19. Most of the variables had a significant relationship with prevention measures, including age (0.008), education (0.009), and occupation (0.038);and only the gender variable (0.895) and monthly income (0.077) had no statistical relationship. CONCLUSION: It is important for the government and society to take a role by becoming more concerned about the COVID-19 pandemic through wise steps to prevent and protect public health using all available resources. © 2021 Ardiansa A. T. Tucunan, Adisti A. Rumayar, Budi T. Ratag, Brigitte Inez Maitimo.

Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, older adults have been encouraged to stay indoors and isolated, leading to potential disruptions in their social activities and interpersonal relationships. This interview study ($N=24$) provides a close examination of older adults' communication technology adoption and usage in light of the pandemic. Our interviews revealed that the pandemic motivated many older adults to learn new technology and become more tech-savvy in an effort to stay connected with others. However, older adults also reported challenges related to the pandemic that were major impediments to technology adoption. These were: (1) lack of access to in-person technology support under physical distancing mandates, (2) lack of opportunities for online participation due to negative age stereotypes and assumptions, and (3) increased apprehension to seek help from family members and friends who were suffering from pandemic-related stresses. This study extends technology adoption literature and contributes an up-to-date examination of the "grey digital divide" (the gap between older adults who use technology and those who do not). Our findings demonstrate that despite the rapidly increasing number of tech-savvy seniors, a digital divide not only persists, but has been exacerbated by the transition to virtual-only offerings. We reveal the challenges and coping strategies of older adults who remain separated from technology and propose actionable solutions to increase digital access during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.

Background: Dementia is a serious loss of global cognitive ability in a previously unimpaired person, beyond what might be expected from normal aging. Dementia is often associated with physical, mental and financial burden. Care giving is associated with more psychological complaints & coping is most often conceptualized as a response to the demands of specific stressful situations. Aim: To assess the burden in caregiver of persons with dementia and also assess the coping strategies used by the caregivers. Settings and design: The study was conducted in the Department of Psychiatry, Assam Medical College & Hospital, Dibrugarh. The subjects for the study were recruited from the outpatient & indoor facilities of the department of Psychiatry, Assam Medical College & Hospital, Dibrugarh. After application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, (n=40) cases of Dementia and theircaregivers (n=40) were included in the study. Materials &Methods: Diagnosis of dementia was done by fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IVTR).The tools used were Burden Assessment Schedule by Thara et al 15 , Assamese version of ways of Coping Questionnaire by Susan Folkman and Richard S. Lazarus 16-17 . Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS- 20. Results: The results revealed that level of burden reported by caregivers of dementia patients was high. The most common coping strategies used by caregivers of Dementia patients were confronting coping (72%), distancing(45%), seeking social support(45%) and self-controlling (45%). Conclusion: The various findings in our study evidence that dementia can have serious consequences on families particularly the primary caregivers. Results highlight the importance of improving the mixed coping skills in burdened caregivers. Keywords:Dementia, caregivers, Burden, Coping strategies

Population aging is a global phenomenon with substantial implications across society1,2. Prosocial behaviors—actions that benefit others—promote mental and physical health across the lifespan3,4 and can save lives during the COVID-19 pandemic. We examined whether age predicts prosociality in a preregistered global study (46,576 people aged 18–99 across 67 countries) using two acutely relevant measures: distancing during COVID-19 and willingness to donate to hypothetical charities. Age positively predicted prosociality on both measures, with increased distancing and donations among older adults. However, older adults were more in-group focused than younger adults in choosing who to help, making larger donations to national over international charities and reporting increased in-group preferences. In-group preferences helped explain greater national over international donations. Results were robust to several control analyses and internal replication. Our findings have vital implications for predicting the social and economic impacts of aging populations, increasing compliance with public health measures and encouraging charitable donations. Cutler et al. found that age predicted individuals’ likelihood to engage in prosocial behaviors such as social distancing during COVID-19 and charitable donations. Older adults across the world were more willing to help but also demonstrated stronger in-group preferences, donating less to international charities.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic thrust the field of public health into the spotlight. For many epidemiologists, biostatisticians, and other public health professionals, this caused the professional aspects of our lives to collide with the personal, as friends and family reached out with concerns and questions. Learning how to navigate this space was new for many of us and required refining our communication style depending on context, setting, and audience. Some of us took to social media, utilizing our existing personal accounts to share information after sorting through and summarizing the rapidly emerging literature to keep loved ones safe. However, those in our lives sometimes asked unanswerable questions, or began distancing themselves when we suggested more stringent guidance than they had hoped for, causing additional stress during an already traumatic time. We often had to remind ourselves that we were also individuals experiencing this pandemic and that our time-intensive efforts were meaningful, relevant, and impactful. As this pandemic and other public health crises continue, we encourage members of our discipline to consider how we can best use shared lessons from this period and to recognize that our professional knowledge, when used in our personal lives, can promote, protect, and bolster confidence in public health.

The COVID-19 pandemic has fundamentally changed the way that public health professionals work and communicate. Over a very short time span, remote working arrangements have become the norm, and meetings have shifted online. Physical distancing measures have accelerated a trend toward digital communication and social exchange. At the same time, the work of epidemiologists has been held under a magnifying glass by journalists, governments and the general public, in a way not previously seen. With social media becoming an integral part of our society over the last decade, Twitter is now a key communication tool and platform for social networking among epidemiologists (#EpiTwitter). In this article, we reflect on the use of Twitter by field epidemiologists and public health microbiologists for rapid professional exchange, public communication of science and professional development during the pandemic and the associated risks. For those field epidemiologists new to social media, we discuss how Twitter can be used in a variety of ways, both at their home institutions and during field deployment. These include information dissemination, science communication and public health advocacy, professional development, networking and experience exchange.

Background During the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been significant variations in the level of adoption of public health recommendations across international jurisdictions and between cultural groups. Such variations have contributed to the dissimilar levels of risks associated with this world-changing viral infection and have highlighted the potential role of culture in assigning meaning and importance to personal protective behaviours. The purpose of this study is to describe the cultural factors during the COVID-19 pandemic that shaped protective health behaviours in the Chinese-Canadian community, one of the largest Chinese diasporas outside of Asia. Methods A qualitative descriptive design was employed. Content analysis was used to analyze the data from semi-structured virtual interviews conducted with 83 adult Chinese-Canadian participants residing in a metropolitan area in the Province of Ontario, Canada. Findings The cultural factors of collectivism, information seeking behaviour, symbolism of masks, and previous experience with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) emerged as themes driving the early adoption of personal protective behaviours within the Chinese-Canadian community during the first wave of COVID-19. These protective behaviours that emerged prior to the first nation-wide lockdown in Canada included physical distancing, mask use, and self-quarantine beyond what was required at the time. Conclusion These findings have implications for the development of future public health interventions and campaigns targeting personal protective behaviours in this population and other ethnic minority populations with similar characteristics.

O distanciamento sanitário imposto pela pandemia da covid-19 vem gerando repercussões em inúmeros contextos, entre eles, o das relações familiares, cujas rotinas foram repentina e abruptamente transformadas. Em questão de poucas semanas, o espaço doméstico teve de ser adaptado para atender a demandas profissionais, escolares e de lazer. Este estudo objetivou analisar categorias estereotípicas de família e casal no contexto da pandemia presentes em imagens humorísticas veiculadas pelas redes sociais. Os resultados desta pesquisa de inspiração netnográfica com análise de conteúdo indicam a percepção de aprisionamento, sendo a mulher vista como carcereira e o marido oscilando entre vítima passiva ou rebelada, o que naturaliza situações de agressão, situação intensificada quando há filhos. Constata-se a perpetuação de injustiça em relação à imagem da mulher, tradicionalmente mais onerada pelas atividades familiares e vista como vilã no casamento.

The COVID-19 pandemic led to lockdown measures where congregational faith-based activities were prohibited. With time, the collateral impacts of confinement emerged as priorities, and impositions had to be balanced with the collaboration of the population. In this process, faith-based organizations played a key role in encouraging their congregations to adhere to lockdown measures while fostering their mental wellbeing and resilience. This paper describes the process of establishing a collaborative negotiation among the Montreal Regional Public Health Unit, the police, and the Muslim and Jewish communities, examining the role of mediation in this context. Despite some obstacles, such as communication difficulties and decision-making limitations, the collaborative approach seems to buffer the escalation of intercommunity tension and to promote communities’ commitment to physical distancing measures and should be considered in times of pandemic for a more inclusive public health approach.

During the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic, opportunities for indoor and sometimes outdoor recreation were restricted across the world. Despite restrictions, many greenways and rail-trails saw increased use. Messaging from the federal and state public health authorities stressed the importance of social distancing and other preventive measures in reducing spread of the coronavirus. Little is known about actual behaviors of individuals and groups using these outdoor recreational opportunities. This study used passive infrared cameras to systematically observe physical distancing behaviors on multi-user trails to assess safety implications of trail use during June 2020. Most interactions occurred with the recommended six feet of distance between users. Maintaining six feet of distance is more likely to occur when groups are no larger than one person, users pass while traveling in opposite directions, and trails are wider. Messaging on multi-user trails should target how groups pass other groups such as: ‘keep six feet’ and ‘pass single file’.

Background:The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the necessary social isolation and distancing measures – that were adopted to prevent spreading the virus, including the suspension of university classes – negatively impacted the mental health of young adults. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether returning to online classes, even not presential, during the social isolation of the COVID-19 pandemic, affected the mental health of university students.Methods:Forty students (10 men and 30 women) (age, 22.3 ± 3.8 years; body mass, 62.5 ± 17.8 kg; height, 165.6 ± 8.7 cm) from undergraduate health courses participated in the study. The students answered a self-administered questionnaire designed to gather personal and quarantine information as well as information about the frequency of depression (PHQ-9) and anxiety (GAD-7) symptoms. The questionnaire was answered before and after the return to online classes.Results:There was a significantly lower frequency of depression symptoms after the return to online classes (Z = −2.27; p = 0.02). However, there was no difference in anxiety symptoms before and after returning to online classes (Z = −0.51; p = 0.61).Conclusions:Return to online classes positively impacted the mental health (decrease of frequency of depression symptoms) of university students. Future studies are needed to observe whether the changes observed after returning to school are maintained over time.

This study aims to examine the association between physical distancing measures and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) incidence among Brazilian states. We divided the methodology was divided into three steps. In the first step, we used nationwide global positioning system daily data to estimate country and state-level physical distancing and examined the association with COVID-19 incidence through a Generalized Additive Model. Secondly, using National Household Sample Survey COVID19 data, a cluster analysis categorized the Brazilian states into different categories of physical distancing policies promoting adoption and political inclination of their governments. Finally, through a Poisson Regression Model, we examined the association of state physical distancing with variables related to the socio-economic situation, test coverage and early adoption of policies promoting physical distancing of each state. Physical distancing effects on reduction of COVID-19 spread are heterogeneous among states. Estimation of incidence rate ratio (IRR) suggests that in a scenario of 100% of social isolation incidence of COVID-19 will have reached approximately only 2.6% of the magnitude compared to when there is no social isolation for Brazil [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.8–8.3]. Only a 10% increase in Social Isolation Index in the country could have reflected in a 30.5% decrease in number of cases in 14 days. Adoption of physical distancing was associated with test coverage (IRR 0.976, 95% CI 0.973–0.979), home office (IRR 1.042, 95% CI 1.039–1.046), informal work proportion (IRR 0.961, 95% CI 0.958–0.965), political spectrum (IRR 0.961, 95% CI 0.958–0.965) and early moment of restrictive politics implementation (IRR 1.017, 95% CI 1.013–1.021). Physical distancing measures play a crucial role in mitigating the pandemic’s spread. These analyses are crucial to support government decisions and improve the community’s adherence to preventive measures.

In public health, social distancing is a set of non-pharmaceutical interventions or measures intended to prevent the spread of a contagious disease, by maintaining a physical distance between people. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the World Health Organization suggested the term, 'physical distancing,' as opposed to 'social distancing', arguing that it is a physical distance which prevents transmission; people can remain socially connected via technology. This paper discusses the concepts of social distance, social distancing, physical distancing, self-quarantine, self-isolation, symptomatic, asymptomatic and parasymptomatic cases as they relate to COVID-19 and African perception of pandemic diseases. Although the idea of social distancing is not novel to the Africans, but a challenge in its implementation is that historically, social distancing is rather applied to non-infectious cases like mental illness, epilepsy, infertility, aging, victims of sexual violence and the like. The paper utilizes health-related theories and pertinent empirical findings to explain African perspective of social distancing and the challenges of adoption in pandemic situations. The theories on health risk perception reviewed include the protection motivation theory, the health belief model, the extended parallel process model and the precaution adoption process model. From consumer psychology background on product adoption, a conceptual model for 'social distancing' adoption in pandemics was advanced. These ancient and novel health-related theories and models were applied to explain the erroneous understanding, perception and adoption challenges of social distancing in Africa, leading to possible increase in the spread of the coronavirus.

The SEIR model of COVID-19 is developed to investigate the roles of physical distancing, lockdowns, and asymptomatic cases in Italy. In doing so, two types of policies including behavioral measures and lockdown measures are embedded in the model. Compared with existing models, the model successfully reproduces similar multiple observed outputs such as infected and recovered patients in Italy by July 2020. This study concludes that the first policy is important once the number of infected cases is relatively low. However, once the number of infected cases is too high, so the society cannot identify infected and disinfected people, the second policy must be applied soon. It is thus this study suggests that relaxed lockdowns lead to the second wave of the COVID-19 around the world. It is hoped that the model can enhance our understanding of the roles of behavioral measures, lockdowns, and undocumented cases, so-called asymptomatic cases, on the COVID-19 flow. Doi: 10.28991/SciMedJ-2021-0303-8 Full Text: PDF

The COVID-19 global pandemic has impacted everyone’s lives—young and old. When the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic on 11 March 2020 and one country after another went into lockdown, we as editors of YOUNG and youth researchers living in five different countries naturally started to think about and reflect on what impact the pandemic would have on young people’s everyday lives, their well-being and futures across different national settings. In response to this uncertainty and in the interest of capturing young people’s experiences, we as editors called for this special issue to focus on young people and COVID-19, exploring their changed everyday lives and how they adapted to the global pandemic. To accommodate the immense interest and the high quality of many of the submissions, this special issue of YOUNG is a double issue with 11 articles.

The COVID‐19 pandemic has posed unique challenges for families and caregivers, as well as for autism‐focused clinicians, who are faced with providing a thorough and accurate evaluation of children's specific needs and diagnoses in the absence of in‐person assessment tools. The shift to telehealth assessments has challenged clinicians to reconsider approaches and assumptions that underlie the diagnostic assessment process, and to adopt new ways of individualizing standard assessments according to family and child needs. Mandates for physical distancing have uncovered deficiencies in diagnostic practices for suspected autism and have illuminated biases that have posed obstacles preventing children and families from receiving the services that they truly need. This Commentary outlines several considerations for improving diagnostic practices as we move forward from the current pandemic and continue to strive to build an adaptable, sustainable, equitable, and family‐centered system of care. Lay Summary Physical distancing and the abrupt end to in‐person services for many children on the autism spectrum has forced clinicians to examine the existing challenges with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnostic assessment and consider things they want to keep and things that should be changed in the years ahead. New approaches such as telehealth both alleviated and exacerbated existing disparities, and brought into stark focus the importance of equitable and timely access to family‐centered care. This commentary suggests ways of improving clinical practices related to ASD assessment to continue along this path.

Background The COVID‐19 pandemic has posed an unprecedented threat to global mental health. Children and adolescents may be more susceptible to mental health impacts related to their vulnerable developmental stage, fear of infection, home confinement, suspension of regular school and extracurricular activities, physical distancing mandates, and larger scale threats such as global financial recessions and associated impacts. Our objective was to review existing evidence of the COVID‐19 pandemic’s global impact on the mental health of children and adolescents 3,000 chart reviews. A high prevalence of COVID‐19‐related fear was noted among children and adolescents, as well as more depressive and anxious symptoms compared with prepandemic estimates. Older adolescents, girls, and children and adolescents living with neurodiversities and/or chronic physical conditions were more likely to experience negative mental health outcomes. Many studies reported mental health deterioration among children and adolescents due to COVID‐19 pandemic control measures. Physical exercise, access to entertainment, positive familial relationships, and social support were associated with better mental health outcomes. Conclusions This review highlights the urgent need for practitioners and policymakers to attend to and collaborate with children and adolescents, especially those in higher risk subgroups, to mitigate short‐ and long‐term pandemic‐associated mental health effects.

As the Coronavirus (COVID-19) global disaster continues to unfold across the world, protective measures such as school closures, physical distancing, and stay-at-home orders have exposed wide numbers of young people to fear, worry, distress, academic challenges (e.g., amotivation), loneliness, depression, anxiety and they were particularly detrimental to children with special needs (Arslan, 2021; Arslan & Yildirim, 2021; Bobo et al., 2020; O’Sullivan et al., 2021; Patrick et al., 2020; Quinn et al., 2021), Undoubtedly, one of the biggest disruptions for young people and the whole school community has been the rapid shift to remote learning (Castro & George, 2021; Flynn et al., 2021; Kim & Asbury, 2020)

Introduction. Comprehensive care for patients who no longer respond to treatment procedures is called palliative care. Palliative medicine does not delay or accelerate death, it promotes life, and considers dying as a normal process. In palliative medicine and care there is no place for hierarchy - teamwork, focus on the patient and respect for his autonomy are what is important. Aim. The conducted research shows the knowledge of nurses about palliative care at the primary, secondary and tertiary levels of health care. Methods. Prospective research in the Republic of Croatia at three levels of health care has been conducted. The sample included 150 nurses. The instrument used in the study was the Palliative Care Quiz for Nursing (PCQN). Results. The results showed that the nurses’ knowledge of palliative care is insufficient among the nursing population. Despite numerous training activities conducted over the past ten years, levels of knowledge are still lower than expected. Nurses at the primary level of health care have far greater knowledge than nurses at secondary and tertiary levels. Conclusion. Results of the study showed the need for quality education with real-life examples in order to achieve higher levels of empathy, spread knowledge about palliative care and about the importance of care for palliative patients. It is recommended to increase the number of educational activities in small groups, in the local language, adaptable and understandable to all health professionals., Uvod. Sveobuhvatnu brigu za bolesne koji više ne reagiraju na postupke liječenja nazivamo palijativnom skrbi. Palijativna medicina ne odgađa niti ubrzava smrt, ona promiče život, a umiranje smatra normalnim procesom. U palijativnoj medicini i skrbi nema mjesta za hijerarhiju, važan je timski rad, fokus na bolesnika i poštivanje njegove autonomije. Cilj. Provedeno istraživanje prikazuje znanje medicinskih sestara i tehničara o palijativnoj skrbi na primarnoj sekundarnoj i tercijarnoj razini zdravstvene zaštite. Metode. Provedeno je prospektivno istraživanje na području Republike Hrvatske na tri razine zdravstvene zaštite. U studiju je uključeno 150 ispitanika, a u istraživanju je primijenjen instrument PCQN (Palliative Care Quality Network, 1996.), anketni upitnik koji su izradile Margaret M. Ross i suradnice sa Sveučilišta Ottawa u Kanadi, koji je hrvatskom jeziku prilagodila Sandra Lovrić. Rezultati. Rezultati provedenog istraživanja pokazuju kako je znanje medicinskih sestara i tehničara o palijativnoj skrbi nedostatno bez obzira na brojne edukacije koje se provode unazad deset godina, ali da daleko veće znanje imaju medicinske sestre i tehničari na primarnoj razini zdravstvene zaštite nego na sekundarnoj i tercijarnoj. Zaključak. Prema rezultatima provedenog istraživanja možemo zaključiti da je potrebno provoditi kvalitetnije edukacije s primjerima iz stvarnog života kojima je cilj postizanje veće razine empatije, širenja znanja o palijativnoj skrbi i važnosti brige za palijativne bolesnike. Preporuka je povećanje broja edukacija u manjim grupama, na lokalnom jeziku, prilagodljivo i razumljivo svim zdravstvenim djelatnicima. Edukaciju moraju provoditi visokoobrazovani ljudi iz područja palijativne medicine i skrbi, kao i zdravstveni djelatnici koji rade na navedenom području.

The deinstitutionalisation of mental hospital patients made its way into UK statutory law in 1990 in the form of the NHS and the Community Care Act. The Act ushered in the final stage of asylum closures moving the responsibility for the long-term care of mentally ill individuals out of the NHS and into the hands of local authorities. This article examines the reaction to the passing of the Act in two major tabloid presses,The SunandThe Daily Mirror, in order to reveal how community care changed the emotional terrain of tabloid storytelling on mental health. Reviewing an archive of 15 years of tabloid reporting on mental illness, I argue that the generation of ‘objects of feeling’ in the tabloid media is dependent on the availability of recognisable and stable symbols. Tabloid reporting of mental illness before 1990 reveals the dominance of the image of the asylum in popular understandings of mental illness. Here the asylum is used to generate objects of hatred and disgust for the reader, even as it performs a straightforward othering and distancing function. In these articles, the image of the asylum and its implicit separation of different types of madness into categories also do normative gender work as mental illness is represented along predictable gendered stereotypes. By performing the abolition of asylums, the 1990 Act appears to have triggered a dislodging of these narrative norms in the tabloid press. After 1990, ‘asylum stories’ are replaced with ‘community care stories’ which contain more contradictory and confusing clusters of feeling. These stories rest less heavily on gendered binaries while also demonstrating a near-frantic desire on the part of the mass media for a return of institutional containment. Here, clusters of feeling becoming briefly ‘unstuck’ from their previous organisations, creating a moment of affective flux.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, hospitals published physical-distancing guidance and created dedicated respiratory isolation units (RIUs) for patients with COVID-19. The degree to which such distancing occurred between clinicians and patients is unknown. In this study, heat sensors from an existing hospital hand-hygiene monitoring system objectively tracked room entries as a proxy for physical distancing in both RIUs and general medicine units before and during the pandemic. The RIUs saw a 60.6% reduction in entries per room per day (from 85.7 to 33.8). General medicine units that cared for patients under investigation for COVID-19 and other patients experienced a 14.7% reduction in entries per room per day (from 76.9 to 65.1). While gradual extinction was observed in both units as COVID-19 cases declined, the RIUs had a higher degree of physical distancing. Although the optimal level of physical distancing is unknown, sustaining physical distancing in the hospital may require re-education and real-time monitoring.

Background Nationwide, as of 20 June 2021, COVID-19 has claimed more than 599,000 lives and infected nearly 33 million people. Studies have shown that COVID-19 disproportionately affects some racial and ethnic minority groups. This study examined whether certain racial and ethnic groups were overrepresented in occupations with potentially high COVID-19 exposure risks, relative to their share in the total workforce. The study incorporates white collar workers, who to date have not gotten as much attention in terms of workers safety. Methods Using the March and April 2020 Current Population Survey and O*Net data, this study examined whether certain racial and ethnic groups were overrepresented in occupations with potentially high risk of exposure to COVID-19 (exposure to disease and infection at work, inability to maintain physical distancing at work, and inability to work from home) relative to their share in the total workforce. Results The results showed that Black workers were overrepresented in occupations with high potential risk of exposure to disease and infection at work and inability to maintain physical distancing at work. Hispanic workers were overrepresented in occupations where potential risk of inability to work from home was the highest. Conclusion Occupation can be one of the risk factors for the current disproportionately high COVID-19 infection rates among Black and Hispanic workers. COVID-19-related prevention measures at high risk occupations, including providing adequate personal protective equipment, training, working space, and vaccinations, could help to reduce not only the spread of COVID-19 and infectious diseases but also their disproportionately high impact in certain minority racial and ethnic groups. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40615-021-01110-8.

The Blitz narrative of resilience stands in contrast to the mental health risks identified as consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although evidence from then-classified studies of World War 2 showed that most people managed the stress of bombing, those vulnerable and exposed to substantial trauma had lasting or severe mental illness. Studies of different towns and occupational groups identified the proportion of people killed and wounded, the percentage of housing destroyed, and the loss of paid employment as risk factors for psychological breakdown. Mothers and children suffered not only with evacuation, but also from the trauma of bombing and damage to schools. A general association between civilian physical and psychological casualties suggests that population groups with high rates of infection and mortality might be susceptible to mental illness as a result of the pandemic. Lockdown and distancing measures contrast with the wartime sense of belonging and shared identity, reinforced by community networks and social activities.

Objetivo: Explicar algunas de las causas que han influido en el poco éxito alcanzado por el aislamiento social, que no ha permitido atenuar los efectos de la pandemia por la COVID-19. Métodos. Para averiguar algunas de las causas, se aplicó una encuesta de manera virtual, entre el 12 y el 22 de junio de 2020, a 568 personas segmentadas en tres grupos etarios: A) de 17 a 35 años, B) de 36 a 54 años y C) de 55 a 71 años.. Si bien la encuesta consistió en un cuestionario de 29 preguntas, para el presente trabajo solo se han tomado en consideración cinco preguntas relacionadas con el aislamiento social. Resultados. Se evidencia un interés ligeramente mayor por informarse en el rango etario C. El medio más utlizado para informarse es la televisión (86%) en el rango C y redes sociales (52%) para el rango A, siendo estos tambien los que mas se informan por la vía oficial (58%). Para la mayoría de grupos etarios (39%) genera confusión a que el nivel de incumplimiento de la cuarentena y distanciamiento para prevenir la COVID- 19 se debe a la información. Conclusiones. La diseminación de noticias falsas, constituyen una amenaza para la sociedad, especialmente en estos tiempos de pandemia, ya que orienta deliberadamente hacia una interpretación errónea de los hechos de tal manera que la falsedad se disfraza de verdad, atentando contra el éxito del aislamiento social.

Community pharmacists are key players in COVID-19 response. Community pharmacies are often the first port of call for people who are feeling ill. They are well placed within their communities to offer advice and reinforce essential messages about hand and respiratory hygiene and physical distancing. There are no approved clinical practice guidelines for COVID-19, and pharmacies must therefore play their part in helping to contain the spread of false claims and misinformation circulating in their communities.

Understanding people's concepts of illness and health is key to crafting policies and communications campaigns to address a particular medical concern. This paper gathers cultural knowledge on infectious disease causation, prevention, and treatment the Philippines that are particularly relevant for the COVID-19 pandemic, and analyzes their implications for public health. This paper draws from ethnographic work (e.g. participant observation, interviews, conversations, virtual ethnography) carried out individually by each of the two authors from February to September 2020. The data was analyzed in relation to the anthropological literature on local health knowledge in the Philippines. We find that notions of hawa (contagion) and resistensiya (immunity) inform people's views of illness causation as well as their preventive practices - including the use of face masks and 'vitamins' and other pharmaceuticals, as well as the ways in which they negotiate prescriptions of face mask use and physical distancing. These perceptions and practices go beyond biomedical knowledge and are continuously being shaped by people's everyday experiences and circulations of knowledge in traditional and social media. Our study reveals that people's novel practices reflect recurrent, familiar, and long-held concepts - such as the moral undertones of hawa and experimentation inherent in resistensiya. Policies and communications efforts should acknowledge and anticipate how these notions may serve as either barriers or facilitators to participatory care and improved health outcomes.

Background: COVID-19 is the continuously evolving pandemic affecting billions of people. The viruses are notorious for mutations in them. Novel coronavirus is no exception to mutation and mutated into various strains according to geographical locations. Summary: The recent second and third wave which is actually a resurgence in COVID-19 cases after a steep fall is attributed to the mutation that is occurring in novel coronavirus. Various strains has been isolated and is being under study to tackle their menace. But blaming completely the mutant version of the virus is unjust as there are other factors such as lax implementation of preventive measures, negligence on account of people by not wearing masks and not following physical distancing. The impact of COVID-19 on human organ system is almost negative and affects the functioning of the organ adversely. Therefore proper care must be taken to ensure the safety of oneself. Conclusion: Mutations in viruses cannot be stopped and solution lies within us. By following preventive measures and guidelines issued by WHO and other competent authority can a key to keep oneself self. Also balance diet along with proper exercise can help in these pandemic. More study needs to be done to establish various correlation so than containment plan of COVID-19 can be modifies accordingly.

This study determined the health and wellness program and new normal lifestyle of faculty performance of Cavite State University (CvSU). Specifically, the study sought answers to the following questions: What is the demographic profile of CvSU faculty in terms of; age; gender; sex; position; years in service? What is the level of health and wellness awareness programs of the in terms of: stress management; smoking cessation programs; health screening; exercise program activities; nutrition education? What is the new normal lifestyle of the professor of the Cavite state university in terms of; physical distancing; frequent hand sanitation; Wearing of face mask and face shield? What is the level of faculty performance in terms of teaching new normal lifestyle of CvSU faculty in terms of; teacher’s performance (2019-2020) teaching effectiveness? Is the demographic profile has a significant effect on the faculty effectiveness performance? Is the health and wellness awareness program has a significant effect in the new normal new normal lifestyle of the faculty of CVSU? In order to conduct this study, letters was sent to the University President Dr. Hernando D. Robles, asking permission and approval to conduct the study. Permission from the university Dean for each department. Preparation of self-made questionnaire by the researcher followed in order to obtain the necessary data on the health and wellness awareness programs to the new normal lifestyle of Cavite State University (CvSU) faculty and their performance. The respondents of the study included approximately fifty (50) Faculty of Cavite State University in any field of specialization. The research made questionnaires were checked by the thesis consultants. The copies were then converted and sent through google form, considering the health protocols. The study utilized a descriptive design. The main source of data which was prepared by the researcher, used a simple descriptive statistics such as T-test formula and the weighted mean to determine the mean level of the health and wellness program to the new normal lifestyle of the respondents. The gathered information were automatically transferred into spreadsheets by google form and were given to the researcher’s statistician for the treatment and analysis. The gathered data were interpreted and presented into matrix form and appropriate interpretation was made. The result showed that there is a partial significant effect of health and wellness program on the new normal lifestyle of CvSU faculty and their performance, and therefore the null hypothesis stating that there is no significant effect is partially rejected, it can be inferred that there is a significant effect between them. KEYWORDS: Health and Wellness, New normal lifestyle, CvSU (Cavite State University) faculty

To understand the evolution of coping among women diagnosed with breast cancer over time, and the effect of age and family income on coping. Using a phenomenological qualitative study, data was collected through semi-structured interviews with sixteen women in a hospital in Barcelona (Spain) between January 2018 and June 2019. An analysis of thematic content and discursive profile was carried out, assisted by the Nvivo v.12 program. Coping strategies change according to the meaning of breast cancer in each phase and the age and family income. In the acute phase, multiple coping strategies are identified, and this variety was more frequent among the young women in the study. In the extended phase, planning, distancing, and seeking social support become important. The latter used during treatment by older women in the study, regardless of family income. In the follow-up phase, distancing stands out, but also the search for social support among young women with fewer resources. Coping with breast cancer evolves according to the meaning that the disease receives in each phase. In addition, the analysis by discursive profile shows how the social support context is also related to the coping strategies in each phase.